α21Xーα22Y一α23
一
α11, α12, α13, α21, α22 > 0 均衡点(♂, y.)は、
一
。α11X• -α12Y. +α13 一 。
• •
α21X ーα22Y 一α23
を満たす。
均衡点の近傍で上の微分方程式を線型近似すると、
『aEa'BE'B'''EEEBEE -
u Z
-Z U
Fa'EaEEEa』EE--EaEL 守tEt'EEEEEEEEE4
-- -
z u 可A n,e 円4 ワ・
α α 一
[ij;:;:;l=[:;:;:
一この場合の線型化行列をAとすると、
-/5(α+♂) < 0
ß/5π(α+α・)> 0 一一
TrA 第8.5節の場合はα11 = 0にあたるO
DetA
一
この点の近傍で漸近安定となる。 さらに、特性方程式のやj別式をムとす したがって、均衡点(mぺ♂)は、
れば、
ム= /5(α+α・)[/5(α+α・)- 4ßn]
したがって、/5> 0が十分小さければ、すなわち、
-
丸M W
一α一+-α <
fu
<nU
なれば、ムくOとなり、渦状点(focus)であることがわかる。また、/5 > 0が十分小さければ、TrAの絶 対値も小さくなり、均衡点への接近も緩やかになる。
95
96 APPENDIX C.第8章の数学注
一方、第8.6節の場合、O<ß<lに注意すれば、線型化行列Aに関して、
| ηγ |
TrA = 6什一(ß-1)一α 1 <0
II一γ |
山=
叫
α+凸)
> 0となる。さらに、判別式ムは、
ム=
(岳r
(ß一げ一空子
(ß-1) + 62 a 2 -ω(
α+凸)
こ こで、x=β-1とすれば、この式の右辺は、
バX)=
(岳r
X2_陛トベ
α+凸) 1
X + f?a2 _ω(
α+弐)
となる。すると、
1 ( -1) = 62 ( � +α) > 0
\1一γ /
したがって、0<ヨß<lに対して、ム<0になるためには、1(0)< 0であればよし1。すなわち、
1(0) =ゐ(6α-4n)一4π6_!!:J_ i一γ だから 、6α<4η ならば、1(0)< 0となる。
この時、1(X)= 0に対応するFの値をFとすると、
FくPく1 に対して、判別式 ムは負になる。すなわち、6が
0<6<竺α
であれば、十分大きな労働分配率の均衡値Pに対して、均衡点(mぺ♂) は、渦状点(focus )になる。
Bibliography
[1] Allen, R. G. D., Macro-Economic Theory, (1ρndon: Macmillan, 1967) [2] Arrow, K.G., 'The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing,' Rev山l
i化:esム, Vo1.29, pp.155・173, 1962
[3] Blaεk, J., 'The Technical Progress Function and the Production Function ' Eωnomzcα, Vo1.29 1962,
pp.166-170.
[4] Blanchard, O. J. and S. F ischer, Lectures on MαC附ω仰nomlc叫 ( Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press,
1989)
[5] BurmeÍster, E and R. Dobell, Mαthemαtical Theories 0/ Economic Groωh (New York: Maβmil
lan,1970)
[6] Clower, R., 'The Keynesian Counter-revolution: A Theoretical Appraisal,' in F.H. Hahn and F.P.R.
Brechling eds. The Theory 0/ Interes t Rates ( London: Macrnillan, 1965)
[7] Desai, M., 'Growth Cycles and Inflation in a Model of the Class Struggle, ' Journal 0/ Economic
Theory , Vo1.6 1973 pp.527-545.
[8] Diamond, P. A., 'National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model,' American Econor山Revie叫 Vo1.55, 1965, pp.1126・1150.
[9] Diamond, P. A., 'Disembodied Technical Change in a Two Secter Model' Review 0/ Economic
Studies, Vo1.32 1965, pp.161司168.
[10] Drandakis, E. M. and E. S. Ph印, 'A Model of Induced Invention, Growth, and Distribution,' Economic JOU1・nα1, Vo1.76, 1966, pp.832・840.
[11] Eatwell, J., 'Theories of Value, Output and Employment,' in J. Eatwell and M. Milgate eds. Key nes' Economics αnd the Theory 0/ Value and Distrihution ( New York: Oxford University Press, 1983)
[12] Fischer, S., 'Keynes-Wicksellωd Neoclasical Models of Money and Growth,' Amεr巾.
Ret山lペペIetωμ Vo叫1.62, 1972
[13] Fisher, E. 0., 'Susu tained Growth in the Model of Overlapping Generations,' J ournal 0/ Economic
Theory , Vo1.56 1992, pp.77-92.
[14] Friedman, M., 'The Quantity Theory of Money : A Restatement,' in M. Friedman ed.,Studω In the Qω山:ty Theory 0/ flrfoney, (Chicago University Press, 1956)
97
98 関連書籍
[15] Glomm, G. aはB. Ravikumar, 'Public versus Private Investment in Human Capital : Endogenous Growth and Income Inequality,' Jou.rnal 0] Politicα1 Economy , Vo1.100, 1992, pp.818-834.
[16] Goodwin, R. M., 'A Growth Cycle,' in Soci悶:aαli山 ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967)
[17] Harcourt, G. C. Some C α 川r円t均 e Co 川山m University Press, 1972)
[18] Harris, L., Afonetary Theory (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981 )
[19] Harrod, R. F., 'An Essay in Dynamic Theory,' Economic Jou.rnal, Vo1.49 , 1939, pp.1ι33.
[20司] Ha訂rrod, R. F., T口Otωuaαr吋ds α Dynami凡川H化 Economics, ( London, Macmillan, 1948)
[21] Hicks, J. R., 'A Suggestion for Simplifying the Theory of Money,' EωnomlcαVo1.2, ppl-19, 1835.
[22] Hicks, J. R., 'Mr. Keynesωd 'Cl出SIα','Econometrica Vo1.5, pp147・159, 1937.
[23] Hicks, J. R., Valu.e and Cαptial 2nd ed. ( Oxford, Claredon Press, 1946)
[24] Hirsch, M. VV.ωd H. Srnale, DifJerentωEqu.ations, DynamiωSystems,αnd Lineαr A Ig ebra (Lon
don: Academic Press, 1974)
[25] Kahn, R. F., 'Exercises in the Analysis of Growth,' Ox]ord Economic Papers , N.S. Vol.ll, pp.143-156, 1959.
[26] Kaldor, N., 'Alternative Theories of Distribution,' Revieω0] Economic Stu.dies, Vol. 23, pp.8与100,
1956.
[27] Kaldor, N. 'A Model of Economic Growth,' Economic Jou.rnal, Vo1.67, 1957, pp.591-624.
[28] Kaldor, N. 'Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth,' in The Theory 0] Capitα1, ed. F. A. Lu tz and D. C. Hague, (London: Macmillan,1961)
[29] Kaldor, N. 'A Comrnent,' (in Symposium on Prodution Functions and Economic Growth ), Re山ω 0] Economic Stu.dies, Vo1.29, 1962, pp.246-250.
[30] Kalec1ci, M., Selected Essays on the Dynamics 0] the Cαpitαlist Society ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1972 )
[31] Kennedy, C., 'Induced Bias in Innovation and the Theory ofDistribution,' Eωnomic Jou.rna/, Vo1.74,
1964, pp.541-647.
[32] Kennedy, C.ωd Thirlwall, A. P., 'Technical Progress-A Survey,' Economic J ou.rna/, Vo1.82, 1972,
pp.11-72.
[33] Kennedy, C. and Thirlwall, A. P. 'Technical Progress-A Survey,' Economic Jou.rnal, Vo1.82, 1972,
pp.1l-72.
[34] Kenway, P., 'Marx, Keynes and the Possibility of Crisis,' Cα川ridge Journα1 0] Economics , Vo1.4 pp.23-36, 1980
関連書籍
[35] Keynes J. M., The Generα1 Theory 0] E仰loyme 叫 Jnterest, and Afoney ( London Ma配乙口印I立m凶l 1936 )
99
[36] Keynes J. M. 'The General Theory of Employment,' Qua山ry Journal 0] Economics , Vo1.51 pp.203-223, 1937.
[37] Lange, 0., 'Say's law: A Restatement and Criticism,' in Lange, McIntyre, Yntema eds., Studies in Mathemαtical Economics and Eωnometrics, (The University of Chicago Press, 1942)
[38] Lange, 0., 'Marxian Economics and Modern Economic Theory,' Reviω0] Economic Studies , Vo1.2,
1935, pp.189-201
[39] Lucぉ, R. E. Jr., 'On the Machanics of Economic Development' 10tH・nal 0] M onetary Economics
, Vo1.22, 1988, pp.3-42.
[40] Marx K., I序説J W経済学批判要綱j, 高木幸二郎監訳 (大月書店, 1958 ) [41] Marx K., W資本論』第一巻, 岡崎次郎訳 (国民文庫, 大月書店
[42] Marx K., W資本論』第二巻, 岡崎次郎訳 (国民文庫, 大月書店
[43] Marx K., W資本論』第三巻, 岡崎次郎訳 (国民文庫, 大月書店 1972 ) [44] Marx, K., W賃金・価格・利潤j, 横山正彦訳,国民文庫, (大月書店, 1965 )
[45] McCallum, B. T., and M. S. Goodf巾吋, 'Demand for Money : Theoretical Studies,' in J. EatweU,
M. Milgate, P. Newman eds The New Palgrave Dictionary (Macmillan, 1987)
[46] Modigliani, F. R., 'Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money,' Econometricα
Vol.12, pp45-88, 1944.
[47] Muth, J. F., 'Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movement,' Eωnometrica, Vo1.29,
1961, pp.315-344.
[48]新野幸次郎、置塩信雄,Wケインズ経済学j, (三一書房, 1957) [49]置塩信雄,W蓄積論.n , (筑摩書房, 1976 )
[50]置塩信雄他『経済学j, (大月書店, 1988 )
[51] Okishio, N., 'Technical Change and the Rate of Pro五t,' Kobe University Economic Re山叫Vol.7,
pp.85-99, 1961.
[52] Orphanides, A. and R. M. Solow, 'Money, Inflation and Growth' in B.M. Friedman and F.H. Hahn eds, Hαndbook 0] Monetary Economics, Vol.l. ( Elsevier Science Publisher 1990 )
[53] Pasinetti, L. L., 'A Mathematical Formulation of the Ricardian System,' Review 0] Economic Stud
ies, Vo1.27, pp. 7�98, 1960.
[54] van der Ploeg, F., 'Predator-Pray aはNeo-Classical Models of Cyclical Growth,' 10urnα1 0] Eco
nomics , Vo1.43, 1983, pp.235・256.
[55] Rebelo, S. 'Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth,' 10urnal 0] Political Economy , Vo1.99,
1991, pp.500-521.
100 関連書籍
[56] Ricardo, D., 'On the Principles of Political Econorny and Taxation, ' in The Works αnd Corr仰on
dance 01 Dα山d Ricardo Vo1.1, ed. Piero Sraffa, (Carnbridge: Carnbridge University Press, 1951) [57] Robinson, J., The Acum山tion 01 Capitα1, (London: Macrnillan, 1956)
[58] Robinson, J., 'The Organic Cornposition of Capital,' Kyklos, Vo1.31 1978, pp5-20 [伊59司] Roerner, J. E., Anal句yti比;氾Cαal Foundαtれ1川
University Press, 1981)
[60] Rorner, P. M. 'Increasing Return and Long-run Growth' Journal 01 Political Economy , Vo1.94, 1986,
pp.1002-1037.
[61] Rorner, P. M. 'Endogenous Technical Change,' Journal 01 Political Economy , Vo1.98, 1990, pp.71-102.
[62] Rose, H., 'Unernployrnent in a Theory of Growth,' In山γnatれ1川
282, 1966.
[63] Rose, H., 'Real and Monetary Factors in the Business Cycle,' Journal 01 Nfoney Cred:t and Banking,
Vo1.1, pp.138・152, 1969.
[64] Sarnuelson, P. A. 'A Theory of Induced Innovation along Kennedy-Weizsäcker Lines,' Revieω 01 Economic� αnd Stat:.stic�, Vo1.47 1965, pp343・356
[65] 1期間順一'資本告l経済の関浩移行と利潤率の傾向的低下J経済麗命学会年報第30集、(青木書店、1993 年10月)
[66] Shah, A.and M. Desai" 'Growth Cycles with Induced Technical Change,' Economic Journal, Vo1.91,
1981, pp.1006-1010.
[67] Shes}吋nski, E. 'Optirnal Accurnulation with Learning by Doing,' in Essαys on the theory 01 Opt:'mαl Economic Groωth, ed. K. Shell (Carnbridge Mass.: MIT Press, 1967)
[68] ;吉、築徹朗、武藤恭彦 『合理的期待とマネタリズム�, (日本経済新聞社, 1980 )
[69] Show, G. K. 'Pollcy Irnpllcations of Endogenous Growth Theory,' Economic Journal, Vo1.102 1992,
pp.611・621.
[70] Sidrauski, M., 'Ratoinal Choice and Pattern of Growth in Monetary Econorny,' Americαn Economic Rev:.eωPαper� and Proceeding� Vo1.57, pp.534-544 1967
[71] Solow R. M., 'A Contribution to the Theory of Econornic Growth,' Quariary Journal 01 Economics
, Vol. 70, pp.65-94, 1956.
[72] Solow R. M., 'Investrnent and Technical Progress ' in MαthmaÚcal M ethod in t仏hεSocialSc口t山
K. J. Arrow, S. Ka山1 and P. Suppes eds. (Stanford Univesity Press, 1959)
[73] Stein, J. L., 'Money and Capacity Growth,' Journal 0げ1Poliω: tiれ“iω.
1966.
[74] Stein, J. L., 'Neoclωical and Keynes-Wicksell Monetary Models,' Journal 01 Money Credit αば Bαnking, Vo1.1, pp.153・171, 1969
関連書籍 101 [75] Stern, N. H. 'The Determinants of Growth,' Economic Jou.rnal, Vo1.101 1991, pp.122-133.
[76]高橋陽一郎『微分方程式入門� , (東京大学出版会, 1988 )
[77] Tobin, J., 'Liquidity Preference a.s Behavior Towards Risk,' Re山ω 01 Economic Stu.dies, Vo1.25,
pp.65-86. 1958
[78] Tobin, J., 'Money and Economic Growth,' Ecor
[79] Uzawa, H. 'Neutral Inventions and the Stability of Growth Equilibrium,' Review 01 Econom%'c Stu.d
ies, Vo1.28 1961 pp.1l7-124.
[80] Uzawa, H. 'Optimal Technical Change in an Aggregative Model of Economic Growth,' International Econom%'c Review , Vo1.6, 1965, pp.18-31.
10ユ
五l図
資本設備と労働需要k
、、t,Jl」 レト 「r Jいl/ 一 ゾ1 ハザ一r ,,,,tlt、 /Jfl
、、lF/ JM一r 〆'』l、、 //
K
o J L τ し
第2図
期待回収不能割合関数r/均
x
ゑj回
実質賃金率と雇用率 103",E ,