Analytical framework and scope of the analysis

The political economy of agriculture and food security in the context of African countries is influenced by different driving forces and interactions between international institutions, governments and local population that animate policy making.

Accordingly, this section will begin to present the three patterns of the food security within the scope of this analysis. Second, it highlights its linkages with agricultural development. Third, it briefly presents the cases discussed in the chapter.

3.2.1. Food security in a broad sense and its three patterns food s analysis will be retained in this chapter:

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food

(FAO, 1996).

A household is considered food secure if it has the ability to acquire the food needed by its members to be food secure. A distinction is frequently made between

transitory and permanent food insecurity, where the former describes periodic food insecurity as for example, seasonal food insecurity, while the latter describes a

long- (Pinstrup-Andersen, 2009).

As these two definitions are too broad, three themes will be explored here to guide the present analysis: availability, affordability and sustainability.

Food Availability is the first element of food security closely linked to agricultural development. Availability embraces the physical existence of food at any time and any places. Availability depends enormously on the proper functioning of all the food chain process from the production, transportation, storage to the marketing.

Food Affordability availability

condition. Available food may not be always reasonably cheap enough for the people in low-income countries where major share of the income is spent on food. Income matters in food security, particularly if the country is a net food importer. Although SSA is classified as an agriculture-based region(see: World Bank, 2007), most of its countries have been net food importers since the 1980s.

Sustainability is closely related to the two previous elements, particularly when

national level could be fulfilled if a given country can manage properly its own food system from the farm to the final consumers. Moreover, this condition could also be satisfied at the household level if the individual in question has the adequate financial resources to purchase food at the market price over the long run. When a country becomes food secure, the surplus it generates also contributes to the global food security.

3.2.2. The three patterns of food security and their approaches: market, security and pro-poor

To fulfil the three conditions mentioned above, three approaches are today dominating the policy making processes, as presented as follows:

Global food security through the market approach: The first pattern of food security is located at the global level and aims at stabilising the supply within the international markets. This approach takes into consideration the fact that international trade mechanisms are the most effective tools to achieve food security at all levels. Therefore, net food surplus countries can trade with the net food importing ones, which in turn would achieve national and household food security. This approach rests on the argument that international market would provide higher quality food with lower prices. This pattern is supposed to transcend through the global, national and then household level. The advocates of this approach are mainly the international institutions and TNCs.

National food security by achieving self-sufficiency (security approach):

Four categories of countries fall under this context: Group 1, resource-rich and high-income countries; Group 2, non-oil resource-poor but high-income countries; Group 3, oil-rich, resource-poor countries, the last category, and main element of the present analysis, regroups the countries of SSA food import dependent, rich in land but low-income economies. Although the level of security differs significantly among the four categories, policy options can be casted to one or the combination of the followings: increase of productivity both in quantity and quality, outsourcing via the use of FDI or bilateral agreements, trade and food aid. Two major narratives of food

security arise from this classification: on the one hand, SSA countries in quest of self-sufficiency and on the other hand, the other three groups motivated by resource-seeking.

Household food security via pro-poor approach: deals with the smallholders or those who are engaged directly in the agricultural activities.

In developing countries, a great part of the produce is consumed by the farmers themselves. Advocates of household based approach are constituted by school of thought regrouped as agrarian populists, Marxists, anarchists, environmentalists and feminists(see: Borras, 2008).

3.2.3. Some financial challenges to ensure food security

As introduced in the very beginning of this manuscript, based on different estimates and scenarios, the world population is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050 (FAO, 2009). TheFAO (2009)emphasised that to be able to feed the world population by 2050, food production needs to increased 70-100 percent of its current level. Since business as usual is not anymore a possible option, solutions to increase food production will have to consider the effects of climate change, economic uncertainty, global energy policy and the transformation in some emerging countries. The same report pointed out that doubling food production will require an annual net investment of about 83 billion US$(FAO, 2009). Moreover, other experts who contributed to the report estimated an indispensable cumulative investment of approximately 9.2 trillion US$ (in 2009 dollars) over the period of 2007-2050(Schmidhuber, Bruinsma & Boedeker, 2009).To mitigate the effect of climate changeMsangi, Tokgoz, Batka, and Rosegrant (2009) weighed up the amount of required investments of 392 billion US$ for developing countries of which 171 billion US$ in SSA, 78 billion US$ in South Asia, and 68 billion US$ in

Latin America. In addition, Ramasamy(2011) outlined four dimensions that would be mainly affected by climate change: the availability of food from domestic production and imports, access to resources to produce or buy food, the stability of food supply, both ecological and macroeconomic, the use of food, including consumer preferences and safety of food and water.