1 See, JeanKlein, “ReflectionsonGeopolitics: FromPangermanismtotheDoctrinesofLivingSpaceand MovingFrontiers,” inCiroE. ZoppoandCharlesZorgbibe, (eds.), OnGeopolitics: ClassicalandNuclear. (TheHague: MartinusNijhoff), 1985, pp.45-76.
2 See, HolgerH. Herwig, “Geopolitik: Haushofer, HitlerandLebensraum,” inColinS. GrayandGeoffrey Sloan, (eds.), Geopolitics, Geographyand Strategy. (London: FrankCass), 1999, pp.218-241. Haushofer usedtheancientIndianproverb, “Myneighborismyenemyandmyneighbor’sneighborismyfriend,”
toarguethatJapan (theneighborofBritainandFrance’sSoutheastAsiancolonies) istheneighborof Russia, whichisGermany’senemy, andshouldbeencouragedtoassertdominanceoverthewestern Pacific. See, William T. R. Fox, “Geopoliticsand InternationalRelations,” inCiroZoppoand Charles Zorgbibe, (eds.), OnGeopolitics: ClassicalandNuclear. op. cit., p.32.
3 FormoreonhowJapanesegeopoliticswereimpactedandshapedbyGermangeopoliticsduringthe1930s and1940s, seeKeiichiTakeuchi, “JapaneseGeopoliticsinthei930sand1940s,” inKlausDoddsand DavidAtkinson, (eds.), GeopoliticalTraditions: ACenturyofGeopoliticalThought. (London: Routledge), 2000, pp.72-92.
4 HalfordJ. Mackinder, “TheGeographicalPivotofHistory,” GeographicalJournal, No. 23, 1904, pp. 421 -437. inGearóidÓTuathail, SimonDalbyandPaulRoutledge, (eds.), The GeopoliticsReader. (London: Routledge), 1998, pp.27-35.
5 HarfordJ. Mackinder, DemocraticIdealsandReality: AStudy inthePoliticsofReconstruction. (London; Constable), 1919, p.194. inBrianW. Blouet, “HarfordMackinderandPivotalHeartland,” inBrianW. Blouet, (ed.), GlobalGeostrategy: MackinderandtheDefenceoftheWest. (London: FrankCass), 2005. p.1.
6 In1890, Mahanwroteamajorworkwhichforesawthestrengthofmaritimepowertoshapehistoryand whichsoughtto useittoexploittheblindspotoftheEuopeanpowers, whichwasaprimaryfocus oncontinentalpower. See, A. T. Mahan, TheInfluenceofSeaPoweruponHistory, 1660-1783. (First Published byLittle, Brown, 1890andreprintedbyPelicanPublishingCo., Gretna: Louisiana, 2003).
Originallyanisolationist, itwasaroundthistimethatMahan’sinterestshiftedtowardstheexpansionof America’sempire. See, FrancisP. Sempa, “IntroductiontotheTransactionEdition,” inAlfredThayer Mahan, TheInterest ofAmericanInternationalConditions. Witha NewIntroductionbyFrancis P. Sempa. (NewBrunswick: TransactionPublishers), 2003, p.3.
7 See, MargaretSprout, “Mahan: EvangelistofSeaPower,” inEdwardM. Earle, (ed.), Makersof Modern Strategy. (Princeton, NJ; PrincetonUniversityPress), 1943, pp.415-445. JonSumida, “AlfredThayer Mahan, Geopolitician,” inBrianBlouet, ibid., pp.39-62.
8 Mahan’sadvocacyofanopendoorpolicyinthewesternPacificisemphasizedintheop. cit. workpublished in1915. See, A. T. Mahan, InterestofAmericainInternationalConditions, op. cit., pp.103-111.
9 NicolasJ. Spykman, TheGeographyofthePeace. (NewYork: Harcourt, Brace & Co.,) 1944, p.43.
10 Formoreonthemeaningofthisstatement, seeDavidWilkinson, “SpykmanandGeopolitics,” inCiroE. ZoppoandCharlesZorgbibe, (eds.), OnGeopolitics: ClassicalandNuclear. op. cit, 1985, pp.108-112.
11 Formore, seeNicholasJ. Spykman, America’sStrategyinWorldPolitics: TheUnitedStatesandtheBalanceof Power. (NewYork: Harcourt, BraceandCompany), 1942.; Idem, TheGeographyofPeace. op. cit.
12 FormoreonthecharacteristicsofBurnham’sgeopolitics, seeFrancisP. Sempa, Geopolitics: FromtheCold Wartothe21stCentury. (NewBrunswick: TransactionPublishers), 1989, pp.39-63.
13 Forthefulltextofthe “BrezhnevDoctrine”, seeLeonidBrezhnev, “TheBrezhnevDoctrine” fromPravda (1968)” inGearoidÓTuathail, etal., (eds.), TheGeopoliticsReader, op. cit., pp.74-77.
14 See, IrinaIsakova, RussianGovernanceintheTwenty-FirstCentury: Geo-strategy, GeopoliticsandGovernance. (London: FrankCass), 2005, pp.11-15.
15 DuringanaddressonFebruary28, 2007inwhichthenForeignMinisterTaroAsoexpressedJapan’s intentiontobeactivelyinvolvedintheMiddleEastpeaceprocess, hereferredtotherouteconnecting theWestBanktotheGulfStatesasa “corridorofpeaceandprosperity”; itwillbeinterestingtoseethis reflectedinfutureMiddleEastdiplomacyasageopoliticalideafromJapanesediplomacy. (http//www. disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/070228DAIJIN.htm)
16 Fortheconceptofsecuritization, seeBarryBuzanandOleWaever, Jaap de Wilde, Security:ANewFrame workforAnalysis. (Boulder:Lynne Rienner), 1998.
17 Foraninterpretationoftheprocessofoccupation-eraJapaneseeconomicrecoverytoeconomicgrowth inageopoliticalcontext, seeBaldevRajNayar, TheGeopolitics ofGlobalization: TheConsequencesfor Development. (Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress), 2005, pp.148-151.
18 Takehiko Yamamoto, KEIZAI SEISAI: HUKAMARU DOUMEI no KIRETSU.[EconomicSanctions – DeepeningCracksintheAlliance], NikkeiInc., 1982. For moreonthe creationandfunctioningof
CHINCOM, startedinSeptember1952andabsorbedbyCOCOMin1957, seeShuGuangZhan, Economic Cold War: America’sEmbargoagainsttheSino-SovietAlliance1949-1963. (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow WilsonCenterPress), 2001.
19 WrittenwhilestillabureaucratintheDefenseDepartment, itissaidthatthe “X” articleusedan “X” to hideKennan’sname. The paperwas“TheSourcesofSovietConduct,” ForeignAffairs, No. 25 (1947), pp.566-582.
20 JamesBurnham, ContainmentorLiberation? (NewYork: JohnDay), 1952, pp.36-37.
21 WilliamC. Bullit, “AReporttotheAmericanPeople,” Life, 13October, 1947. BullitwasAmbassadorto theSovietUnioninthe1930s. FormoreontheDominoTheory, seeFrankA. Ninkovitch, Modernityand Power: AHistoryoftheDominoTheoryintheTwentiethCentury. (Chicago: UniversityofChicagoPress), 1994, andRobertJervisandJackSnyder, (eds.), DominoesandBandwagons: StrategicBeliefsandGreater PowerCompetitionintheEurasianRimland. (NewYork: OxfordUniversityPress), 1991.
22 See, Edward N. Luttwak, “ From Geo-politicsto Geo-economics: Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce,” NationalInterest, No.20, Summer1990, pp.17-23.; Idem, TheEndangeredAmericanDream: Howto StoptheUnited States fromBecominga ThirdWorldCountry andHowtoWintheGeo-economic StrategyforIndustrialSupremacy. (NewYork: Simon & Schuster), 1993.
23 See, GearóidÓTuathail, “JapanasThreat: TheUSA-JapanRelationshipinUSCivilSociety, 1987-91,” in ColinH. Williams (ed.), ThePoliticalGeographyoftheNewWorldOrder, (London; BelhavenPress), 1993, pp.210-215.
24 ForaworkthatexpressesthestrongestconcernoverJapanandwhichgarneredattentioninAmerica, seeMartinandSusanToltin, SellingOurSecurity: The ErosionofAmericanAssets. (NewYork: Knopf), 1992. Itdiscusseshowto “contain” JapanandevenbringsupthepossibilityofawarwithJapan. For moreonthispoint, seeJamesFallows, “ContainingJapan,” TheAtlanticMonthly, May1989, pp.40-54. G. FreedmanandM. Lebard, TheComingWarwithJapan. (NewYork: St. Martin’sPress), 1991.
25 Theformer wasanamendment proposedbySenator JakeGarnwhichput athree yearbanon all governmentprocurementfromToshiba, includingToshibaMachine, andthelatterwasjointlegislation proposed bySenatorJ. James ExonandRepresentativeJames J. Florio whichamendedthe 1950 DefenseProductionActtomakeallpurchasesofdefense-relatedfirmsviaforeigncapitalsubjecttoan approvalreviewbytheCommitteeonForeignInvestmentintheUnitedStates (CFIUS) headedbythe TreasurySecretary.
26 ForthegeopoliticalimplicationsofAmerica’sdeterrencestrategyagainsttheSovietswhichwaspredicated onnuclearmilitarytechnologicalsuperiority, seeDesmondBall, “ModernTechnologyandGeopolitics,”
inCiroE. ZoppoandCharlesZorgbibe, (eds.), OnGeopolitics: ClassicalandNuclear. op. cit., pp. 171-200.
27 Issuedin1976asareportoftheDefenseScienceBoardbyataskforcechairedbyJ. FredBucy, thethen -VicePresidentofTexasInstruments.
28 The “YoungReport” wasthereport submittedtothePresident bytheCommissionon Industrial CompetitivenessheadedbyHewlett-PackardChairmanJohnYoung; itservedasapillarofthestrategy ofenhancedindustrialcompetitivenesspursuedbytheReganandlateradministrations.
29 FollowingWorldWarII, theDefenseDepartmentbecamethelargestpatronofS&Tactivity, andthrough the1950sthePentagonwasresponsiblefor80% ofthefederalR&Dbudget. See, HouseCommitteeon ScienceandTechnology, ScienceSupportbytheDepartmentofDefense, SciencePolicyStudyBackground ReportNo.8, 99thCongress, 2ndSession, December1986. pp.34-35.
30 See, NationalAcademyofSciences, ScientificCommunication andNationalSecurity. (Washington, D.C.:
NationalAcademyPress), 1982.
31 ForthefulltextofNSDD-189, seeTheDeemedExportRulein theeraofGlobalization; Submittedtothe SecretaryofCommercebythemembersofTheDeemedExportAdvisoryCommittee. December2007, pp.125 -127. ThisdirectiveissuedinSeptember21, 1985astitled “NATIONALPOLICYONTHETRANSFER OFSCIENTIFIC, TECHNICALANDENGINEERINGINFORMATION”.
32 TakehikoYamamoto, “Power, WealthandTechnologyTransferinWorldPolitics: PoliticalDynamics of ScienceandTechnologyActivitiesinEastAsia,” WasedaPoliticalStudies, No. 33, March, 2002, p.26.
33 See, EdwardN. Luttwak, “FromGeopoliticstoGeo-economics,” op. cit., pp.18-19.
34 See, GeoffDemarest, Geoproperty: ForeignAffairs, NationalSecurityandPropertyRights. (London: Frank Cass), 1998, pp.110-148.
35 ForthesignificanceoftheFSXissue, seeGearóidÓTuathail, “PearlHarborwithoutBombs: ACritical GeopoliticsoftheUS-Japan ‘FSX’ Debate,” EnvironmentandPlanningA, No.24, pp.975-994.
36 HerbetN. Foestel, op. cit., p.201.
37 ForTyson’s strategictradepolicy, see LauraTyson, Who’s Bashing Whom?: TradeConflict in High -Technology Industries. (Washington, D.C.: Institutefor InternationalEconomics), 1992. Also, foran explanationofthepolitical, militaryandeconomicsignificanceofhigh-techprotectionism, seeWayne Sandholtz, etal. TheHighestStakes: TheEconomicFoundationsof theNextCentury. (NewYork: Oxford UniversityPress), 1992.
38 See, National Scienceand Technology Council, National Security Science andTechnology Strategy. (Washington, D.C.: ExecutiveOfficeofthePresident, OfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy), 1995.
39 See, MikhailGorbachev, “NewPoliticalThinking: FromPerestroika: NewThinkingforOurCountryand theWorld (1988),” inGearóidÓTuathail, et.al., (eds.), TheGeopoliticsReader, op. cit., pp.97-98.
40 Fortheoriginalessay, seeSamuelP. Huntington, “ClashofCivilizations?” Foreign Affairs, Vol.72, No.3, Summer1993, pp.22-49. Forthelaterbook, seeidem, ClashofCivilizationsandtheRemakingofWorld Order. (NewYork: SimonandSchuster), 1998.
41 FortheRMTconcept, seeSeemaGahaut, “IndiaandtheMTCR,” TheHindu, August14, 1999.
42 See, RichardM. Mansbach, “TheMeaningof11SeptemberandEmerging Post-international World,”
Geopolitics, Vol.8, No.3, Autumn2003, pp.16-60.
43 See, SeemaGahaut, “MultilateralExportControlRegimes; Operations, Successes, FailuresandChallenges Ahead, InDanielJoyner, (ed.), TheNon-proliferationExportControls; Origins, Challenges, andProposals forStrengthening. (Hampshire; Ashgate), 2006, chapter1.
44 Thegeopoliticalconceptofthe “arcofinstability” wasintroducedintotheBushadministrationsofficial lexicon inQuadrennialDefense Review, 2001. DepartmentofDefense, February2001. (http://www. defenselink.mil/pubs/qdr2001.pdf)
45 See, PaulCoones, “TheHeartland inRussianHistory,” inBrianW. Blouet (ed.), Global Geostrategy: MackinderandtheDefenceoftheWest. (London: FrankCass), 2005, pp.80-81.
46 See, AdamN. Stulberg, “MovingbeyondtheGreatGame: TheGeo-economicsofRussia’sInfluenceinthe CaspianSeaEnergyBonanza,” Geopolitics, Vol.10, No.1, 2005, pp.1-25.
47 IrinaIsakova, op. cit., p.30.
48 InahearingbeforetheSenateonJanuary18, 2005, SecretaryofStateRicesingledoutsixcountries: Myanmar, Belarus, NorthKorea, Zimbabwe, IraqandCuba. PresidentBush alsomentionedthese countriesinhissecondinauguraladdress.
49 JasonDittmer, “Intervention: ReligiousGeo-politics,” PoliticalGeography, Vol.26, No.7, September2007, pp.737-759.
50 See, BilveerSingh, TheTalibanizationofSoutheastAsia: LosingtheWaronTerrortoIslamistExtremists. (West Port, CT: Greenwood), 2008.
51 PadraigR. CarmodyandFrancisY. Owusu, “CompetingHegemons? ChineseVersusAmerican Geo -economicStrugglesinAfrica,” PoliticalGeography, Vol.25, No.5, June2007. pp.504-524.
52 Forthefullpicture, seeDanStoberand IanHoffman, AConvenient Spy: WenHoLeeandthePoliticsof NuclearEspionage. (NewYork: SimonandSchuster), 2002.
53 Aroundthe timeofthis incident, areport (knownas the “Cox Report” after ChristopherCox, the committeechair) wasproducedbytheHouseofRepresentativesSelectCommitteewhichsoundedan alarmregardingtechnologicaltransferstoChinaandasaresultincreasedAmericancautionoverChina. For thefulltextofthisreport, seeU.S. National SecurityandMilitary/CommercialConcerns withthe Peoples’ RepublicofChina. (U.S. HouseofRepresentatives, SelectCommitteeonU.S. NationalSecurity andMilitary/CommercialConcernswiththePeoples’ RepublicofChina), 1999.
54 For Slater’sresearchsummarizingpost-colonialgeopolitics, seeDavidSlater, Geopoliticsand thePost -colonial: RethinkingNorth-SouthRelations. (Oxford: Blackwell), 2004.