The particle も mo marks an item that is in addition to another item introduced in the context.
It means also or too. It is a pragmatic particle just like は wa and may follow structural particles except for が ga and を o. For example:
うちには猫がいます。犬もいます。鳥もいます。
Uchi ni wa neko ga imasu. Inu mo imasu. Tori mo imasu.
We have a cat in our home. We also have a dog. We also have a bird.
兄は私のクッキーを食べました。妹のクッキーも食べました。
Ani wa watashi no kukkī o tabemashita. Imōto no kukkī mo tabemashita.
My older brother ate my cookies. He also ate my little sister’s cookies.
京都に行きました。奈良にも行きました。
Kyōto ni ikimashita. Nara ni mo ikimashita.
I went to Kyoto. I also went to Nara.
7·12
ExErcisE
For each of the following, choose the appropriate answer from the options in the parentheses.
1. 韓国に行きました。中国（には, にも, はに, もに）行きました。
Kankoku ni ikimashita. Chūgoku (ni wa, ni mo, wa ni, mo ni) ikimashita. (韓国 Kankoku: South Korea; 中国 Chūgoku: China)
(I) went to South Korea. I also went to China.
2. 韓国に行きました。でも、中国（には, にも, はに, もに）行きませんでした。
Kankoku ni ikimashita. Demo, Chūgoku (ni wa, ni mo, wa ni, mo ni) ikimasendeshita.
(I) went to South Korea. However, (I) did not go to China.
3. メアリーさんが来ました。レベッカさん（がも, もが, も, は）来ました。
Mearī-san ga kimashita. Rebekka-san (ga mo, mo ga, mo, wa) kimashita.
Mary came. Rebecca also came.
4. 兄はてんぷらを食べました。すし（を, は, も）食べました。
Ani wa tempura o tabemashita. Sushi (o, wa, mo) tabemashita.
My older brother ate tempura. He also ate sushi.
5. 兄はてんぷらを食べました。姉もてんぷら（を, は, も）食べました。
Ani wa tempura o tabemashita. Ane mo tempura (o, wa, mo) tabemashita.
My older brother ate tempura. My older sister also ate tempura.
ばかり bakari ( nothing but . . . )
The particle ばかり bakari is used to show that an action applies to an item exclusively and exces-sively. It gives a negative connotation. Like other pragmatic particles, ばかり bakari can follow structural particles other than が ga and を o. For example:
兄はビールばかり飲んでいます。
Ani wa bīru bakari nonde imasu.
My older brother drinks nothing but beer.
学はパチンコにばかり行っています。
Manabu wa pachinko ni bakari itte imasu.
Manabu goes nowhere but to a pachinko parlor.
It can also follow verbs in the te form. For example:
兄は寝てばかりいます。
Ani wa nete bakari imasu.
My older brother does nothing but sleep.
Theoretically, ばかり bakari can be added at the end of a noun or at the end of the verb in the te form. For example, the following examples are both grammatical:
コーヒを飲んでばかりいます。
Kōhī o nonde bakari imasu.
コーヒばかり飲んでいます。
Kōhī bakari nonde imasu.
The difference is whether the choice of beverage or the choice of action is extreme. However, native Japanese speakers do not usually notice such a difference and tend to add ばかり bakari after the noun.
7·13
ExErcisE
Translate the following sentences into Japanese.
1. My little brother does nothing but play. (to play: 遊ぶ asobu)
2. My little sister reads nothing but comic books. (comic books: マンガ manga)
3. My older sister does nothing but shop. (to go shopping: 買い物をする kaimono o suru)
しか shika ( only )
しか shika means only and expresses that the quantity, amount, or range of items is too few, little, or limited for the given context. Just like other pragmatic particles, such as は wa, も mo, and ばかり bakari, しか shika can be placed after structural particles except が ga and を o. The predicate must be negative if shika is used in a sentence. For example:
ケビンさんにしか言いませんでした。
Kebin-san ni shika iimasendeshita.
(I) only told Kevin about it.
7·14
ExErcisE
Recast the following sentences using しか shika for the underlined item.
1. 明子さんはみち子さんと話します。
Akiko-san wa Michiko-san to hanashimasu.
Akiko talks with Michiko.
2. チケットが一枚あります。
Chiketto ga ichi-mai arimasu.
There is one ticket.
3. 自転車があります。
Jitensha ga arimasu.
I have a bicycle.
4. ラーメンを食べました。
Rāmen o tabemashita.
I ate ramen noodles.
だけ dake ( just/only )
だけ dake means just or only. When だけ dake occurs with a noun, the particle that is used for the noun can be placed before or after だけ dake, except for the particles が ga and を o, which can optionally occur only after だけ dake. Unlike with しか shika, the predicate can be either affirmative or negative. For example:
ケビンさんにだけ言いました。
Kebin-san ni dake iimashita.
(I) told about it just to Kevin.
ケビンさんにだけ言いませんでした。
Kebin-san ni dake iimasendeshita.
(I told everyone about it), but not Kevin.
ケビンさんだけに言いました。
Kebin-san dake ni iimashita.
(I) told about it just to Kevin.
When the emphasis is on the lack of additional quantity, amount, or number of items, しか shika should be used rather than だけ dake. For example:
10 ドルしかありません。ですから、無理です。
Jū-doru shika arimasen. Desukara, muri desu.
(I) have only 10 dollars. So, it’s impossible.
10 ドルだけあります。ですから、だいじょうぶです。
7·15
ExErcisE
Complete each of the following sentences with しか shika or だけ dake.
1. 母に 言いました。
Haha ni iimashita.
(I) only told my mother (about it).
2. 祖母は私に お金をくれました。
Sobo wa watashi ni o-kane o kuremashita.
My grandmother gave money just to me.
3. 父はステーキ 食べません。
Chichi wa sutēki tabemasen.
My father only eats steak.
4. チケットが2枚 ありません。ですから、2人しか行けません。
Chiketto ga ni-mai arimasen. Desukara, futa-ri shika ikemasen.
There are only two tickets. So, only two people can go.
5. チケットが2枚 あります。ですから、いっしょに行きましょう。
Chiketto ga ni-mai . Desukara, isshoni ikimashō.
There are just two tickets. So, let’s go (there) together.
でも demo ( even )
でも demo means even and implies that the speaker considers the item to be one of the least expected items in the given situation. For example:
これは簡単です。子どもでもできます。
Kore wa kantan desu. Kodomo demo dekimasu.
This is easy. Even a child can do it.
これは難しいです。大人でもできません。
Kore wa muzukashii desu. Otona demo dekimasen.
This is difficult. Even an adult cannot do it.
7·16
ExErcisE
From the following list, choose the appropriate option for each sentence.
1. 姉は でも食べません。 a. おもしろい本 omoshiroi hon (interesting books) Ane wa demo tabemasen.
2. 兄は でも食べます。 b. おいしい物 oishii mono (delicious things) Ani wa demo tabemasu.
3. 父は でも買いません。 c. まずい物 mazui mono (things that are not delicious) Chichi wa demo kaimasen.
4. 兄は でも買います。 d. 安い物 yasui mono (cheap things) Ani wa demo kaimasu.
5. 弟は でも読みません。 e. 高い物 takai mono (expensive things) Otōto wa demo yomimasen.
This page intentionally left blank