As I said ear1ier,the way the Uzbek language constmcts ce血ain types of predicationa1sentences is di脆rent丘。m Eng1ish,in which three types ofissues arise:1)
34 Amas for Impmv6memt i11Ed㎜catio11
It has been noted and demonstrated severa1times that Uzbek copu1a does not
havepresenttense的㎜s.Though1have危undthecomectionbetweenze肌ψ〃。and
persona1suffixes,I wou1d not pre危r present tenses to be taught before past tenses.In spite ofthe fact thatzero cρρ〃αis now exp1ainab1e,I wou1d not risk it,as someone may
39
拍i1to exp1ain or understand because of the scarceness of re1ationship between copu1a
sentences of the Eng1ish and Uzbek1anguages. There is no potentia11oss or
disadvantage丘。m teaching past simp1e tense be危re present tense.0n the contrary,we c㎝make exce11ent textbooks with stories and fairy tales pure1y based on past tenses.The1eamers wi11grasp the Eng1ish copu1a and other grammars more natura11y,ifwhat
they are1eaming have their counte叩舳s in Uzbek.Esp㏄ia11y,in the matter of copu1a,ifwe teach the past tenses,we do not have to go out ofour way to make it fit Uzbek,
The Uzbek copu1a in past tenses fits the Eng1ish copu1a1ike a g1ove.There此re,I
strong1yurge teachingpasttense施ms b曲representt㎝ses.The approachwi11open
the doors fbr more interesting and chanenging1essons as there is a great dea1of 1iterature avai1ab1e in Eng1ish(in authentic1anguage),which wou1d satis吋the interests
ofmost readers and enco㎜age them in1e㎜ing.Audio books,screenp1ays and acting them out win engage1eamers even more,if proper1y introdu㏄d and uti1ized.As a
resu1t,we sha11have students engaged in activities that improve1istening,reading and speaking abi1ities.There is another important innuentia1factor in education,which requires broader attention md r㏄onsideration ofthe sequence ofce廿ain grammatica1subjects in
Uzbek1anguage c1asses and introduction ofthe Uzbek copu1a.Uzbek1anguage c1asses
shou1d treat the Uzbek copu1a individua11yεmd pinpoint the re1ationship with theEng1ish1anguage. A simp1e introduction of the su句㏄t may great1y en1hance the
attention to the subject in Eng1ish cIasses,血nctioning as adve廿isement.Uzbek1anguage grammar1essons treat copuIa sentences as noun predicationa1
and adjective predicationa1sentences.Missing present tense施ms of e−is simp1y
over1ooked and remains unexp1ained.Now it is the duty ofEng1ish grammar1essons to c1ear1y identi吋the discrepancy and make the leamers aware of this,in order not to40
create unanswered misunderstandings.In other word,Eng1ish1essons need to explain Uzbek1anguage gr㎝mar比r better understanding ofEng1ish grammar.
In the first chapter I a11uded to the size of the textbook and the density of the
lessons and gr㎝lmar. I questioned the危asibi1ity of the textbook based on the mentioned qua1ities.A simp1e questionto ask is ifwe have a1ot ofgood㎞ow1edge,
exce11ent sets ofexercises,per危。t1y suitab1e fbr the age ofthe1eamers,but too much to
a㏄omp1ish,wou1d it be rational and effective?Is not too much input stress仙1and de−
motivating?Is a textbook with near1y200pages for possibIe to be compIeted within a year by12year o1d chi1dren?The chi1dren might1ove a textbook about the Red riding
hood or severa1other曲iry ta1es with p1enty of pictures.Moreover,the uninished
1essons and1ei over textbook may cause a negative psycho1ogica1impact on chi1dren.It may n㎜加re irresponsibi1ity and neg1igence.At such a w1nerab1e age,we are
showing them an ex㎜p1e of an improper a廿itude towards impo廿ant tasks.Chi1drensubconscious1y rea1ize the prob1em. I have heard many parents and teachers comp1aining about the decrease in chi1dren s motivation a且er the age of12.The
parents b1ame the teachers;the teachers b1ame the textbooks and the chi1dren.It cou1dbe because ofthe above mentionedreasons.Maybe the chi1dren are oveIwhe1med,tired,
bored or simply,theyhave1eamtto be irresponsib1e.
41
Comc1㎜siom
In this paper,I have introduced dif丘。u1ties and so1utions in teaching and 1eaming the copu1a in Uzbekistan.Due to the血。t that the Uzbek1anguage is foreign to
my readers and it cou1d be di冊。u1t to understand,I have tried to sty1e it as ajoumey with the author a1ongside the study path,丘。m the state of rea1izing the issues to the state offinding their so1utions.I have tried to pass on the危e1ofhow I was coming to
ceれain conc1usions.We have discussed the E㎎1ish copu1a and its counte叩arts in the
Uzbek1anguage.We have viewed the di飾。u1ties in1eaming copu1a丘。m severa1 perspectives.Wetookthetextbookfbrthei丘hgraders astherenector飴rthe sourceof
㎞ow1edge the authors tried to危ed the1eamers丘。m.I have tried to describe the
background situation that both direct1y and indirect1y innuences the education inUzbekistan.We have a1so1eamtthatthe period ofstagnation during the soviet period,
has caused the country to be lei behind in many areas ofeducation㎝d science.
In Chapter I,I tried to introduce the genera1understanding of copu1a sentences,
the Eng1ish copu1a,the Uzbek copu1a8md the textbook.These were p1ain1y described.
We1e㎜edthatthere町e two di脆rentcategories ofcopu1a sentences.The impoれance
ofdistinction was seen as a possib1e so1ution施r reducing some ambiguous statementsthat1eamers mightproduce.We1ooked at six di価erentusages ofEng1ishろe itse1f We
1eamed about two main copu1as in Uzbek.I a1so pointed out the existence of some other words that in certain expressions act as copu1a verbs by obtaining copu1ar〜nctions.LastIy,a unit and one of its1essons were chosen to represent the textbook
anditstreatmentoftheEng1ishcopu1aand㎞ow1edgeingenera1.
In Chapter II,the same topics introduced in chapter one were looked at critica11y
㎝d we施und there are many obstac1es that pose di箭。u1ties.Besides,I pointed out the
〜ndamenta1prob1ems,such as oversimp1i丘。ation ofthe concept ofa verb that neg1ects
42
copula and stative verbs.I emphasized the importance of the distinction between specificationa1and predicationa1copula sentences.I went on demonstrating the〜rther
di筋。u1ties with predicationa1sentences.I tried to exp1ain how the Uzbek predicationa1senten㏄s with their unique way of expression are di脆rent丘。m the ones in Eng1ish.
There were such issues as imnimate object rep1acing the subject,tense sh岨and ambiguity.We also considered a case of ambiguity of an aspectua11eve1,where an
Eng1ish sentence was exemp1i丘ed.This examp1e sewed a pu叩。se to open a door fbr better understanding of the Uzbek copu1a in the1ater chapter.I a1so showed how the textbook had曲i1ed to a㏄omplish its mission ofteaching copu1a by using on1y presenttenses.Themissingpresent鮎㎜softheUzbekcopu1awastakenasoneofthe1eading
causes of the di冊。u1ties.And the textbook that teaches on1y present tenses has been
considered as the neg1igence and mistreatment ofcopu1a by the authors.
Additiona11y,a missing1ink between the Uzbek1anguage c1assesεmd the Eng1ish
c1asses was viewed as an extema1曲。tor that innuences the㎜derstanding ofcopu1a as
we11,the improvement ofwhich may㎝hance the understanding ofthe concept.
In Chapter III,we concentrated on finding the so1utions危r the prob1ems and di冊。u1ties described in the previous chapter.I introduced tab1e3in which a11usages of
the Uzbek copu1a were considered.It he1ped us to rea1ize the simi1arities and the
di脆ren㏄s between the Uzbek copu1as.At the same time,it showed the di脆rences
between the Eng1ish and the Uzbek copu1as.I chose to e1iminate two usages out oftota1seven. I continued with the remaining five and demonstrated how I was ab1e to compensate the zeγoωρ〃。 in present tense.It was done using the persona1su箭xes added to nouns or adjectives.Indeed,nouns and adjectives with the persona1su節xes are a1ways re1evξmt to the present tense copu1a sentences in Eng1ish.As a conc1usion I derived a description that exp1ained the zero coρ〃 o.
43
Discussing the existentia1sentences of Uzbek and Eng1ish,I pointed to the uniqueness in their constmction,which seems to be su冊。ient to exp1ain it,as it is being
done.ThenI施。usedontheUzbekcopu1as.Usingthenegative他㎜wassuggestedas
apractica1method to showto1eεm1ers that the copu1a exists even in present tenses−
A tab1e reproduced丘。m Hudd1eston&Pu11um s usages ofろe was used to
compare the Eng1ish and the Uzbek copu1as.Two ofthe usages were direct1y re1ated tothe Uzbek copu1a in present tense and a11ofthem were re1ated in a past tense.For that
pu叩。se,the tab1e was s1ight1y modified by changing some ofthe sentences.I gave a simp1e pattem of an Uzbek copu1a s㎝ten㏄and tested if it worked肪r a11types of sentences.The pa廿em worked此r a11kinds ofcopu1a sentences in past tense inc1uding both active and passive voices.The next step was to disambiguate the specificationa1
and predicationa1sentences. Perhaps it is the on1y aspect of copula sentences that
requiresanotherimpoれantgra㎜artobetaughtsimu1t㎝eous1ytoexp1ainthematter
su㏄ess血11y,In other words,this type of sentences must be treated sep㎜ately㎝d taught in re1ation with the definite and inde丘nite artic1es.The remaining issues were
addressed individua11y and given apPropriate so1utions. Such issues inc1uded the
inanimate subj㏄t,tense sh岨and ambiguity issues.Ce血ain descriptions were derived to answer the first two issues and the issue ofambiguity was so1ved by providing propertrans1ations,which b㏄ame possib1e aier care血1ana1ysis of the Uzbek copu1as.It
imp1ies the interre1atedness of the addressed issues in this paper,without ho1istic understanding ofwhich,it is hard1y possib1e to answer any ofthe dimcu1ties and issuesproductively.
Un他村unate1y,the1imitations of the paper did not a11ow me to introduce other
Uzbek copu1a−1ike verbs,which provide comp1ete so1utions危r many predicational
sentences that seem to require unique trans1ations.I cou1d not discuss many other44
usages ofthe Uzbek copu1a,which tumed out to be unique to Turkic1anguages and the
Uzbek1anguage in pa血icu1ar,such as inferentia1的㎜s and contrasting co句unction,
which were so exciting to discover.I a1so was unable to address some of the other reasons why the Uzbek chi1dren倫。e di冊。u1ties in1eaming the copu1a and the盲nglish
1anguage as a who1e.Neverthe1ess,the core ofthe issue was addressed and two main copu1a verbs of the Uzbek1anguage were discovered.Their re1evance to the Eng1ish copu1a was demonstrated.
In near〜ture,I would1ike to tr㎝s1ate this research into Uzbek and adapt it into
a brochure to introduce to the Eng1ish teachers in Uzbekistan,so that they can bene丘t
丘。m my work and perhaps,some ofthem may come up with suggestions施r血rther
improvement ofour teaching methods.At this moment,I see it as a measure that has t0betakenimmediate1y.Asわr1ongte㎜goa1s,1amgoingtowiteatextbookbasedon
my conc1usions anchored in the understanding ofthe existing issues.Though,there is
muchmore to be done b曲re that,an appropriate textbook with the proper㎞ow1edge in the proper㎝1ount must be presented危r our chi1dren.In addition,the teaching methods conceming the舳ic1es must be reconsidered,as there are many more discrepancies between the1anguages.Such discrepεmcies cm potentia11y be exp1ained
proper1y. The re1ationship between the specificationa1sentences㎝d the a血ic1es is another good topic地r a research,It is the work施r a team of conso1idated young peop1e,who are wi11ing Emd ready他r chεmges,rather than ho1ding on to the o1d brewmethodsandbe1iefs.Thoseyomgteachersarewhom誠reseeasmy〜tureco11eagues,
coworkers and co−researchers.
45
8ibliogmψy
Chomsky,N.1972.∫伽肋es o〃∫emm〃。s加Gme〃舳e Grαmm〃,The Hague:
Mouton.
Cook,V.J.1988.C乃。ms砂 s mルers〃g7αmmαグノn加炉。a〃。〃。〃.Ox危rd:Basi1
B1ackwe11.Cm ㎝d㎝,A.1979.Zmgmge肋ゴψηcγmaoん 肋。o♂Manchester:Manchester
University Press.
De Villiers,J&此Villi6m,P.1978.Zmg〃ge ocg〃s〃。n.Harvard:Haward
University Press.
正mgim,S.2001.Finite inf1ection in Tu■kish.In Eser,E.T.(Ed.),r乃eソe沁加r〃肋sゐ.
Amsterdam:Jo㎞Be句amins Pub Co,
Hardimg,F.&Riley,P.1986.肋e〃加gm7力m妙。Cambridge:Cambridge
University Press.
H㏄kstm,T.,&Kooij,J.G.1988.Theimat㎝esshypothesis.InHawkins,
J.A(Ed),五ΨZommgZmgmgem〃e附。Z∫0x的rd Bas11B1ackwe11
Hωdlestom,R.1).&P㎜㎜㎜m,G.K.2002.〃e Com加 砲e G7αmm〃qブ筋e〃gZ肋 Zmgmge,Cambridge:C㎜bridge University Press.
Jo11a11som,S・1991.ω加e7∫o7Grαmm〃ma肋e Z舳 mes∫物。サ加s s.Sweden:
University ofLund.
Karakog,正.2000.The finite copu1aろ。Z−inNoghay and its血nctiona1equiva1ents in
Turkish.In As1i Gδkse1&Ce1ia Kers1ake(Eds.).∫伽励e∫o〃〃7桁s乃maτ〃肋。五mgmges(pp−143−149).Wiesbaden:HarrassowitzVer1ag.
Lees,R.P.1972.The Turkish Copula.In Erguvan1i,E.T.(Ed.).τ乃e吻7ゐ肋τ〃桁肋.
(pp.63−72).Amsterdam:Jo㎞Be向aminsPubCo.
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L6wis,G.L.1967;Second edition,2000.r〃妨肋G〃mm〃,0xford:Oxford
University Press.
Re㎜aat,D.1988、∫伽励es oηCgρ〃。r∫emeηce∫,C7ψ∫oη♂Pse〃do−c ψs−Leuven:
Leuven University Press.
Romaim,S.1989.〃伽g〃。方sm.0xfbrd:B1ackwe11.
Samsa,S.T.1986.D〃inmodemTurkish.In Aksu−Kog,A.,&Erguvan1i,E.T.
(Eds.).P70cee励ng∫ρグ肋e r〃加sゐZ肋g〃s〃ωCoψ7e〃。e(pp.145−159).1stanbu1:
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Sidmy,G,1996.肋e0枇〃亙〃g脆ゐGrαmm〃,Ox的rd:0x危rd University Press.
T6x他。ok Used for Amalysis
J㎜rayev,L.2007.FヶHなん5.万ηg 亦ん.Tasbkent:Oqituvchi nashriyoti.
