ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ࠾ࡼࡧ⪃ᐹ

5.5.1 ࣛ࣎ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ⇕ศゎᐇ㦂

Fig.5-3࡟ᚓࡽࢀࡓࢳ࣮ࣕ཰⋡ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࢳ࣮ࣕ཰⋡ࡢ⟬ฟࡣࠊᘧ(1)ࡼࡾồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Yield of char = Wa/Wb (1)

ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊWaࡣ஝⇱ᇶ‽ࡢ⇕ศゎᚋヨᩱ㔜㔞ࠊWbࡣ஝⇱ᇶ‽ࡢ⇕ศゎ๓ヨᩱ㔜㔞࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲ

ࡓࠊΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཰⋡࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ༢⊂࡛⇕ศゎࢆ⾜࠸ᚓࡽࢀࡓࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࢳ࣮ࣕ཰⋡

࠿ࡽ┦ຍᖹᆒ࡟ࡼࡾồࡵࡓΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕ཰⋡ࡢィ⟬್ࡶేࡏ࡚♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࠋởἾࠊ▼Ⅳ࡜ࡶ࡟

⅊ศ๭ྜࡀከ࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ」ᩘᅇࡢ⇕ศゎᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࢳ࣮ࣕ཰⋡ࡢᶆ‽೫ᕪ ࡣ10^-3࣮࢜ࢲ࣮࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣂࣛࡘࡁࡣᴟࡵ࡚ᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊⅣ✀࡟ࡼࡾ

ࢳ࣮ࣕ཰⋡ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓ᥹Ⓨศ๭ྜࡢ኱ࡁ࠸஝⇱ởἾࡢ཰⋡ࡣ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ 50㸣࡟␃

51

ࡲࡗࡓࠋΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜ィ⟬್ࡢ཰⋡ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ▼Ⅳ A ࢆΰྜࡋࡓΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཰⋡ࡣ ィ⟬್ࡼࡾ0.02㧗ࡃࠊ▼ⅣB࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ0.15㧗࠸⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⅊ศ๭ྜࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ኚ

ࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢᚓࡽࢀࡓΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢᅛᐃⅣ⣲๭ྜࡣィ⟬್ࡼࡾࡶⱝᖸ㧗ࡃࠊ⇕ศゎࡀᢚ ไࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࢳ࣮ࣕ⢏Ꮚࡢᙧ≧࡜㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

Table 5-2࡟ởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕAࠊB࠾ࡼࡧΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕAࠊBࡢඖ⣲ศᯒ⤖ᯝ࠾ࡼࡧ ప఩Ⓨ⇕㔞ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡲࡓࠊ༢⊂⇕ศゎศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ⏝࠸࡚┦ຍᖹᆒࡋࡓΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕඖ⣲ศࡢィ

⟬್ࠊప఩Ⓨ⇕㔞ࡢィ⟬್࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶేࡏ࡚♧ࡋࡓࠋඖ⣲ศᯒ್ࡢᶆ‽೫ᕪࡢ᭱኱್࡟ࡘ࠸

࡚ࡣࠊⅣ⣲ࡣ0.30ࠊỈ⣲ࡣ0.02ࠊ❅⣲ࡣ0.01ࠊ◲㯤ࡣ0.18࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࡈ࡜ࡢࣂࣛࢶ࢟

ࡣᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋヨᩱ࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊ࡝ࡢࢳ࣮ࣕ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶⅣ⣲๭ྜࡣቑ኱ࡋࠊࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛Ỉ⣲

ࡣᩘ%ྎࡲ࡛ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡢⅣ⣲๭ྜࡣపࡃࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕࡢⅣ⣲๭ྜࡀ㧗࠸ࡓ

ࡵࠊởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡼࡾࡶΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢⅣ⣲๭ྜࡣቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ஝⇱ởἾ࡟ࡣ❅⣲࠾ࡼࡧ◲㯤 ᡂศࡀከࡃྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ⇕ศゎᚋࡶởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡸΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕ࡟ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢඖ⣲ᡂศ ࡀከࡃྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜ィ⟬್ࡢⅣ⣲๭ྜࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓሙྜࠊⅣ✀࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡿࡀ ィ⟬್ࡼࡾࡶᐇ㝿࡟ᚓࡽࢀࡿΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢⅣ⣲๭ྜࡣ1.5̺2 %ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣΰྜ

ࡋࡓヨᩱࡣ⇕ศゎ᫬࡟จ㞟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜ィ⟬್ࡢ◲㯤๭ྜ

ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ▼Ⅳ✀࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎᐇ㝿࡟ᚓࡽࢀࡓΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ◲㯤๭ྜࡣィ⟬್ࡼࡾప

ୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ởἾ୰ࡢ◲㯤ศࡣ⅊ศ୰ࡢ࢝ࣝࢩ࣒࢘࡜཯ᛂࡋ◲໬࢝ࣝࢩ࣒࢘࡜ࡋ

࡚ࢳ࣮ࣕ୰࡟ṧ␃ࡍࡿࡀࠊ▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾΰྜཎᩱ୰ࡢ⅊ศ๭ྜࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ

ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕ࠾ࡼࡧΰྜ⇕ศゎࢳ࣮ࣕ୰࡟ṧ␃ࡍࡿ◲㯤ᡂศ๭ྜࡀపୗࡋࡓࡶࡢ

࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ❅⣲ᡂศࡢᣲື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢヲ⣽ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⇕ศゎ᫬࡟ࡣ୍

⯡ⓗ࡟ࢳ࣮ࣕ୰࡟❅⣲๭ྜࡀῶᑡࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊởἾࠊ▼Ⅳ A ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⇕ศゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼ

ࡾ❅⣲ᡂศ๭ྜࡣῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛▼Ⅳ B ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᐇ ್࡜ィ⟬್࡟ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᕪ ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋⓎ⇕㔞࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊⓎ⇕㔞ࡢ㧗࠸▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊΰྜởἾࡢ

Ⓨ⇕㔞ࡣቑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢳ࣮ࣕⓎ⇕㔞ࡢᐇ ್࡜ィ⟬್ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜▼Ⅳ✀࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ ᐇ ࢳ࣮ࣕࡢⓎ⇕㔞ࡀⱝᖸ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ◲㯤๭ྜࡣィ⟬್ࡢ᪉ࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊΰྜࢳ

࣮ࣕࡢⅣ⣲๭ྜࡀィ⟬್࡟ẚ࡭࡚ቑ኱ࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛㓟⣲๭ྜࡣῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶

ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

52

Table 5-2 Ultimate analysis and heating value of manufactured char (dry ash free) C [wt %] H [wt %] N [wt %] S [wt %] O [wt %] LHV

[MJ/kg]

Sludge char 84.79 1.55 3.51 8.83 1.32 9.13 Coal char A 95.19 0.93 1.43 0.39 2.06 26.64 Co-char A 94.45 1.11 1.58 2.13 0.73 18.74 Co-char A cal. 92.47 1.09 1.98 2.59 1.87 17.88 Coal char B 95.95 0.84 1.68 1.08 0.43 28.22 Co-char B 94.40 0.73 2.19 2.18 0.50 21.41

Co-char B cal. 93.15 1.02 2.14 3.03 0.66 18.68 Fig.5-3 Yield of chars manufactured with different materials

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ΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢඖ⣲ศᯒ⤖ᯝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐇ ್࡜ィ⟬್࡟ᕪࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᚓࡽࢀࡓΰྜࢳ

࣮ࣕࡢᛶ≧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃホ౯ࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵࠊ⾲㠃ほᐹࠊẚ⾲㠃✚ ᐃ࠾ࡼࡧ࣐ࣛࣥศගศᯒ

ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋFig.5-4࡟ởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕ࠾ࡼࡧΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢSEM෗┿ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ⇕

ศゎᚋࡢ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ⢏Ꮚᙧ≧ࠊ⾲㠃ᙧ≧ࠊ⢏ᗘࡣཎᩱ࡜ࡣ඲ࡃ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⇕ศゎᚋ࡟

ࡣ⢏Ꮚ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ኱ࡁ࡞୍ࡘࡢሢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ▼ⅣA ࢳ࣮ࣕ⢏Ꮚࡢ SEMほᐹࢆ⾜࠺࡜ࠊ

⢏Ꮚ⾲㠃࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ࡃࡰࡳࡀ」ᩘぢࡽࢀࠊ⁥ࡽ࠿࡞⢏Ꮚᖹ㠃ࡣ᏶඲࡟ኻࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ

▼ⅣA ⢏Ꮚࡣ⇕ศゎ᫬࡟⁐⼥ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ⢏Ꮚ⾲㠃࡟ࡣ୍㒊ὶື࡟ࡼࡿ⑞㊧ࡶぢࡽࢀ⢓

⤖Ⅳࡢ⇕ศゎ᫬࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≉ᚩࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ஝⇱ởἾ࠾ࡼࡧ▼Ⅳཎᩱࡢ༢⊂⇕ศゎ࡟ࡼࡾ

ᚓࡽࢀࡓởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡸ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕA ࡜ΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕA ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ᵝᏊࡀ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⁐⼥

ࡋ୍࡚ࡘࡢሢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕA࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕAࡣሢ≧࡜࡞ࡽࡎࠊ⢏Ꮚࡢ≧

ែࢆಖࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡼࡾࡶΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕA ࡢ⢏Ꮚᚄࡣ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓ

ࡵࠊ⇕ศゎ᫬࡟ࡣࢳ࣮ࣕ⢏Ꮚࡣจ㞟ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋཎᩱࢆΰྜࡋ࡚⇕ศゎࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ ሙྜ࡟ࡣ▼Ⅳࡢ⁐⼥࡟ࡼࡿࢳ࣮ࣕ඲యࡢᅛ໬ࡀᢚไࡉࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ஝⇱ởἾ࡜ᛶ≧ࡀ኱ࡁ ࡃ␗࡞ࡿ▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࢳ࣮ࣕ⢏ᚄࡀቑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕBࡢ

⾲㠃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⁥ࡽ࠿࡞㒊ศࡀከࡃࠊ኱ࡁ࡞✵Ὕࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ⣽Ꮝࡣ࠶ࡲࡾほ ࡉࢀ

࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕBࡢ⾲㠃ࡣࠊ⁥ࡽ࠿࡞⢏Ꮚ㠃࡜」ᩘࡢ⢒࠸⾲㠃ࡢᑠࡉ࡞⢏Ꮚࡀほ ࡉ

ࢀࡓࠋΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕB࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕAࡢሙྜ࡜ྠᵝ࡟จ㞟యࡀほ ࡉࢀࡓࠋ

54

(a)Sludge Char (b) Coal Char A (c) Coal Car B

(d) Co-Char A (e) Co-char B Fig.5-4 SEM photograph of produced chars

Fig.5-5࡟⇕ศゎᐇ㦂࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕAࠊBࠊ࠾ࡼࡧΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕAࠊBࡢ

࣐ࣛࣥࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆ♧ࡍࠋඖ⣲ศᯒ࡛♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟⇕ศゎᚋࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࡢⅣ໬ᗘࡣ㧗࠸ࡓࡵࠊ

ྛࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜ࡶ1360 cm^-1࡜1600 cm^-1௜㏆࡟Ⅳ⣲ᵓ㐀ࢆ♧ࡍࣈ࣮ࣟࢻ࡞ࣆ࣮ࢡࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ

␗࡞ࡿヨᩱࡢ⇕ศゎ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓࢳ࣮࡛ࣕ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊⅣ⣲ᵓ㐀ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿

ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊR್㸦ID/IG㸧ࡣởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡀ0.98ࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕAࡀ1.02ࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕBࡀ0.90ࠊ ΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕAࡀ1. 02ࠊΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕBࡀ0.91࡛࠶ࡾ኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡣぢࡽࢀࡎࠊΰྜ⇕ศゎ࡟࠾

