⤊❶
166
➨ ⠇ ᮏ◊✲ࡢせ⣙
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣᅾᆅၥ㢟ゎỴࡢ⣒ཱྀࢆぢฟࡍࡓࡵᅾᆅࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃᑗ ᮶ࡢᅾᆅ࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ฟᏊᘵࡸᅾᆅࡽ㎰ᆅࡢ⟶⌮ࢆクࡉࢀ
ࡿ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲேὀ┠ࡋࡓㄪᰝ࣭ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡲࡎᮏ◊✲ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔ⫼ᬒࡣ୰ᒣ㛫ᆅᇦࢆྵࡴ㎰ᮧᆅᇦ࡛㐣ཬࡧ㧗 㱋㎰⏘≀౯᱁ࡢୗⴠ➼ࡢㅖせᅉక࠺㎰ᆅ࣭᳃ᯘࡢᛴ⃭࡞Ⲩᗫࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ
άືࡢపୗ࣭ᾘ⁛࡞ࡢၥ㢟ࡀ῝้ࡍࡿ࡞㈍㎰ᐙࡢῶᑡక࠺㎰ᴗ⤒
Ⴀࡽ㞳⬺ࡋࡓᅾᮧ⪅㸦ᅵᆅᣢࡕ㠀㎰ᐙ㸧ࡢⓎ⏕ᙼࡽࡀᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ㎰ᆅࡢⲨᗫ
ᅾᆅࡢ㔞Ⓨ⏕㎰ᆅࡢά⏝ᒁ㠃࠾ࡅࡿၥ㢟ࡀ⌧ᐇ㉳ࡁࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡇ
ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
୍᪉ᅾᆅࡢᏑᅾࡀၥ㢟ࡍࡿせᅉࡣ㎰ᆅࢆ㐺ษ⟶⌮ࡍࡿ⪅ࡢᅾ ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ㎰ᆅࡢせ࡞ᢸ࠸ᡭࡣ㈍㎰ᐙࡢῶᑡ㎰ᐙ௨እࡢᴗయࡢྎ㢌
ࡽಶேࡽ⤌⧊⛣⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢᵝ࡞≧ἣࢆཷࡅᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣᅾᆅၥ㢟ᑐࡋ࡚㎰ᆅࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡛࠶
ࡿࠕᅾᆅࠖ㸪ᅾᆅࡢணഛ㌷࡛࠶ࡿྠᆅᇦ㎰ᴗࡢᢸ࠸ᡭࡶ࡞ࡾᚓ
ࡿࠕฟᏊᘵࠖ㸪ᙼࡽࡢ㎰ᆅ⟶⌮⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢᮇᚅࡀ㧗࠸ࠕ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲேࠖࡢ
⪅ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡋ㎰ᆅ⏝ࡸ㞟ⴠࡢ⥔ᣢ➼ྥࡅࡓྛ⪅ࡢᙺࡸ㎰ᆅࡢ⥅⥆
ⓗ࡞ά⏝ࢆಁࡍᡭἲ⤌ࡳࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚◊✲ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ
ࡔࠋ
௨ୗྛ❶ࡢ▱ぢᣦ㡯➼ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
ᗎ❶࡛ࡣ㎰ᮧᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿࡓࡵ⤒Ⴀ⪔ᆅ㠃✚
⪔సᨺᲠᆅࡢືྥࢆ♧ࡍࡶᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗㄢ㢟ࡢᴫせ◊✲᪉ἲཬࡧศ ᯒᑐ㇟ᆅࡢ㑅ᐃ⌮⏤ࢆ㏙ࡓࠋࡲࡓ᪤ ࡢ◊✲ࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡽᅾᆅฟ Ꮚᘵࡀᆅᇦ㎰ᴗཬࡧ㞟ⴠ㐠Ⴀ࠾࠸࡚ᯝࡓࡋᚓࡿᙺࡸࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢ⤌ࡳࡀ
᫂☜࡛࠶ࡿࡇ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲே࠾࠸࡚ࡣ⤒Ⴀ⥅ᢎᡭἲࡢ⤌❧࡚ࡀศ࡛࠶
ࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋࡓࠋ
➨ ❶࡛ࡣศᯒᑐ㇟ᆅࡋ࡚㑅ᐃࡋࡓᒣཱྀ┴࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗ࣭㎰ᮧᵓ㐀ࡢ≉ᚩ
ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵ㎰ᯘᴗࢭࣥࢧࢫࢹ࣮ࢱࢆά⏝ࡋ࡚ᢸ࠸ᡭཬࡧ㎰ᆅ⏝ࡢ ኚ㑄➼ࡢᩚ⌮ࢆヨࡳࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝᒣཱྀ┴ࡣᆅᇦẚ࡚㎰ᆅ⏝ࡀῶ㏥ࡍࡿഴྥ࠶ࡾᅾᆅ
ࡀ⏕ࡌࡸࡍ࠸࠸࠺ㄢ㢟ࡶႠ㎰ୖࡢㅖ᮲௳ࡢຎໃࢆ⤌⧊ⓗᑐฎࡼ
ࡾ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋࡓࠋ
➨ ❶࡛ࡣᅾᆅࡼࡿ㎰ᆅࡢᡤ᭷㞟ⴠఫẸࡢ㛵ಀ㎰ᴗ⪅ࡼࡿ⥅
⥆ⓗ࡞⪔సせᅉ➼ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵୗ㛵ᕷཬࡧᒾᅜᕷࡢ㎰⏝ᆅ⏝㞟✚ィ
⏬⨨ࡅࡽࢀࡓᅾᆅ㎰ᴗ⪅㸦㎰ᴗ⪅ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓㄪᰝࡣᒾᅜᕷࡢࡳ㸧
ᑐࡍࡿࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡽᅾᆅࡀᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ㎰ᆅࢆ㎰ᆅࡋ࡚Ꮡ⥆ࡉࡏ
ࡼ࠺ࡍࡿព㆑ࡀ㎰ᆅࡢྲྀᚓ⤒⦋ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇࡸᅾᆅ࠾ࡅࡿ㎰
ᆅሗࡢ⥅ᢎព㆑ࡀప࠸ࡇࡲࡓ㞟ⴠఫẸࡢᅾᆅᑐࡍࡿᢞࡆࡅ࣭ാ
ࡁࡅࡀ᪉ྥࡢពᛮ㏻ㄢ㢟ࡢඹ᭷άࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎᅾᆅ㞟 ⴠࡢ㛵ಀᕼⷧࡢ୍ᅉ࡞ࡾᚓࡿࡇ➼ࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋ
ࡉࡽ㎰⏘≀㉎ධࡸᅡሙᨵⰋࢥࢫࢺࡢ㈇ᢸ➼ࢆࡋࡓ㎰ᴗ⪅ᨭࡼࡾ
ᅾᆅ㎰ᴗ⪅ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞㛵ಀᵓ⠏ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣦࡋࡓࠋ
➨ ❶࡛ࡣฟᏊᘵ㞟ⴠࡢ㛵ಀᵓ⠏ཬࡧᙉᇶ࡙࠸ࡓᅾᆅᑐ⟇
ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡓࡵᒣཱྀᕷᚨᆅ୵ᆅ༊࠾࠸࡚㎰ᆅཬࡧ࢚ࡢ⌧ἣㄪᰝ
ฟᏊᘵࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆᐇࡋࡓࠋฟᏊᘵᑐࡋ࡚ࡣᚋ ᙼࡽࡀᯝࡓࡍࡁᙺࡋ࡚࢚ࡢ㎰సᴗ⿵ຓࡸ㈙࠸≀࣭㏻㝔ᨭ⚍ࡾ࣭㐠
ື࡞ࡢ㞟ⴠ⾜ࡢ㐠Ⴀᨭࡇࢀࡽྲྀ⤌ࡢཧ⏬ࡀᅔ㞴࡞⪅ࡣ㎰⏘≀ࡢᐃ ᮇ㉎ධᨭ࡞㞟ⴠࡢάᛶࡸ㎰ᆅಖ┤᥋ⓗ࣭㛫᥋ⓗ㈉⊩ࡍࡿጼໃࡀồ
ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡋࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛୵ᆅ༊ഃᑐࡋ࡚ࡣฟᏊᘵᑐࡋ࡚⥅⥆ⓗ࡞ᢞࡆࡅࢆ⾜࠸
ᅾᮧ⪅ཬࡧฟᏊᘵಀࡿሗࡢ㞟࣭ά⏝ࢆᢸ࠺୰❧ⓗ࡞⤌⧊ࡋ࡚ࠕ⫱࡚
ࡿࠖࢆ⨨ࡅᕷศ㤋ࡸ㎰ᴗጤဨಶே㎰ᴗ⪅ࡢ༠ຊᇶ࡙ࡃᆅᇦ㎰ᴗ ࡢ᥎㐍యไࢆᥦࡋࡓࠋ
➨ ❶࡛ࡣ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲேࡢ⤒Ⴀ⥅ᢎ᪉ᘧࢆ⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡿࡓࡵᚋ⥅⪅ࡢἲே
ࡢᐃ╔᮲௳ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ᩘ㔞ϩ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓศᯒࡽᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ௦⾲ᑵ௵ព
ྥࢆつᐃࡍࡿせᅉࢆᢳฟࡋࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ☜ಖ࣭⫱ᡂࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࢆ‽ഛ࣭ཷධ࣭⫱ᡂࡢ ẁ㝵ศࡅẁ㝵 ẖࡢㄢ㢟ᑐᛂ⟇ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶᚋ⥅⪅ࡸᙜ㠃ࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅ೃ⿵ࢆ☜ಖ࡛ࡁ
࡞࠸ἲேࡢ⤒Ⴀ⥅ᢎྥࡅἲேࢽ࣮ࢬྜ⮴ࡋࡓ᥎㐍࣭ᣦᑟయไ㈐௵ࡢ᫂☜
ࡀ㔜せ࡞ࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋ
168
➨ ⠇ ᅾᆅၥ㢟ࡢᑐᛂ⟇ࡢ᳨ウ
௨ୖࡢせ⣙ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ᅾᆅၥ㢟ࡢᑐฎ᪉⟇ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎᅜ࣭⮬య࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᑐ⟇ࡋ࡚㎰Ỉ┬ࡀ㎰ᆅࡢ୰㛫ཷࡅ─⤌⧊ࡋ
᳨࡚ウ୰ࡢ୰㛫⟶⌮ᶵᵓ㸦㎰ᆅ㞟✚ࣂࣥࢡ㸧ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋᮏ⤌ࡳࡣ ձฟࡋᡭࡢ㎰ᐙࡽ㎰ᆅࢆཷࡅᆅᇦෆࡢ㎰ᆅࡢ┦ᙜ㒊ศࡢ⏝ᶒࢆᣢࡘղ
ཷࡅࡓ㎰ᆅࡢ༊⏬➼ࡢᇶ┙ᩚഛࢆᶵᵓࡢ㈇ᢸ࡛ᐇࡍࡿճᢸ࠸ᡭࡢつ ᶍᣑ⧅ࡀࡿࡼ࠺ᢸ࠸ᡭ㈚ࡋࡅࡿ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋฟࡋᡭ㎰ᐙࡗ࡚ࡣ බⓗ㈇ᢸ࡛ᇶ┙ᩚഛࡀฟ᮶ࡿ➼ࡢⅬࡀ࠶ࡾཷࡅᡭ㎰ᐙࡗ࡚ࡣ㞟⣙ࡋ ࡓୖ࡛ࡢ⤒Ⴀᣑࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿ➼ࡢⅬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢྲྀ⤌ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᅾᆅᑐ⟇ୖ᭷ຠ࡞⤌⧊ࡋ࡚ࡾ࠶ࡆࡓ㞟ⴠႠ㎰
ἲேࡢ⤒Ⴀᣑࡢ㏣࠸㢼࡞ࡿࡇࡽฟᏊᘵ㞟ⴠࡢ㛵ಀᵓ⠏ࡸᅾ ᆅၥ㢟ࡢᢚไ୍ᐃࡢຠᯝࡣ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࡀ୍᪉࡛㐠⏝ẁ㝵࡛㎰ᆅᡤ᭷ᶒ
⏝ᶒࡢᕪࢆࡢࡼ࠺ࢡࣜࡍࡿ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ᖺࡢ㎰ᆅἲᨵ ṇ࡛㎰ᴗጤဨࡼࡿ㎰ᆅࡢ⏝≧ἣㄪᰝࢆࡶ㐺ษ࡞㎰ᆅ⏝ࢆಁࡍࡓ
ࡵࡢࠕᣦᑟࠖࠕ㏻▱ࠖࠕ່࿌່ࠖ࿌ᚑࢃ࡞࠸ሙྜࡢ▱ࠕᐃࠖࡀྍ⬟
࡞ࡾᡤ᭷⪅ࡀศࡽ࡞࠸㎰ᆅࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕබ࿌ࠖࡼࡾᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ
࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝ ᖺⅬ࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗጤဨࡢࠕᣦᑟࠖ௳ᩘࡣ ௳ࢆ
㉸࠼୍ᐃࡢᡂᯝࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࡀ▱ࠕᐃࠖࡣ ௳ࡶ࡞ࡃᡤ᭷⪅ᑐࡍࡿᙉไ
ⓗ࡞⏝ᶒタᐃᡭ⥆ࡁ㞴ࡋ࠸ุ᩿ࢆ㏕ࡽࢀࡿࡇࡀศࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡓࡵࡇࢀࡽࡢ௳≉ᅾᆅࡀᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ㎰ᆅࡘ࠸࡚ࡣẸἲ ᮲ࡢົ⟶⌮ࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓ⟶⌮㛤ጞᡤ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢྠពࢆせࡍࡿࠕ␃Ᏺ⟶⌮
ไᗘࠖࡶゝ࠺ࡁ⟶⌮ࡢ⤌ࡳ࣭⪃࠼᪉ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾᚋ୰㛫⟶⌮ᶵᵓࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞බⓗᶵ㛵ࢆࡋ࡚㎰ᮧᆅᇦࡢබඹᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿྲྀ⤌ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣᡤ᭷⪅
ࡢྠព☜ㄆࢆ┬␎ࡋࡓ⤌ࡳࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࡀࡇࡢⅬࡣᮏ◊✲ࡢㄢ㢟
ࡋᚋࡢືྥࢆぢᏲࡾࡓ࠸ࠋ
ḟ㔠⼥ᴗ⏺࡛ၥ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿఇ╀ཱྀᗙᑐࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆཧ⪃ᅾᆅ
ၥ㢟ࡢᑐฎ⟇ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎఇ╀ཱྀᗙࡣ ᖺ௨ୖᨺ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㡸 㔠ࡢ࠺ࡕࠕṧ㧗ࡀ ௨ୖ࡛ᣢࡕ㐃⤡ࡀࢀ࡞࠸ࠖࠕṧ㧗ࡀ ᮍ
‶ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋṧ㧗ࡀ ௨ୖࡢሙྜࡣ㡸㔠⪅ᑐࡋ࡚㖟⾜ࡽ㏻▱ࡀ࠶
ࡾ㐃⤡ࡀྲྀࢀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡣṧ㧗ࡀ ᮍ‶ࡢࡶࡢేࡏ࡚ィୖ㖟⾜ࡢ┈
ࡋ࡚ィୖࡉࢀࡿࡀㄳồࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡣ୍㒊ࡢእࢆ㝖࠸࡚ᡶ࠸ᡠࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⡿ᅜࡸ㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣᅜࡸ⮬యࡢ⟶⌮⛣ࡋ⚟♴ᴗά⏝ࡉࢀࡿ➼ࡢᐇ⦼ࡀ࠶
ࡾ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ⼥㈨࠸࠺ᙧែࡢ㝈ᐃࡣ࠶ࡿࡀά⏝᪉ἲࡀᶍ⣴ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽఇ╀ཱྀᗙࡢྲྀࡾᢅ࠸᪉ἲཬࡧどⅬࢆ㎰ᆅᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡿά⏝ᐇ⦼ཬ
ࡧⲨᗫᖺᩘᇶ࡙ࡁ୍ᐃࡢ㝈ᗘࢆ㉸࠼ࡓ㎰ᆅࢆᅜཬࡧ⮬యࡢ⟶⌮ୗ⛣⾜
ࡋ࡞⏕⏘άືᫎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋఇ╀ཱྀᗙࡢᡶ࠸ᡠࡋㄳồヱᙜࡍ
ࡿ㎰ᆅᡤ᭷⪅ࡽࡢ㏉㑏ㄳồᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ㐺ษ࡞㎰ᆅࡢ⟶⌮ࡀᯝࡓࡉࢀࡿሙྜ
ࡣࡑࢀ↓ൾ࡛ᛂࡌࡍࡿሙྜࡣࡑࢀࡲ࡛せࡋࡓ㎰ᆅࡢ㞟✚ཬࡧ⟶⌮
ࢥࢫࢺᅡሙᩚഛࢆᐇࡋࡓሙྜࡣൾ㑏㔠ࡢᨭᡶ➼ࢆồࡵࡿ⤌ࡳࡀฟ᮶࡞࠸
᳨ウࡍࡿవᆅࡣ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓᅾᆅಀࡿሗࡢ㞟࣭⟶⌮ᡭἲࡀ☜❧ࡋ
࡞࠸ࡇࡽ㡑ᅜࡸࢠࣜࢫ࡛ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿఇ╀ཱྀᗙࡢ᳨⣴ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆཧ
⪃㎰ᆅᡤ᭷⪅㸦ᅾᆅ㸧ࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿ⤌ࡳࡢ᳨ウࡶྍ㑊࡞ࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋᮏ◊✲࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢࡽ㞟ⴠẁ㝵࡛ࡾᚓࡿᑐ⟇ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ᑐ㇟ࡋࡓᅾᆅᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ㎰ᴗࡢᚑ⪅ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㎰ᴗ
⪅ࢆ㈨㔠㠃ࡽᨭ࠼ࡿእ㒊ᨭ⪅ࡋ࡚ᡈ࠸ࡣฟඛࡢ⾜ࡁ᮶ࡀྍ⬟࡞⪅
ࡣ㞟ⴠάື➼ࡢཧ⏬࣭㐠Ⴀᨭ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺࢆ㈿ࡍࡿࡇࡀ⌧ᐇⓗ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ
ලయⓗ࡞どⅬࡋ࡚ᅾᆅࡢ㎰ᴗ⪅ᑐࡍࡿᨭࡣࠕ㎰⏘≀ࡢᐃᮇ㉎ධࠖ
ࡸࠕ⎔ቃᩚഛࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸཧຍࠖࠕᇶ┙ᩚഛసᴗࡿ㈝⏝㈇ᢸࠖ➼ࡀ⪃
࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࡇࢀࡽࡢᨭពྥࡣ㎰ᆅࡢ⏕⏘ᇶ┙ࡋ࡚ࡢᏑ⥆ពྥࡸᖐᮧࡋᐃ ఫࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ࡞ᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞⾜ືࢆつᐃࡍࡿせᅉᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇࡸ㎰ᆅࡢ
⟶⌮ࢆᅾᮧ⪅ጤࡡࡿࡇ࡛㞟ⴠᑐࡍࡿᇳ╔ᗘࡀపୗࡋࡓᅾᆅࡢ㛵ಀ ಟࡣᅔ㞴࡞ࡇ࡞ࡽᙼࡽࡀ㎰ᆅࢆᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ๓ࡢẁ㝵ࡘࡲࡾฟᏊᘵ ࡢẁ㝵ࡽ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞㎰ᆅ⟶⌮ࢆᢸಖ࡛ࡁࡿಶேཪࡣ⤌⧊ࡢ⤖ࡧ ࡘࡁࢆసࡾᙼࡽᒓᛶᛂࡌࡓᙺࢆ㈿ࡍࡿࡇࡀᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡿࠋ
ฟᏊᘵồࡵࡿᙺࡣฟᏊᘵࡀ㎰ᴗᚋ⥅⪅ࡣ୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࢆᛕ㢌
⨨ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡽ࢚ࡢ㎰సᴗ⿵ຓࡸ㈙࠸≀࣭㏻㝔ᨭ࡞ᅾᮧ⪅
ࡢ⏕ά㛵㐃῝࠸ศ㔝࡛ࡢᨭࡣࡶࡼࡾ㎰㐨࣭Ỉ㊰Ύᤲసᴗ⚍ࡾ࣭㐠ື
࡞ࡢ㞟ⴠ⾜ࡢ㐠Ⴀᨭࡇࢀࡽࡢཧ⏬ࡀᅔ㞴࡞⪅ࡣ㎰⏘≀ࡢᐃᮇ㉎ධᨭ
࡞ࡀᐃࡉࢀࡿࡀ㞟ⴠࡢάᛶࡸ㎰ᆅಖ┤᥋ⓗ࣭㛫᥋ⓗ㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡇ
ࢀࡽࡢྲྀ⤌ࢆᆅᇦෆࡢ⮬άື⤌⧊⾜ᨻ㸦ᮏ◊✲ࡢ࡛ࡣࠕ⫱࡚ࡿࠖ
୵ศ㤋ࡀヱᙜ㸧ཬࡧᅾᮧ⪅ࡢྜពࡼࡾฟᏊᘵࡢᙺࡋ࡚ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆᥦ♧
ࡋཧ⏬ࢆಁࡍࡇ࡛᪤ ࡢ◊✲࡛ᣦࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᅾᆅၥ㢟ࡢᢚไ୍ᐃ ࡢຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿ᥎ ࡍࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ㎰ᆅࡢ⟶⌮యࡣႠ㎰ࡢ⥅⥆ᛶࡢほⅬࡽ
㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲேࡍࡿࡇࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸⪃࠼ࡿࠋ
170
➨ ⠇ ᮏ◊✲ࡢ฿㐩Ⅼ
ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣᗎ❶࡛ᣦࡋࡓ᪤ ◊✲ࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࢆࡶᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢࡢ୰ࡽ
せ࡞ࡶࡢࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎᅾᆅၥ㢟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ࣭ศᯒࡽࡣࡲ࡛ࡃศࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ
ᅾᆅࡼࡿ㎰ᆅࡢᡤ᭷≧ἣ㎰ᴗ⪅ཬࡧ㞟ⴠࡢ㛵ಀ➼ࡀᢕᥱ࡛ࡁࡓࡇ
ేࡏ࡚ᅾᆅࡀᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ㎰ᆅࢆ㎰ᆅࡋ࡚Ꮡ⥆ࡉࡏࡼ࠺ࡍࡿព㆑ࢆᵓᡂ ࡍࡿせᅉࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋ≉ᅾᆅࡼࡿ㎰ᆅࡢྲྀᚓ⤒⦋ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀྠせ ᅉࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࡇࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡞࠸᪂ࡓ࡞▱ぢ࡛
࠶ࡾࡇࢀࡼࡾᅾᆅၥ㢟ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࡸࡍ࠸⪅ࢆ≉ᐃࡋຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ᣦᑟ
άࡍࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣྲྀࡾᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓ㎰ᴗ⪅╔┠ࡋࡓศᯒ
ࡽ㞟ⴠࡢ㛵ಀࡀᕼⷧࡍࡿせᅉࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶᅾᆅഃࡢࡳ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡃᅾᆅఏࢃࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᢞࡆࡅാࡁࡅ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸㞟ⴠఫẸഃࡢྲྀ
⤌ࡶၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ㎰ᴗ⪅ࡀᅾᆅࡢᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ㎰
ᆅࢆ⟶⌮ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿୖ࡛ࡢㄢ㢟ồࡵࡿᨭᅾᆅࡼࡿ㎰ᴗ⪅ᨭࡢྍ⬟
ᛶࡶ᫂ࡽࡋᅾᆅࡀ㎰ᆅᡤ᭷⪅ࡋ࡚ᢸ࠸ᚓࡿᙺࡢᥦ⮳ࡗࡓࠋ ḟฟᏊᘵࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓㄪᰝࡣᑗ᮶ࡢᅾᆅࡀᠱᛕࡉࢀࡿᙼࡽ㞟 ⴠࡢ㛵ಀᙉࢆணࡵㅮࡌࡿࡇ࡛ᅾᆅࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍၥ㢟ࡢᢚไᐤࡍ
ࡿࡶࡢࡔࡀฟᏊᘵࡀ㞟ⴠཬࡧᅾᮧ⪅ࡢࡓࡵᯝࡓࡋᚓࡿᙺࡋ࡚᪤ ࡢ
◊✲࡛ᣦࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᐇᐙ㎰ᴗࡢᡭఏ࠸ࡸ㞟ⴠάືࡢ㐠Ⴀᅾᮧ⪅ࡢ⏕άᨭ
㸦㏻㝔࣭㈙࠸≀ᨭ➼㸧ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ⤒῭άືୖࡢࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺࢆ㈇
࠺ฟᏊᘵ➼ࡢᏑᅾࢆぢฟࡋࡓࡇࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞▱ぢࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࡲࡓ,ฟᏊᘵࡢᖐᮧពྥࡣ,ᅾᮧ⪅ࡢ⧅ࡀࡾᗘྜ࠸ࢆ♧ࡍせᅉࡀព㆑㔊 ᡂ᭷ពస⏝ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ,ᐇᐙ㎰ᴗࡢ㛵ಀࡀᖐᮧᚋࡢႠ㎰࣭ᐇᐙ㎰ᴗࡢ⥅ᢎ
⧅ࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣦࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࡇࡢࡇࡣฟᏊᘵࡀぶࡢ㏽ཤ➼ࡼࡾ㎰
ᆅࢆ⥅ᢎࡋᅾᆅ⛣⾜ࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛ᙼࡽࡢᖐᮧព㆑ࡀῶ㏥ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ
♧၀ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ⥅ᢎࡋࡓ㎰ᆅࡀᘢᐖࡶ࡞ࡃᅾᮧ⪅ᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ⟶⌮ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣ ᐇᐙ㎰ᴗࡢᇶ┙࡛࠶ࡿ㎰ᆅࡢ㛵ᚰࡢపୗࢆᣍࡃᜍࢀࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾᮏㄪᰝࡽᅾᆅၥ㢟ࢆணࡵᢚไࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣᅾᮧ⪅ࡀᅾ࡛
࠶ࡿ㛫㞟ⴠࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉㎰ᆅࡢṧࡋ᪉ࢆฟᏊᘵ୍⥴᳨ウࡋ㎰ᆅྲྀᚓᚋ ࡢ㎰ᴗཬࡧ㞟ⴠࡢ㛵ࢃࡾ᪉ࢆྜពࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࡇࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᣦ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓ୵ᆅ༊࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᆅά⏝ࢆฟᏊᘵ༠ാࡋ࡚㐍ࡵࡿࡓࡵࡢ⤌ࡳ
ࡋ࡚ࠕ⫱࡚ࡿࠖࢆ᰾ࡋࡓ㎰ᆅࡢ⏝ㄪᩚᡭἲࢆᥦࡋࡓࡀᅾᮧ⪅ࡽࡢ ㄆ▱ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃከᵝ࡞ሗࡢ㞟࣭ά⏝ຊ㛗ࡅࡓ⤌⧊࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㎰ᆅࡢ⏝ㄪ
ᩚࡸ⪔స⟶⌮ࢆ┤᥋⾜ࢃ࡞࠸୰❧ⓗ࡞⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶᆅᇦ㎰ᴗࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥ
ࢺຊࢆᣢࡕᚓࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋ
᭱ᚋᅾᆅࡀᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ㎰ᆅࡢཷࡅᡭࡋ࡚ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲேࢆ
ᑐ㇟ࡋࡓㄪᰝࡽࡣᚋ⥅⪅ἲேഃࡢព㆑ࡢ㞳ࡀࡁ࠸ᑵᴗ᮲௳ࡸᚋ⥅
⪅ࢆ㞟ⴠᐃ╔ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵせࡍࡿᨭෆᐜࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓᩘ㔞ϩ㢮ࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࡽᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ௦⾲ᑵ௵ពྥࡢ᭷↓ࢆつᐃࡍࡿ᭱
ࡢせᅉࡣᚋ⥅⪅⮬㌟ࡢィฎ⌮ຊ࡛࠶ࡾᚋ⥅⪅ࡀἲேᑵᴗࡍࡿ㝿ࡢࣅࢪ
ࣙࣥࡸ᪥ᖖᴗົᑐࡍࡿ┠ᶆ࡞ἲேᑵᴗ๓ᚋࡢព㆑ࡀᑗ᮶ࡢ⤒Ⴀࢆᢸ࠺ே
ᮦᙧᡂᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ⤒Ⴀ⌮ᛕࡀἲேタ❧ᚋࡢ⤒Ⴀᒎ 㛤ᐦ᥋⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇྠࡌᵝᚋ⥅⪅ࡢἲேᑵᴗᑐࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉
ࡸ᪥ᖖᴗົ࠾ࡅࡿ┠ⓗព㆑ࡢ㔊ᡂ➼ࡀᚋ⥅⪅ࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿୖ࡛≉㔜せ࡞ࡇ
ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ᪂ࡓ࡞▱ぢᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ⬟ຊホ౯ᑵᴗ‶㊊ព㆑ࡢ㛵ಀࡽᚋ⥅⪅ࡗ࡚⌧
Ⅼ㸦ᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ 㸣ࡀᑵᴗ ᖺᮍ‶㸧࡛ࡢ⩦ᚓࡀᮃࡲࢀࡿ⬟ຊ࣭ᢏ⾡ࡀ⏕
⏘ẁ㝵࡛ࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ⬟ຊᅡሙࡢ≧ἣࢆุ᩿ࡋᐇ㊶⛣ࡍデ᩿ᢏ⾡㈍ᢏ
⾡࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡀᑵᴗᮇ㛫ࡢ▷࠸ᅇ⟅⪅ࡀከ࠸࡞࡛ᙼࡽࡢ⩦ᚓព㆑
ࡀᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞⏕⏘࣭㈍ሙ㠃ࢆᐃࡋࡓ⬟ຊ࣭ᢏ⾡ྥ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ
⬟ຊ࣭㈨㉁ࡢⓎᒎẁ㝵ᛂࡌࡓ࢟ࣕࣜࣃࢫࡢ⤌ࡳࡀ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲேෆࡶᚲ せ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓ⾜ᨻᨭࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࡽἲே࡛ࡣ⤒ႠࡢⓎᒎẁ㝵ᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ
☜ಖᐇ⦼ࡢ㛵ಀࡽ⾜ᨻࡢどⅬࡋ࡚ேᮦ☜ಖཬࡧ⫱ᡂィ⏬ࡢ⟇ᐃࢆἲே
ࡀ ࣧᖺẖ᳨ウࡍࡿ⤒Ⴀᨵၿィ⏬ࡸᴗ᥇ᢥせ௳ࡾධࢀᚋ⥅⪅⫱ᡂࢆ
ᛕ㢌࠾࠸ࡓ⤒Ⴀᒎ㛤ࡢㄏᑟࡀᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋࡓࠋ
172
➨ ⠇ ṧࡉࢀࡓㄢ㢟
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓ࠺࠼࡛᭱ᚋᘬࡁ⥆ࡁᚋྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡁㄢ㢟
ࡘ࠸࡚ゝཬࡍࡿࠋ
➨ ࡣᅾᆅᙼࡽࡀᡤ᭷ࡋࡲࡓࡣ⟶⌮ࡉࢀࡿ㎰ᆅཬࡧ⪔సᨺᲠᆅ㛵 ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࢆຠᯝⓗᢕᥱ࣭ศᯒࡍࡿᡭἲࡢ☜❧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ ❶࡛ࡶᣦࡋࡓ
࠾ࡾ⌧Ⅼ࡛ୖグࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿᡭἲࡣㄢ⛯ྎᖒࡸᆅ⡠ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ㞟 ⴠఫẸࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ➼ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㞟ࡑࡢᚋࡢά⏝ẁ㝵࡛ࡑࢀࡒ
ࢀ㛗࣭▷ᡤࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣᅾᆅࡢᡤᅾᆅ㎰ᆅࡢᡤᅾᆅࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿᡭ ἲࡋ࡚ᕷ⏫ࡀබ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㎰⏝ᆅ⏝㞟✚ィ⏬᭩ࢆά⏝ࡋㄪᰝ࣭ศᯒࢆ㐍ࡵ
ࡓࡀୗ㛵ᕷཬࡧᒾᅜᕷࢆࡋࡓㄪᰝ࡛ࡣఫᡤᐃ࡛㏉༷ࡉࢀࡓㄪᰝ⚊ࡀ 㸣⛬ᗘᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㎰ᴗጤဨࢆࡋࡓ⏝ᶒタᐃࡢᑐ㇟㎰ᆅ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ
ᅾᆅ㛵ࡍࡿṇ☜࡞ሗࡣᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࡇࢀࡽࡢຠᯝⓗ࡞ㄪ ᰝ࣭ศᯒᡭἲࡢ☜❧ࡣࡁ࡞ព⩏ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
➨ ࡣᅾᆅ⮳ࡿ⤒㐣ࡢ㏣㊧⤖ᯝࡽᅾᆅࡢせᅉゎ᫂ᑐฎ⟇
ࡢ᳨ドࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣᒣཱྀ┴ෆࡢᚨᆅ୵ᆅ༊࠾ࡅࡿᅾᮧ⪅
ฟᏊᘵࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓㄪᰝࡽ㞟ⴠෆࡢ࢚ཬࡧ㎰ᆅࢆḟୡ௦⥅ᢎࡍࡿࡓ
ࡵᅾᮧ⪅ฟᏊᘵ➼ࡀᢸ࠺ࡁᙺࠕ⫱࡚ࡿࠖࡼࡿྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀᅾ ᆅၥ㢟ࡢᢚไ⧅ࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆゝཬࡋࡼࡾຠᯝࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭἲࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵୖグฟᏊᘵࡢືྥ╔┠ࡋᮏ◊✲࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓฟᏊᘵࡋ࡚ࡢ ពྥ㎰ᆅࢆᡤ᭷ࡋࡓᚋࡢ⾜ືព㆑ࡢ㞳㒊ศࢆ⥅⥆ⓗㄪᰝ࣭ゎᯒࡍࡿ
ࡇ࡛ᅾᆅཬࡧᆅᇦ㎰ᴗࡢᢸ࠸ᡭ⮳ࡿฟᏊᘵࡢ≉ᚩ♫ⓗせᅉ➼
ࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋేࡏ࡚ࡑࢀࡽࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠕ⫱࡚ࡿࠖࡀᢸ࠺ᙺࡸ⾜ᨻ ᨭࡢෆᐜ➼ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࡣᆅᇦẁ㝵࠾ࡅࡿᅾᆅᑐ⟇ࡢᡭἲ☜
❧⧅ࡀࡿࡓࡵࡇࡢ◊✲ࡀ୍ᒙ῝ࡋయ⣔ཬࡧ୍⯡ࡍࡿࡇࢆᮇᚅࡋࡓ
࠸ࠋ
➨ ࡣᚋࡢᆅᇦ㎰ᴗࡢ୰᰾ⓗᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲேࡢႠ㎰ୖࡢ⥅⥆
ᛶࢆᢸಖࡍࡿᚋ⥅⪅ၥ㢟ࡢᨵၿཬࡧゎᾘྥࡅἲேࡸᕷ⏫ᬑཬࢭࣥࢱ࣮➼࡛
ά⏝࡛ࡁࡿᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ☜ಖ࣭⫱ᡂᡭἲࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤒Ⴀయࡀಶே㎰
ᴗ⪅ࡽ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲே➼ࡢ⤌⧊㌿ࡍࡿ࡞࡛ࡇࢀࡽἲேࡢᏑᅾࡣᅾᆅ
ᑐ⟇ୖࡶ᭷ຠ࡞ࡇࡣ➨ 㹼➨ ❶࡛ࡶ㏙ࡓࡀ୍᪉࡛㎰ᴗ࣭㎰ᮧࢆྲྀࡾ
ᕳࡃ⎔ቃࡣ㹒㹎㹎ၥ㢟ࡸῶᨻ⟇ࡢᗫṆྛ✀㔠➼ࡢῶ࣭ᗫṆ࡞ࡼ
ࡾཝࡋࡉࢆቑࡋ࡚࠾ࡾᚋ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲேࡢ⤒Ⴀࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㞟ⴠఫẸࡼࡿᑠ つᶍ࡞⤒῭άືࡶࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࡞ࢀࡤᚋ⥅⪅ồ
ࡵࡽࢀࡿ⬟ຊཬࡧᙺࡸ⬟ຊࡢ⩦ᚓᡭἲࡣᮏ◊✲࡛♧ࡋࡓෆᐜࡢࡶࡢࡣ␗
࡞ࡾࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡣ㐪࠺どⅬ࣭ᡭἲࡢᥦ♧ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾ㎰ᆅࡢᡤ᭷⪅ཬࡧ⪔స⪅ࡢయࡀኚࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ࡞࡛㎰ᨻ➼እⓗ
せᅉࡢኚࡀ㎰ᆅཬࡧᢸ࠸ᡭࡢືྥཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆ⥅⥆ⓗᤊ࠼ࡢࡼ࠺
ᑐฎࡍࡁࢆ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲேࡢᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ☜ಖ⫱ᡂᡭἲࢆࡋ࡚᫂ࡽࡍ
ࡿࡇࡢ㔜せᛶࡣᴟࡵ࡚㧗ࡃࡇࢀࡽၥ㢟ࢆ୍యⓗ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡢព⩏ࡣ
ࡁ࠸ࠋ
せ
ᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗࡣᅾᆅࡼࡿ㎰ᆅࡢᡤ᭷ᐇែᚋࡢά⏝ពྥࡑࡋ࡚
ᅾᆅࡀᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ㎰ᆅࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿሙྜࡢㄢ㢟ࢆᅾᆅᑐࡍࡿࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ ㄪᰝ➼ࡽ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓ ᅾᆅၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࡢ⣒ཱྀࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊ㎰ᆅᑐࡍࡿᅾᆅ
ࡢព㆑ᢕᥱేࡏࠊ㎰ᴗ⪅ࡢᅾᆅᑐࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡸᚋࡢႠ㎰ពྥ➼ᇶ
࡙࠸ࡓศᯒࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣᅾᆅၥ㢟ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ㝿
ࢇᢅࢃࢀࡿࡇࡢ࡞ࡗࡓ㎰ᴗ⪅ࡢᅾᆅᑐࡍࡿព㆑ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡍࡿ
ࡇ࡛㎰ᴗཬࡧ㎰ᆅᑐࡍࡿ࠸ࡢព㆑ࡢᐇែᕪࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓᅾᆅ
ࡢ㠃ㄯㄪᰝࡽᙼ➼㞟ⴠࢆ⤖ࡧࡅࢆࡇࡀᢸ࠺ࡁࡲࡓࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞ᙺ࡛࠶ࢀࡤᅾᆅࡢ༠ຊࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡢ➼ࡘ࠸࡚ゎᯒࡋࡓࠋ
ᅾᆅၥ㢟ゎỴࡢࡓࡵࡣᅾᆅࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ⥅⥆ࡍ
ࡁࡔࡀྠ㎰ᴗ⪅➼ࡢᏊᘵࡀ㞟ⴠࡽฟࡍࡿẁ㝵࡛༠ᐃ㸦㞟ⴠఫẸࡢ
ྲྀࡾỴࡵ㸧ࢆసᡂࡋᚋࡢ㞟ⴠࡢ⥔ᣢࡸႠ㎰᪉㔪ࡢỴᐃᫎࡉࡏࡿྲྀ⤌ࡀᚲ せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ ㎰ᆅࡢ⌧≧☜ㄆࡸ⪺ྲྀࡾㄪᰝࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡢศᯒࡽฟ Ꮚᘵࡼࡿฟ㌟㞟ⴠࡢᖐᮧព㆑ࡣ㧗࠸ࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓฟ⪅ࡢ୰ࡣ
㎰సᴗࡸΎᤲάື㎰⏘≀ࡢᐃᮇ㉎ධ࡞ࢆࡋ࡚㎰ᆅಖ㈉⊩ࡍࡿពྥ⪅
ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ
ᚋࡣᅾᆅཬࡧฟᚋ⥅⪅㞟ⴠఫẸࡢ㛵ಀࢆಖࡘࡇࡀᚲせࡔࡀ ㄪᰝᆅ༊࡛ࡣࠕ⫱࡚ࡿࠖࡀ㞟ⴠ㐠Ⴀ㎰ᆅ⟶⌮ࢆ⾜࠺࡛⥲ᣓⓗ࡞⟶⌮ࡀ
࡛ࡁࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚᭱ᚋᒣཱྀ┴ෆ࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗ⏕⏘ἲேࡢᚋ⥅⪅ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ㎰ᴗ⏕⏘
ཬࡧ⤒Ⴀ㛵ࡍࡿ⬟ຊᢏ⾡ࢆ⩦ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢㄢ㢟ࢆᑵᴗᐇែࡽᩚ⌮ࡋἲ
ேࡢᚋ⥅⪅ࡋ࡚⫱ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ⏕ࡌࡿㄢ㢟ᑐฎ᪉ἲࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓᚋ⥅
⪅ࡀᑗ᮶ࡢἲே௦⾲⪅ࡋ࡚ᑵᴗࡍࡿពྥࢆつᐃࡍࡿせᅉࢆゎ᫂ࡋࡓࠋ
ἲேࡢ⫋ሙ⎔ቃᚋ⥅⪅ࡀồࡵࡿᑵᴗ᮲௳ࡣタ➼ࡢᩚഛࢆඃඛࡉࡏࡿἲ
ே⤥య⣔ࡸಖ㝤࡞ࡢᩚഛࢆồࡵࡿᚋ⥅⪅࡛㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵᚋ⥅
⪅ࢆ☜ಖࡋ⫱ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢᨵၿࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㎰ᴗ⏕⏘ἲே
࠾ࡅࡿᚋ⥅⪅⫱ᡂୖࡢㄢ㢟ࡣᑗ᮶⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡋ࡚ᚲせ࡞ே⟶⌮ࡸᣦᑟຊ
⤒Ⴀ⟶⌮ຊ࡞ࡢ⬟ຊᙧᡂࡀ㐜ࢀࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤒Ⴀ⟶⌮ࡸ㈍⬟ຊࡣἲேෆࡢ 2-7 ࡛ࡣ⩦ᚓࡋࡃ࠸ࡓࡵ-$ ࡞ࡢእ㒊ᶵ㛵ࡼࡿ⫱ᡂᨭࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ ࡔࡋᚋ⥅⪅ᑐࡍࡿ୍᪉ⓗ࡞ᨭࡣຠᯝࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡎᚋ⥅⪅ᮏேࡢ㈨㉁ྥୖ
┠ᶆព㆑ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵࡣ⬟ຊ࣭ᢏ⾡ࢆάࡍࡓࡵࡢᶵࡢᥦ౪࢟ࣕࣜ
ࣃࢫࡢᐇࡀ㔜せ࡞せᅉ࡞ࡿࠋ
ḟᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ㞟ⴠࡢᐃ╔᮲௳ࡣఫᒃᑐ⟇ࡸ⏕άࡢ౽ᛶྥୖ㓄അ⪅ࡢ ᑵᴗඛࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡞࡛࠶ࡾᚋ⥅⪅ᮏேࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃᐙ᪘ᵓᡂᑐࡍࡿ㓄
៖ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ఫᒃᑐ⟇ࡣᆅ༊እᅾఫ⪅ࢆἲேᑵᴗ⪅ࡋ࡚ཷࡅධࢀ
ࡿ㝿ࡢ㔜せ࡞どⅬ࡞ࡿࠋ
㎰ᴗ⏕⏘ἲேᑵᴗࡍࡿᚋ⥅⪅ࡀᑗ᮶ἲே௦⾲⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢᑵ௵ពྥࢆつᐃ ࡍࡿせᅉࡣἲேᑵᴗࡍࡿẁ㝵࠾ࡅࡿࣅࢪࣙࣥࡢ᭷↓ࡸᑵᴗᚋࡢ┠ᶆࡢ᭷
↓࡛࠶ࡾ㎰⏘≀ࡢ⏕⫱≧ἣࡽḟࡢᑐ⟇ࢆࡿࡓࡵᚲせ࡞ุ᩿ຊィฎ
⌮⬟ຊ࡞ࡢ⩦ᚓពྥࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽἲேࡋ࡚ࡢປാ⎔ቃࡸᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ⬟ຊࢆ⩦ᚓࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢᨭ࡞
ᑵᴗ⪅ࢆཷධࢀࡿࡓࡵࡢ᮲௳ࢆࡼࡾከࡃᩚഛࡍࡿࡇࡀࠊᚋ⥅⪅ࡢ⫱ᡂ⧅ࡀ
ࡾ㎰ᴗ⏕⏘ἲே࠾࠸࡚ᚋ⥅⪅ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿせᅉ࡞ࡿࡇࡽ-$ ࡸ┴ࠊἲே
㛫ࡢ㐃ᦠ➼ࡼࡿ୍యⓗ࡞ྲྀ⤌ࡀᚋࡶᚲせ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᅾᆅၥ㢟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣᅾᆅࡸฟᏊᘵࡀࡑࢀࡒ
ࢀᑐࡋ࡚ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍࡶ㎰ᴗࡢᢸ࠸ᡭࡀಶேࡽ㞟ⴠႠ
㎰➼⤌⧊⛣⾜ࡍࡿ࡞࡛㞟ⴠႠ㎰ἲே࠾ࡅࡿᚋ⥅⪅ၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡇ
࡛࠶ࡾࡇࢀࡽࡣᅾᆅࡀᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ㎰ᆅࡢ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞⟶⌮ࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿ࠸࠺
ほⅬࡽࡶ㔜せ࡞ྲྀ⤌࡞ࡿࠋ
6XPPDU\
The purpose of this study was to investigate the official ownership of farmland,blatant use of absentee landowners’ farmland, and problems encountered in the management of such farmland.
In order to gain a foothold in resolving the issue ofabsentee landowners, steps must be taken to gain insight into the attitude of these landowners toward their farmland, and to analyze farmers' views toward absentee landowners and their intentions to carry out farming operations into the future. This paper summarizes the actual attitudes held by both groups toward agriculture and farmland, and the differences in their attitudes, by focusing on the farmers' view of absentee landowners, an approach that has rarely been taken whenaddressing the issue of absentee landowners. Additional analysis is carried out through interview-based surveys of absentee landowners to gain insight into how these landowners might retain their ties with the community and in what roles they might be able to provide cooperative input. While ongoing efforts to approach absentee landowners directly are necessary to resolve the issue of absentee landowners, efforts must also be taken to prepare an agreement which is to be entered into by the heirs of farmers and other parties with community residents when they relocate to other locations, and to utilize these agreements in decision-making processes regarding community preservation and agricultural guidelines into the future, and the purpose of this study is to describe the duties of absentee heirs in the context of how issues that relate to farmland management in hilly and mountainous areas, administrative management of communities, and landlord absenteeism may be mitigated. From an analysis of confirmations on farmland conditions, interviews, and questionnaire surveys, the authors have found that absentee heirs have a strong intent to return to the communities of their birth. A number of absentee heirs intend to contribute to conserving their farmland through activities such as farm work, clean up, and regular purchases of agricultural produce. Moving forward, it will be necessary to maintain the relationship between absentee landlords and absentee heirs on the one hand, and community residents on the other. The authors believe that, by establishing a “sodateru-kai” for the general management of the community and farmland management, comprehensive management can be effected in the region targeted in this study.
