22. Often referred to as Iitate Village, within Japanese society it is in fact an administrative district.
23. “Summary of the Fukushima accident's impact on the environment in Japan, one year after the accident”, IRSN February 28 2012, see https://bit.ly/2Oj1QPk
One report states that, “In the evening of March 15, just 4 days after the accident, the radiation level measured in front of the town hall of the village showed 44.7μSv/h.” as reported in Masuro Sugai“Consequences of Delayed Evacuation in Iitate-Mura Village”, Kokugakuin University, July 2014, Conference: XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology, see https://bit.ly/3e4QhX1
24. Fukushima Daiichi Accident, Summary Report by the Director General, Board of Governors May 14 2015, IAEA, 2015, see https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1710-ReportByTheDG-Web.pdf
25. The total Cs-134 inventory was almost equivalent to Cs-137 at the time of initial deposition (year 0) but becomes less than 10% of the total initial inventory after 5 years due to the fact that Cs-134 has a half-life of 2.1 years. The total Cs-137 and Cs-134 combined inventory will de-crease to approximately half of the initial fallout after approximately 10 years, primarily because of the radioactive decay of Cs-134. However, the rate at which the total radiocaesium inventory decreases will slow after 10 years, when Cs-137 remains as the dominant nuclide, see, Shoji Hashimoto, Toshiya Matsuura, Kazuki Nanko, Igor Linkov, George Shaw & Shinji Kaneko,“Predicted spatio-temporal dynamics of radiocaesium deposited onto forests following the Fukushima nuclear accident”, 2 September 2013,
see http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130902/srep02564/full/srep02564.html
26. Transuranics are radioactive elements with atomic numbers beyond or greater than 92 which is the atomic number for uranium. They are the so called actinide series of elements, there are 26 of them and they include one of the most radio toxic and hazardous of materials, plutonium 関連文書 https://keea.or.jp/pdf/knakyokanri/43/vol_43_02.pdf
27. M. Yamamoto, et al,“Isotopic Pu, Am and Cm signatures in environmental samples contaminated by the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 132 (2014) 31- 46.
関連文書 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/chikyukagaku/49/4/49_173/_pdf
28. Tetsuji Imanaka, Satoru Endo, Masuro Sugai, Shoji Ozawa, Kiyoshi Shizuma, Masayoshi Yamamoto", Early radiation survey of Iitate village, which was heavily contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi accident, conducted on 28 and 29 March 2011", June 2012,
see https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22549322/ 関連文書 http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NSRG/etc/Kagaku2014-3.pdf
29. The legal policy framework for the decontamination efforts in Iitate and the other districts in the Special Decontamination Areas was the Act on Special Measures Concerning the Handling of Radioactive Pollution (“the Act on Special Measures”) enacted in August 2011 and which took full effect from January 2012: the Ministry of the Environment is responsible for off-site remediation and waste management; the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery is involved in countermeasures related to forest and agricultural areas; the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare is responsible for radiation protection of remediation workers; the Cabinet Offi ce for the designation and rearrangement of evacuated areas, and, the Nuclear Regulation Authority supports all activities by the coordination of monitoring and the provision of scientifi c and techni-cal advice.
30. 2020-12-01現在の避難情報 飯舘村 https://www.vill.iitate.fukushima.jp/uploaded/attachment/11488.pdf
31. The legal policy framework for the decontamination efforts in Iitate and the other districts in the Special Decontamination Areas was the Act on Special Measures Concerning the Handling of Radioactive Pollution (“the Act on Special Measures”) enacted in August 2011 and which took full effect from January 2012: the Ministry of the Environment is responsible for off-site remediation and waste management; the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery is involved in countermeasures related to forest and agricultural areas; the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare is responsible for radiation protection of remediation workers; the Cabinet Offi ce for the designation and rearrangement of evacuated areas, and, the Nuclear Regulation Authority supports all activities by the coordination of monitoring and the provision of scientifi c and techni-cal advice.
32. The Japanese government 0.23 μSv/h long-term target is estimated to give a dose of 1 mSv/y based on citizens spending an average of 8 hours per day outside and taking account of shielding from radiation while inside a house. The methodology used by the Japanese authorities for many people is an underestimation. Residents in this agriculture and forestry- dependent region mostly worked and lived outside prior to the Fukushima nuclear disaster, particularly during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. Even during the winter period, work is conducted outside, for example in the forest. The maximum fi gure here is based on if a person was to spend the entire year of 8,760 hours at this location.