࠸࡚ཎᩱࡢΰྜࡀⅣ⣲ᵓ㐀࡬୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣẚ㍑ⓗᑡ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊྛࢳࣕ

࣮ࡢG ࣂࣥࢻࣆ࣮ࢡ࡟ࡣ್༙ᖜࡢ኱ࡁࡉ࡜ࣆ࣮ࢡࡢⱝᖸࡢࡎࢀࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡓࡵࠊởἾࢳࣕ

࣮ࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕࠊΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢⅣ⣲ᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࡢヲ⣽࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௒ᚋ᭦࡞ࡿ᳨ウࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

55

Fig.5-6࡟஝⇱ởἾࠊ▼ⅣAࠊBࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕAࠊB࠾ࡼࡧΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕAࠊBࡢ⣽Ꮝศᕸࢆ♧

ࡍࠋởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡢẚ⾲㠃✚ࡣ82.9 m²/g࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⇕ศゎ๓ࡢࢃࡎ࠿1.8 m²/gࡋ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓ

஝⇱ởἾẚ⾲㠃✚ࡣ኱ᖜ࡟ቑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ⣽Ꮝᚄ20̽100 nmࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟ẚ⾲㠃✚ࡢቑ ຍࡀぢࡽࢀࠊᮏᐇ㦂᮲௳࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஝⇱ởἾࡢ⇕ศゎ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ࣓ࢯ࣏࢔ࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ▼

ⅣAࡢẚ⾲㠃✚ࡣ1.3 m²/g࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⇕ศゎᚋࡢ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕࡢẚ⾲㠃✚ࡣ1.8 m²/g࡛࠶ࡿࡇ

࡜࠿ࡽࠊẚ⾲㠃✚࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᕪࡣぢࡽࢀࡎࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢ್ࡶᴟࡵ࡚ᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣSEM෗

┿࠿ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿ࡼ࠺࡟௒ᅇᐇ㦂࡟౑⏝ࡋࡓ▼Ⅳࡣ⢓⤖ᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊཎᩱ⢏Ꮚ ࡀ⁐⼥ࡋ⾲㠃ࡢ⣽Ꮝࡀ඲ࡃⓎ㐩ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕA ࡢ⣽ᏍศᕸࡣởἾࢳ

࣮ࣕ࡜ྠᵝ࡟20̽100 nm࡟⣽Ꮝࡀศᕸࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢẚ⾲㠃✚ࡣ32.0 m²/g࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋྵ

ࡲࢀࡿཎᩱ๭ྜ࠿ࡽ┦ຍᖹᆒࡋࡓởἾࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕA ࡢΰྜ≀ࡢẚ⾲㠃✚ࡣ 42.3 m²/g ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢẚ⾲㠃✚ࡣィ⟬್ࡼࡾࡶ኱ᖜ࡟ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋΰ

ྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཰⋡ࡣィ⟬್ࡢ཰⋡ࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁࡃࠊࡲࡓ⢏Ꮚᚄࡢቑ኱ࡸจ㞟ࡢࡓࡵẚ⾲㠃✚ࡣ ィ⟬್࡟ẚ࡭࡚ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕB ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ✚⟬⣽Ꮝẚ⾲㠃

✚ࡣ 2.22 m²/g ࡜ᑠࡉࡃࠊ⣽ᏍࡢⓎ㐩ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕB ࡣ⣽Ꮝᚄ 60̽100 nm ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟⣽Ꮝࡀẚ㍑ⓗศᕸࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࠊ✚⟬⣽Ꮝẚ⾲㠃✚ࡣࢃࡎ࠿ 12.0

Fig.5-5 Raman specter of chars manufactured with different materials

56

m²/g࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ್ࡣィ⟬್42.56 m²/gࡼࡾࡶࡣࡿ࠿࡟ᑠࡉ࠸್࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓởἾࢳ

࣮ࣕࡢ⣽Ꮝࡣ⣽Ꮝᚄ20̽100 nmࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ቑຍࡋࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕB࡟ࡘ࠸

࡚ࡣ⣽Ꮝᚄ 20̽50 nm ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ࡢቑຍࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋΰྜ⇕ศゎ࡟ࡼࡾᚓࡽ

ࢀࡿΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ⣽ᏍࡢⓎ㐩ࡣ▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᑠ⣽ᏍࡢⓎ㐩ࡀᢚไࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡓ ࡔࡋࠊ▼Ⅳ✀࡟ࡼࡾ⣽Ꮝศᕸࡣ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

஝⇱ởἾ࡜▼Ⅳࡢΰྜ࢞ࢫ໬᫬ࡢ⇕ศゎ㐣⛬࡛ࡣࠊ༢⊂⇕ศゎ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿࢳ࣮ࣕࢆຍ⟬

ࡋࡓ್࡟ẚ࡭࡚ΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ⣽Ꮝẚ⾲㠃✚ࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࢞ࢫ໬᫬࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢞

ࢫ໬㏿ᗘࡸ࢞ࢫ໬ᣲື࡞࡝ࡢ࢞ࢫ໬཯ᛂᛶ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ⇕ศ ゎᐇ㦂࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཯ᛂᛶࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊỈ⵨Ẽ࡜ࡢ࢞ࢫ໬཯ᛂ࡟ࡼࡿ㔜㔞 ኚ໬ࢆ ᐃࡋࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཯ᛂ⋡Xࢆồࡵࡓࠋ཯ᛂ⋡ࡢᐃ⩏ࢆᘧ㸦2㸧࡟♧ࡍࠋ

X = (m0 - mt)/(m0 - mf) 㸦2㸧

ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊm0 [mg]ࡣ཯ᛂ㛤ጞ㔜㔞ࠊmt [mg]ࡣ཯ᛂ᫬㛫t [s] ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔜㔞ࠊmf [mg]ࡣ཯ᛂ Fig.5-6 Pore size distributions of chars manufactured with different materials

57

⤊஢㔜㔞࡛࠶ࡿࠋFig.5-7 ࡟ởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕAࠊ㓄ྜࢳ࣮ࣕ࠾ࡼࡧΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕA ࡢ 㛵ಀࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡇࡇ࡛㓄ྜࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜ࡣởἾ࠾ࡼࡧ▼ⅣA ࢆ⊂❧࡛⇕ศゎࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᚓࡽࢀࡓở Ἶࢳ࣮ࣕ࠾ࡼࡧ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕAࢆ1㸸1ࡢ㔜㔞๭ྜ࡛ΰྜࡋࡓヨᩱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡣ700 K⛬ᗘ࠿ࡽ࢞ࢫ໬཯ᛂ࡟ࡼࡿ㔜㔞ῶᑡࡀጞࡲࡾࠊ཯ᛂ⋡ࡣタᐃ᭱㧗 ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿ1173 Kࡲ࡛

࡟ 1 ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ཯ᛂ㛤ጞ┤ᚋ࠿ࡽởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ㔜㔞ῶᑡࡣ኱ࡁࡃࠊ௚ࡢࢳ࣮ࣕ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ῶ ᑡࡍࡿ㏿ᗘࡀ㏿࠸ࠋᮏᐇ㦂࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ୰࡛ࡣởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡀ 800̽1000 K ࡢప ࡟

࠾࠸୍࡚␒㔜㔞ῶᑡࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊࡲࡓ཯ᛂ⤊஢ࡲ࡛ࡢ᫬㛫ࡣ▷࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊỈ⵨Ẽ࡜ࡢ࢞ࢫ໬

཯ᛂᛶࡣ᭱ࡶ㧗࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕA ࡣ800 K௜㏆࠿ࡽ࢞ࢫ໬཯ᛂ࡟ࡼࡿ㔜㔞 ῶᑡࡀ㛤ጞࡋࠊ1173 Kࡲ࡛ࡢ᪼ ᮇ㛫࡛ࡣ⤊஢ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ཯ᛂ㛤ጞᚋࠊ1000 K⛬ᗘࡲ࡛

ࡣ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཯ᛂ⋡ࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ1100 Kࡼࡾ㧗࠸ ᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᛴ⃭࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸

ࡿࠋ㓄ྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡣởἾࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕA ࢆ༢⣧࡟ΰྜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ཯ᛂ㛤ጞ ᗘࡣở Ἶࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜࡯ࡰྠࡌ࡛ࠊ1100 K௨ୖࡢ཯ᛂ ᗘ࡛ᛴ⃭࡞㔜㔞ῶᑡࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ▼Ⅳ ࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཯ᛂᣲື࡜㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣึࡵ࡟ởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ࢞ࢫ໬཯ᛂࡀ㛤ጞࡋࠊ ᗘࡢ

ୖ᪼࡟క࠸1100 K⛬ᗘ࠿ࡽ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕAࡢ཯ᛂࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍

᪉ࠊΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕAࡢ཯ᛂ㛤ጞ ᗘࡣ756 K࡛࠶ࡾࠊởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཯ᛂ㛤ጞ ᗘࡼࡾ⣙60 K 㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㓄ྜࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜ΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕAࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᮍ཯ᛂ⋡ࡀ0.6⛬ᗘࡲ࡛ࡢᣲື

ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡾࠊ஝⇱ởἾ࡜▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡋ࡚⇕ศゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ1000 K௨ୗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ở Ἶࢳ࣮ࣕA ࡢ཯ᛂᛶࡣపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣΰྜ⇕ศゎ࡟ࡼࡾ⢏Ꮚࡢจ㞟࡜⣽ᏍࡢⓎ㐩ࡀ ᢚไࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀཎᅉࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋΰྜ᮲௳ࡢ㐪࠸࠿ࡽࠊᚓࡽࢀࡓࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ

⣽Ꮝࡸ⢏Ꮚᚄ࡞࡝ࡢ⾲㠃ᛶ≧࡟ࡣ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཯ᛂᣲື࡟㐪࠸ࡀ⾲ࢀࠊ ΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡣởἾࡼࡾࡶ▼Ⅳࡢᛶ≧࡟㏆ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀఛ࠼ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊΰྜ⇕ศゎ

ࡸΰྜ࢞ࢫ໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ࡣ஝⇱ởἾ࡜▼Ⅳࡢཎᩱΰྜࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪

ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

58 5.5.2 ࣮ࣟࢱ࣮ࣜ࢟ࣝࣥⅣ໬ᐇ㦂

Fig.5-8࡟࣮ࣟࢱ࣮ࣜ࢟ࣝࣥ࡟ࡼࡾᚓࡽࢀࡓࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ᫬㛫ᙜࡓࡾࡢ཰㔞ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ༢⊂⇕ศ ゎ࡟ࡼࡾᚓࡽࢀࡓởἾࢳ࣮ࣕ࠾ࡼࡧ▼Ⅳࡢ཰㔞ࡼࡾ┦ຍᖹᆒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕ཰㔞ࡢィ

⟬್ࡶేࡏ࡚♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࠋởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཰㔞ࡣ▼Ⅳࡢ཰㔞࡟ẚ࡭࡚ᑡ࡞ࡃࠊ▼Ⅳ๭ྜࡀቑ኱

ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࢳ࣮ࣕ཰㔞ࡀቑ኱ࡍࡿࠋᐇ㝿࡟ཎᩱࢆΰྜࡋᚓࡽࢀࡓΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཰㔞ࡣ▼

Ⅳࡢΰྜ๭ྜ࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎィ⟬್ࡼࡾࡶከࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢഴྥࡣࣛ࣎ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ⇕ศゎᐇ 㦂ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋⅣ⣲ࡢΰྜ๭ྜ࡟ࡼࡾࢳ࣮ࣕ཰㔞ࡢᐇ ್࡜ィ⟬್࡟ⱝᖸࡢ㐪

࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀࠊởἾΰྜ๭ࡀከ࠸᪉ࡀᐇ ್࡜ィ⟬್࡟ᕪࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ㐃⥆㐠㌿࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵṇ

☜࡞཰⋡ࡣィ⟬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ஝⇱ᇶ‽࡛ࡢởἾࡢ཰⋡ࡣ65%⛬ᗘ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ Table 5-3࡟࣮ࣟࢱ࣮࡛ࣜ࢟ࣝࣥᚓࡽࢀࡓởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࠊ▼Ⅳࢳ࣮ࣕࠊΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢඖ⣲ศ ᯒ⤖ᯝ࠾ࡼࡧప఩Ⓨ⇕㔞ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡲࡓࠊ༢⊂⇕ศゎศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ⏝࠸࡚┦ຍᖹᆒࡋࡓΰྜࢳࣕ

࣮ඖ⣲ศࡢィ⟬್ࠊప఩Ⓨ⇕㔞ࡢィ⟬್࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶేࡏ࡚♧ࡋࡓࠋ࢟ࣝࣥෆࢆ㈇ᅽ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸

ࡿࡓࡵࠊὶධࡍࡿ✵Ẽࡢᙳ㡪࡟ࡼࡾࢳ࣮ࣕ୰ࡢⅣ⣲๭ྜⱝᖸࡢῶᑡࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࡲࡓࠊẚ㍑ⓗప ࡛ࡶ ᗘୖ᪼࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㢧ⴭ࡟ῶᑡࡍࡿỈ⣲ศࠊ❅⣲ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣῶᑡࡀぢ

ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊẚ㍑ⓗ࣐࢖ࣝࢻ࡞᮲௳࡛⇕ศゎࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࡢῶᑡ㔞ࡣࣛ࣎ࢫࢣ࣮

ࣝ⇕ศゎᐇ㦂࡟ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋ୍᪉◲㯤ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣởἾࡢΰྜ࡟ࡼࡾΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕ୰ࡢ

◲㯤ศ๭ྜࡣቑ኱ࡍࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋᐇ㝿࡟ᚓࡽࢀࡓࢳ࣮ࣕࡢඖ⣲ศᯒ್࡜ィ⟬್ࢆẚ㍑

Fig.5-7 Steam gasification behavior of chars manufactured with different materials

59

ࡍࡿ࡜ィ⟬್ࡼࡾࡶᐇ㝿ࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࡢⅣ⣲ศࡢ᪉ࡀከࡃࠊ㏫࡟◲㯤ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣῶᑡࡍࡿഴ

ྥࡀぢࡽࢀࠊࡇࢀࡣࣛ࣎ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ⇕ศゎᐇ㦂࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓഴྥ࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᐇ ್ࡢ᪉ࡀ

Ⅳ⣲๭ྜࡣቑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽⓎ⇕㔞ࡶᐇ ್ࡢ᪉ࡀィ⟬್࡟ẚ࡭࡚㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡇࡢഴྥࡣ▼Ⅳࡢΰྜ๭ྜ࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࣮ࣟࢱ࣮࡛ࣜ࢟ࣝࣥᚓࡽࢀࡿࢳ࣮ࣕ

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ▼Ⅳࡢᛶ≧࡟㏆࠸ഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊΰྜⅣ໬ࢆ⾜

࠺ሙྜ࡟ࡣ▼Ⅳࡢᛶ≧ࡀᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋ

Fig.5-8 Yield of chars manufactured with different materials kiln

60

Table 5-3 Ultimate analysis and heating value of manufactured chars (dry ash free)

C㹙wt%㹛 H㹙wt%㹛 N㹙wt%㹛 S㹙wt%㹛 O㹙wt%㹛 LHV [MJ/kg]

Sludge char 43.76 2.43 4.96 3.48 45.37 15.59 Co-char 10% 47.45 2.70 4.27 1.87 43.71 17.14 Co-char10%cal 45.46 2.43 4.61 3.24 44.26 16.19 Co-char 30% 53.15 2.67 3.14 1.19 39.85 18.37 Co-cha 30% cal 48.84 2.43 3.92 2.75 42.06 17.41 Coal char 60.70 2.42 1.50 1.05 34.33 21.6

5.6 ᮏ❶ࡢࡲ࡜ࡵ

ࣛ࣎ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ⇕ศゎᐇ㦂⿦⨨࠾ࡼࡧ࣮ࣟࢱ࣮ࣜ࢟ࣝࣥⅣ໬⿦⨨ࢆ⏝࠸࡚஝⇱ởἾ࡜▼Ⅳ ࡢΰྜⅣ໬ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ௨ୗࡢ▱ぢࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ

1. ஝⇱ởἾ࡜▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡋ⇕ศゎࢆ⾜࠸ᚓࡽࢀࡿࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཰⋡ࠊᛶ≧ࡣࠊ⊂❧ࡋ࡚⇕ศゎ

ࢆ⾜࠸ᚓࡽࢀࡿࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜ࡣⱝᖸ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡢᛶ≧ࡼࡾࡶ▼Ⅳࡢᛶ≧࡟

ࡸࡸ㏆࠸ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣඖ⣲ศᯒࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᚓࡽࢀࡿΰྜࢳࣕ

࣮ࡢẚ⾲㠃✚ࡸỈ⵨Ẽ࢞ࢫࡢ཯ᛂᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝࡢഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ

2. ࣮ࣟࢱ࣮ࣜ࢟ࣝࣥⅣ໬⿦⨨࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㦂࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡿΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢᛶ≧ࡶࣛ࣎ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ⇕

ศᐇ㦂ヨ㦂⿦⨨࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡿΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡀ♧ࡍഴྥ࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

3. ௨ୖࡢ⤖ᯝࡼࡾࠊởἾ࠾ࡼࡧ▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡋ࡚Ⅳ໬ࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᚓࡽࢀࡿΰྜࢳ

࣮ࣕࡢᛶ≧ࡣ▼Ⅳ࡟኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊΰྜ⇕ศゎࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣΰྜ࢞ࢫ໬࡟

