ಸ⋡
zⰼᰕ ⰼ⢊⟶ᩘ ( ᮏ )
⛅ᰤ ⛅⏑Ἠ ኟࡑࡼ ᪂⨾᭶
94
➨ 4.6 ᅗ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ‘⛅ ᰤ’㸪‘⛅ ⏑ Ἠ’㸪‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ
‘᪂ ⨾ ᭶’ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ Ⓨ ⱆ ࡢ ᗘ ឤ ᛂ ᛶ
zⓎ ⱆ ⋡ ࡣ ࠊ ᐮ ኳ ᇵ ᆅ ⨨ ᗋ 5 㛫 ᚋ ㄪ ᰝ
Ⓨⱆ⋡䠄㻑㻕㼦 㻌
ฎ ⌮ ᗘ 䠄䉝㻕㻌
95
➨ 4.7 ᅗ ⮬ ᐙ ཷ ⢊ 72 㛫 ᚋ ࡢ ⰼ ᰕ ㄏ ᑟ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᙧ ែ
͂ ⛅ ⏑ Ἠ ̓
ⰼᰕᇶ㒊 䇺⛅ᰤ䇻
䇺ኟ䛭䜘䛛䇻 䇺᪂⨾᭶䇻
ⰼᰕୖ㒊 ⰼᰕ୰㒊
96
➨ 4.8 ᅗ ཷ ⢊ 72 㛫 ᚋ ࡢ ⰼ ᰕ ㄏ ᑟ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᔂ ቯ ᗘ ྜ
z ␗ ࡞ ࡿ ᑠ ᩥ Ꮠ ࡣ Tukey ἲ ࡛ 5%Ỉ ‽ ࡛ ᭷ ព ᕪ ࠶ ࡾ 㸪 n.s.ࡣ ᭷ ព ᕪ ↓ ࡋ
y➨ 1 ᅗ ⰼ ᰕ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᔂ ቯ ᗘ ྜ ࡢ ᇶ ‽ ࢆ ཧ ↷
97
➨
➨ 4 ⠇ ⪃ ᐹ
ᮏ ❶ ࡛ ࡣ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ရ ✀ 㛫 ᕪ ␗
࡞ ࡽ ࡧ ࡑ ࡢ ཎ ᅉ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡋ 㸪 ྠ ୍ ࡢ S 㑇 ఏ Ꮚ ᆺ㸦S4s mS5㸧ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ‘⛅ ᰤ’㸪‘⛅ ⏑ Ἠ’㸪‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘᪂ ⨾ ᭶’ࢆ ⏝
࠸ ࡚ ᐇ 㦂 ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡲ ࡎ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ 㐽 ᩿ ༊ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡽ 4 ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ⰼ ⢊ 㐽 ᩿ ༊ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡣ 㸪 ᯇ ᮏ ࡽ 㸦2007㸧㸪 ⏣ ᮧ
ࡽ 㸦2012㸧 ࡢ ሗ ࿌ ྠ ᵝ 㸪S4s m㑇 ఏ Ꮚ ࢆ ᭷ ࡍ ࡿ 4 ရ ✀ 㛫 ࡛ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ᕪ ␗ ࡀ ㄆ ࡵ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬 ຍ ࠼ ࡚ 㸪 ࡑ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ရ ✀ 㛫 ᕪ ␗ ࡣ ྠ
୍ S 㑇 ఏ Ꮚ ᆺ 㸦S4s mS5㸧ࡢ ရ ✀ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ ⏕ ࡌ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ♧ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ 㸦 ➨ 4.8 ⾲ 㸧㸬ࡲ ࡓ 㸪ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡢ ㄪ ᰝ ရ ✀ ࡢ ୰ ࡛ ࡶ‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’ࡣ 㸪⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ప ࠸ ရ ✀ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ᫂ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ࡼ
ࡾ ヲ ⣽ ࡞ ㄪ ᰝ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪 ⮬ ᕫ ⰼ ⢊ ࢆ ே ᕤ ཷ ⢊ ࡋ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ᚋ 4 㐌 ┠
࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 16 㐌 ┠ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࢆ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬ཷ ⢊ ᚋ 4 㐌 ┠ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡽ 㸪ྛ
ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡣ 㸪ရ ✀ 㛫 ࡛ ࡁ ࡃ ␗ ࡞ ࡾ 㸪‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’ࡀ ᙅ ࡃ 㸪‘᪂
