TOPOGRAPHY

DEPTH

^{(m )}

0

- - - - ^-

T. v

^{- - - - - -} 1

0

w ^,

R

ⁱ

20

- - - ^-

T, v

^{- - - - - -}

³⁰

w _'

R

ⁱ

40

- - - - -

T. v

^{- - - - - -}

⁵⁰

w ^,

R

ⁱ

60

- - -

T, v

^{- - - - - -}

⁷⁵

w '

R

i

90

- - ^{- - -}

T. v

^{- - - -}

¹⁰⁰

w ^,

R

i

1 1 0

- - ^{- -}

T, v

^{- - - - - -}

1 50

w _'

R

i

190

- - - -

T. v

^{- - - - - -}

²⁵⁰

w ^,

R

ⁱ

31 0

- - -

T, v

^{- - - -}

⁵⁰⁰

w _'

R

ⁱ

690

- - -

T. v

^{- - - -}

1 000

f

w ^,

R

i

1 310

- - - -

T, v

^{- - - - - -}

2000

w

R

I

2690

..

f

..

,

.. -

T. v

^{- - - - - -}

³⁵⁰⁰

.. .. ..

..

431 0

.. .. ^• • • • • • • • • • • ••••• • • • • 0 •• • • • • • • • • • • ••• • ••• • • • • • ••• • •

.. ^{• • • • 0 •}• • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • 0 •• • • • • ••• • 0 ••

.. ^{• • •• •}• • • • • • • • • • •• • •• 0 •• • ••••••• • • ••• • • ••• • • ••• • • • •

Figure 6: A schematic diagram of the vertical resolutions wi th the placement of the variables.

a· z T 0=10 ANNUAL ILEVI1USl

b.

0 N

z

0

0

z

0

0

lOOW 90\.1 80\.1 ANNUAL !LEVI1USl

lOOW 90\.1 80\.1

Figure 7: Annual mean temperature fields produced by Levitus (1982) at a depth of (a) 10 m and (b) 50 m. Contour interval is 1' C. The temperature less than (a) 27' C, and

(b) 20' C is shaded.

l CITM/Ctl•oo2

100~ 90W BOW z TAU HONTH=4 l CITM/CP1•oo2 0>~----L--,-L----~r--L----L----r

N

z

0

0

100~ 90W z TAU HONTH=7

BOW

I DTN/CP1•oo2 0~----L--.-L----~---L----~---+­

N

z:

0

0

100~ 90W z TAU NONTH=10

BOW

I OTN/Ctl•oo2 0-tr----L-_,-L----~---L----~---+­

N

:z:

0

0

100~ 90W BOW

TAU HONTH=2

100W 90W BOW

100W 90W BOW

z TAU HONTH .. B l OTH/Ct1 . . 2 0-tr----L--r-L----~---L----~---+­

N

z:

0

100W 90W zTAU MONTH=11

BOW

0~----L-_,-L----~---L----~---4-N

100W 90W BOW

TAU HONTH=3

100W 90W 80~

TAU HONTH=6 I OTH/01uc2

I OTH/01 . . 2

z 0-tr----L--r-L----~---L----~--~

N

z:

0

100W

100W

90W

90W

BO~

l DTH/01 . . 2

BOW

Figure 8: Hellerman-Rosenstein monthly mean wind stresses used in the present work. The three winter northers through three passes in Central America are well resolved.

z: CURL HONTH=l

0~--~~~--~--~~---+

N

0

1001-l

z: CURL

0 N

z:

0

0

z CURL

0 N

z:

0

0

100~

z CURL

90~

HONTH=4

HONTH-=7

901-1 HONTH=10

801-1

0~--~~~--~~~~---+

N

z

0

0

100~ 901-1 801-1

z: CURL

0 N

z:

0

0

1001-1 z CURL

0 N

z

0

0

100~

1001-1

HONTH=2

HONTH=S

90~

HONTH-=8

901-1 MONTH-=11

901-1

80~

801-1

801-1

HONTH=3 z: CURL

~~~~'l~~rr~--~--~

z:

0

0

z: CURL

0 N

z:

0

0

100W z CURL

0 N

z

0

100W z CURL

HONTH=6

901-1 HONTH=9

90W MONTH=12

sow

801-J

801-J

0~--~~~--~--~~---+

N

z

0

0

1001-1 90~ 801-J

f<igure 9: Curl of the Hellerman-Rosenstein wind stresses. Contour interval is 5 x 10- 9 dyn cm- 3 . The negative valued area is shaded.

z

N

z

0

0

z

0 N

z

0

0=10 H 0 NTH= 1 ⁵⁰ c"'m:

1001-1 BOW BOW

0=10 HONTH=4 SO C:"/SEI:

BOW 0-=10 ^{H 0} N T H"' 7 so WSEI:

z

0-tt----~--~~----+-.---~--~---1-N

z

0

z

0

0

lOOW O= 1 a·

100W

90W BOW

90W BOW

0=10 ^{H 0 N T H} = 2 5tl c:"'m

100W BOW BOW

0=10 HONTH=5 SO C:"/SEC

90W BOW

100W

0-=10 HONTH=B ⁵⁰ c:"'m z 0~----~--r-L---~~---L----~----~

N

90W BOW

0-=10 H 0 NTH= 1 1 ~nmc

z

0~----~--.-~----+-.---~--~~---1-N

100W

sow

BOW

0=10

0

100W 90W BOW

0=10 NONTH=6 SO C:I\/5EC

z

0 N

z

0

90W BOl-l 100W

0=10 ^{N 0 N T H = B so CIIIS(C} z

0~----~--r-L---~-,---L----~--_,-N

, __ ^{, _ ,}

___

.,...__,,.,.

,,,,,,_///_,,, __ ^,

Z \ \ \ t I I f / I,,...,..._._...,_,, 0 , , , , , , , , , • • • • . , , , , ,

,,,,,,,,,~,,,

__

^{,,,' ~}

,,,,,,,,,,,~~----··.

,,,

^... ~..._...__ ... ,~---.... ^{, ,} ... ''

::--.,.,~ ..,:::::--...., ... ~ ... , .. ,,,

. .

~~~----~~~~'"',,,,,

...

,

/ - : : : I ~ ~ ~-=::;~

, , \ • f l / / - - - ; ·

,_,_,,' \ I I'-·· • • · · · · ' __ .,. •

0 ~ ... , , , , ______ • • • • • • •

,,,,~~ ,, __ ^~ . .,.,

\ # . - - _ _ ..., .... "~~·"l'

' , , ,..,.,...,....,.,...,.,.,.,...,....,. ^~ ... " ' ' ... ., , '

.

/ / _ , , . . , , . . . , . , . , ; / I \ \ ' \ ' t t r r f /I

sow

BOW

100W

0=10 N 0 NT H-= 1 2 ~rvm

z

C)~----~~r-L----+-.---L----~---4-N

z

0

0

///~----~---\\\~~(/~(((~~~~:::,::;~:;·

::::-..-....'-...~--

-- ^...

^,

:---... ... "' ... ,,, ^{... \} ' ' ^\

. .

... r " " " ' / / / / / / / 1 • , , , ' ' " " ' ' ' ' ,.., ... ///~I' I I I , , f , , I I , . . . , , ,

100W

sow

BOl-l

Pigure 10 Annual march of horizontal velocity vectors at a depth of 10 rn.

:z: 0

0

lOOW :z:T 0=10

HONTH=l

MONTH=4

04---~~~-4~~--~--~

N

:z:

0

0

:z:T

0 N

:z:

0

0

z T

0 N

:z:

0

100W 0-=10

100W 0=10

100W

90W BOW

HONTH=7

90W BOW

MONTH=lO

90W BOW

0=10 HONTH=2

:z: T 0=10 MONTH=S

0~--~~~--~--~~--~

N

:z:

0

z T

0 N

z

0

0

z T

0 N

z

0

lOOW 0-=10

100W 0::10

lOOW

90W BOW

HONTH==B

90W BOW

MONTH::11

90W BOW

0=10

100W :z: T 0=10

90W NONTH=6

BOI-J

0~--~~~--~--~~---+

N

:z: 0

0

z T

0 N

:z: 0

0

0 N

z

0

100W 90W BOl-l

0::10 HONTH=9

100W 90W 801-1

0=10 NONTH=12

lOOW

Figure 11: Annual march of surface temperatures at a depth of 10 m. Contour interval is 1' C. The temperature less than 28' C is shaded.

0=50 ^{H 0 N T H} = 1 ²⁵ crvm:

z:

()~----~--~~---+-.--~----~--~~

0=50 ^{H 0 N T H} = 4 ²⁵ crvm:

N

z:

0

100l-l 0-=50

100l-l 0>=50

100l-l

SOW BOW

H 0 N T H ⁼ 7 ²⁵ cntm:

sow

BOW MONTH= 1 ^o~nmc

sow

BOW

0=50

0=50

100W 0=50

100W 0=50

HONTH=2 ²⁵ crvm

SOW BOW

H 0 N T H "' B ²⁵ en me

sow

M 0 N T H-= 1 1 ^~nmc

_____

.,...,,.,~

.

^{._ ... , . ,}

^. L>

~~~~~~Jff

100W

sow

BOW

z

0 N

z 0

0

0=50

100W 0=50

100W 0=50

I

100W 0=50

100W

NONTH=3

sow

BOI-J N 0 N T H = 6 25 CII/SEC

90W BOl-l H 0 NTH=

s

25 CII/SEC

90W BOl-l NO NTH-= ^12~s(c

90W BOl-l

Figure 12 Annual march of horizontal velocity vectors at a depth of 50 m.

0=50 MONTH=l

z: T 0=50 MONTH=4

04---~~~--~--~~---+

N

0

100~

zT 0::50

0 N

z:

0

0

100~

z T 0-=50

sow

MONTH"'7

sow

HONTH.,10

sow

BOW

0~--~~~--~~~~---+

N

z:

0

100~

sow

BOW

0=50

0=50

lOOW 0::50

lOOW z T 0=50

MDNTH=2

MONTH=5

sow

HONTH-=8

sow

HONTH .. ll BOW

BOW

04---~~~--~--~~~~

N

100W

sow

BOW

lOOW

z: T 0=50

90W HONTH=6

80~

01---~~~--~~--~---+

N

0

lOOW z T 0-=50

0 N

z:

0

lOOW z T 0-=50

sow

HONTH .. g

sow

HONTH=12

80~

BOI-J

04---~~~--~--~~---+

N

100W

sow

BOI-J

Figure 13: Annual march of subsurface temperatures at a depth of 50 rn. Contour interval is 1' C. The temperature less than 20· C is shaded.

T (10N) MONTH•

90W

T (10N) MONTH= 7

;::o

~a

:r:

1-0...

w Do D

N

100~ 90W

100~ 90W

;::o

~o

:r:

1-0...

w Do D

N

0

:r

1-0...

w Do

0 N

100W 90W T (10N) MONTH= 8

100W 90W T ( 1 ON) MONTH= 11

lOOW 90W

:r:

1-T (10N) MONTH= 6

~~ ^{·: 1 : mm . :m!i !ii!i}

;::o

~o

:r:

1-CL

w Do

0 N

0

:r

1-CL

w Do

0 N

lOOW 90W T (10N) MONTH= 9

lOOW 90W T ( 1 ON) MONTH= 12

lOOW 90W

Figure 14 Annual march of zonal section of temperature along

10· N. Contour interval is 1· C. The temperature less than 20· C is shaded.

.0

~---L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ L---~---r~ 0

u w c.n

"-..

L: u

N II I r-z

0 L:

0 001 002:

Stl313W

0

0 0 0 0 0

0 C\J ..q- tO co

.,..-0

0 0

.,..- g

.,..-i

i ^{~ U) U) 01}

E

...-m co •

0 -~'i 0

l!) ~~~ ^l!)

~-N

w

w~~

z

0 w

C/)0

-- ²

⁰

0

0 ^t:;

03:

l!)

i

l ! ) ( f )

I I

0 0

0-+----,.---....--.----.--...---.----,.---~--.---r--...---t-O

.,..-

.,.-I 0 0 0 0 0 I

C\J "¢ tO co 0

St1313~

w z

0

3: c.n

0

~

I

Figure 15: Velocity profiles near the current maxima on either side of anticyclonic gyres off the Gulf of Papagayo. The gyres were (a) observed on February 27, 1986, by rneans of an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), and (b) simulated

in the present model on February 15. The locations of their center are (a) 10.5· N, 92· W, and (b) 11· N, 92.5' W.