33. The ICRP sets a recommended public dose limit of 1 mSv in a year, with a higher value being allowed in special circumstances as in the case of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, provided the average over fi ve years does not exceed 1 mSv per year, see ICRP 111: Protection of People Living in Long-term Contaminated Areas after a Nuclear Accident or a Radiation Emergency, available at http:// www.icrp.org. See also, OECD, Nuclear Energy Agency: Evolution of ICRP Recommendations 1977, 1990 and 2007. Changes in Underlying Science and Protection Policy and their Impact on European and UK Domestic Regulation, ISBN 978-92-64-99153- 8, 2011,
see https://www.oecd-nea.org/rp/reports/2011/nea6920-ICRP-recommendations.pdf 34. 福島復興ステーション 10.浪江町の状況 http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/site/portal/26-11.html
35. Op.Cit. Radiation Reloaded, 2016; and IAEA, "Environmental Transfer of Radionuclides in Japan following the Accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant", Report of Working Group 4 Transfer Processes and Data for Radiological Impact Assessment Subgroup 2 on Fukushima Data IAEA Programme on Modelling and Data for Radiological Impact Assessments (MODARIA II), Vienna, 2020,
see https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TE-1927web.pdf 36. Op. cit. ICRP
37. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Radionuclide Basics: Strontium-90", see https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclide-basics-strontium-90
38. Nature Scientifi c Reports, “Strontium-90 activity concentration in soil samples from the exclusion zone of the Fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant” Sarata Kumar Sahoo, Norbert Kavasi, Atsuyuki Sorimachi, Hideki Arae, Shinji Tokonami, Jerzy Wojciech Mietelski, Edyta Łokas & Sa-toshi Yoshida, Volume 6, Article number: 23925 (2016), see https://www.nature.com/articles/srep23925
Greenpeace | 福島第一原発 2011-2021年：除染神話と人権侵害の10年
39. 前掲
40. 福島県における土壌の放射線モニタリング調査結果（2012年4月6日） https://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/sec_fi le/monitoring/etc/dojou120406.pdf 41. Environ. Sci. Technol. “Analysis of Japanese Radionuclide Monitoring Data of Food Before and After the Fukushima Nuclear Accident”, Stefan
Merz, Katsumi Shozugawa,and Georg Steinhauser, Atominstitut, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria Gradu-ate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan Environmental and Radiological Health Sci-ences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan, 2015, 49, 28752885, see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es5057648
42. Ibidem. Merz et al concluded:“This analysis reveals that 90Sr exhibits a higher mobility and bioavailability than radiocesium, whereas 137Cs is more readily adsorbed and immobilized on clay minerals, thus causing the distortion of the initial activity ratio in food...The increasing 90Sr/137Cs activity ratio and its effects on the regulatory limit must be taken into account for the Fukushima nuclear accident and future radio-ecological considerations with respect to food safety and monitoring. The current assumption of the maximum 90Sr/137Cs activity ratio in food will be no longer true within a few years after the accident. The diminution of the regulatory limit (90Sr/137Cs = 0.003) as of April 2012 was an adaption into the wrong direction. The Japanese authorities are urged to reimplement the “old” limit (90Sr/137Cs = 0.1), which probably will have to be raised further in the future. This observation fosters the need for continuous monitoring of both 137Cs and 90Sr; otherwise the 90Sr content of food will soon be underestimated.”
