Conclusion and future directions
6.1 Conclusion
In this thesis, I developed a cost-effective Compton camera using high-sensitive inor-ganic scintillators and a commercially available DAQ system for a PET camera. I per-formed imaging experiments of a point-like astatine-211 source using the developed Compton camera, and the source was successfully imaged.
In conclusion, I have demonstrated the capability of imaging astatine-211 with the high-energy gamma rays using the Compton camera. This technique can be applied to tar-geted alpha therapy imaging.
measurement by one order of magnitude. This results might be due to saturation of counts. Therefore, the evaluation of the counting-rate performance is necessary to verify the hypothesis and will be a future study.
As discussed in section 5.3, the numbers of coincidence events in the energy windows at 570 keV, 687 keV, and 898 keV in each experimental measurement were comparable with or smaller by half than those in each simulation measurement. This results might be due to large background noise by chance coincidence events between a 42-keV–50-keV or 77-42-keV–50-keV–92-42-keV–50-keV x ray and a 570-42-keV–50-keV, 687-42-keV–50-keV, or 898-42-keV–50-keV gamma ray, which are not considered in the simulations. Therefore, the optimization of the energy threshold of each detector and the optimization of the coincidence time window are necessary to reduce the background noise and will be future studies.
As discussed in section 5.3, the 898-keV image in each experimental measurement has better spatial resolution and lower background noise compared with the 570-keV and 687-keV images in each algorithm. In the simulation results, however, the spatial res-olution and background noise are less dependent on energy. Although contamination by partial energy absorption of higher-energy gamma rays could contribute to the spa-tial resolution and background noise in the 570-keV and 687-keV images, the fraction of the contamination in counts was 12%–13% (570 keV) and 18%–19% (687 keV) in each simulation measurement. The difference between the experimental and simulation re-sults might be due to large background noise by chance coincidence events between a 42-keV–50-keV or 77-keV–92-keV x ray and a 570-keV, 687-keV, or 898-keV gamma ray, which will be evaluated in a future study. Moreover, the optimization of selection or combination of the energy windows is necessary and will be a future study.
As discussed in section 5.3, although astatine-211 imaging with the high-energy gamma rays using a Compton camera could improve the attenuation problem, this study does not evaluate the influence of attenuation on the image. An imaging experiment with a source in a water-filled phantom is necessary and will be a future study.
In section 5.3, I discussed an example of the configuration of an imaginarily improved
Compton camera. A more precise design is necessary for clinical studies and will be a future study.
I sincerely wish to thank Prof. Hiroshi Watabe from Tohoku University, who is the super-visor and chief examiner of this thesis, for his guidance and encouragement throughout this doctoral course.
I would like to thank Prof. Yuji Matsuura, Prof. Tetsuya Kodama, and Prof. Tomoyuki Yambe from Tohoku University for examining this thesis as sub-chief examiners.
I would like to thank Dr. Naoki Kawachi from QST for managing and encouraging my research activities and guiding me to this doctoral course. I would like to thank Dr.
Mitsutaka Yamaguchi from QST for his kind technical support throughout my research activities. I also thank Mr. Hiroyuki Mashino from Espec Test System Corp. for his technical support on the DAQ system of the Compton camera.
In the astatine-211 study, I would like to thank Dr. Shigeki Watanabe, Dr. Noriko S.
Ishioka, and Dr. Yasuhiro Ohshima from QST for their technical support and advice. I also thank Mr. Koji Imai from Beam Operation Co. Ltd. and all the staff of TIARA for cyclotron operation.
I would like to thank Dr. Hajime Seito, Dr. Naotsugu Nagasawa, Mr. Takashi Agematsu, Mr. Shota Yamasaki, Mr. Sadanori Uno, Dr. Yuichi Saito, Dr. Watalu Yokota, Dr. Takuji Kojima, Dr. Masahito Yoshikawa, and Dr. Masao Tamada from QST and Mr. Hirohisa Kaneko from Radiation Application Development Association for understanding and encouraging my research activities.
This work was financially supported mainly by Japan Society for the Promotion of Sci-ence KAKENHI Grant Number JP16K15351 and budgets from Japan Atomic Energy Agency and QST.
Finally, I would like to express special thanks to my family for their understanding, en-couragement, and continuous support throughout my research activities.
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Research achievements
A.1 Peer-reviewed articles
1. Yuto Nagao, Mitsutaka Yamaguchi, Shigeki Watanabe, Noriko S. Ishioka, Naoki Kawachi, and Hiroshi Watabe, "Astatine-211 imaging by a Compton camera for targeted radiotherapy," Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 139, pp. 238–243, Sep.
2018. [included in Chapter 5 in this thesis]
2. Yuto Nagao, Mitsutaka Yamaguchi, Naoki Kawachi, and Hiroshi Watabe, "Devel-opment of a cost-effective Compton camera using a positron emission tomography data acquisition system,"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 912, pp. 20–23, Dec. 2018. [included in Chapter 4 in this thesis]
A.2 International conferences
1. Yuto Nagao, Mitsutaka Yamaguchi, Naoki Kawachi, and Hiroshi Watabe, "Devel-opment of a cost-effective Compton camera for MeV-gamma-ray imaging applica-tions," presented at the 2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging