(1? 12=QI, if 8≧αq.
(2/13=QI2αnd G(1)i8αOohen一ハ4αcαulαy ring, if s≧α(q−1).
Pro( f, Since qくα, conditions(01)and(02)in Theorem 3.2.1 are satis丘ed(Proposition 3.3,2).Hence Q∩12=QJ by Theorem 3.2.1(1). Therefore, to see assertion(1), it suf丑ces to show that I2⊆Q. Let n∈Hwith tn∈1, Then, since tn∈Q⊆tsV by Theorem 3.3.3, we have n≧8≧αq, whence t ∈mg by Lemma 3.3.1(2). Consequently,
1⊆m9, so that we have 12⊆mql⊆Q as is required. See Theorem 3.2.1(3)f()r assertion
Let r≦i≦pand put n=αp十i. Then n∈Hby Lemma 3.3.1(1). We get
αq十(n−8)≧c(use s=α乏十rand p=(a−1)十(乏一q)), so that tn∈Iby(li). Thus1⊇Q+mP+1+(オαP+ilr≦乞≦P).
We put K=Q+mp+1+(tap+ilr≦i≦P). We will show 1⊆K. Letη∈H with tn∈1. We write n=αg1十rl with q1≧Oand O≦rl<α. Hence ri≦gl by Lemma
3.3。1(1).Assume n≧αp十r. Then q1≧p. If q1=p, then T≦rl;hencetn∈(tap+z lr≦i≦P)⊆K.
If qi>p, then tn∈mP+1⊆K by Lemma 3.3.1(2),because n= aq1+ri≧αql≧α(p+1).
Thus tn∈K, if n≧αp十r.
Let us consider the case where n<αp十r. We wilI show that tn∈Q. We have n≧s,because tn∈1⊆tsV by Theorem 3.3.3. Let n−8=αq2+r2 with O≦q2 and O≦r2<α. Then, since s=α乏十r, we have
αq2+r2=n−S<αP+r−8=α(P−e),
whence q2<p−e. Thus O<p一乏一 q2=(α一1)一(q十q2)(recall that p=(α一1)十(乏一q)),
so that we have
q+q2<α一1.
Claim. r2≦q2, Hence n− s=αq2十r2∈Hby Lemma 3.3.1(1).
Proof of Claim. We will show that r2 十q≦α一1. SupPose that T2十q>a−1and let i=α一1−r2, Then O≦i<qand so, since tn∈1, by(tt)we get
α(q+q2)+(α一1)=α(q+q2)+(r2+i)=αq+i+(n−8)∈H.
Thereforeα一1≦q十q2 by Lemma 3.3.1(1),which is impossible. Hence r2十q≦α一1.
By(#)we then haveα(q十q2)十(r2十q)=αq十q十(n−8)∈H, because tn∈五Thus
r2十q≦q十q2 by Lemma 3.3.1(1), so that r2≦q2. Hence n−s=αq2十r2∈Hby
Lemma 3.3.1(1).
Thanks to Claim we get tn∈(〜if n<αp十r. Thus I⊆K, whence I=K.
We will show that 1=Q十mp+1十(tap+i I P一乏十r<i≦P). Let r≦乞≦P一乏十r.
Then ap十i∈Hby Lemma 3.3.1(1), since i≦p. Because s=α4十r, we have
・P+i−・一・(P一の+(i−r)∈H(・f L・mm・3・3.1(1);・ecall th・t i−r≦P一の.
Hence tαP+i∈Q. Thus I⊆Q+mP+1+(taP+i I p−4+r<i≦p), whence I=Q+mP+1+(tαP+ilP−e+r<i≦P).
Because 1=Q十mP+1十(taP+i l r≦i≦p),the second assertion fbllows from Lemma
3.3.1 (2). [コ
Recall that rQ(1)=min{0≦n∈ZlIn+1=Qln}is the reduction number of I
with respect to Q. R)r eachα∈IR let
「α1=min{n∈Zlα≦n}.
With this notation we have the fbllowing.
CoroUary 3.3.6. Assume tんα勾=α一1. Then tんe folloωingαssertions hold true.
(1)五et r=0. Tんeη∫=meαnd G(∫)isαOohen−Mαcαulαy ring.
(2)Let r=4. Then G(1)isαOoんen一ハ4αcαulαy ring witんr(?(∫)=「舞}1。
Proof.(1)We have p=乏and 3=a乏. Hence I=Q十me=m%y Proposition 3.3,5.
Therefore G(1)is a Cohen−Macaulay ring, because so is G(m)=∈[)n>o mn/mn+1(recall that G(m)or−k[X, y]/(yα), where k[X, y]denotes the polynomial ring).
(2)We have p=乏and 1=Q十me+1. Let x=tα and y=オα+1. Henceが・. ye. Let n≧1be an integer. Then, since m=(x,y), we have
I ・ Qln−1+mn(e+1)一αη一1+(♂(e+1)一 y 1 O≦乞≦n(e+1)).
Let 4≦i≦n(e十1)be an integer. Then, since
[η(e+1)一司+(i−e)=(n−1)(e+1)+1,
we get Xn(e+1) iyi=ye・Xn(e+1)−iyi−e∈Q・m.(n『1)(e+1)⊆Qln−1. HenCe
I ・= Qln−1+(xn(e+1)−iy 1 O≦i≦e−1).
Let O≦i≦6−1be an integer and let
(P=α[n(e+1)−i]+(α+1)i−8 =α(n−1)(e+1)+(α+乞一の.
38
Then, since O<α十i一乏くαand(n−1)(乏十1)≧0, we get by Lemma 3.3.1(1)
thatψ∈H if and only if(n−1)(e十1)≧α十i− e. When this is the case, we have
xn(e+1)}t−ts・tg∈QI , becau・e g−・[(n−1)(e+1)一(・+i−e)]+(・+1)(・+i−e)
and therefbre t9∈m(n−1)(e+1)⊂In−1. Let
△={0≦i≦e−11(n−1)(e+1)〈α+i−e}.
We then have
I = QI 1+(・ (e+1)一 y li∈△)
and summarize this observation into the fbllowing.
ClaimJbrα9勿εη謝εgem≧1the! olloωing conditions are equivαlent to eαch other.
(1)In=Qln−1.
(2) (?⊇In.
(3)△=の.
(4)n−1≧「冒1・
伽cε・Q(1)=「警}1・
Proof of Claim. The implications(3)⇒(1)⇒(2)are clear.
(2)=〉(3)See the observation above.
(3)⇔(4)△=のif and only if 4−1¢△, and the latter condition is equivalent to
・ayi・g th・t(n−1)(e+1)≧・−1, th・t i・n−1≧「旨1・
Now we will show that Q∩In=Qln−1. We may assume that△≠の. Because
Q∩ln−QI +[Q∩(・n(e+1)−iy l i∈△)]
and the ideals considered are all generated by monomials in t, it su伍ces to show that Q∩(xn(e+1)−iyi)⊆Qln『i
for all i∈△. Let R=k[[X, Y]]be the formal power series ring over k and let us identify A=R/(Xα+1−yα).Let 9 denote the image in R/(Xα+1−yα). Let z∈Q∩(xn(e+1)一》)
and write
zニye77=xn(e+1)一》戸
withη,ρ∈R. Then
yeη一xn(e+1)一¢y乞ρ+(xα+1−y・)δ
fbr someδ∈RTherefbre, since n(4十1)−i<α十1(recall that i∈△), we have
ye(η+yα一eδ)=xn(e+1)『 [y ρ+X(・+1)一【・(e+1)一 ]δ],
whence
η十yα一eδ=xn(e+1)−iε and Yiρ十X(α+1)一【n(e+1)一司δ=yeε
fbr someε∈RHere notice thatδ∈(γりand we have
・=吻∈(〃α+i,♂(e+1)一乞〆)
囲=R/(Xα+1−yα)・C・n・eq・・ntly・・∈απ『1, becau・eα+i−e>(n−1)(e+1)
and n(乏十1)−i≧(n−1)(e十1). Thus
Q∩(xn(e+1)−iyi l i∈△)⊆Qln−1,
whence Q∩In=Qln−1 and therefore, G(1)is a Cohen−Macaulay ring with rQ(∫)=
「冒1・ □
When q=α一1and r<6, we also have the following estimation of the reduction number rQ(1)of I with respect Q.
Proposition 3.3.7. Assume thαt g=α一1αnd r<乏. Then r(〜(1)≦α一e.
Proof. Since q=α一1and 5=α乏十r, we have p=乏and I=(tae+i l r≦i≦の十me+1 by Proposition 3.3.5. Therefbre, because
tS+ , ta(e+1)+ゴ∈lf・・all O≦i≦e−r,0≦ブ≦r−1,
multiplying with the elementsが,が+1∈∫, we have by induction on n that tn8+ ,オα(e+1)+(n−1)5+ゴ∈ln f・・all O≦乞≦e+n−r−1,0≦ブ≦r−1
fbr all integers n≧1. We now take n=α一乏. Then, since
[α(e+1)+(η一1)5]一[η8+(e+n−r−1)]=1
and(e十n−r)十r=4十n=α, we have
オm∈la−e fo・all・(・−e)≦m≦・(・一の+(・−1),
wh・nceオm∈1α一e f・・all m≧(・一の…th・tオm∈1・−e+ f・・all m≧(・−e+1)・.
Consequently, because lm⊆tmsV for all m≧1(recall that 1⊆Q⊆がy;c£Theorem
3.3.3),we get∫α一e=オ(α一e)sV and∫α一e+1=t(α一e+1)5γ, whence Iα一e+1=Q1α一e. Thus
rQ(1)≦r−e. □
The fbllowing two results show that G(1)is not necessarily a Cohen−Macaulay ring,
even though q<α.
Theorem 3.3.8. Assume tんαt q=α一1αnd r=乏一1, Then Q∩∫α一e≠QI(α}の一1,
provided thαt e≧2andα≧4十3. Hence G(1)is notαOoんen−Mαcαulαy ringαnd
rQ(1)=α一e.
Proof. Since p=乏, by Proposition 3.3.5(1)we get I=Q十me+1十(tae+e). It suMces to show(tae+e)α一e∈Qbut(tae+e)α一e≠QI(a『e)−1.
Since 8=α4十(乏一1)and c=α(α一1), we have
[(・e+ e)(α一e)−s]一・=(e−1)α2−(e2−1)・一(e2 +e−1)>0
(recall that乏≧2andα≧e十3), so that(α4十の(α一の一s∈Hwhence(tαe+e)a−e∈Q.
To show that(tae+e)α一e〜ぎQI(α一の一1, we putα1=a4十(ぎ一1) (=8),α2=α乏十乏,
andαi=α(乏十1)十(i−3)for 3≦i≦n, where n=乏十4. Thenα乞∈Hfbr all
1≦i≦n by Lemma 3.3.1(1)and O<α乞くα乞+1 fbr all 1≦i<n. We furthermore have I=(tαi l 1≦i≦n), because I=Q十me+1十(tae+り. HenceI(α+1=(t2);=・α β 1 O≦β歪∈Z,Σβ,=α一e−1)・
i=1
We put A={(β1,β2,…,βの∈Zn l O≦β乞∈Z,Σi=, B,=α一e−1}. Assume now
that(tαe+e)α一e∈Q∫(α一の一1. Let
9=(・e+の(α一の一・(=α2e−・e2 一・e2 −e+1).
We then have
9 ・Σα・βi+ん i=1
for someβ=(β1,β2,…,βn)∈Aandん∈H. Thenβ1<α一e−1, since
9一α・(α一e−1)=α一e¢H.
Because, for each 1≦」≦n,
n
9≧Σα・6i−
i=1
﹀一
Σ aPi+αゴ防
i≠ゴ
Σα・B,+αゴβj
鷲ゴ
一Σα・βi+(αゴーα、)防 i=1
=α・(a−e−1)+(αゴーα、)β,・,
we notice that if fij≧1fbr some 3≦」≦n, then
﹀﹇﹀一 α1(α一e−1)+(αゴーα1)
α・(α一e−1)+(α3一α、)
α2e一α乏2一乏2_e十2 9十1,
which is absurd・Thusβゴ=Ofbr all 3≦ブ≦n. Becauseβ1+β2=α一e−1, we have 9 = α1β1+α2β2+ん
=α2e一αe2−e2−e一β1+ん
= (q−1)一β1+ん
whenceん=1+β1∈H, which is impossible because 1≦1+β1<α一e<α. This
is a required contradiction and so(tαe+e)α一e¢QI(α一e)『1. Hence G(1)is not a Cohen−
Macaulay ring, because Q∩Ia−e≠QI(α一e)−1. We get rQ(∫)=α一4 for the same reason,
because r(?(1)≦α一eby Proposition 3.3.7. □
Theorem 3.3.9. As8umθthαt q=α一1αnd O<r<乏。 Let k=4−r. Then
Q∩∫3≠Q∬2,if 2e十1≧α≧乏十k十2,ωんeηcεG(1)is notαOohen一ハ4αcαulay ring,Proof・We have P=乏and I=Q十me+1十(tαe+i l r<i≦の=(tαe+i l r≦i≦
の十(tα(e+1)+ilO≦i≦e十1). Fbreach 1≦i≦乏十k十3, letα乞=αe十r−1十iif
42
1≦i≦k十1,andαi=α(e十1)十i−(k十2)if k十2≦i≦e十k十3. Then O<ai<αi+1 f()rall1≦iく乏十k十3andI=(tαi l 1≦i≦e十k十3).
We put g=(2αe十2乏十1)十s. Then g∈Hby Lemma 3.3.1(1), because g=
3a4十[3e 十(1−k)]and O<34十(1−k)≦3乏. We furthermore have tq∈13, since g=(a乏十r十1)十2(α十1)乏.We get t9∈Qby Lemma 3.3.1(1)as well, because
9−8ニ2α4十2乏十1=a(2乏十1)十(2乏十1一α)∈H(recall that O≦24十1一αby our
assumption). We now claim the fbllowing, which proves Q∩13≠QI2.Claim. t9−s¢12.
.Proof of Clαim. Assume that t9『s∈12 and write g−5=α¢十αゴ十んwith 1≦i≦」≦
乏十k十3andん∈H. If j≧k十2, then
〜ρ一8==2αe十2乏十1≧α1十αk+2:=2α乏十α十e−k,
Hence乏→−1≧α一k≧4十2, which is impossible. Thusゴ≦k十1, so that
¥)−8=αゴ十αゴ十ん=2α乏十乞十ゴ十2r−2十ん,
whence
ん = 2乏十1−[i十ゴ十2(e−k)−2]
== 2k−(z十3)−1−3
=(k+1一の+(k+1一の+1>0,
On the other hand, sinceα≧乏十k十2, we have
α一ん = α一[2k−(i十ゴ)十3]
≧ 乏十k十2−[2k−(i一トゴ)十3]
= (e−k)十(i十ブー1)≧2.
Thus O<んくα, which is impossible, becauseん∈Handα=min[H\{0}]. Hence
tP s ¢ 12. □
Thanks to Theorem 3.3.9, we have the fbllowing, where theげpart fbllows from Corollary 3.3.6.
Corollary 3.3.10.、4ssume tんαtα≧5and letα=24十1ωitん乏≧2an integer.五et
O≦r≦4αnd put 8=αe十r. Then G(1)isαOoんeη一ル1αcαulαy ring if and only if eitんer r=0・rr=e,ωhere・1=(tS):m卜1.
Remark 3.3.11.(1)Corollary 3.3.6 and Theorems 3.3.8,3.3.9 give only partial an−
swers, in the case where q<αand s<αq, to the question of when G(1)is Cohen−
Macaulay.
(2)Some of the results of this section are possibly generalized for numerical semi.
groups Hニ〈α,b>with O<α<band GCD(α, b)=1.
We would like to leave further investigations to interested readers.
3.4 Examples
In this section we note two examples H=〈10,13,16,17,19>,〈7,10,18,22>of symmetric numerical semigroups, for both of which we consider the ideals I=(ts):m3 with O<8∈H.In Example 3.4.1, the associated graded rings G(1)=㊥n>o ln/ln+1 are Cohen−Macaulay except 8=16, while in Example 3.4.2, G(1)are not Cohen−Macaulay rings fbr all but丘nitely many O<8∈H. Thus, even in the case where q=3, the question of when G(1)is Cohen−Macaulay is rather wild.
In Example 3.4.2, condition(01)is satis丘ed but condition(02)is not. This shows,
to control the Cohen−Macaulay property of the associated graded rings G(1)of 1, we need both conditions(01)and(02)in Theorem 3.2.1.
Example 3.4.1. Let H=〈10,13,16,17,19>and A=k[[tio,t13,t16,t17,tl9]]. Then c(H)=42and/1 is a Gorenstein local ring, which satisfies, for q=3, conditions(01)
and(02)in Theorem 3.2.1. Let O<8∈H. We put Q ==(が)and 1 ・・ Q:m3. Then we have m31=m3Q, whence I⊆Q, and if 8≧10・(3−1)=20, G(1)=㊥n>o ln/ln+1 is a Cohen−Macaulay ring, thanks to Theorem 3.2.1(3). When s<20, that is the case ts≠m2, we have the following Tab}e 1, where rQ(1)=min{0≦n∈ZlIn+1=Qln}.
Let us explain how to read the table. The table says, for example, that if s=10, the ideal I=Q:m3 is equal to the maximal ideal m and generated by five monomials tio,t13,t16,t17,tl9. We have rQ(1)=3and G(1)is a Cohen−Macaulay ring.
Hence G(1)is a Cohen−Macaulay ring if and only if 8≠16.
rQ(1)=5. We have eA(12/QI)=2,4A(13/QI2)=eA(14/QI3)=
Q∩14≠QI3.
When s=16, then
4A(15/QI4)=1, and44
Table 3.1:8<20
8 ∫
G(1)is CM rQ(1)
10
(10,13,16,17,19)=mYes
313
(13,16,19,20,27,34)Yes
316
(16,19,23,30,32,34,37)No
517
(17,20,23,26,29,35,38)Yes
2 19 (19,25,26,32,33,34,37,40)Ybs
2Example 3.4.2. Let H=〈7,10,18,22>. Then c(H)=34. Let
、4=1ご[[孟7,オ10,オ18,孟22]]⊆k[[孟1],
where k[[t]]denotes the fbrmal power series ring over a field k. Then.A is a Gorensteill ring. Let Oく8∈H. We put Q=(tS)and I=Q:m3. Then, since tn∈m3 for all η∈Z such that n≧34,1⊆Q, thanks to Lemma 3.2.4, and we get the fbllowing Tables 2,3,In Table 2 we assume thatが¢m3. We then have s=7,10,14,17,18,20,22,25,
or 29. If 8=7, then the ideal 1=Q:m3 is generated by four monomials t7,オ18,孟20,オ22,
and G(1)is a Cohen−Macaulay ring with rQ(∫)=2and m31=飢3Q. If 5=10, then G(∫)is not a Cohen−Macaulay ring, rQ(∫)=2, but In31≠m3Q. We have rQ(∬)=3, if 8=18,25.
In Table 3 we assume thatが∈rn3. Then the ideal I is generated by the monomials が,ts+4,オ5+8,が+10,が+13,オ8+16,が+19, and G(∫)is a Cohen−Macaulay ring if and only if
s ・21.We have rQ(1)=2but m31≠m3Q always.
Table 3.2:Q望m.3
5
1 G(∫)isCM
rQ(1)m31=m3Q
7
(7,18,20,22)Yes
2Ybs
10 (10,14,18,29)
No
2No
14 (14,18,22,27,30)
Yes
2No
17
(17,21,25,30,36)No
2No
18 (18,22,31,34,37)
No
3No
20
(20,24,28,36,39)No
2No
22
(22,30,35,38,41)Y6s
1No
25
(25,29,38,40,41,44)No
3No
29
(29,37,40,42,45,48)Yes
1 NoTable 3.3:Q⊆m3
5 ∫
G(1)is CM rQ(1)
m31=m3Q
21
Yes
2No
otherwise
(8,8十4,5十8,3十10,
@ 5十13,8十16,8十19) No
2No
Hence G(1)is a Cohen−Macaulay ring if and only if s=7,14,21,22, and 29.