⨾ ᭶’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘⛅ ⏑ Ἠ’ࡀ ᙉ ࡃ 㸪‘⛅ ᰤ’ࡀ ࡑ ࡢ ୰ 㛫 ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ♧ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ 㸦 ➨ 4.9 ⾲ 㸧㸬 ௨ ୖ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ࡢ ᭷ ↓ ࡣ 㸪S4s m㑇 ఏ Ꮚ ࢆ
᭷ ࡍ ࡿ ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ရ ✀ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ 㸪 ⴭ ࡋ ࡃ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ప ࠸ ရ ✀ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ᫂ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬
ࡇ ࢀ ࡲ ࡛ 㸪 ᯇ ᮏ ࡽ 㸦2007㸧 ࡣ ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ရ ✀ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ
⣔ ⤫ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ㄪ ᰝ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࡽ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ရ ✀ ࠾ ࠸
࡚ ࡶ ⤖ ᐇ ☜ ಖ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡣ ᰕ 㢌 ࡢ ༑ ศ ࡞ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ╔ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ᥎ ᐹ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ 㸪 ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ᙉ ᙅ ᰕ 㢌 ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ╔ 㔞 ࡢ 㛫 㛵 ಀ ࡣ ࡳ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸦 ➨
98
4.10 ⾲ 㸧㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ရ ✀ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ᗘ ឤ ᛂ ᛶ ࡣ ࡰ ྠ ⛬ ᗘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ 㸦 ➨ 4.6 ᅗ 㸧㸪 ㄪ ᰝ ᖺ ᗘ ࡢ ཷ ⢊ ᚋ ࡢ ᪥ ୰ ࡢ Ẽ ࢆ ㄪ ࡓ ࡇ ࢁ 㸪 ᪥ ᭱ 㧗 Ẽ ࡀ 16Υ ௨ ୖ ࠶ ࡿ ᪥ ࡀ ༙ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ㸦 ➨ 4.7 ⾲ 㸧㸪ⰼ ⢊ Ⓨ ⱆ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ ᗘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡉ ࡽ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ 㛵 ಀ ࢆ ᫂ ☜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ
ࡵ 㸪 ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ရ ✀ ࡢ ┦ ཷ ⢊ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ ࢁ 㸪 ⱝ ᖸ ࡛ ࡣ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ཷ ⢊ ࡼ ࡿ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ప ୗ ࡞ ࡽ ࡧ ‘⛅ ⏑ Ἠ’ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ཷ ⢊
ࡼ ࡿ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ୖ ᪼ ࡀ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ⛱ ᛶ ఱ ࡽ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ
ࡶ ࡋ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ 㸬 ࡋ ࡋ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࡼ ࡿ ᕪ ௨ ୖ 㸪 㞤 ⷁ ഃ ရ
✀ 㛫 ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ᕪ ࡀ ࡁ ࡃ 㸪 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ≉ ᛶ 㢮 ఝ ࡋ ࡓ ഴ ྥ ࢆ
♧ ࡋ ࡓ ࡇ ࡽ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ရ ✀ 㛫 ᕪ ␗ ࡢ せ ᅉ ࡣ 㞤 ⷁ ഃ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ
ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ♧ ၀ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ 㸦 ➨ 4.11 ⾲ 㸧㸬
ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ క ࠺ ⰼ ᰕ ෆ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ⟶ ᩘ ࢆ ᐃ ࡋ ࡓ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ᙉ ࠸‘⛅ ⏑ Ἠ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘᪂ ⨾ ᭶’ ࡣ 㸪ⰼ ᰕ ᇶ 㒊 ࡛ 5 ᮏ ௨ ୖ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ⟶ ࡀ ほ ᐹ ࡛ ࡁ 㸪⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ᙅ ࠸‘⛅ ᰤ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’࡛ ࡣ ⰼ ᰕ ᇶ 㒊
฿ 㐩 ࡋ ࡓ ⰼ ⢊ ⟶ ࡢ ᮏ ᩘ ࡀ ࡢ 2 ရ ✀ ࡼ ࡾ ᭷ ព ᑡ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ㸦 ➨ 4.12
⾲ 㸧㸬ࡇ ࢀ ࡲ ࡛ 㸪࢘ ࣓㸦 ඵ 㔜 ᇉ ࡽ 㸪2002㸧ࡸ ࣈ ࢻ ࢘㸦 ᒸ ᮏ ࡽ 㸪1989㸧
࡞ ከ ࡃ ࡢ ᯝ ᶞ ࡛ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ⛱ ᛶ 㸪 ⰼ ᰕ ෆ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ⰼ ⢊ ⟶ ఙ 㛗 ࡢ Ⰻ ྰ ࡞
ࡀ ⤖ ᐇ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ࡇ ࡀ ᣦ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ࡢ ရ ✀
࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ⟶ ࡢ ᕪ ࡼ ࡾ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ᕪ ࡀ ⏕ ࡌ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ᫂ ࡽ
࠸ ࠼ ࡿ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ཷ ⢭ ࣭ ⤖ ᐇ 㸪 ᰕ 㢌 ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⰼ ᰕ ࡢ ⪁ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ
ࡶ 㛵 ಀ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ㸦 ᯘ࣭⏣ ㎶ 㸪1991; Herrero㸪1992㸧㸬 ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡶ 㸪 ရ ✀ 㛫 ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ⰼ ᰕ ㄏ ᑟ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᙧ ែ ⓗ ᕪ ␗ ࡀ ㄆ ࡵ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ 㸦 ➨ 4.7 ᅗ 㸪 ➨ 4.8 ᅗ 㸧㸬 ࡇ ࡢ ࡇ ࡽ 㸪‘⛅ ᰤ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ⰼ ᰕ ㄏ ᑟ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᔂ ቯ ࡢ ㏿ ࡉ ㉳ ᅉ ࡍ ࡿ ཷ ⢭ ⬟ ຊ ಖ ᣢ ᮇ 㛫 ࡢ
99
▷ ࡉ ࡀ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ప ࡉ ࡢ ୍ ᅉ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ
ࢀ ࡓ 㸬 ࡋ ࡋ 㸪 ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ᚋ 4 㐌 ┠ ࡽ 16 㐌 ┠ ࡲ ࡛ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ⴭ ࡋ ࠸ ప ୗ ࡢ ཎ ᅉ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ 㸪 ᯘ ࣭ ⏣
㎶ 㸦1991㸧 ࡣ 㸪 ཷ ⢭ ࡋ ࡚ Ⓨ ⫱ ࡍ ࡿ ✀ Ꮚ ᩘ ᯝ ᐇ ᡂ 㛗 ࡢ 㛵 ಀ ᛶ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ 㸪 ཷ ⢭ ᚋ ࡢ ✀ Ꮚ ᡂ 㛗 ࡀ ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ≉ ᛶ ఱ
ࡽ ࡢ 㛵 ಀ ᛶ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡢ ࡶ ࡋ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ 㸬 ࡇ ࡢ Ⅼ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ᚋ ᳨ ウ ࡍ
ࡿ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ 㸬
௨ ୖ ࡢ ࡇ ࢆ ࡲ ࡵ ࡿ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡣ ရ ✀ ࡈ ␗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ᙉ ࠸ ရ ✀ ࡣ‘⛅ ⏑ Ἠ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ
‘᪂ ⨾ ᭶’࡛ ࠶ ࡾ 㸪 ᙅ ࠸ ရ ✀ ࡣ‘⛅ ᰤ’㸪 ᭱ ࡶ ᙅ ࠸ ရ ✀ ࡣ‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’࡛ ࠶
ࡿ ࠸ ࠼ ࡿ 㸬⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ప ࠸‘⛅ ᰤ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’ࡢ ཷ ⢊ ᚋ 4 㐌
┠ ࡲ ࡛ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ప ୗ ࡣ 㸪 㞤 ⷁ ഃ ཎ ᅉ ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ 㸪 ࡃ ⰼ ᰕ ㄏ ᑟ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᔂ ቯ ࡀ ⏕ ࡌ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸ ࡇ ࡀ 㛵 ಀ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ᥎ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬
➨
➨ 5 ⠇ せ
͂ ࠾ ࡉ ༑ ୡ ⣖ ̓ ࡢ ᚋ ௦ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ရ ✀ ͂ ⛅
ᰤ ̓ 㸪͂ ⛅ ⏑ Ἠ ̓ 㸪͂ ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ̓ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ͂ ᪂ ⨾ ᭶ ̓ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࢆ ᖺ 㛫 ࢃ ࡓ ࡾ ཷ ⢊ 㐌 ᚋ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 㐌 ᚋ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬ࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪ཷ ⢊ 㐌 ᚋ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡣ ရ ✀ 㛫 ࡛ ࡁ ࡃ ␗ ࡞ ࡾ 㸪͂ ⛅ ᰤ ̓ ͂ ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ̓
࡛ ప ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ≉ 㸪 ͂ ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ̓ ࡣ ⴭ ࡋ ࡃ ప ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ 㐌 ᚋ ࡽ 㐌 ᚋ ࡲ ࡛ ͂ ⛅ ᰤ ̓ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ͂ ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ̓ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡣ ࡉ ࡽ ప ୗ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ရ ✀ 㛫 ࡢ ┦ ཷ ⢊ ࡼ ࡿ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡣ 㞤 ⷁ ഃ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ྠ ᵝ ࡢ ഴ ྥ ࢆ ࡋ ࡵ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ᕪ ࡢ ཎ ᅉ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡍ ࡿ
100
ࡓ ࡵ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ 㛫 ᚋ ࡢ ⰼ ᰕ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᙧ ែ ほ ᐹ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ͂ ⛅ ᰤ ̓
࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ͂ ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ̓ ࡢ ⰼ ᰕ ୰ ᚰ 㒊 ࡢ ⣽ ⬊ ࡢ 㓄 ิ ࡀ ᔂ ቯ ࡋ 㸪 ✵ Ὕ ࡀ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ᔂ ቯ ⛬ ᗘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡇ ࡢ ࡇ ࡽ 㸪 ͂ ⛅ ᰤ ̓ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ͂ ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ̓ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ⰼ ᰕ ㄏ ᑟ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᔂ ቯ ࡢ ㏿ ࡉ ㉳ ᅉ ࡍ ࡿ ཷ ⢭ ⬟ ຊ ಖ ᣢ ᮇ 㛫 ࡢ ▷ ࡉ ࡀ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ప ࡉ ࡢ ୍ ᅉ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸
⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬
101
➨
➨ 5 ❶ ⥲ ᣓ
⥲ ྜ ⪃ ᐹ
ᆅ ⌫ ᬮ ࡣ ே 㢮 ࡢ ⏕ ά ࢆ ⬣ ࡍ ࡶ 㸪 ࡑ ࡢ ᑐ ⟇ ࡀ ᛴ ົ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㔜 ࡞ ⎔ ቃ ၥ 㢟 ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ 㸬 Ẽ ೃ ኚ ື 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ᨻ ᗓ 㛫 ࣃ ࢿ ࣝ 㸦IPCC㸧 ࡢ ➨ 3 ḟ ホ ౯ ሗ ࿌ ᭩ 㸦IPCC㸪2001㸧 ࡣ 㸪 Ẽ ୰ ࡢ ᐊ ຠ ᯝ
࢞ ࢫ ⃰ ᗘ ࡢ ୖ ᪼ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ᖺ ᖹ ᆒ ᆅ ୖ ᗘ ࡀ 1990 ᖺ ẚ ㍑ ࡋ ࡚ 2100 ᖺ ࡣ 1.4Υ 㹼5.8Υ ୖ ᪼ ࡍ ࡿ ண ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸬ࡑ ࢀ క ࠸ 㸪ࢃ ࡀ ᅜ ࡢ
㎰ ᴗ ⏕ ⏘ ࡶ 㢧 ⴭ ࡞ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ཷ ࡅ ࡿ ྍ ⬟ ᛶ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ 㸪 ࡃ ᯝ ᶞ ⏕ ⏘ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ 㸪 ୡ ⣖ ༙ ࡤ ࡲ ࡛ ࣜ ࣥ ࢦ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ࢘ ࣥ ࢩ ࣗ ࢘ ࣑ ࢝ ࣥ ࡢ つ ᶍ ࡞ ⏘ ᆅ ⛣ ື ࡀ ᣦ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡞ 㸦 ᮡ ᾆ ࣭ ᶓ ἑ 㸪2004㸧㸪 ⏒ ࡞ ᙳ 㡪 ࡀ ண ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ᅜ ࡢ ᯝ ᶞ 㛵 ಀ බ ❧ ヨ 㦂 ◊ ✲ ᶵ 㛵 ᑐ ࡋ ࡚ ㄪ ᰝ
ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ ࢁ 㸪 ࡍ ࡚ ࡢ 㒔 㐨 ᗓ ┴ ࡀ 㸪 ᬮ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪 ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ఱ ࡽ
ࡢ ᣦ ࢆ ࡋ 㸪 ࢇ ࡢ ᶞ ✀ ཬ ࢇ ࡛ ࠸ ࡓ 㸦 ᮡ ᾆ ࡽ 㸪2007㸧㸬 ࢽ ࣍
ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ࡸ ✭ ᮇ ࡢ ᭷ ព ࡞ ๓ 㐍 ࡀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸦 ᮏ ᲄ ࡽ 㸪2002㸹 ఀ ⸨ ࣭ ᕷ ࣀ ᮌ ᒣ 㸪2005㸧 㸪 ᬮ క ࠺ Ẽ
ୖ ᪼ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ⮬ Ⓨ ఇ ╀ ᮇ ࡢ 㐜 ᘏ ࡸ 㛤 ⰼ ᪥ ࡢ ๓ 㐍 ࡀ ࠾ ࡇ ࡾ 㸪 ࡉ
ࡽ 㐍 ⾜ ࡍ ࢀ ࡤ ⱆ ࡢ ᯤ Ṛ 㸪 Ⓨ ⱆ Ⰻ ࡞ ᶞ య ࡢ ⏕ ⫱ 㞀 ᐖ ࡀ 㢧 ⴭ ࡞
ࡾ ᱂ ᇵ ࡀ ᅔ 㞴 ࡞ ࡿ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ 㸬
ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ᕞ ࡸ ᅄ ᅜ ࡢ ༡ 㒊 ⨨ ࡍ ࡿ す ༡ ᬮ ᆅ ࡛ ࡣ 㸪 ⮬ Ⓨ ఇ ╀ ᡴ ◚
ᚲ せ ࡞ ప ✚ ⟬ 㔞 ࡢ ㊊ ࡼ ࡿ Ⓨ ⱆ Ⰻ ࡀ ᪤ Ⓨ ⏕ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ 㸪 ே ᕤ ⓗ ఇ ╀ ࢆ ᡴ ◚ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ⸆ ࡞ ࡢ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ᚲ 㡲 ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸬 ࡑ ࡇ
࡛ 㸪 ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ せ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ Ⓨ ఇ ╀ ᡴ ◚ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ 㛤 Ⓨ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪 ࡢ ᶞ
102
✀ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ᭷ ຠ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ⾜ ࠸ 㸪 ⱆ ࡢ ⮬ Ⓨ ఇ ╀ ᡴ ◚ ࡞
ࡽ ࡧ Ꮨ ࡢ ⱆ ࡢ ⏕ ⫱ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᙳ 㡪 ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪
せ ရ ✀ ࡢ ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡣ 㸪 ⮬ Ⓨ ఇ ╀ ࢆ ᡴ ◚ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡛
࠶ ࡿ ࡀ 㸪 ⏣ ᮧ ࡽ 㸦1999㸧 ࡀ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ 㸪 ຠ ᯝ ⓗ ࡞ ฎ ⌮ ᮇ ࡣ ప せ ồ 㔞 ࡢ ␗ ࡞ ࡿ 4 ရ ✀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡃ ␗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬ࡲ ࡓ 㸪㛤 ⰼ ᮇ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ 㸪 CU.600 ⛬ ᗘ ࡢ ᮇ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡛ 㸪 ࡢ ㄪ ᰝ ရ ✀ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ 㛤 ⰼ ࢆ ಁ 㐍 ࡉ ࡏ ࡓ 㸬
ࡋ ࡋ 㸪 ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡼ ࡿ 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ࡢ ๓ 㐍 ࡣ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ࡢ ప 㐼 㐝 ࡍ ࡿ ࣜ ࢫ ࢡ ࡶ క ࠸ 㸪 ⤖ ᐇ ࡢ Ⰻ ࡶ ᠱ ᛕ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ୍ ⯡
ཷ ⢊ ᶞ ࡢ 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ࡣ せ ရ ✀ ࡼ ࡾ ࡸ ࡸ ᪩ ࠸ ᪉ ࡀ ᭷ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚
࠸ ࡿ ࡀ 㸦 ᒣ ᰿ 㸪1972㸧㸪 ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡼ ࡾ ᱂ ᇵ ရ ✀ ࡢ 㛤 ⰼ ࡀ ᪩ ࡲ
ࡿ ࡇ ࡛ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ㄪ 㐩 ࡀ ᅔ 㞴 ࡞ ࡿ 㸬 ࡑ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪 ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ
⮬ Ⓨ ఇ ╀ ᡴ ◚ ᢏ ⾡ ࢆ ☜ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ࡣ 㸪 ௨ ୗ ࡢ 2 ࡘ ࡢ ၥ 㢟 ࢆ ゎ Ỵ ࡍ ࡿ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ 㸬 ࡑ ࡢ 1 ࡘ ┠ ࡣ 㸪ࠗ ⰼ ⢊ ࢆ ᪩ ᮇ ㄪ 㐩 ࡍ ࡿ ᢏ ⾡ ࠘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ 㸪2 ࡘ
┠ ࡣ 㸪ࠗ ᪩ ᮇ 㛤 ⰼ ࡋ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ ⤖ ᐇ ࢆ Ᏻ ᐃ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ᢏ ⾡ ࠘ ࠸
࠼ ࡿ 㸬
1 ࡘ ┠ ࡋ ࡚ ྲྀ ࡾ ୖ ࡆ ࡓࠗ ⰼ ⢊ ࢆ ᪩ ᮇ ㄪ 㐩 ࡍ ࡿ ᢏ ⾡ ࠘ࢆ ☜ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ
ࡵ ࠊ ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ཷ ⢊ ᶞ ࡢ ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ⾜ ࠸ 㸪 ᱂ ᇵ ရ ✀ ྠ ᵝ ඛ ࡢ ⏕ ⫱ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ᶞ ࡢ ⏝ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡋ ࡚ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡶ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ᱂ ᇵ ရ ✀ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ฎ ⌮ ᮇ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ฎ ⌮ ᪉ ἲ ࢆ ཧ ⪃ ࡋ ࡚ 㸪CU.600 1.0㸣 ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ⁐ ᾮ ࢆ ᩓ ᕸ ฎ ⌮ ࡋ ࡓ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ᶞ ⏝ ရ ✀ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ࢆ ಁ 㐍 ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ ᫂ ࡽ
࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ༊ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡣ 㸪͂ ᪂ ⯆ ̓㸪͂ ᮧ
⛅ ̓ ࡛ ࡣ ↓ ฎ ