3 66.7 3 2006
11 43.9
SDR2 1 81.7
3 SDR2 1
5-3 2004 5 31 10 8
2005 4 27 10 21 2006 4 19
10 4 2004 80 2005 101
2006 115 2004 160 2005
110 12 11 12
115 2006 230
5-1 2004
1 1
2 3 kg 31 15
5-1
10 0
100 200 300 400 500 600
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2004 2005 2006
2004102920059302006105 %27.766.781.7 cm12.813.312.2 241411 SDR2 16.028.343.9 24.910.215.0 39.46.77.8 41.212.211.1 55.45.46.1 62.20.63.1 73.33.90.8 81.11.04.7 90.82.20.2 101.41.00.7 SDR2
5-2
1212 20045/31–10/8 80160−— 20054/27–10/2110111011115 20064/19–10/4115230−−
5-3
100 kg
126 kg 2005
CP 18 TDN 72 1 1 1 kg
52 139 kg 2006
1
1 1.5–3 kg 3 kg 74
387 kg 48
kg
DG 12 No.64
0.4 kg 12 0.6–0.8 kg No.65 66 67 F1 5-2
5-3
2004 1,067 /ha 2005 1,346
/ha 2006 1,533 /ha
2004 939 /ha 2005 1,198 /ha
2006 1,363 /ha 5-4
2–4
2003 2005 2006
0.5–1.0 kg/10a
2005 2006 4 kg/10a
8 2 kg/10a 1
5-21627289
5060708090100110 2004
405060708090100110 2005
405060708090100110 200
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
5 6 7 8
kg
2005
64 65 66 67 F1
5-3
3.3 2005 0.5 kg/10a
2
3 43.9 SDR21
1 2
3
110–843 /ha
640–843 /ha 1990 2002
2004 2005 1
939 /ha 2 1,198 /ha 3 1,363 /ha
1
450–1,200 kg/10a 2003
2004 2004
10
5 9 10 1,980–
2,150
/ha 2006 170 /ha 12–14
Cervus nippon Sus
scrofa
2009
2003
3
3.3 2 12.2 3 66.7
3 SDR2 1
1 939 /ha 2 1,198
/ha 3 1,363 /ha
3
1988 1990 2000 1997 1994
10
1999a 1999b
Codex Alimentarius Commission
×
1989 1999 10
112 32
83
1992 550
14 1995
=0.52 -0.80
7
6-1 C/N
6-2 6-1
50–250 ppm 400–900 ppm
200–600 ppm 80
258 ppm 156 ppm 128 ppm 630 ppm 581 ppm 500
56.7 c 35.8 b 25.9 a
2.3 a 3.8 c 2.7 b
2.2 a 5.3 b 6.3 c
2.8 b 2.2 a 3.0 b
2.8 a 4.6 b 16.9 c
1.2 a 1.4 ab 1.5 b
38.3 b 40.9 b 24.5 a
C/N 1.9 b 1.1 a 0.9 a
1
2 5
n=112 n=32 n=83
6-1
Zn ppmCu ppmMn ppmAs ppmCd ppmHg ppmPb ppm 258.072.6350.51.50.40.19.5 376.8146.1195.72.20.40.118.0 156.142.0301.20.90.30.04.4 127.836.0252.50.70.30.00.5 30.33.189.30.00.00.00.0 3,197.81,335.71,322.118.72.90.3105.6 629.9184.8377.40.60.50.16.6 269.9106.6167.20.60.30.112.3 581.3194.7384.30.50.50.13.4 500.0233.3380.00.20.60.01.0 227.727.860.90.00.00.00.0 1,166.7414.7791.12.61.30.470.0 379.243.0353.51.20.60.18.2 137.721.5158.01.50.50.112.2 381.438.7343.00.90.60.15.1 380.053.8225.00.60.50.11.3 67.912.99.10.00.00.00.0 741.4105.8861.711.63.90.776.2
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0 5 10 15 20 25
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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0 5 10 15 20 25
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
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20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
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A
B
C
D
6-1
ppm
3,198 ppm
1,167 ppm 741 ppm
80 ppm 300 ppm
60 ppm 80
72.6 ppm 42.0 ppm
36.0 ppm 184 ppm 195 ppm 233 ppm
43.0 ppm 38.7 ppm 53.9 ppm
1,336 ppm
100–500 ppm 200–600
ppm 100–500ppm 80
350 ppm 301 ppm 253 ppm 377 ppm 384 ppm
380 ppm 353 ppm 343 ppm 225 ppm
1,322 ppm
10 ppm
1 ppm
0.2 ppm
10 ppm 80 20
ppm 105 ppm
70 ppm 76 ppm
6-3
55.4
68.7
9.4
54.2
62 55.4 18 16.1 32 28.5
3 9.4 7 21.9 22 68.7
13 15.7 45 54.2 25 30.1
78 34.4 70 30.8 79 34.8
1
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15.7
6-4
2 6-2
C/N 1990 1997
1999
Z1Z2Z3Z4Z5Z6Z7 0.1810.7140.053-0.1030.505-0.4280.082 0.2140.3960.6840.460-0.1020.2950.146 0.2140.667-0.177-0.208-0.643-0.120-0.086 0.808-0.344-0.164-0.047-0.123-0.1380.408 0.5640.0840.127-0.6150.2010.477-0.110 0.1980.331-0.7000.4430.1700.368-0.001 0.787-0.2430.1040.3340.025-0.242-0.374 25.045.160.073.684.594.9100.0
-10 -5 0 5 10
-5 0 5 10 15
Z2
Z1
-10 -5 0 5 10
-5 0 5 10 15
Z2
Z1 A
B
6-2
Z1 1 Z2 2
2000
50 ppm
5 ppm 2 ppm
100 ppm
1 ppm 50
80 2 ppm
80
10 ppm
1 ppm
6-1
0.2 ppm
10 ppm 80
1000 ppm
4 3
3198 ppm 500 ppm
2 1,336 ppm
800 ppm 5
1 1,322 ppm
2100 ppm 518
ppm 1995
1994
1800ppm 600ppm
2
50 ppm 5 1
3 106 ppm
100 ppm
2002
2025 40
100 2017
2
1
1 RM100
4 7 2
1,200 28 RM125 135 8
11 12 1 2
3,378 kg/10a TDN 2,443kg/10a
18 TDN 26
1 2
2 2
1
1 2
1 2
2
2009 2011 2016 2
2
1 2
3
2013 1999 2008 10
8 1 11 20
10 1,200
1,100–
1,200°C 2
1
2014 2005
2011
2011
4
2 1 2
2
2
2004 1989 1991 2003
2015 2
2
13 7,000
/10a 0.5kg/10a 15,500 /10a
1 2
2 3,178kg/10a TDN 1,908kg/10a
7 TDN 2
6
12 TDN 11 24
2
1 3.00DMkg/ 2 6.06 DMkg/
21 8
2
2 1 2
1 2
2
5
3
2003 2005
6
10
2
3
4
5
6
1 RM100
4 7 2 1,200
28 RM125 135 8 11
12 1 2
2 1
8t/10a 1 48kg/10a
2 48kg/10a
3,378 kg/10a TDN 2,443kg/10a
18 TDN 26
2
RM110 7,000 /10a
0.5kg/10a 15,500 /10a 13
1 2
2 3,178kg/10a TDN
1,908kg/10a
7 TDN 2
6 12 TDN 11 24
3.39DMkg/ 8
21
2
3.3 2 12.2 3 66.7
3 SDR2 1
1 939 /ha 2 1,198
/ha 3 1,363 /ha
3
1988 0 2 54 63
1999 HP
LC 58
17 25
2004 4 49–56
1995
p50
2000 p1–246
1981
2 1 2
71 57 63 2009
p21–25 1988
36 1–100
2003 35 15–20
1 31 140–142
Goto M, Nishijima A, Goto T, Morita O (1987) Palatability and chemical compositeon of sorgum (Sorgum) foggare. Jpn Guillot FS, Wright FC, Oehler D 1986 Concentration of ivermectin in bovine serum and its effect on the fecundity psoroptic manage mites., Am J Vet Res47 525–527
2009 3
1 . 3 19-26
1990 44 128–134
2006
52 1 48–49
2003
122 527–538
1980 0
70 53 71
1981 1
1 2
71 43 56
1982 2
3 72 109 114
1989 0
15 31–45 1990
36 210–217 1999a
70 39–44 1999b
70 45–50 1981
1 . 26 418 423
1988
C–8 51–55
21 p30
2009
p1–106
1973 2
1 7–11
2011 Zea mays L.
57 43 46
2013
77 263–264
2011
0 2
http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/project/results/laboratory/karc/
2010/konarc10-02.html 2014 11 7
2011 .
57 172-175 2016
64 1 10–13
1991
1 81 20–31
2015 61 177–183
1997
59 126 2007
2 2 3
1 . 53 114 121
2009 0
57 2 6–11
2003 0
57:953–956
1982 0
14 98–106
2004 3
59 89–97 2001
p138–142 2004
p135-144 1995
1
2002 p1–14
2005 .
, ,p26–27 2014
p107–129
1995 p119-121
2010 2009
,p52–55 76–77
2010 2010 22 2 1
http://www.maff.go.jp/j/tokei/census/
afc/about/2010.htm 2011 8 10 2000
p5–6
2017 29 9
p1–200
1957 3 4–11
2005
http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/org/harc/seika/h16/305.htm 2014 11 7
2001 TDN
p77–83 2010
21 p51–52 2011a
22 p61–62 2011b
22 p65–
66
2012a 23
p101–102 2012b
TDN
23
p105–106
2014 1 3
DAIRYMAN 64 4 42–43
2015 0
0 61 194 201
2009
p64–78 2008
p1–67
2004 66 158
2002 2
48 148–149
2005
0 51 87–92
2014a
60 200–205
2014b
60 206–212 2017
p211–320
Weiss WP, Conrad HR, Pierre NRSt 1992 A theoretically-based model for predicting total digestible nutrient values of forages and concentrates. Anim Feed Sci Technol 39 95–110
1997 501 10–17
2005
59 131–134
2006
52 1 18–19
2003
3 31–36
1978 1
0 10 885–891
1984 20 37 39
1994 p1–288
Summary
Studies on self-supplied feed production method based on efficient utilization of land in the southern Kanto region.
Kentaro Orihara
The purpose of this study is to develop a method of producing self-sufficient feed based on the efficient utilization of land in the southern Kanto region. This paper discusses the following four points: 1) the cultivation method of forage crops with high land productivity, 2) the labor-saving and high-yield cultivation method of forage crops, 3) the method of improving the quality of silage, 4) the safety of self-sufficient production utilizing abandoned lands for grazing and the protection of animal manure compost.
First, I examined the corn double cropping system for silage to develop a method of cultivating forage crops with a high land productivity. In the first crop from early April, the very early-maturity cultivars with an RM of 100 reached the ripe stage in late July. In the second crop from early August, the late-maturity cultivars with an RM of 125-135 reached the ripe stage in late November or early December, and required approximately 1,200°C of effective cumulative temperature (ECT) for ripening and 28% of the dry matter ratio. We concluded that the combination of the very
cropping. The method of fertilization was to utilize one year’s worth of manure compost by 8t/10a before the cultivation of the first crops. After that, 48kg/10a of ammonium sulfate is used to fertilize both the first crop with tillage and the second crop with non-tillage. The annual yield of the corn double-cropping system was 3,378 kg/10a dry matter yield and 2,443kg/10a TDN yield. Compared with the two crop system of corn and Italian ryegrass, the dry matter yield increased by 18% and TDN yield increased by 26%.