This analysis focuses on successors at agricultural production corporations, and particularly on their current working status, based on which we summarize the challenges that these successors face with regard to acquiring abilities and skills relating to agricultural production and business aspects of the corporation. We review the various issues that arise in the course of training these individuals as successors at agricultural production corporations and the methods used for resolving these issues. We also uncover the factors that determine a successor’s intention to
eventually take up the position of corporate president. A difference exists between the work environment provided by agricultural production corporations and the working conditions sought by successors in that the corporations tend to prioritize facility improvements and so forth, whereas successors tend to seek better systems regarding their salary and insurance benefits. Therefore, these areas will need to be improved in order to secure and train successors.
Additionally, one of the challenges that agricultural production corporations face with regard to WUDLQLQJ VXFFHVVRUV LV WKDW WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI PDQDJHULDO FDSDELOLWLHVʊLQFOXGLQJ KXPDQ resource management, leadership, business management, and other capabilities that they will QHHGGRZQWKHURDGʊLVRIWHQGHIHUUHG%XVLQHVVPDQDJHPHQWDQGVDOHVDELOLWLHVDUHGLIILFXOWWR develop through on-the-job training within a corporation’s work environment, and will require training support from JA㸦Japan Agricultural Cooperatives㸧 and other external organizations.
However, one-way support given to successors is unlikely to be effective. A critical factor for ensuring that the successors themselves embrace a heightened awareness of improving their credentials and a goal-oriented mindset is to offer them solid career paths and opportunities that will allow them to leverage their capabilities and skills.
Conditions for successors to set up permanent residence in the community include, among others, housing, improved convenience, and employment for spouses. As such, approaches are needed that focus not only on the successor, but also on his or her family. Housing in particular is a crucial point with regard to attracting individuals residing outside of the community to work at these corporations.
Vision or lack thereof on the part of individuals upon gaining employment at an agricultural production corporation, and goals or lack thereof after beginning work at the corporation, were IRXQGWREHWKH³IDFWRUVWKDWGHWHUPLQHWKHLQWHQWLRQRIDVXFFHVVRUʊZKRLVFXUUHQWO\HPSOR\HG DW DQ DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQ FRUSRUDWLRQʊWR HYHQWXDOO\ WDNH XS WKH SRVLWLRQ RI FRUSRUDWH president.” The key was the individual's intention to develop his or her decision-making abilities for making necessary operational decisions based on crop growth, as well as to develop his or her accounting abilities.
Because better conditions for attracting workers, including a corporation’s work environment and support for developing the successor’s abilities, ultimately lead to successor training and constitute “factors for securing successors at agricultural production corporations,” consolidated approaches will continue to be necessary moving forward, for instance, through collaborations between JA㸦Japan Agricultural Cooperatives㸧, prefectural governments, and individual corporations.