࠾࠸࡚▼Ⅳࡢ㑅ᢥࡣᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋ

61

➨6❶ ⤖ㄽ

ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ᭷ᶵ⣔ᗫᲠ≀ࠊ≉࡟ởἾࡢప࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮࡛ࡢ஝⇱ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟㛵ࡋࠊ஝⇱ởἾ࠿

ࡽⅣ໬≀ࢆస〇ࡋࠊࡑࡢⅣ໬≀ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊởἾࡢ஝⇱㏿ᗘࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗ ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ஝⇱ởἾ࡜▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡋ࡚Ⅳ໬≀ࢆస〇ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊởἾ༢య࡛స〇ࡉࢀࡓⅣ໬

≀ࡼࡾࡣ▼Ⅳࡢᛶ≧࡟ࡸࡸ㏆࠸ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

➨ 2 ❶࡛ࡣࠊởἾሁ⫧໬஝⇱ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⅳ໬≀ῧຍࡀởἾࡢ஝⇱࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ

ㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵࠊởἾࡢሁ⫧໬஝⇱ᐇ㦂ࠊ✵Ẽὶ㏻ᘧࡢởἾሁ⫧໬஝⇱ᐇ㦂࠾ࡼࡧ✵Ẽὶ㏻ᘧࡢ ởἾ஝⇱ᐇ㦂ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࠊ௨ୗࡢ▱ぢࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ

ߧ ᑠᆺሁ⫧໬⿦⨨ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓởἾሁ⫧໬஝⇱ᐇ㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⬺ỈởἾ࡟Ⅳ໬≀ࢆΰྜࡍࡿ

ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾሁ⫧໬᫬ࡢ஝஝⇱㏿ᗘࡀቑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊⅣ໬≀ࡢΰ

ྜ࡟ࡣሁ⫧໬ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ߧ Ẽὶᘧሁ⫧໬ヨ㦂⿦⨨࡟ࡼࡿሁ⫧໬஝⇱ᐇ㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⅣ໬≀ࡢΰྜࡣሁ⫧໬᫬ࡢ✵

Ẽᢞධ࡟ࡼࡿ஝⇱ಁ㐍ຠᯝࡣᚓࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ኱㔞ࡢ✵Ẽᢞධ࡟ࡼࡾởἾ୰᭷ᶵ≀ࡢ ศゎຠᯝࡣᢚไࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ߧ ࢞ࢫὶ㏻ᘧ஝⇱⿦⨨࡟ࡼࡿởἾ஝⇱ᐇ㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⅣ໬≀ࡢῧຍࡣởἾࡢ஝⇱㏿ᗘࢆ

ྥୖࡉࡏࡿຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡾࠊⅣ໬≀ࡢΰྜ๭ྜࡀከࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟஝⇱㏿ᗘࡀቑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ

࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

➨ 3 ❶࡛ࡣࠊởἾࡢሁ⫧໬ᢏ⾡ࢆ஝⇱࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊởἾⅣ໬≀

ࡢΰྜࡀሁ⫧໬㏿ᗘ࠾ࡼࡧ஝⇱㏿ᗘ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᐇ ࡢ⤖ᯝ

ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ሁ⫧໬஝⇱⿦⨨࡟࠾ࡅࡿᩘ್ィ⟬ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ኱ᆺ⿦⨨࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺Ỉ⬟ຊ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚

ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋởἾࡢሁ⫧໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣⅣ໬≀ࡢΰྜࡀ⬺Ỉ㏿ᗘ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࡶࡢ ࡢࠊሁ⫧໬≀ࡢ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ྵỈ⋡ࡣⅣ໬≀ࢆΰྜࡋࡓሙྜࡢ࡯࠺ࡀᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡾࠊࡲࡓ⇞↝᫬࡟

ᚲせ࡞᭷ᶵ≀ࡢศゎࡀไᚚࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ஝⇱ヨ㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣⅣ

໬≀ࢆởἾ࡟ΰྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛஝⇱㏿ᗘࢆ኱ᖜ࡟ྥୖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜

࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࠊ኱ᆺሁ⫧⿦⨨࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺Ỉࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊⅣ໬≀ΰྜࡢ

᭷↓࡟ࡼࡾฟཱྀሁ⫧໬≀ࡢྵỈ⋡࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᕪࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

62

➨ 4 ❶࡛ࡣࠊࣛ࣎ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ⇕ศゎᐇ㦂⿦⨨࠾ࡼࡧ࣮ࣟࢱ࣮ࣜ࢟ࣝࣥⅣ໬⿦⨨ࢆ⏝࠸࡚஝

⇱ởἾ࡜▼ⅣࡢΰྜⅣ໬ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ௨ୗࡢ▱ぢࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ

ߧ ஝⇱ởἾ࡜▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡋ⇕ศゎࢆ⾜࠸ᚓࡽࢀࡿࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ཰⋡ࠊᛶ≧ࡣࠊ⊂❧ࡋ࡚⇕ศゎ

ࢆ⾜࠸ᚓࡽࢀࡿࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜ࡣⱝᖸ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊởἾࢳ࣮ࣕࡢᛶ≧ࡼࡾࡶ▼Ⅳࡢᛶ≧࡟

ࡸࡸ㏆࠸ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣඖ⣲ศᯒࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᚓࡽࢀࡿΰྜࢳࣕ

࣮ࡢẚ⾲㠃✚ࡸỈ⵨Ẽ࢞ࢫࡢ཯ᛂᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝࡢഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ

ߧ ࣮ࣟࢱ࣮ࣜ࢟ࣝࣥⅣ໬⿦⨨࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㦂࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡿΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡢᛶ≧ࡶࣛ࣎ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ⇕

ศᐇ㦂ヨ㦂⿦⨨࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡿΰྜࢳ࣮ࣕࡀ♧ࡍഴྥ࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

ߧ ௨ୖࡢ⤖ᯝࡼࡾࠊởἾ࠾ࡼࡧ▼Ⅳࢆΰྜࡋ࡚Ⅳ໬ࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᚓࡽࢀࡿΰྜࢳ

࣮ࣕࡢᛶ≧ࡣ▼Ⅳ࡟኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊΰྜ⇕ศゎࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣΰྜ࢞ࢫ໬࡟

࠾࠸࡚▼Ⅳࡢ㑅ᢥࡣᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋ

63 ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

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(2)Hyuga, H., H. Uchino, T. Yasui and K. Sato; “Utilization of sludge as carbonization (in Japanese),” Proceedings of Annual Conference of the Jpn. Soc. Waste Manag., 7, 288-290 (1996)

(3)Ishii, M., T. Takahashi, J. Ogino and K. Hara, “The examination of rapidly compostin of wood chip using addition of compost and frequently airing,” J. Jpn. Soc. Reveget.

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(4)Itaya, Y., N. Kobayashi, L. Li, A. Suami, M. Sawai and H. Hamabe, Self-Energy Closed Drying Processes of Sewage Sludge Combined with Composting and Drying Enhancement by Mixture of Its Carbonized Char, 18th International Drying Symposium (IDS 2012), Novemebr, 11-15, Xiamen, China (2012)

(5)Jewell, W. J., N. C. Dondero, P. J. van Soest, R. T. Cummings, W. W. Vegara and R.

Linkenheil; “High Temperature Stabilization and Moisture Removal from Animal Waste for By-Product Recovery,” Final Report for the Cooperative State Research Service SEA/CR 616-15-168, USDA, Washinton, DC, USA, 169 (1984)

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(7)Kato, H., T. Watanabe, H. Ohmori, K. Kawamura and Y. Makino; “Carbonization of Johkasou Sludge Using a Continuous-type Pilot-scale Plant,” J. Jpn. Soc. Waste Manag. Experts, 17, 172-183 (2006)

(8)Kobayashi, N., Y.Tanabe and Y.Itaya, Enhanced Compost-Drying Process of Sewage Sludge with Carbonized Sludge, AIChE annual full meeting, November 2-9, Pittsburg, PA, U.S.A. (2012)

64

(9)Suami, A., N.Kobayashi, H. Hamabe, S. Sawai and Y. Itaya; “Behavior of Nitrogen and Sulfur during the Char Production from Bio-dried Sludge,” Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese), submitting

(10) Sugni, M., E. Calcaterra and F. Adani; “Biostabilization-biodrying of municipal solid waste by inverting air-flow,” Bioresouce Tech., 96, 1331-1337 (2005)

(11) Tajima, K., M. Yoshimura, M. Kato, J. Tatsuno and K. Tamaki; “Enhancement of Composting Process by the addition of Chiken Manure and Rice Bran to Tree Pruning Chips,” Jpn. Soc. Farm Work Research, 38, 207-213 (2003)

(12) Takahashi, T., A. Yoshida, M. Inoue, M. Oyanagi and Y. Nakano ; “The characteristics of wood chip compostin mixed sewage sludge compost as submaterial,”

J. Jpn. Soc. Reveget. Tech., 32, 50-55 (2006)

(13) Terunuma, M. and Y. Umeda; “Development of Carbonized Sludge Producing Technology from Sewage Sludge,” J. Jpn. Swage Work Assoc. Reserch Journal, 39, 145-155 (2002)

(14) Terunuma, M. T. Mori and T. Masaki; “Research on Applicability of carbonized Sludge in Composting,” J. Jpn. Swage Work Assoc. Reserch Journal, 40, 120-1335 (2003)

(15) Ueda, A; “Technology Converts Sewage Sludge into Fuel,” J. Jpn. Inst. Engergy, 90, 206-211 (2011)

(16) Velis, C.A., P.J. Longhurst, G.H. Drew, R. Smith and S.J.T. Pollard; “Biodrying for mechanical–biological treatment of wastes: A review of process science and engineering,” 100, 2747-2761 (2009)

(17) ᖹᡂ26ᖺ∧ ⏘ᴗᗫᲠ≀ࡢ᤼ฟ࣭ฎ⌮≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ - ⎔ቃ┬

(18) ᖹᡂ27ᖺ∧ ⎔ቃⓑ᭩/ᚠ⎔ᆺ♫఍ⓑ᭩/⏕≀ከᵝᛶⓑ᭩ - ⎔ቃ┬

(19) ୗỈởἾ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮໬ᢏ⾡ ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥ 㸫ᨵゞ∧ - ᅜᅵ஺㏻┬

(20) ỈởἾⅣ໬ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ཬࡧ⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿⅣ໬〇ရࡢㅖ≀ᛶࡢᢏ⾡ホ౯࡟㛵ࡍࡿሗ࿌᭩

– ᪥ᮏୗỈ㐨஦ᴗᅋ ᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨ㒊

(21) ⱱ⏣₶୍ࠊ▱᝴㈼஧ࠊIIC REVIEW No.49 (2013)

65

(22) 㡲⥙ᬡࠊᑠᯘಙ௓ࠊᯈ㇂⩏⣖ࠊ᪥ᮏ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮Ꮫ఍ㄽㄅ㸦2016㸧

(23) Li, S.; Chen, X.; Liu, A.; Wang, L., Bioresource Technology 179 414-420 (2015) (24) Tursun, Y.; Xu, S.; Wang, C.; Xiao, Y.; Wang, G., Fuel Processing Technology 141

61-67 (2016)

(25) ᑠᯘಙ௓ࠊ὾㎶ஂࠊᮤᘏுࠊᯈ㇂⩏⣖ࠊୖ㔝⸅ࠊ஧ᐑၿᙪࠊ໬ᏛᕤᏛㄽᩥ㞟ࠊ40 1-6 (2014)

(26) 㡲⥙ᬡࠊᑠᯘಙ௓ࠊ὾㎶ஂࠊ⃝஭ṇ࿴ࠊᯈ㇂⩏⣖ࠊ᪥ᮏᶵᲔᏛ఍ㄽᩥ㞟 81 829 (2015)