Second, I examined the labor-saving and high-yield cultivation method of forage crops for contractors. This method utilized sorghum in order to develop a labor-saving cultivation system for forage crops. Corn of very early-maturity cultivars below an RM110 was used for mix cropping with the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid
“Minekaze”. In a period when the average temperature was approximately 13°C, corn seeds were sown in a ratio of 7000 stalks/10a planting density and sorghum seeds were seeded in a ratio of 0.5kg/10a (15,500 stalks/10a planting density). The first cutting was conducted in the ripe stages of the corn. The second cutting was conducted during the dough-ripe stage of sorghum aftermath.
The annual yield of the developed mix cropping of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid “Minekaze” and corn was 3,178kg/10a dry matter yield and 1,908kg/10a TDN yield. The dry matter yield was 7% higher than that of the double cropping system of corn and Italian ryegrass and the TDN yield was 2% higher. When compared with the conventional mix cropping of corn and sorghum or corn double cropping, the dry matter yield was 6% lower and 12% lower respectively and the TDN yield was 11% and 24%
lower.
The labor productivity of the cropping system was 3.39 DM kg/minute, which
was 8% lower than that of the corn double cropping. However it was 21% higher than that of the double cropping of corn and Italian grass. In regards to the harvest time, the first cutting of the cropping system was conducted in the same period as the old mix cropping of corn and sorghum, while the second cutting was done one month earlier than that. The results show that decentralized work has the possibility to expand crop acreage if a part of the conventional mix cropping is replaced with the mix cropping of
“Minekaze” and corn.
Third, I examined the proper harvest time for ensiling the immature corn in order to improve the quality of the silage. The dry matter yield of the immature corn whose seeding was delayed was unchanged when the corn had been covered with frost during the foggage conservation period. However the later the harvest date, the more the dry matter ratio and the dry matter’s ear ratio increased.
Adjusting the harvest time with foggage conservation allowed for the adjustment of the water content of the immature corn (which included a high percentage of water in late fall) and also reduced the loss of nutrition caused by seepage. However, it is not preferable to conduct foggage conservation after the green color fades and the plant begins to wither because foggage conservation decreases the amount of mono- and oligo-saccharide. The results indicate that the proper harvest time of immature corn is the period when the green color remains but withering and dryness can be observed in leaves during foggage conservation.
establishment. Pasture was established by hoof cultivation on abandoned cultivated land, with dominated by festulolium and southern crabgrass. As a result, the coverage of centipede glass in autumn increased by 3.3% in first year, 12.2% in second year and 66.7% in third year. Centipede glass became the most dominant grass species in the third year. As the coverage of centipede glass of increased, the vegetation rate in pasture increased and the number of grass species decreased. The grazing capacity of the pastures gradually increased during its development: 939 cow•day/ ha in the first year, 1,198 cow•day/ha in the second year, and 1,363 cow•day/ha in the third year.
For the protection of the animal manure compost, I investigated heavy metal content in the compost produced in Kanagawa and examined its characteristics as well as its relation with other fertilizer components. There were more micronutrients such as zinc, copper, and manganese in pig manure compost than cattle and poultry manure composts. There was also a small amount of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead that could pollute the environment. Zinc, copper, manganese and lead were contained in some composts in a high concentration. In cattle manure composts in particular, the greatest amounts of these metals were over the recommended standard for sludge fertilizer as well as the value outlined in Fertilizer Control Law. These values showed a possibility to cause land pollution. Since there was no correlation between the heavy metals content in the animal manure compost and other fertilizer ingredients, it is difficult to infer its heavy metals content based on the analysis of a section of compost.
Therefore, an analysis of individual components is required.
According to principal compost analysis, it had been suggested that high densities of heavy metals contained in the animal manure compost came from