43. The levels measured by Greenpeace are comparable with those in other surveys. For example, Mitsuyuki Konno and Yoshitaka Takagai,
"Determination and Comparison of the Strontium-90 Concentrations in Topsoil of Fukushima Prefecture before and after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident", ACS Omega, December 2018, see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.8b02640
44. 東電福島原発汚染水の危機2020 グリーンピース・ジャパンとグリーンピース・東アジア（2020年10月）
https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-japan-stateless/2020/10/ba82306e-radioactivewater_jp_fi n.pdf
45. Kenji Nishihara, Isao Yamagishi, Kenichiro Yasuda, Kenichiro Ishimori, Kiwamu Tanaka, Takehiko Kuno, Satoshi Inada & Yuichi Gotoh (2015)
“Radionuclide release to stagnant water in the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant1”,Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 52:3, 301-307, DOI:10.1080/00223131.2014.946455; and “Estimation of In-plant Source Term Release Behaviors from Fukushima Daiichi Reactor Cores by Forward Method and Comparison with Reverse Method”. Tae-Woon Kim, Bo-Wook Rhee, Jin-Ho Song, Sung-Il Kim, Kwang- Soon Ha Risk and Environmental Safety Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea; 2 Thermal Hydraulics and Severe Accident Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea, Journal of Radiation Protection and Research 2017;42(2):114-129, DOI:10.14407/jrpr.2017.42.2.114 https://doi.org/10.14407/jrpr.2017.42.2.114
関連文書 福島第一原子力発電所の滞留水への放射性核種放出 西原健司、山岸功、安田健一郎、石森健一郎、田中究、久野剛彦、稲田聡、後藤 雄一（2012年） https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/taesj/11/1/11_J11.040/_pdf/-char/ja
46. 「この地域住めないと言う時期来る」 原発避難で石破氏 朝日新聞（2013年11月3日）
http://www.asahi.com/special/news/articles/TKY201311020372.html
47. 総理の一日 原子力災害対策本部会議 （2015年年6月12日） http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/97_abe/actions/201506/12gensai.html 速やかな除染を願って クリーンアップ分科会主査（福島県除染アドバイザー）井上正（2012年2月4日） https://bit.ly/3rhhh9l
48. Japan Times: Cabinet OKs plan to lift Fukushima evacuation orders by end of fi scal 2016 Kyodo June 12, 2015, see https://bit.ly/389g9x8 It is this target level that the government uses for its calculation to reach an estimated annual exposure level of 1mSv/y. The government calculation is based on citizens spending an average of 8 hours per day outside and taking account of shielding from radiation while inside a wooden house.
49. 平成23年東北地方太平洋沖地震による被害状況即報 （第1773報）福島県（2021年2月5日）
https://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/uploaded/life/534449_1441647_misc.pdf 50. 福島第一原発事故の教訓 原子力行政の制度的欠陥（要約版）（2012年2月）
https://issuu.com/greenpeaceinternational/docs/lessons-from-fukushima/52 51. 自主避難者」震災統計から除外 避難継続、疑問の声も 朝日新聞（2017年8月28日）
https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASK876DSTK87UTNB00S.html
52. 福島第１原発事故 避難先、住宅支援に格差 福島打ち切り後、９道府県が独自策 毎日新聞（2017年1月6日）
https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170106/ddm/001/040/186000c
53. 浪江町ホームページ（2020年12月1日） https://www.town.namie.fukushima.jp
54. 2020-12-01現在の避難情報 飯舘村 https://www.vill.iitate.fukushima.jp/uploaded/attachment/11488.pdf
55. ISTC/STCU主催 福島復興セミナー 福島復興に向けての課題−住民、行政、専門家は一体になれるのかー 金沢工業大学 科学技術応用倫理研究 所 大場恭子（2012年2月4日） https://bit.ly/3sQkZY1
56. Japan Times, "65% of Fukushima evacuees have no intention of returning home: survey", 28 November 2020, see https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/11/28/national/fukushima-evacuees-survey/
57. 福島に家族で移住なら２００万円支給…原発周辺１２市町村対象に支援金 読売新聞（2020年12月13日）
https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/20201212-OYT1T50304/
58. 縮みゆく自治体 データで見る住民帰還 ＜あの日から・福島原発事故10年＞ 東京新聞（2021年1月18日） https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/79669 59. United Nations Offi ce of the Human Rights Commissioner, “Joint Communication from Special Procedures” from Cecilia Jimenez-Damary,
Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons and Baskut Tuncak Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes to Taro Kono Minister for Foreign Affairs, Japan, 8 September 2018, see https://www.mofa.go.jp/fi les/000416301.pdf
60. Foreign Press Center Japan, “Minister for Reconstruction: Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake after 7 Years”, 7 March 2018, see http://fpcj.jp/en/useful-en/earthquake-en/p=63020/
Greenpeace | 福島第一原発 2011-2021年：除染神話と人権侵害の10年
61. Op. Cit. Grover, November 2012.
62. United Nations Human Rights Offi ce of the High Commissioner, “Japan must halt returns to Fukushima, radiation remains a concern, says UN rights expert”, 25 October, 2018, see https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23772&LangID=E
63. 前掲
64. United Nations Human Rights Council “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes”, Note by the Secretariat, Human Rights Council, General Assembly, Thirty-third session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, 2 August 2016, A/HRC/33/41
65. Committee on the Rights of the Child Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fi fth periodic reports of Japan”, CRC/C/JPN/CO/4-5, 1 February 2019, see https://bit.ly/3sNL3TH
66. Article 3: 1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx
The full recommendations of the CRC 1 February 2019 report are “that the State party: (a) Reaffi rm that radiation exposure in evacuation zones is consistent with internationally accepted knowledge on risk factors for children; (b) Continue providing fi nancial, housing, medical and other support to evacuees, children in particular, from the non-designated areas; (c) Intensify the provision of medical and other services to children affected by radiation in Fukushima prefecture; (d) Conduct comprehensive and long-term health check-ups for children in areas with radia-tion doses exceeding 1mSv/year; (e) Ensure mental health facilities, goods and services are available to all evacuees and residents, especially vulnerable groups such as children; (f) Provide, in school books and materials, accurate information about the risk of radiation exposure and the increased vulnerability of children to radiation exposure; (g) Implement the recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, (A/HRC/23/41/Add.3),
see https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CRC/Shared%20Documents/JPN/CRC_C_JPN_CO_4-5_33812_E.pdf 67. 東京電力福島第一原子力発電所事故により放出された放射性物質汚染の除染事業誌 環境省（2019年3月）
http://josen.env.go.jp/archive/decontamination_project_report/
5章 http://josen.env.go.jp/archive/decontamination_project_report/pdf/05.pdf 68. 前掲
69. 原発事故の最前線 : 労働者と子どもへのリスクと人権侵害 グリーンピース・ジャパン（2019年3月）
https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-japan-stateless/2019/03/956480df-frontfksm_jp.pdf 70. 被ばく労働を考えるネットワーク http://www.hibakurodo.net/
71. UN News, “UN experts cite ʻpossible exploitationʼ of workers hired to clean up toxic Japanese nuclear plant” 16 August 2018, see https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/08/1017232
72. 『循環する放射能：東京電力福島第一原発事故の生態系への影響』「Radiation Reloaded:Ecological Impacts of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Ac-cident 5years Later」の日本語版（2016年11月）
https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-japan-stateless/2018/12/30f06ce5-30f06ce5-rreloaded_jpfull_web.pdf 73. グリーンピースによる池田実氏インタビュー（2018年10月29日東京）
74. 総理の一日 原子力災害対策本部会議 首相官邸（2020年1月17日） https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/98_abe/actions/202001/17gensai.html 75. 除染なしの避難解除 拡大適用はすべきでない 毎日新聞（2020年9月16日） https://mainichi.jp/articles/20200916/ddm/005/070/055000c 76. 福島第１原発事故除染なし解除へ 非居住条件、規制委同意 避難指示区域 毎日新聞（2020年8月27日）
https://mainichi.jp/articles/20200827/ddm/001/040/076000c 77. 前掲
78. 除染なき避難指示解除」は許されない NPO法人原子力資料情報室（2020年06月22日） https://cnic.jp/9207 79. 特定復興再生拠点区域外の土地活用に向けた避難指示解除について（案）
原子力災害対策本部（2020年12月25日） https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/genshiryoku/dai52/siryou1.pdf 80. Op.Cit. CNIC, 20 June 2020.
81. Op.Cit. Mainichi, 16 September 2020.
82. パーセンテージ計算方法は東京電力福島第一原子力発電所事故により放出された放射性物質汚染の除染事業誌「第 5 章 除染の効果・検証・リスクコミ ュニケーション」内のデータに基づく。環境省（2019年3月） http://josen.env.go.jp/archive/decontamination_project_report/
Greenpeace | 福島第一原発 2011-2021年：除染神話と人権侵害の10年