)exp( 1 2 PHU
LAI 1 LAI2
LAImax
frPHU,1 frPHU,2 frPHU,sen
LAI
Fraction of PHU
0 1
(a)
(b)
46
表 2-4-1 バイオマスに関する入力パラメータ
SWAT parameter Equation File
EXT_COEF kl 0.65 * 0.65 * crop.dat
BIO_E RUEamb 35 50 crop.dat
CO2HI CO2hi 660 * 660 * crop.dat
BIOEHI RUEhi 16 * 33 * crop.dat
MAT_YRS yrfulldev 50 0 crop.dat
BMX_TREES biofulldev 300 0 crop.dat
FRGRW1 frPHU,1 0.15 * 0.03 crop.dat
LAIMX1 frLAI,1 0.7 * 0.85 crop.dat
FRGRW2 frPHU,2 0.25 * 0.2 crop.dat
LAIMX2 frLAI,2 0.99 * 0.99 crop.dat
CHTMX hc,mx 20 4 crop.dat
BLAI LAImx 6 7 crop.dat
DLAI frPHU,sen 0.99 * 0.99 crop.dat
SOL_ZMX zroot,mx 600 1000-2000 .sol
RDMX zroot,mx 3.5 * 2 * crop.dat
Variables in first section of .mgt file
LAI_INIT LAI 8 6 .mgt
BIO_INIT bio 1000 1000 .mgt
PHU_PLT PHU 1800 1800 .mgt
Variable in plant operation line:
BIO_INIT bio 100 - .mgt
HI_TARG HItrg 0.9 - .mgt
BIO_TARG biotrg 30 - .mgt
CNOP CN2 0 - .mgt
*default
Trees Sugarcane
47
表 2-4-2 バイオマスに関するパラメータの定義
SWAT parameter Definition
EXT_COEF Light extionction coefficirnt
BIO_E Radiation use efficiency in ambient CO2 ((kg/ha)/(MJ/m2))
CO2HI Elevated CO2 atmospheric concentrartion(ppmv)
BIOEHI Radiation use efficiency at elevated CO2 atmospheric
concentration value for CO2HI ((kg/ha)/(MJ/m2))
MAT_YRS The number of years for the tree species to reach full development (years)
BMX_TREES The biomass of a fully developed tree stand for
the specific tree species (metric tons/ha)
FRGRW1 Fraction of the growing season corresponding to
the 1st point in the optimal leaf area development curve
LAIMX1 Fraction of the maximum plant leaf area index corresponding to
the 1st point on the optimal leaf area development curve
FRGRW2 Fraction of the growing season corresponding to
the 2nd point in the optimal leaf area development curve
LAIMX2 Fraction of the maximum plant leaf area index corresponding to
the 2nd point on the optimal leaf area development curve
CHTMX Plant's potential maximum canopy height (m)
BLAI Potential maximum leaf area index for the plant
DLAI Fraction of growing season at which senescence
becomes the dominant growth process
SOL_ZMX Maximum rooting depth in soil (mm)
RDMX Maximum rooting depth for plant (mm)
Variables in first section of .mgt file
LAI_INIT Leaf area index of the canopy for transplanted species
BIO_INIT Initail dry weight biomass (kg/ha)
PHU_PLT Total heat units required for plant matunrity (heat units)
Plant/Begin Growing Season Parameter
BIO_INIT Initail dry weight biomass (kg/ha)
HI_TARG Target harvest index
BIO_TARG Target biomass specified by the user(kg/ha)
CNOP Moisture conditon Ⅱcurve number
48
2-4-5 モデルの評価方法
モデルの再現性に対する評価方法は多く存在するが,本研究では決定係数(R2) と実測値と計算値の適合度を表す指標の一つであるNash Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE) を用いた(Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970).NSEは1から-∞までの値を出力し,1に近 いほどモデルの再現性が高いことを表し,0~1ではそのモデル再現性は適用可能 な精度であるが 0以下の場合は精度が低いと認識される.それぞれの式について
式(2.5.27),(2.5.28)に示す.
・決定係数
(2.5.28)
・NSE
(2.5.29)
iobs
Y
:実測値,Y
isim:計算値,Y
mean:実測値の平均値( ) ( )
( )
å
å å
=
=
=
-=
ni
mean iobs
n
i
isim iobs
n
i
mean iobs
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
R
1
2 1
2 1
2 2
( )
( ) ú ú ú
ú ú û ù
ê ê ê ê ê
ë é
-=
å å
=
= n
i
mean iobs
n
i
isim iobs
Y Y
Y Y
NSE
1
2 1
2
1
49
2-4-6 入力データ
入力データは流域内の空間情報データ(標高,土地利用,土壌)と気象データ
(降水量,気温,相対湿度,日射量および風速)である.標高は米国地質調査所
(USGS)が発行している 90 mメッシュの数値標高データ(DEM)を使用し(図 2-4-3),土地利用はフィリピン国農務省農業研究局,土壌はフィリピンの NGO
団体 Philippine GIS Data Clearinghouse(PhilGIS)のデータを元に作成した(図
2-4-4).気象データは山間部に設置した気象計の結果を入力した.なお,相対湿 度と風速においては実測値が存在しないため,SWAT 内のシミュレーション機能 を用いた.相対湿度は蒸発散量を算出する Penman-Monteith 式を用いることで求 められ,風速はPenman-Monteith式を指数関数に変えることによって求められる.