46
CHAPTER 4
QuAsI−socLE IDEALs IN
REGuLAR LocAL RINGs
4.1 Introduction
This chapter aims at a study of quasi−socle ideals in regular local rings.
In this chapter we fbcus our attention on a special kind of quasi−socle ideals in a regular local ring. To state our results, assume that.4 is a regular local ring, and choose
aregular system xl,x2,…,ωd of parameters iL4. Hence m=(xl,x2,…,xd). Let α1,α2,…,αd,and q be positive integers. We put
Q=(x?1,x睾2,…,場d),∫=Q・mq,
and・e一Σ匙、(・一1)−q+1. With・thi・ ・pecifi・ setti・g, i・thi・ch・pt・・1・h・ll t・y t。
answer my main Problem A and my answers are summarized into the f()110wing theorem.
Theorem 4.1.1. The follow吻three conditions are equivαlent to eαcんother.
(1)1⊆Q.
(2)mq∫=m.9Q.
(3)e≧αi!br・all・1≦i≦d.
陥eη伽5乞8オんecα8e, the folloωing assertions hold true.
(i)・・(・)−mi・{n∈Zll≦n}・H・・ce1≦・Q(・)≦d−1・
(ii)The grαde(l rings G(∫), R(1),αnd F(1)αreα〃Oohen一ハ4αcαulαy rings.
Theorem 4.1.2. Supposθ thαt e≧ai!brα〃1≦i≦d. Then we hαve thε fo〃oωing.
(i)G(1)isαGorenstein ring ifαn(l only if e l q・
(ii) R(1)isα(]Oγ・enstein ring if an(t only if 9:=((1−2)乏・
Here let us briefly explain how this chapter is organized. The proof of Theorem 4.1,1shall be given in Section 2. Theorem 4.ユ.2 will be proven in Section 3. Integrally closed quasi−socle ideals are rather rare. We wilI give a characterization in Section 4 and show that every integrally closed quasi−socle ideal is norma1.
Before entering details, I have to explain the relation between Chapter 4 and 5. The results in this chapter are included in the results in Chapter 5・In fact, the situation in this chapter naturally satisfies the conditions in Chapter 5. However, this chapter is a starting point of the researches of Chapter 5 and is a higher−dimensional continuation of Chapter 3. Fbr this reason I shall note this chapter independently・
My main illterests sit in answering Problem A, which I would like to regard as one of the possible modifications of the problem raised by Polini and Ulrich[PU].
4.2 Proof of Theorem 4.1.1
The purpose of this section is to prove Theorem 4.1.1. First of all, let us fix our setting,
which we shall maintain throughout this chapter.
Let A be a regular local ring with the maximal ideal m and d=dim A>0. We
,h。。・e a reg・1・・sy・t・m・、,・,,…,・d・f p・・am・ters・i・A,・wh・nce・m・・= (x・,・・,…,・d)・
Letα1,α2,…,αd, and q be positive integers・We put
Qニ(x呈i,xg2,… ,垢d)and ∫=Q:mσ・
Let
L={(α、,α、,…,αd)∈zd 1 ・・i≧Of・・
1≦∀i≦d}
andδ=(・一1,・,−1,…,・・−1)∈ゐ・W・d・n・t・by・・,・・,…,・・th・・t・・d・・d b・・i・
of Zd. For eachα=(α1,α2,… ,αd)∈Landβ=(β1,β2,… ,βの∈Zd let
d d
・・α一
g礁and lβ1 ・ £β・・
i=1 i;1
For each n∈Zwe put
A(n)ニ{α∈Llδ一α∈L, iα1=n}
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and r(n)={α∈五1δ一α∈五, 1α1≦n}, whence A(n)⊆r(n). Let e=1δ1−q+1.
Letαbe an ideal in.4. Then we say thatαis a monomial ideal, ifαis generated by monomials in{xi}1くi<d. Monomial ideals in our regular local ring.A behave very well as if they were monomial ideals in the polynomial rings k [xi,x2,…,xd]over fields k
(see[HS]fbr details). Let Q be the integral closure of Q. Then(?is also a monomial ideal and we have the following, which we need to prove Theorem 4.1.1.