47
A叩emdix1
Additiona1Tab1e to Demonstrate Present_Past Copu1a Corre1ation
Wint6r W田S
pishedi. Qish、
It iS Winter.
h O u r WaS
roat11:00edi
Soat11:00. It is11o c1ock.l a t6b6come perf3ps 鎚
jech bo 1gandi/edi
Kech bo 1di.Itisnighta1ready
y o u hom6d田t retum p6rf2ps pr6f6mb16
ren uyga qa皿9aning ma qu1
v a S
?р
Sen uyga qaytganing
高=f曹浮P.
You shou1d go home.
It my hous61psw田s
aumeninguyimedi Bumeninguyim Thisismyhouse
48
ApP611dix2
Vertica1Tab1e ofUzbek Copu1a
US39φ
項. b0,1C叩t耐i・g恥価脆畑…
Pastsimp1e
N,Adj,一9an bo 1gan〜, e〃is used in typica1SV0−It was my car edi〜 bo ldi一 か。,7 5is used in t1161・e is/thel・o al・6COnStmCtiOnS
It is importantto notice that if幽
c〃1s tr㎝s1ated usmgろ。 肋,the meamngch㎝ges to meanπ!M0w m c〃。r巫
.Past continuous. 一yotg㎝edi〜
bo 1ayotganedi
e励一I was reading1 ろ。7−There was an interesting Progr㎝1
goingonTV
.Present−zero e一 ek㎝1igi一 bo 1di一(なっ
一Everybody㎞owsitistme.
た) 万肋〃敏is used in compo㎜d sentences、
The imp1ied meaning ofe肋〃,which is co〃た〃。〃,1imits its usage into within this
meaning.
一There(was/has been)an interesti皿g
program on TV(bo ldi)
Future tense bo 1a〜 This wi11be/b㏄ome my car
There wi11be㎝interesting program on
49
TV
Future
一yotganbo 1a一There wi11be㎝interesting program going
・
bOnt1nuOuS on TV
Fu耐einthep早st・
bo 1㎜edi一 It wou1d be great,ifyou cou1d he1p him about the issueFuture
IfI were on time,we wou1d be sitting oncontinuous..inthe 一yotgaI−bo 1ar edi一 the bus
past
1mp紬邸.
bo 1 Be quick!_Tez bo 1!or Bo 1tez!Is a1so possib1e,though sounds in危㎜al.
Tobe+A勾 I㎜hapPy Balht1imm copu1a I㎜g1ad X㎜s〜mdman
・・p{1・*I㎜jea10uS
.Uzbek expression di脆rs
*tired ■
Uzbek expression di脆rs
marllied
Uyl㎝ganman copu1a
E㎜XiOuS
Hay勾。nd㎜an copu1a
in10Ve Sevibqo1dim copu1a
terri丘ed
Dahshatdam㎝ copu1a
50
ApPemdix3
Uzb6kImfer㎝tialPms㎝ψm/isねre)一mish.(emish)
In危rentia1Copu1a Sentence.Present Tense(Apparent1y he is_)
I
You
He,she,it
emishman emishsan emish
We
You They
emishmiz emishsiz emishlar
In危rentiaI Copu1a Sentence.Past Tense(Apparent1y he was...)
I
You
He,she,it
bo 1gaI1emishman
bo 1gan emishsan bo 1gan emishWe
You
They
bo 1gan emishmiz
bo 1gan emishsiz bo 1gan emish1arIn危rentia1PastFom(Apparent1yhedid...)
I
You
He,she,it
qi1gεm emishman
qi1gεm emishsan qi1gan emishWe
You They
qi1gan emishmiz
qi1gan emishsiz qi1gan emish1arApPe11dix4
Contrastive Co句unction−es
IYou
He,she,it
eSam
eSalng
eSa
We
You They
esak eSang1Z
eSa[1ar]