土壌データの各パラメータはSimplified Keys to Soil Series of Negros Occidental
(フィリピン農務省),Soil Map(フィリピン国農務省),最新土壌学(朝倉書店)
を参考にして決めた(表 2-4-3,表 2-4-4).サトウキビ畑の施肥量,成分,収穫・
作付け時期はSugarcane Production Manual 2014 Edition(フィリピン国農務省)を 参考にした.
解析期間は森林のバイオマスを合わせるために1980年 1月1日から 2014 年6 月22日までを助走期間としてデータを作成し,実際に山間部の降水量データが存 在する2014年6月23日から2016年5月5日までの期間で行った.それぞれの詳 細なパラメータに関しては第4章に記す.
50
図 2-4-3 流域の標高データ(DEM)
図 2-4-4 流域の土壌地図
51
1層目 SNAMNLAYERSHYDGRPSOL_ZMXANION_EXCLSOL_CRKTEXTURESOL_Z1SOL_BD1SOL_AWC1SOL_K1SOL_CBN1CLAY1SILT1SAND1ROCK1SOL_ALB1USLE_K1SOL_EC1 Silay loam3B20000.50.5L4001.550.14224.021384100.270.150.24 Silay fine sandy loam3B13000.50.5SaL4001.500.301652.812256300.220.150.22 Rough Mountainious land3B6000.50.5SaL1001.200.605008.835224300.080.170.22 Guimabalaon clay3B18000.50.5C3501.640.11325.042292900.180.150.25 Guimbalaon clay3B18000.50.5L5001.110.11354.826353900.100.150.18 Guimbalaon fine sandy clay3B10000.50.5SaL2001.230.382005.015256000.150.150.11 Silay loam3B20000.50.5L4001.550.14224.021384100.270.150.24 Tupi fine sandy loam3B16000.50.5SaL3001.590.092886.015206500.150.150.10 2層目 SNAMSOL_Z2SOL_BD2SOL_AWC2SOL_K2SOL_CBN2CLAY2SILT2SAND2ROCK2SOL_ALB2USLE_K2SOL_EC2 Silay loam10501.290.1192.936323200.110.160.15 Silay fine sandy loam9001.320.192001.710325800.120.200.18 Rough Mountainious land5001.280.271955.515206520.100.160.11 Guimabalaon clay4501.300.10292.839382300.110.160.13 Guimbalaon clay6001.280.11252.137283500.140.150.13 Guimbalaon fine sandy clay8001.170.21851.830343600.220.160.09 Silay loam10501.290.1192.936323200.110.160.15 Tupi fine sandy loam6001.500.132504.58108200.250.110.10 3層目 SNAMSOL_Z3SOL_BD3SOL_AWC3SOL_K3SOL_CBN3CLAY3SILT3SAND3ROCK3SOL_ALB3USLE_K3SOL_EC3 Silay loam5501.300.11180.419384210.270.160.07 Silay fine sandy loam00.000.0000.000000.000.000.00 Rough Mountainious land00.000.0000.000000.000.000.00 Guimabalaon clay10001.100.0980.655231840.290.140.08 Guimbalaon clay7001.150.08110.735382250.290.160.09 Guimbalaon fine sandy clay00.000.0000.000000.000.000.00 Silay loam5501.300.11180.419384210.270.160.07 Tupi fine sandy loam7001.300.10600.951075100.300.150.05
表2-4-3土壌パラメータ
52
Variable nameDefinition TITLE/TEXTThe first line of the .sol file is reserved for user comments. SNAMSoil name. Soil hydrologic group (A, B, C, or D). ANION_EXCLFraction of porosity (void space) from which anions are excluded. SOL_CRKPotential or maximum crack volume of the soil profile expressed as a fraction of the total soil volume. TEXTURETexture of soil layer. SOL_Z(layer #)Depth from soil surface to bottom of layer (mm). SOL_BD(layer #) Moist bulk density (Mg/m3 or g/cm3). SOL_AWC(layer #) Available water capacity of the soil layer (mm H2O/mm soil). SOL_K(layer #) Saturated hydraulic conductivity (mm/hr). SOL_CBN(layer #)Organic carbon content (% soil weight). CLAY(layer #) Clay content (% soil weight). The percent of soil particles which are < 0.002 mm in equivalent diameter. SILT(layer #) Silt content (% soil weight). The percentage of soil particles which have an equivalent diameter between 0.05 and 0.002 mm. SAND(layer #) Sand content (% soil weight). The percentage of soil particles which have a diameter between 2.0 and 0.05 mm. ROCK(layer #) Rock fragment content (% total weight). The percent of the sample which has a particle diameter >2 mm, SOL_ALB(layer #)Moist soil albedo. The ratio of the amount of solar radiation reflected by a body to the amount incident upon it, expressed as afraction. USLE_K(layer #)USLE equation soil erodibility (K) factor (units: 0.013 (metric ton m2 hr)/(m3-metric ton cm)). SOL_EC(layer #)Electrical conductivity (dS/m).
表2-4-4土壌パラメータの定義
53