・・
?允丁 吋
0一→Q。」㌧片」㌧R。一→0
is commutative and−we have
ψプ・δ月。(dゴ)・・ん・δ月。(ψチ)=δNん・(dゴ)=δW(ηゴ)=δWψ(mゴ)=ψδM(mゴ)
and hence
δ〃(mゴ)一∫・δ月。(dゴ)一ΣW(〜1)
{∈∫
for someα加∈B.De丘ne a modu1e d−erivationδ昂。n片byδ片(e4)=δρ。(θ4)
f・・1∈∫・ndδ・。(dゴ)=δ・。(dゴ)十Σ{∈∫α棉f・・ゴ∈J・Si…δQ。(・1):δ・。(・1)
for each乞∈∫,the B−homomorphismψo:Qo→片is aδ一homomorphism.
We have
仙(ξ㎞㌻)
一心(ξ㎏)・ξ1(!)・ゴ・讐(・))
一Σδ(・ゴ)dゴ十Σ・ゴψ・δ・。(♂ゴ)
ゴ∈J ゴ∈ノ
一ξ舳・ξ小(・ゴ)・一
一ξ1(!)/・ξ州一・伽(恥・ξ刈
32
CHAPTER2.MODσLE DER工VAT工ONS
and henceψo:片→Ro is aδ一homomorphism.We have
商(ξ㎏・ξ一
一九1 ォ㎏)・/ル・ゴ)
一肌(ξ㎏)・九(ξ帆・ξ/軌))
一価 i刈・看/(1)叫ψ一(・ゴ)
一1舳 iξ㎏)・ξ/(1)・ゴ・ン九(舳)・一
一1・
ミ㎏)・ξ/(/)叫小・(/)・ξw(/))
一1・允
iξ㎞)・ξ/(!)叫ψ(・ゴ)
一1・
ミ㎏)・1・(ξ戦)
一1・
ミ∴・一
and−hence∫o:片→M is aδ一homomorphism.The other片and modu1e
d−erivations on the片are constructed in a simi1ar fashion by rep1acing L,M and W by Ker go,Ker∫o and Kerん。 etc. □
lLemma2.4.6.〃M6θα伽伽佃ge雌m亡e6(B,δ)一m0 θ.舳〃08θ伽亡B づ8αη0e伽r乞㎝r伽g.τんθ肌伽ree挑左3α伽θヅe501州㎝
P:・・一>^一→凡_r→…一→P1一→昂一→0
舳わ洗ατeαCん片→片一1㎝d昂→Mαグeδ一ん0mOm0ψ45m8.・
2.4.THE HαM OLOG∫CAL PROPERTY OFδ一M ODσLES
33 ProoヅWe on1y give a way of cons廿ucting片and a modu1e derivation on片、SupPose that M=Σ;=1B肌fo工m1∈M・Le㍑:max{μM(m1);乞=
1,...,r}(for七he deinition ofレ〃,see§2.2).We prove the assertion by induction on4.First we consider the case where4:0.Thenδ〃(m4)=0for a11づ.Let片=㊥;=1Bε乞be a free B−mod−u1e with a free basis{e1,_,e。},
de丘ne a B−modu1e homomorphism∫:片→M−by∫(e{):mパand d−e丘ne a mod−u1e derivationδp.on片byδp。(e包)=0.Then we have
1巾・4)一1(さ1(・4)θ壱)一言1(小4
−1・
iξ1+・仏ゼ)・
Thus∫is a surjectiveδ一homomorphism.
Next we consider七he genera1case.We have a natura1exact sequence of δ_modu1es
0→BM。→M→〃/BM。一合0,
Then both BMo and M/BMo are丘nite1y generated。(B,δ)一mod−u1e by the assumption.By induction hypothesis,there exist free(B,δ)一mod−u1es Qo and月。 with surjectiveδ一h−o皿。morphisms go:ρo→BM;o andん。:五〇→
M.^BMo.Lemma2.4.5imp1ies that there exists a free(B,δ)一modu1e片with surjectiveδ一homomorphism∫o:片→M such that the fo11owing diagram is COmmutatiVe.
0一一→BMo一→M一→M/BM。一一÷0・
・・
?允/ 吋
O→ ρo 一一一→昂一一一一→一 Ro 一一一一→・0
Wenotethat Ker∫o is a丘ni七e1ygenerated(B,δ)一modu1e bytheassumption.
The other^and modu1e derivations on the^are constructed in a simi1ar fashion by rep1acing M by Ker∫o etc. 口
We need the next1emma toshow Proposition2.4.8.
lLemma2.4.7.〃∫:M→Wうeαδ一ん。momoψ乞8m㎝ e左工ろθα δ一mo〃θ.珊㎝ηα亡刎mZB−mo〃eん。momoザ〃5m3M一⑳B工→W⑳B工,
HomB(Z,M)→HomB(ム,N)α〃HomB(N,ム)→HomB(M,ム)αrθδ一ん。mo−
m0ヅ〃5m8.
34
CHAPTER2.M ODσLE DER工VAnONS
PηooヅFor4∈ムand m∈M,we have
δ((∫⑱1)(m舳))二δ(∫(m)⑳4)=δ(∫(m))舳十∫(m)⑳δ(4)
=∫(δ(m))舳十∫(m)⑳δ(Z)=(∫⑳1)(δ(m)舳十m⑳δ(4))
=(∫⑳1)(δ(m舳))。
For g∈HomB(ム,M )and−4∈Z,we have
∫δ(9)(4)=∫(δ(9)(4))=∫(δ(9(4))一9(δ(4)))
=∫(δ(9(4)))一プ(9(δ(4)))=δ(∫9(4))一∫9(δ(4))=δ(プ9)(4)・
Forん∈HomB(N,ム)and m∈M,we have
δ(ん)∫(m)=δ(ん)(∫(m))=δ(ん(プ(m))一ん(δ(∫(m)))・
=δ(ん∫(m))一δ(ん∫(m))=δ(ん∫)(肌).
□
The next resuit is immed−iate from Lemmas2.4.6and2.4.7.
Proposition2.4.8.工θ亡M,Wわeδ一mo仇Zθ8.舳〃08θ6んα舌B乞8αηoθ仇θれαη ザ初g㎝dM乞・α伽的9・η・m加dB−m・〃e』加ηδMαη∂δNづ〃u・θ1・・α吻
η乞伽。加枇mo∂ωθ知れりα挽。η50ηう。抗Torξ(ルグ,ノV)αηd ExtZ(ル∫,ノV).
ProoヅTake a free reso1ution
尺:…一→^一→凡_1一→…一→P1一→片、一→0
as in Lemma2.4.5.Then we obtain a comp1ex
P.⑭BN:…一→片⑱BW一合片一1⑳BN一→…一→片⑳BW一→0
such that each homomorphism片⑳BW→^_1⑳BN is aδ一homomorphism,
Thus we can d−eine a1oca11y ni1p〇七ent mod−u1e deriva七ion on Tor身(M一,N)=
Hη(P.⑳N)in a natura1fashion.Simi1ar1y since we obtain a comp1ex
HomB(P.,M):0_→HomB(片,N)_→HomB(P1,W)_→_
such that each homomorphism HomB(片,W)_→HomB(片十1,N)is aδ一 homomorphism.Thus we can de丘neムmodu1e d−erivation on Extス(M一,N)=
∬肌(HomB(P.,W))in a natura1fashion.Since M−is丘nite1y generated over a noetherian ring B,the ^ are丘nite1y generated over B and hence the HomB(片,N)areδ一mod−u1es.Thus Ext二(M,W)is aδ一m6du1e. □
2.4.THE HOMIOLOG工CAL PROPERTγOFδ一一M ODσLES
35We de丘ne an extension ofaδ一modu1e and give its properties.
DEFINITI0N2.4.9.Let工,N beδ一mod−u1es.A short exact sequence ofδ一
modu1es
0_→工」∴M・」㌧N一_→0
is denoted by(M,∫,9)once Z and N are ixed,and−ca11ed an e批θη8乞。ηof N by L We say that extensions(M,∫,g)and(M ,∫ ,g )are isomorphic if there exists aδ一homomorphismθ:M→M一 such that the fo工Iowi皿g diagram COmmuteS: