• 検索結果がありません。

)exp( 1 2 PHU

LAI 1 LAI2

LAImax

frPHU,1 frPHU,2 frPHU,sen

LAI

Fraction of PHU

0 1

(a)

(b)

46

表 2-4-1 バイオマスに関する入力パラメータ

SWAT parameter Equation File

EXT_COEF kl 0.65 * 0.65 * crop.dat

BIO_E RUEamb 35 50 crop.dat

CO2HI CO2hi 660 * 660 * crop.dat

BIOEHI RUEhi 16 * 33 * crop.dat

MAT_YRS yrfulldev 50 0 crop.dat

BMX_TREES biofulldev 300 0 crop.dat

FRGRW1 frPHU,1 0.15 * 0.03 crop.dat

LAIMX1 frLAI,1 0.7 * 0.85 crop.dat

FRGRW2 frPHU,2 0.25 * 0.2 crop.dat

LAIMX2 frLAI,2 0.99 * 0.99 crop.dat

CHTMX hc,mx 20 4 crop.dat

BLAI LAImx 6 7 crop.dat

DLAI frPHU,sen 0.99 * 0.99 crop.dat

SOL_ZMX zroot,mx 600 1000-2000 .sol

RDMX zroot,mx 3.5 * 2 * crop.dat

Variables in first section of .mgt file

LAI_INIT LAI 8 6 .mgt

BIO_INIT bio 1000 1000 .mgt

PHU_PLT PHU 1800 1800 .mgt

Variable in plant operation line:

BIO_INIT bio 100 - .mgt

HI_TARG HItrg 0.9 - .mgt

BIO_TARG biotrg 30 - .mgt

CNOP CN2 0 - .mgt

*default

Trees Sugarcane

47

表 2-4-2 バイオマスに関するパラメータの定義

SWAT parameter Definition

EXT_COEF Light extionction coefficirnt

BIO_E Radiation use efficiency in ambient CO2 ((kg/ha)/(MJ/m2))

CO2HI Elevated CO2 atmospheric concentrartion(ppmv)

BIOEHI Radiation use efficiency at elevated CO2 atmospheric

concentration value for CO2HI ((kg/ha)/(MJ/m2))

MAT_YRS The number of years for the tree species to reach full development (years)

BMX_TREES The biomass of a fully developed tree stand for

the specific tree species (metric tons/ha)

FRGRW1 Fraction of the growing season corresponding to

the 1st point in the optimal leaf area development curve

LAIMX1 Fraction of the maximum plant leaf area index corresponding to

the 1st point on the optimal leaf area development curve

FRGRW2 Fraction of the growing season corresponding to

the 2nd point in the optimal leaf area development curve

LAIMX2 Fraction of the maximum plant leaf area index corresponding to

the 2nd point on the optimal leaf area development curve

CHTMX Plant's potential maximum canopy height (m)

BLAI Potential maximum leaf area index for the plant

DLAI Fraction of growing season at which senescence

becomes the dominant growth process

SOL_ZMX Maximum rooting depth in soil (mm)

RDMX Maximum rooting depth for plant (mm)

Variables in first section of .mgt file

LAI_INIT Leaf area index of the canopy for transplanted species

BIO_INIT Initail dry weight biomass (kg/ha)

PHU_PLT Total heat units required for plant matunrity (heat units)

Plant/Begin Growing Season Parameter

BIO_INIT Initail dry weight biomass (kg/ha)

HI_TARG Target harvest index

BIO_TARG Target biomass specified by the user(kg/ha)

CNOP Moisture conditon Ⅱcurve number

48

2-4-5 モデルの評価方法

モデルの再現性に対する評価方法は多く存在するが,本研究では決定係数(R2) と実測値と計算値の適合度を表す指標の一つであるNash Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE) を用いた(Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970).NSEは1から-∞までの値を出力し,1に近 いほどモデルの再現性が高いことを表し,0~1ではそのモデル再現性は適用可能 な精度であるが 0以下の場合は精度が低いと認識される.それぞれの式について

式(2.5.27),(2.5.28)に示す.

・決定係数

(2.5.28)

・NSE

(2.5.29)

iobs

Y

:実測値,

Y

isim:計算値,

Y

mean:実測値の平均値

( ) ( )

( )

å

å å

=

=

=

-=

n

i

mean iobs

n

i

isim iobs

n

i

mean iobs

Y Y

Y Y

Y Y

R

1

2 1

2 1

2 2

( )

( ) ú ú ú

ú ú û ù

ê ê ê ê ê

ë é

-=

å å

=

= n

i

mean iobs

n

i

isim iobs

Y Y

Y Y

NSE

1

2 1

2

1

49

2-4-6 入力データ

入力データは流域内の空間情報データ(標高,土地利用,土壌)と気象データ

(降水量,気温,相対湿度,日射量および風速)である.標高は米国地質調査所

(USGS)が発行している 90 mメッシュの数値標高データ(DEM)を使用し(図 2-4-3),土地利用はフィリピン国農務省農業研究局,土壌はフィリピンの NGO

団体 Philippine GIS Data Clearinghouse(PhilGIS)のデータを元に作成した(図

2-4-4).気象データは山間部に設置した気象計の結果を入力した.なお,相対湿 度と風速においては実測値が存在しないため,SWAT 内のシミュレーション機能 を用いた.相対湿度は蒸発散量を算出する Penman-Monteith 式を用いることで求 められ,風速はPenman-Monteith式を指数関数に変えることによって求められる.

土壌データの各パラメータはSimplified Keys to Soil Series of Negros Occidental

(フィリピン農務省),Soil Map(フィリピン国農務省),最新土壌学(朝倉書店)

を参考にして決めた(表 2-4-3,表 2-4-4).サトウキビ畑の施肥量,成分,収穫・

作付け時期はSugarcane Production Manual 2014 Edition(フィリピン国農務省)を 参考にした.

解析期間は森林のバイオマスを合わせるために1980年 1月1日から 2014 年6 月22日までを助走期間としてデータを作成し,実際に山間部の降水量データが存 在する2014年6月23日から2016年5月5日までの期間で行った.それぞれの詳 細なパラメータに関しては第4章に記す.

50

図 2-4-3 流域の標高データ(DEM)

図 2-4-4 流域の土壌地図

51

1 SNAMNLAYERSHYDGRPSOL_ZMXANION_EXCLSOL_CRKTEXTURESOL_Z1SOL_BD1SOL_AWC1SOL_K1SOL_CBN1CLAY1SILT1SAND1ROCK1SOL_ALB1USLE_K1SOL_EC1 Silay loam3B20000.50.5L4001.550.14224.021384100.270.150.24 Silay fine sandy loam3B13000.50.5SaL4001.500.301652.812256300.220.150.22 Rough Mountainious land3B6000.50.5SaL1001.200.605008.835224300.080.170.22 Guimabalaon clay3B18000.50.5C3501.640.11325.042292900.180.150.25 Guimbalaon clay3B18000.50.5L5001.110.11354.826353900.100.150.18 Guimbalaon fine sandy clay3B10000.50.5SaL2001.230.382005.015256000.150.150.11 Silay loam3B20000.50.5L4001.550.14224.021384100.270.150.24 Tupi fine sandy loam3B16000.50.5SaL3001.590.092886.015206500.150.150.10 2 SNAMSOL_Z2SOL_BD2SOL_AWC2SOL_K2SOL_CBN2CLAY2SILT2SAND2ROCK2SOL_ALB2USLE_K2SOL_EC2 Silay loam10501.290.1192.936323200.110.160.15 Silay fine sandy loam9001.320.192001.710325800.120.200.18 Rough Mountainious land5001.280.271955.515206520.100.160.11 Guimabalaon clay4501.300.10292.839382300.110.160.13 Guimbalaon clay6001.280.11252.137283500.140.150.13 Guimbalaon fine sandy clay8001.170.21851.830343600.220.160.09 Silay loam10501.290.1192.936323200.110.160.15 Tupi fine sandy loam6001.500.132504.58108200.250.110.10 3 SNAMSOL_Z3SOL_BD3SOL_AWC3SOL_K3SOL_CBN3CLAY3SILT3SAND3ROCK3SOL_ALB3USLE_K3SOL_EC3 Silay loam5501.300.11180.419384210.270.160.07 Silay fine sandy loam00.000.0000.000000.000.000.00 Rough Mountainious land00.000.0000.000000.000.000.00 Guimabalaon clay10001.100.0980.655231840.290.140.08 Guimbalaon clay7001.150.08110.735382250.290.160.09 Guimbalaon fine sandy clay00.000.0000.000000.000.000.00 Silay loam5501.300.11180.419384210.270.160.07 Tupi fine sandy loam7001.300.10600.951075100.300.150.05

表2-4-3土壌パラメータ

52

Variable nameDefinition TITLE/TEXTThe first line of the .sol file is reserved for user comments. SNAMSoil name. Soil hydrologic group (A, B, C, or D). ANION_EXCLFraction of porosity (void space) from which anions are excluded. SOL_CRKPotential or maximum crack volume of the soil profile expressed as a fraction of the total soil volume. TEXTURETexture of soil layer. SOL_Z(layer #)Depth from soil surface to bottom of layer (mm). SOL_BD(layer #) Moist bulk density (Mg/m3 or g/cm3). SOL_AWC(layer #) Available water capacity of the soil layer (mm H2O/mm soil). SOL_K(layer #) Saturated hydraulic conductivity (mm/hr). SOL_CBN(layer #)Organic carbon content (% soil weight). CLAY(layer #) Clay content (% soil weight). The percent of soil particles which are < 0.002 mm in equivalent diameter. SILT(layer #) Silt content (% soil weight). The percentage of soil particles which have an equivalent diameter between 0.05 and 0.002 mm. SAND(layer #) Sand content (% soil weight). The percentage of soil particles which have a diameter between 2.0 and 0.05 mm. ROCK(layer #) Rock fragment content (% total weight). The percent of the sample which has a particle diameter >2 mm, SOL_ALB(layer #)Moist soil albedo. The ratio of the amount of solar radiation reflected by a body to the amount incident upon it, expressed as afraction. USLE_K(layer #)USLE equation soil erodibility (K) factor (units: 0.013 (metric ton m2 hr)/(m3-metric ton cm)). SOL_EC(layer #)Electrical conductivity (dS/m).

表2-4-4土壌パラメータの定義

53

ドキュメント内 サトウキビ畑が支配的なネグロス島河川 (ページ 50-58)

関連したドキュメント