T 0=50 (9NJ

lOOW 90W

Figure 16: Longitude-time section of temperatures along g· N at a depth of 50 m. The others are the same as Fig.l3.

u

^(95~) U (95Wl MONTH- 2 U (95W)

....... ~0 ~0

:z:O :z:O

...

...

......... _{I :r:}

1-

1-CL ... ^a._

wa Do ··· ^Wo _Do

N N

0 tON 0 tON 0 lON

u

(95~) MONTH .. 4

u

(95W) MONTH- 5

u

(95Wl MONTHa

0 0 0

v

~0 ~0 ~0

:z:O :z:O :z:O

:r: I :r:

1- 1- I

-Cl.. Cl.. Cl..

Wo Wo Wo

Do Do Do

N N N

0 tON 0 lON 0 10N

u

^(95~) MONTH= 7 (95Wl MONTH= 8

u

(95Wl HONTH= 9

0 0 0

~0 ~0 ~0

::r:D ::r:o ::r:D

~...-. ~..--. ~...-.

I I I

I- 1-

1-Cl.. Cl.. ..... CL

Wo wa Wo

Do Do ... Do

N ··· N N

.... . ...

...

0 lDN 0 tON 0 10N

u ^(95~) MONTH= 10 u (95Wl MONTH= 11 u (95Wl HONTH= 12

0 0 0

~0 ~0 ~0

::r:D ::r:o ::r:D

~..--. -..--. ^~..--.

:r :r :r

1- 1-

1-CL Cl.. CL

wo wo wo

Do Do Do

N N N

0 lON 0 lON 0 tON

Pigure 17: Annual march of meridional sections of zonal velocity along 95· W. Contour interval is 10 ern Shaded areas indicate westward flow.

a. b.

50

100 100

-- E

-- ^E

I

150

...__

0\_;

r- _I

150

Q_

w

r-o· ⁰

^o_

200 w

0

(0

200

250

0~ ²⁵⁰

300 19 15 0

300 123

Figure 18: Zonal velocity fields (em sec- 1 ) at 95· W during (a) 11-15 June, 1981 and (b) 2-5 August, 1980 (after Leetmaa, 1982).

LL

.

^{X D}

~ LL :::::::J w

. D ^{1--i _ j} w 0

a: 0 LL ^Q_ z

w ^{_ j} c.n ^1--i

> ^1--i

.

< ³ z a: a: a: 1-

.

0 0 w :::::::J 0 ^Q_

u ^I > ^{(f) 1- ::J 3}

~

o~~ds ~Nlll~Mdn

8 9 v c

⁰

c- ^{v- 9- 8-}

_N

v ^I / ^.--1

~ ^/

\

^{I /}

''\--.(

.--1

~

^...-t

z

\

^{I I}

0

^.

_~

! !;~,

^{0 .--1}

0

\ i

^{It : \}

.--1

{ I

I

p

I 1\ I ) m

z

I

^{I I\ I}

I

0

^. f ^{I ;}

^"

^{'i {}

^co

co ^{' / I}

~ ^{/; ~ \}

r-3:

"' ^{,, k \}

^::c

t.n

f

i\\

1-. )

^c.oz

CD

v \

⁰

co ^I

)

^'I

^/1

^I

^\\

^{\ t.n ::L}

3:

1

^\

t.n

. _p I

_{/ / f ' I} ^{\ \}

_'

co '

I

^{/ I I '}

co

( i \ '

0

^'

'

I ^\

^{I I I}

\

^I

\

^{I I}

I I

^{I I}

Eb

I

^{) I} ...-t

\ \

^{/ / /}

co

^{/ / N} ...-t

v E

^{~ 0}

^1-

^{( -}

E-

v-Figure 19a: Monthly mean values of the heat budget for box A (in 10 12 cal/sec). The rate of change of heat storage is

governed by the convergence of heat transport ( ---- ) , flux across the surface ( - - - ) , horizontal ( ---- ) and vertical ( ----) diffusion. The upwelling speed (10-4 em/sec;--) at a depth of 60 m and the wind induced upward velocity(10-4 em/sec; --<7-) estimated by Ekman's theory are also shown.

z

D

z I D

.

m

.

::::3:

D

m

CD

I ::::3:

D

m

8

.

LL • X

1---1 LL :::J

. 0 t----1 _J

a: ^{0 LL} w .

> ^{1---1 • •} za:a:a:

O O W : : : J

u:r:>cn

0 w w 0

Q_ z

_J en ^t----1

<X:: ::r

I - .

0 Q_

I - => ::r

O~~dS ~Nill~Mdn

9

v c o c- v- ^9-

8-E T 0 ^T-

c-

^E-

tl-Figure 19b: Same as in Fig.l9a but for box G.

N

D

m

I-I 1--lDZ

0 :L

86.5~- 66. 5~ B. ON- 10.0N

~~ MASS ~~ CIO~~Sl ~~ HEAT MM [10~~121

CONY. =-2.379 0 FLUX= 0.259 H. 01 F• O. 6'2

v. OI F•-0. 093 TOTAL=-!. 572 OEG/11=-1.390 AY. T• 23. '2 CONY. •-2.380 0 FLUX• 0.334 H. 01 F• o. 738 V. OI F=-0. 083 TOTAL•-!. 391 OEG/11 .. -1.230 AV. T• 22. 1<4 CONY. •-2. 493 0 FLUX= O. 460 H. 01 F= O. 754

v. 01 f=-0. 069 TOTAL .. -1.348 OEG/11=-J. 192 AY. T= 21. 07 CONY.=-t. 6H 0 FLUX= 0.567 H. DI F= Q. 720 V. DI f=-0. 052 TOTAL=-0.409 OEG/11=-0.362 AV. T= 20. 26 CONY. =-0.980 0 fLUX= 0.586 H. 01 F= 0. 646 v. 01 f=-0. 049 TOTAL= 0.203 DEG/11= Q. 180 AV. T=20.19 CONY. =-0. 425 0 FLUX= O. 620 H. 01 f .. O. 635

v. 01 f .. -o. os5

TOTAL= O. 775 OEG/11= 0-685 AY. T" 20. 52 CONY. =-0. 221 0 FLUX= o. 578 H. 01F=0.513

v. 01 F=-0. 064 TOTAL= 0.606 DEG/11= O. 713 AY. T" 21.25 CONY. c-0. I 03 0 FLUX= O. 516 H. 01 f= o. 379

v. 01 F=-0. 070 TOTAL= 0.721 DEG/11= 0.638 AY. T= 21.95 CONY. = O. 285 0 FLUX= O. 505 H. D!F= O. 283 V. DIF=-0.080 TOTAL= 0.993 DEG/11= O. 878 AV. T= 22. 76 CONY.= 0-055 0 FLUX= 0.510 H. DIF= 0. 221 V. 01 F=-0. 093 TOTAL= D-692 DEG/11= O. 612 AV. T= 23. H CONY. =-0. 077 0 FLUX= O. 507 H. DIF• 0-292 V. 01 F•-0. 103 TOTAL= 0.619 OEG/11= 0.548 AV. T= 24. IS CONY. •-1. 19(

0 FLUX• O. 351

H. DIF• O. 461 V. OJ f=-0. I 06 TOTAL=-0. 488 OEG/11•-0. 432 AV. T• 24. 39

figure 20a: Mass and heat transport across the walls of box A:

Horizontal mass transport (Sv

=

10 6m3 /sec) across lateral

The values in the left frames and those in the middle are upward mass transport (Sv) and area-averaged upwelling speed

(10- 4 cm/s) across a depth of 60 m, respectively.

Right panel: Horizontal heat transport (10 12 cal/sec) across lateral walls in the upper 60 m depth. The values in the frames indicate the heat transport into the box across the surface (top) and a depth of 60 m (bottom). Heating of the box due to convergence (sum of lateral and vertical

advection), horizontal and vertical diffusion, total heat budget and the estimated rate of a temperature change

(deg/month) are also shown. Averaged temperature within the box is calculated from model results.

91.0~- 89. D~ 9. ON- 11-DN AREA• 4.869 10M•10 YOl• 2.921 10MM12 OEP• 60.0

MM MASS MM C10MM6] MIC HEAT ICIC (1 Ou 121

CONY.= 1.116 D FLUX=-0.012 H. 01 F•-0. 400

v. OI F•-0. 102 TOTAL= 0.602 DEG/M= 0.534 AV. T• 25. 46 CONY. •-1.392 0 FLUX• 0.070 H. DIF•-0. 198

v. DI f=-0. 109 TOTAL•-1.629 DEG/M•-1. H6 AY. T• 24. 86 CONY. •-0.961 0 FLUX= 0.270 H. OIF= 0.010

v. DI f=-0. 104 TOTAL•-0.787 DEG/M=-0.698 AY. T= 23. 6~

CONY. =-2.205 0 FLUX= 0.556 H. OI F= Q. 090 V. OI F=-0. 092 TOTAL=-1.651 DEG/t1=-J.465 AY. T= 22. 89

CONY. =-3.912

0 FLUX= 0.586 H. DIF= 0.710 V. OIF=-0.068 TOTAL=-2.684 OEG/M=-2. 382 AY. T= 20. 98 CONY. =-2. 172 0 FLUX= O. 654.

H. OI f : o. 736

v. OI F=-0. 045 TOTAL=-0.826 OEG/M:-0. 733 AY. T= 19. 51 CONY. "-0.990 0 FLUX: O. 628 H. 01 F= O. 506

v. DI f=-0. 035 TOTAL= O. 109 OEG/M= 0.097 AY. T: 19.34 CONY. E-1. so

0 FLUX= 0. 6:35 H. 01 F= 0. 69~

v. 01 F=-0. 026 TOTAL:-0. 245 DEG/M=-0. 217 AY. T= 18.91 CONY. =-1. 52~

0 FLUX= O. 667 H. OJ F= Q. 860 V. OI F=-0. 023 TOTAL=-0.020 OEG/M=-0.017 AY. T= 18. 68 CONY.=-1.00 0 FLUX= Q. 698

H. 01 f= 0. 832 V. OIF=-0.027 TOTAL= O. 456 OEG/M= Q. 40.(

AY. T= 18.92 CONY.= I. 779 0 FLUX= O. 598 H. DIF•O.SDl

v. 01 F•-0. 0.(5 TOTAL= 2. 833 DEG/H= 2.51.(

AV. T= 20. 32 CONY. • 3. 48.(

0 FLUX• o. l 73 H. OIF• 0.012 v. 01 f=-0. 080 TOTAL= 3. 589 OEG/H• 3. l 85 AY. T• 23. II

Figure 20b: Same as in Fig.20a except for box B.

a .

b.

T ^{. (9.} ON. 87. 5Wl

0 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0

N

0 0

('ll

0 . . . .. . . . .... . . .... . . -:-: .. --:-. -:-:. ,--,-. ~...-.-...,....,...,..~--.-...-:-~-:-. :-: .. -:-. :-: .. --:-. . . . . 0

~~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~~--~--~--~--~--~

0 0

0 0

("\]

0 0

(T)

0

T

J F M A M J J A 5 0 N

( 1 ON, 90Wl

0 ... ······· · ·

• • • •• • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • '

0 . . . ........ . . . ... . . . .... . . .

0

~4---~--~--~--~--~--~----~--~--.---,---.----r

0

J

F M A M J J A

s

0 N 0

Figure 21: Time-depth diagrams of temperatures at a center of (a) box A and (b) box D.

lJ)

0

lJ)

0

lf)~~~~~~~~~---+

1-1 05 -95 -85 -75

lJ)

0

lJ)

0

lf)~--~-T~--~T---~

1-105 -95 -85 -75

2. 3. 4

0

lf)~~~~~B¢Zl

__

~

1-1 OS -95

0 T 0=50

N l.f)

0

-85 5, 6, 7

-75

lf)~Z210~~~

'-1 05 -95

0 T 0=50

N lJ)

0

-85 8. 9. 10

-75

lf)~~~~~~~T=~---+

1- 1 0 5 - 9 5 - 8 5 -75

0 T 0=50 11. 12.1

N lJ)

lf)~~~~_J_

1-1 05 -95 -85 -75

Figure 22: Subsurface temperatures averaged for three months at a depth of 50 m in four seasons. Left panel: Levitus

climatology. Hight panel: the present model simulation.

Contour interval is 1' C. Temperatures less than 20' C are shaded.

b.

zOE ANNUAL

)0"

0 N

20"

z

10" 0

100~ 90~ BOW

I)()" llO" 110" 100" 90" tO" 1Q"

Figure 23: Surface heat flux. (a) Annual mean total downward heat flux. (b) Annual mean upward latent heat flux. Left panel: observations (after Reed, 1985). Right panel: the present model simulation. Contour interval is 25 W rn- 2

(left), and 10 W m- 2 (right).

SST FRONTS .

ドキュメント内 東部熱帯太平洋とコスタリカドームの発展に関する 数値的研究 (ページ 64-86)