竣工年と年間 1 次エネルギー消費原単位
1.3.3 China
With regard to China, energy conservation union of colleges and universities in China was established on June 11th of 2010 because of the high density of population in institutions resulting in energy consumption at the university campus. According to statistics by the Ministry of Education in 2009, the number of universities in China is 2166, the total number of students is 22.9 million, and the floor area is over 600 million m2. Up to now 30 universities have joined in constructing “Green sustainable campus” and carried out energy conservation in campus [21].
In China, there are few reports of energy consumption characteristics regarding university campus in China at the moment. The publication data of China Energy Statistical Yearbook issues only show the basic data of the total primary energy consumption (Mtoe) by region, and doesn’t mention details, such as energy consumption unit of different usages. Annual Report on China Building Energy Efficiency by Builing Energy Research Center of Tsinghua University publicated some investigation results of electricity consumption amount of university campuses from 2009. However, they only studied the general situation of electricity consumption of university campuses and enumerated the total energy consumption amount.
Based on the campuses investigations in China, Zhang [59] analyzed energy consumption of Tianjin University of Commerce and Tianjin Foreign Studies University.Wei [60] investigated energy consumption system of Jilin Architecture and Civil Engineering Institute. Qian [61] analyzed complex building at one university in Jinan. Gao [62] took one comprehensive university as an example to analyze the energy consumption of campus building. Lu [63] Investigated and analyzed energy consumption in one college in Guangzhou. Zhu [64] studied building energy consumption simulation and made energy saving potentials of a lecture building in Beijing Normal University. Deng [65] gave a case study of green energy system design for a multi-function building in campus. Zhang [66] discussed to develop sustainable waste at higher education institutions. Wang [67] analyzed sub-metering system of large public building. Chen [68] designed energy Sub-metering in university library. Xia [69] gave the comparison and analysis of energy consumption of university campus in China and America.
On the other hand, there were also some reports based on the energy consumption of public buildings under the collaboration of government in some cities.
Here energy consumption of universities campuses in Chongqing is reported as an example [70-73].
Table.1-3-2 Investigated results of 7 universities in Chongqing
Source [70]: Enshen LONG et al, Investigation report of energy consumption unit of public buildings in Chongqing, 2007.12.
Campus
Investigated buildings [Number]
Investigated floor area [m
2]
Floor area of centralized air-conditioning [m
2]
1 23 251,675 44,678
2 15 284,959 17,792
3 5 53,806 35,000
4 12 212,018 /
5 1 46,667 /
6 2 7,800 /
7 13 130,723 12,791
Total 71 987,648 110,261
The numbers of buildings and area of investigated floor area with the centralized air-conditioning of 7 universities in Chongqing are shown in Table 1-3-2.
14 schools are involved in the investigation conducted by the Education Commission of Chongqing city and the questionnaires are collected from 16 campuses. Total number of buildings in these schools is 96 and the total floor area is 1,201,639 m2. The area of centralized air-conditioning is 125,004 m2. Among these 14 schools, there are 7 universities and the questionnaires are collected from 11 campuses. The total floor area and the floor area of centralized air-conditioning are 987,648 m2 and 110,261 m2, respectively.
The details of energy consumption according to different buildings are indicated as follows:
Fig. 1-3-11 shows the annual electricity consumption unit of lecture buildings of universities in Chongqing. According to the calculation results of 11 lecture buildings (total floor area is 119,247 m2), the energy consumption unit in universities is 7.39 kWh/(m2・a) per year. The maximum energy consumption unit is 16.26 kWh/(m2・a), which is 5 times higher than the minimum energy consumption unit of 3.18 kWh/(m2・a). For the universities with the same level, the maximum and the minimum energy consumption unit are 12.11 kWh/m2a and 3.18 kWh/(m2・a) respectively, and the difference between these values are approximately 4 times.
Fig.1-3-11 Annual electricity consumption unit of lecture buildings Source [70]: Enshen LONG et al, Investigation report of energy consumption unit
of public buildings in Chongqing, 2007.12.
大学类教学楼年能耗密度（kWh/m2•a）
0 5 10 15 20
长安技校教学楼 重庆城市管理职业学院 第1教学楼 重庆工商大学江北校区 第1教学楼 重庆城市管理职业学院 第2教学楼 重庆医科大学南教学楼 重庆医科大学北教学楼 重庆工商大学江北校区 第2教学楼 重庆电大教学楼 重庆邮电大学教学大楼 重庆师范大学教学楼 重庆工商大学广智楼
年耗电密度
L1 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11
[kWh/m
2・a]
L2
Annual electricity consumption
Centralized air-conditioned systems are primarily utilized in office buildings in university and government that are built in recent years, and statistics reveal that the total area is up to 90,322 m2 with the average energy consumption unit of 44.74 kWh/(m2・a). Fig. 1-3-12 shows annual electricity consumption unit of centralized air-conditioning of investigated buildings.
There are two buildings of A and F with gas driving system that is applied according to this investigation and this causes the possible electricity consumption reduction. Meanwhile, this average energy consumption is merely a total electricity usage due to the un-separated metering of the air-conditioning with other electric appliance and the gas driving system is not included in the calculation. Based on the data, the maximum energy consumption unit occurs in the building D, which is up to 95.13 kWh/(m2・a), and this levels is equivalent to a star-rated hotel. The minimum cooling energy consumption unit is 35.23 kWh/(m2・a) at building B, which is 2.69 times lower than the maximum value.
Fig. 1-3-13 shows the annual electricity consumption unit of office buildings. Eleven buildings with total area of 130,389 m2 were contained in the calculation, of which the average energy consumption is 38.01 kWh/(m2・a). The maximum energy consumption is 129.38 kWh/(m2・a), which is in the laboratory building of Chongqing Normal University, while the minimum energy consumption is 8.71 kWh/(m2・a), which is the building of faculty of law of Industrial and Commercial University. The contrast studies were not conducted for the reason that laboratory building contains the computer rooms.
Fig.1-3-12[70] Annual electricity consumption unit of buildings with centralized air-conditioning
Fig.1-3-13[70] Annual electricity consumption unit of office buildings Source [70]: Enshen LONG et al, Investigation report of energy consumption unit
of public buildings in Chongqing, 2007.12.
采用集中空调年能耗密度kWh/m2•a
100 2030 4050 6070 8090 100
重庆工商大学慧智楼 （用气） 重庆工商大学厚德楼 （用电） 重庆电大办公楼（用 电） 重庆七中综合楼（用 电） 重庆医科大学新教学楼 （用电） 重庆工商大学博智楼 （用气）
能耗密度
[kWh/m2・a]
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
Annual electricity consumption
综合楼年能耗密度
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
长安技校综合楼 重庆城市管理职业学院教学实验楼 重庆一中综合楼 沙区党校综合楼 重庆医科大学综合楼 重庆一中艺术楼 重庆工商大学艺术设计学院综合大楼 重庆邮电大学综合办公楼 重庆电子职业技术学院实训楼 重庆工商大学文法大楼综合大楼 重庆师范大学综合实验楼
能耗密度
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O8
[kWh/m2・a]
O7 O9 O10 O11
综合楼年能耗密度
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
长安技校综合楼 重庆城市管理职业学院教学实验楼 重庆一中综合楼 沙区党校综合楼 重庆医科大学综合楼 重庆一中艺术楼 重庆工商大学艺术设计学院综合大楼 重庆邮电大学综合办公楼 重庆电子职业技术学院实训楼 重庆工商大学文法大楼综合大楼 重庆师范大学综合实验楼
能耗密度
Annual electricity consumption
The annual electricity consumption unit of libraries is shown in Fig. 1-3-14. Seven libraries with total area of 73,765m2 and average energy consumption of 27.78 kWh/(m2・a) were chosen for further data analysis. The maximum energy consumption unit is 43.49 kWh/(m2・a), while the minimum energy consumption unit is 8.71 kWh/(m2・a) which belongs to the north river campus of Chongqing University of Industry and Commerce. The largest is 3.65 times as much as the smallest one.
Fig.1-3-14[70] Annual electricity consumption unit of libraries
Fig.1-3-15 Annual electricity consumption unit of cafeterias
Source [70]: Enshen LONG et al, Investigation report of energy consumption unit of public buildings in Chongqing, 2007.12.
图书馆年能耗密度
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
重庆工商大学江 北校区图书馆 重庆一中图书馆 重庆电大图书馆 重庆邮电大学图 书馆 重庆城市管理职 业学院图书馆 重庆工商大学南 岸校区图书馆 重庆医科大学图 书馆
能耗密度
[kWh/m2・a]
Annual electricity consumption
5 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
A1 A2 A3
A4 A5A6
A7学校食堂年能耗密度kWh/m2•a
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
重庆城市管理职 业学院学生1食 堂 重庆城市管理职 业学院学生2食 堂 重庆电大学生食 堂 重庆师范大学大 学城一食堂 重庆邮电大学食 堂
能耗密度
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
[kWh/m2・a]
5 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Annual electricity consumption
The annual electricity consumption unit of cafeterias is shown in Fig. 1-3-15. Five cafeterias were surveyed without considering water and gas consumption. The total area is 41,521m2 and average energy consumption unit is 9.36 kWh/(m2・a). The maximum energy consumption is 35.80 kWh/(m2・ a) and belongs to the cafeteria of Chongqing University of Electricity, while the cafeteria in Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications has the minimum energy consumption of 8.71 kWh/(m2・a). The largest one is 10 times as much as the smallest one.
According to the statistics from municipal education bureau, there are 41 high schools with total campus area of 12.6 million m2 in Chongqing city. Energy saving in campus mainly concentrates on the illumination of lecture buildings, and air-conditioning in office buildings and libraries.
According to the construction of school structures, lecture buildings with total area of 4.85million m2 and office buildings with total area of 2.33 million m2 were calculated. The results showed that the energy consumption of lecture buildings is 15,167 ton coal equivalent, while the energy consumption of office buildings is 30,122 ton coal equivalent.
According to the calculation of energy saving potential of public buildings, the lecture buildings are capable of saving 4,550 ton coal equivalent when the energy saving goal is set at 30%, and office buildings have the ability of saving 15,061 ton coal equivalent when the energy saving goal is set as 50% [71-73].
As mentioned above, in China, universities can be regarded as small cities due to their large size, numbers of students, and various activities taking place in campuses. Among all the former researches, the analysis only referred to the general situation of the university campus and enumerated the total amount of energy consumption.
In order to grasp the current conditions of energy consumption of university campuses in China, we investigated the electricity consumption of 172 buildings in 5 science and engineering university campuses in China: Tsinghua University (located in Beijing), South campus of South China University of Technology (located in Panyu District of Guangzhou), Zijinggang campus of Zhejiang University (located in Zijinggang District of Hangzhou), Lihu campus of Jiangnan University (located in Lihu District of Wuxi), and Tongji Univeristy (located in Shanghai).
The investigation results are indicated as follows:
Fig. 1-3-16 shows proportion of buildings floor area according to scales. With regard to Tsinghua Univeraity and Tongji University, the proportion of buildings’ floor area in the scale from 3000m2 to 6000m2 accounted the most for 37% of the total floor area.
Regarding other three campuses, the proportion of buildings’ floor area in the scale from 10,000 m2 to 30,000 m2 accounted the most for 60%, 48%, 57% respectively.
Fig. 1-3-17 shows proportion of building’s floor area according to completion year. With regard to South campus of South China University of Technology (SCUT) and Lihu campus of Jiangnan University, all of the buildings were completed in the year of 2004 and 2006 respectively. Regarding the other three campuses, most of the buildings were completed from the year 2000 to the year 2006.
Fig.1-3-16 Proportion of buildings’ floor area by scales
Fig.1-3-17 Proportion of buildings’ floor area by completion year
3%
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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Total
Tsinghua
SCUT
Zhejiang
Jiangnan
Tongji
規模別・建物数割合
～1,000㎡ 1,000㎡～2,000㎡ 2,000㎡～3,000㎡ 3,000㎡～6,000㎡ 6,000㎡～10,000㎡ 10,000㎡～30,000㎡ 30,000㎡～
n=172
n=38 n=7 n=42 n=20 n=65
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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Total
Tsinghua
SCUT
Zhejiang
Jiangnan
Tongji
竣工年別・建物数割合
～1939 1940～1944 1945～1949 1950～1954 1955～1959 1960～1964 1965～1969 1970～1974 1975～1979 1980～1984 1985～1989 1990～1994 1995～1999 2000～2004 2005～
n=172
n=38 n=7 n=42 n=20 n=65
Fig.1-3-18 Annual electricity consumption amount of buildings according to the floor area
Fig.1-3-19Annual electricity consumption unit of buildings according to the completion year 0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 Electricity consumption unit [MJ/(m2・a)]
Floor area[m2]
延床面積と年間1次エネルギー消費原単位
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Electricity consumption unit [MJ/(m2・a)]
Completion year[Year]
竣工年と年間 1 次エネルギー消費原単位
Fig.1-3-18 shows annual electricity consumption amount of buildings according to the floor area and Fig.1-3-19 shows annual electricity consumption unit of buildings according to the completion year.
Table 1-3-3 shows results the investigated buildings in China. Regarding floor area, Lihu campus of Jiangnan University in Wuxi is the largest with an average value 30,029 m2, and the high medium value of floor area in Wuxi is comparatively with 52,217 m2, and the minimum value of Wuxi is 11,554 m2. This is considered in Wuxi that all the investigated buildings are large-scale buildings.
Regarding completion year, investigated buildings of Lihu campus in Jiangnan University is the newest in the same year of 2006.
Table 1-3-3 Results of the investigated buildings in China
Items Value Unit Total Tsinghua SCUT Zhejiang Jiangnan Tongji
Num. 172 65 20 42 7 38
Average m2 13492 11736 15503 18663 30029 6677
Medium m2 9237 4878 15460 14912 21649 5088
Maximum m2 126000 126000 42319 78178 52217 31521
Minimum m2 616 616 5802 1564 11554 691
Standard deviation m2 16034 19733 7865 15035 18918 6080
Average Year 1988 1976 2004 1996 2006 1986
Medium Year 2000 1986 2004 2002 2006 1987
Maximum Year 2009 2007 2004 2009 2006 2005
Minimum Year 1916 1916 2004 1950 2006 1949
Standard deviation Year 23 28 0 15 0 16
Average TJ 2.6 2.9 1.3 3.9 2.7 1.1
Medium TJ 1.0 1.0 1.1 2.9 2.4 0.4
Maximum TJ 31.6 31.6 6.1 18.1 6.0 19.7
Minimum TJ 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0
Standard deviation TJ 4.4 5.6 1.3 4.0 2.0 3.2
Arithmetic average MJ/m2・a 56 79 22 64 28 31
Weighted average MJ/m2・a 3261 1245 401 838 140 715
Medium MJ/m2・a 37 51 20 53 22 24
Maximum MJ/m2・a 822 822 40 168 89 236
Minimum MJ/m2・a 0 0 8 6 1 0
Standard deviation MJ/m2・a 84 122 9 40 29 46
Floor area
Completion year
Annual electricity consumption
Primary energy consumption
unit
Numbers
According to the total annual primary energy consumption unit was 56 MJ/(m2・a), Tsinghua University as a typical Northern campus had arrived about 79 MJ/(m2・a) in the investigated year, followed by Zijingang campus of Zhejiang University with 64 MJ/(m2・a), Tongji University with 31 MJ/(m2・a), Lihu campus of Jiangnan University with 28 MJ/(m2・a), South campus of SCUT with 22 MJ/(m2・a).