5a. に対応 ]
No science doth make known the first principles, whereon it buildeth; but they are always taken as plain and manifest in themselves, or as proved and granted already, some former knowledge having made them evident. Hooker.
Whatsoever we may learn by them, we only attain according to the manner of natural sciences, which mere discourse of wit and reason findeth out.
Hooker. [ 連語 ‘natural sciences’ に注目 .]
I present you with a man / Cunning in musick and the mathematicks, / To instruct her fully in those sciences. Shakespeare.
The indisputable mathematicks, the only science heaven hath yet vouchsafed humanity, have but few votaries among the slaves of the Stagirite. Glanv.
Sceps.
5. One of the seven liberal arts, grammar, rhetorick, logick, arithmetick, musick, geometry, astronomy. 「七つの教養学科（のひとつ）」[OED Online 3a. に対応 ]
Good sense, which only is the gift of heav’n, / And though no science, fairly worth the sev’n. Pope.
DeMaria （1986）は SJ の science の記述全体を通して以下のように読み解い た。
‘Reading up the column of senses from bottom to top, “science” seems to be a human means of approaching divine perception, but the end is still perception, not art itself. In other words, the object is to make perception learned, not to replace it with learning. Johnson indicates the mediatory and synthetic qualities of “science” in Rambler 92: “Criticism reduces those regions of literature under the dominion of science, which have hitherto known only the anarchy of ignorance, the caprice of fancy, and the tyranny of prescription”.’ DeMaria （1986:54）
SJ にとって science とは、「神の知覚・悟りに近づく人間的な手段」、「仲裁・統
合役」であり、その目的は知覚することであり、技術や学問そのものではない、
と。
これに対して OED Online の記述は以下のようである。（[ ] 内には Johnson’s Dictionary の定義との対照関係を表記）
1.a. The state or fact of knowing; knowledge or cognizance of something;
knowledge as a personal attribute. Now arch. and rare. (c1350-) [ 知（識）]
[Johnson’s Dictionary 1. に相当か ]
†b. Theoretical or intellectual understanding, as distinct from moral conviction. Paired or contrasted with conscience. Obsolete.(1574-1700) [（道徳 的確信と区別した）理論的知的理解 ] [Johnson 2. に相当 ]
†2. Knowledge or understanding acquired by study; acquaintance with or mastery of any branch of learning. Also in plural: (a person’s) various kinds of knowledge. Obsolete.(a1387-1829)[ 研究により得られる知識・理解、特定領域へ の精通 ] [Johnson 該当なし ]
3.a. A particular area of knowledge or study; a recognized branch of learning;
spec. (in the Middle Ages) each of the seven subjects forming the trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric) and quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy). Cf. art n.1 9a(a). Now arch. In later use merging with sense 4b. (a1387) [ 特定領域の学問 , 中世の七つの学科のひとつ ] [Johnson 5. に相当 ]
b. [ 省略 ]
4.a. Paired or contrasted with art (see art n.1 3a）. A discipline, field of study, or activity concerned with theory rather than method, or requiring the knowledge and systematic application of principles, rather than relying on traditional rules, acquired skill, or intuition. See note in etymology, and cf.
etymological note at art n.1 [ 芸術と対比した、原理、理論的学問 ] [Johnson 2.(?) および 3. に対応 ]
In quots. a1387 and c1475 in uninflected plural form. In later use coloured by sense 4b. (a1387)
b. A branch of study that deals with a connected body of demonstrated truths or with observed facts systematically classified and more or less comprehended by general laws, and incorporating trustworthy methods
（now esp. those involving the scientific method and which incorporate falsifiable hypotheses） for the discovery of new truth in its own domain.
For more established compounds, as bio-, computer, geo-, life, natural, neuro-, physical science, see the first element. (1600-) [ 現代的意味での科学 : 一般法則によ り解明しうる体系的な事実の集合を扱う学問分野 ] [Johnson 3. に相当 ]
5.a. The kind of organized knowledge or intellectual activity of which the various branches of learning are examples. In early use, with reference to sense 3a: what is taught in universities or may be learned by study. In later use: scientific disciplines considered collectively, as distinguished from other departments of learning; scientific doctrine or investigation; the collective understanding of scientists. Also with modifying word. In the 17th and 18th centuries commonly expressed by philosophy; cf. philosophy n. 5a. (a1387-) [ 多様な学問領域の知的営為や有機的知識（17,18 世紀 philosophy（5a）で表さ れた .）] [Johnson 4. に対応 ]
以上、知・知識・学問にかかわる、3 つの重要語彙の意味用法の変容を歴史 的に辿ってきた。理性の時代とされる時期に、知の枠組みは確実に変容してき ており、その典型として、philosophy（OED 廃用 a1387-1856）の意味用法を受 け継ぐ表現 natural philosophy （OED 史的用法 a1393-2000））が science に取っ て代わる過程をこの時代は目撃することになった。
4.2．Civility と Civilization の記述のはざまで
「知」に関連して最後に検討すべきは「文明」「礼儀」に関する語彙である。
John Wain （1974:185）は、civilisation という語彙に関する、SJ と Boswell との やりとりに言及して、こう指摘している。
“It is interesting…that the word ‘civilization’ had strictly limited meaning for Johnson; it was a technical process in law, by which a criminal trial was turned into a civil action; for our modern use of ‘civilization’ he used ‘civility’.
We know, from other sources, that the change was already happening, but Johnson resisted it, and would not admit the modern sense of ‘civilization’
into the revised edition of the Dictionary seventeen years later, though Boswell tried to persuade him to do so. ”
ここに現れているのは、まさに規範主義者としての SJ 像である。ちなみにこ の語について、初版と 4 版は同じ路線を継承しており、4 版では初版の定義が 消去され、引用によって肩代わりされている点が違うだけである。
CIVILISA’TION. n.s. [from civil.]
A law, act of justice, or judgment, which renders a criminal process civil;
which is performed by turning an information into an inquest, or the contrary. Harris.
引用による定義の肩代わり・兼務をさせたのは、自らの期待通りの定義か、
それより、明らかに優れていると考え、これを辞書に取り込むことで、編集者 の義務や思考を放棄したのではなく、ただ無駄に冗長になることを避けたかっ たからと考えるべきだろう。他方で network の難解な定義（‘Any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections.’[ 等距離にて、網状または X 字形に交差せるもの、交差点同士は 等間隔に生起する ]）があることも承知で言えば、用例に語らせることで意味を 制する立場はまさに記述的である。辞書編集者は辞書の読者とともに考える。
ちなみに Network では Spenser と Addison からの例を引くことで定義の難解 さは十分補われていると言えるだろう。あるがままを受け取らせ読者に解釈を 任せるやり方は究極の記述主義的立場である。
他方 civility については、以下のような詳しい記述がある。定義 1 が「文明」、
定義 2 が「礼儀正しさ」、定義 3 が「礼儀に適う作法」である。
CIVI’LITY. n.s. [from civil.]