66 ᅗ⾲୍ぴ

Fig 1-1 ⏘ᴗᗫᲠ≀ࡢ✀㢮ู᤼ฟ㔞

Fig.1-2 ⏘ᴗᗫᲠ≀ࡢ✀㢮ู෌⏕฼⏝⋡୰㛫ฎ⌮࡟ࡼࡿῶ㔞໬⋡ཬࡧ᭱⤊ฎศ⋡

Fig 1-3 Sludge treatment system combined with composting and carbonization Fig.2-1 ᑠᆺⅣ໬ヨ㦂⿦⨨ᴫ␎ᅗ

Fig.2-2 Ⅳ໬≀ヨᩱࡢసᡂ᪉ἲ

Fig.2-3 ࣮ࣟࢱ࣮ࣜ࢟ࣝࣥᘧⅣ໬ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᴫ␎ᅗ Fig.2-4 ࣮ࣟࢱ࣮ࣜ࢟ࣝࣥᘧⅣ໬ࢩࢫࢸ࣒඲య෗┿

Fig.2-5 Schematic diagram of sludge composting unit (Zero box LAD-0901-01) Fig.2-6 Schematic diagram of air-blow type sludge composting unit

Fig.2-7 ởἾࡢẼὶ஝⇱ヨ㦂⿦⨨ᴫ␎ᅗ

Fig.2-8 ஝⇱ᐇ㦂ヨᩱ (ᕥ㸸஝⇱๓ヨᩱࠊᕥ㸸஝⇱ᚋヨᩱ) Fig.2-9 Schematic diagram of air-blow type sludge drying unit Fig.2-10 Temperature profile of composting sludge

Fig.2-11 Moisture content of composting sludge

Fig.2-12 Drying characteristic curve of dewatering sludge and char mixing sludge during the composting

Fig.2-13 Decreasing volatile matter ratio of composting sludge

Fig.2-14 Weight loss ratio of composting sludge during the air-blow fermentation experiment

Fig.2-15 CO2 concentration in flue gas during the composting

Fig.2-16 Weigh loss of char mixing sludge during the air-blow drying experiment Fig.2-17 Drying characteristic curve of char mixing sludge

Fig.3-1 ஝⇱ࣔࢹࣝᴫ␎ᅗ

Fig.3-2 ࣔࢹࣝᴫ␎ᅗ࠾ࡼࡧ௙ᵝグྕ

Fig.3-3 ሁ⫧໬஝⇱⿦⨨ࣔࢹࣝᴫ␎ᅗ࠾ࡼࡧ௙ᵝグྕ

Fig.4-1 ᑠᆺⅣ໬⿦⨨࡟ࡼࡿⅣ໬᮲௳%(7ẚ⾲㠃✚ࡢ㛵ಀ

67

Fig.4-2 ᑠᆺⅣ໬⿦⨨ཬࡧ࢟ࣝࣥᘧⅣ໬⅔࡟ࡼࡾసᡂࡋࡓⅣ໬≀ࡢ%(7ẚ⾲㠃✚

Fig.4-3 ⏕ởἾࠊሁ⫧໬஝⇱ởἾ࠾ࡼࡧᑠᆺⅣ໬⅔࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓⅣ໬≀ࡢඖ⣲ศᯒ Fig.4-4 ᑠᆺⅣ໬⿦⨨࠾ࡼࡧ࢟ࣝࣥᘧⅣ໬⅔࡟ࡼࡾసᡂࡋࡓⅣ໬≀ࡢඖ⣲ศᯒ್

Fig.4-5 ᑠᆺሁ⫧໬⿦⨨࡟ࡼࡿሁ⫧໬᫬ࡢởἾྵỈ⋡ᣲື

Fig.4-6 ᑠᆺሁ⫧໬⿦⨨࡟ࡼࡿሁ⫧໬᫬ࡢ஝⇱≉ᛶ᭤⥺

Fig.4-7 ሁ⫧໬᫬ࡢ᥹Ⓨศ๭ྜࡢ⤒᫬ኚ໬

Fig.4-8 ὶ㏻ᘧሁ⫧໬⿦⨨࡟࠾ࡅࡿሁ⫧໬᫬ࡢởἾ ᗘ Fig.4-9 ὶ㏻ᘧሁ⫧໬⿦⨨࡟࠾ࡅࡿሁ⫧໬᫬ࡢ㔜㔞ኚ໬

Fig.4-10 ὶ㏻ᘧሁ⫧໬⿦⨨࡟࠾ࡅࡿሁ⫧໬᫬ࡢ࢞ࢫ⤌ᡂ㸦5XQ㸧 Fig.4-11 ὶ㏻ᘧሁ⫧໬⿦⨨࡟࠾ࡅࡿሁ⫧໬᫬ࡢ࢞ࢫ⤌ᡂ

Fig.4-12 ࢞ࢫὶ㏻ᘧ஝⇱ᐇ㦂࡟࠾ࡅࡿởἾࡢ஝⇱≉ᛶ᭤⥺

Fig.4-13

࢞ࢫὶ㏻ᘧ஝⇱ᐇ㦂࡟࠾ࡅࡿ␗࡞ࡿⅣ໬≀๭ྜࡢ㔜㔞ኚ໬

Fig.4-14 ࢞ࢫὶ㏻ᘧ஝⇱ᐇ㦂࡟࠾ࡅࡿ␗࡞ࡿⅣ໬≀๭ྜࡢ஝⇱≉ᛶ᭤⥺

Fig.4-15 ஝⇱ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐇ ್࡜ࡢࣇ࢕ࢵࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ Fig.4-16 ሁ⫧໬஝⇱⿦⨨࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஝⇱ᣲືᩘ್ィ⟬⤖ᯝ Fig.5-1 Schematic diagram of lab-scale pylorizer Fig.5-2 Schematic diagram of kiln type pylorizer

Fig.5-3 Yield of chars manufactured with different materials Fig.5-4 SEM photograph of produced chars

Fig.5-5 Raman specter of chars manufactured with different materials

Fig.5-6 Pore size distributions of chars manufactured with different materials Fig.5-7 Steam gasification behavior of chars manufactured with different

materials

Fig.5-8 Yield of chars manufactured with different materials kiln

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