P・・P・・iti・n 4.2.1([HS]).五・t△一{α∈五1Σ乳、箒≧1}・Th・n Q−@α1α∈△)・
Let us begin with the fbllowing. Some of the results in Lemma 4.2.2 are easy and well−known but let us include a brief proof in our context.
Lemma 4.22. The folloωing assertions hold true,
(1)五θオnわεαn伽オθger. Then mn⊆Q, if n>1δ1・Hence 1=Aげ9>1δ卜
(2)mn⊆Qαnd A(n)≠のf∂rα〃0≦n≦1δ1.
(3) Suppose t,hαt lδ1≧q・ Then
」=Q十me=Q十(xδ一αiα∈A(q−1))=([?十(xδ『α1α∈r(q−1)).
Proof.(1)Letα∈Lwith lα1>1δ1. Thenα ≧αi for some 1≦乞≦d, whence xα∈Q.
Therefbre mn=@α1α∈五,1α1=n)⊆Q, if n>1δ1.
(2)L・tO≦n≦1δ1. Th・n w・hav・mlδi四,…δ∈r・1δ1 b・t・・δ ¢Q, wh・nce
mn
コ(?. Chooseα∈五with lα1=nso that xα¢Q. Let g denote the image in the ring A/Q. Then砕≠Oin A/Q, so that xδ∈(コじα), because A/Q is an Artinian Gorenstein local ring with亜the unique socle;hence xδ∈Q十@α). Then, becausexδ 早i2,we get xδ∈@α), thanks to the monomial property of ideals. Therefbre δ=α十〇r for some 7∈Land soα∈A(n), whence A@)≠の.
(3)Since mqme=mlδ1+1 and m1δ1+1⊆Qby assertion(1), we have
(xδ『α1α∈r(q−1))⊆me⊆1.
By induction on q we will show that
1⊆Q+(xδtlα∈A(q−1)).
If q=1, we have nothing to prove, since I=Q:m=Q十@δ). Suppose that g>1 and that our assertion holds true for q−1. We then have
I=(Q:m9−1):mandQ:m9−1=Q十(コじδ『α1α∈A(g−2)).
Let A={α∈Llxα∈1}. We then have I=(xα1α∈A), since 1=Q:mq is a
monomial ideal in 4. Assume that I⊆Q十(xδ一α1α∈A(q−1))and chooseα∈Asothat
xα1ぎQ十@δ一α1α∈A(q−1)).
We will丘rstly show the following.
Claim.αi≧α一1伽α〃1≦i≦d, whence・xα∈(xδ).
Proof(ゾClαim。 Let 1≦i≦(オ. Then, since
xαXi∈Q:1mq−1=Q十(x6一α1α∈A(q−2)),
w・have eith…axi∈(娯ゴ 3)f…s・m・1≦ゴ≦d,…a・i∈(・δ一ツ)f・r s・m・7∈A(9−2)
by the monomial property of ideals.
Suppose that xαxi∈(xδ一7)withッ∈A(g−2). Then
α+ei=(δ一の・+β
for someβ∈五. Ifδ歪一 ) i=0, we then haveβゴ>0, so that α=(δ一7)+(β一ei)
withβ一ei∈五. Because iδ一71=1δ1−(q−2)≧1(recall that lδ1≧9), we see
δk−tyk>Ofbr some 1≦k≦d, whence
α=[(δ一 ) )−ek]+[(β一e∂+eiC]
with(δ一7)−ek,(β一e∂十ek∈五. Consequently, xα∈Q十@δ一α1α∈A(g−1))
sinceδ一(ッ十eh)∈五and IOr十ek l=q−1, which is impossible. Ifδ乞一 〉 i>0, then δ一(ツ十ei)∈五However, because
α=[δ一(or+e∂]+β
and 17十ei l=g−1, we still have xα∈@δ一α1α∈A(q−1)), which is absurd. Thus xa・i∈(ajj)f…s・m・1≦ブ≦d・
Ifゴ≠i, then, letting
α+ei=αゴeゴ+7 with 7∈L, we have
α=αゴeゴ+(or−e∂
with 7−ei∈五. Hence xα∈Q, which is impossible. Thus we haveゴ=iand α=(αi−1)ei+7
for some 7∈L, whence cui≧ai−1as is claimed. 口 Recall that A(q−1)≠のby assertion(2)and letε∈A(q−1). Then
xδ=x6一εxε∈@δ一α1α∈A(q−1)),
whence xα∈(xδ一α1α∈A(q−1))because xα∈@δ),which is a required contradiction.
Thus
I⊆Q+(xδ一α1α∈A(q−1))⊆Q+(xδ一α1α∈r(q−1))⊆Q+me,
whence
I :Q十(xδ一α1α∈A(q−1))=Q十(xδ一α1α∈r(q−1))=Q十me
as is wanted. [コ Proposition 4.2.3. Assume that e≧αi/brα〃1≦i≦(i. Then mql=mqQ,ωhence
I⊆Q.
Pro( f, Since lδ1=q十4−1≧q十α1−1≧q, by Lemma 4.2.2(3)we get I=Q十(xδ一α1α∈A(q−1)),
whence
mql=mqQ十mq・(xδ一α1α∈A(q−1)).
Letα∈五with lα1=qandβ∈A(q−1). Then, since Iδ一β+α1= 1δ1+1,
we haveδi一β,+α¢≧αi for some 1≦i≦d. Hence x(δ一β+α)}a・ei∈mq, because
(δ一β+α)一αiei∈五and
l(δ一β+α)一αieil = 1δ1+1一αi =q+(e一α∂≧9.
Thus xαxδ一β=・x(δ一β+α)一α e吻野∈mgQ, so that
mq・(xδ一α1α∈A(9−1))⊆mqQ.
Hence mql== mqQ. The second assertion is well−known([NRD. 口
We are now ready to prove Theorem 4.1。1.
Proof()f Theorem 4.1.1. We will show the implication(1)⇒(3). Assume that I⊆σ but e<αi fbr some 1≦i≦d. We putα=Σゴ≠i(αゴー1)eゴand letβ=δ一α(=
(αi−1)ei). Then
1α1一Σ(・ゴー1)−1δ1−(・i−1)≦1δ1・−e−q−1,
ゴ≠i
so that we haveα∈r(q−1)whence xδ一α∈∫⊆Q by Lemma 4.2.2(3). We then hav・ΣS。1急≧1・inceσ一(・α1α・五,Σ1。1箒≧・)by P・・P・・iti・n 4・2・1, whi・h i・
imp・ssibl・becauseΣ1.1急一α毒1<・・H・nce・e≧・i f・・all 1≦i≦d・C・n・eq・・ntly,
conditions(1),(2), and(3)are, by Proposition 4.2.3, equivalent to each other.
Now assume that乏≧max{αi l 1≦i≦d}. We will prove that assertions(i)and
(ii)hold true. For the purpose we need the fbllowing.
Claim. Q∩mne+m⊆mm(?ln−1/brα〃m,n∈Zsucんthαt m≧0αnd n≧1.
Proof of Clαim. We have
d
Q∩m e+m 一 2 xg・ i・m e+m α1・
i=1
Then, since 4≧αi fbr all 1≦i≦d, we get
ne+m一α乞=(n−1)e+m+(e一α∂≧(n−1)e+m,
so that
璋・mne+m−ai⊆Qrn(n−1)emm⊆mMQIn−1,
because mぞ⊆1=Q+me(c£Lemma 4.2.2(3)). Hence Q∩mne+m⊆rnM(21n−i for all
m>Oandn>1. 口
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(i)we put r=「多1:=min{n∈zl多≦n}. Let n≧obe an integer and assume that In+1=QJn. Then(me)n+1⊆Qsince me⊆1, so that
(n十1)e≧1δ1一ト1=q一ト4
(・ecall th・t m1δ1望Q). H・nce−n≧r. Simil・・ly,・ince・r+1≧箏一牛, w・g・t m(「+1)e⊆mlδ1+1⊆Q, so that by Claim we have m(「+1)e⊆QI「, whence
∬+1−(Q+me)「+1−Q∬+m(7+1)e−QJ「.
Thus rQ(1)=r. Letαi== max{αi 11≦i≦d}. Then, since乏≧αi, we have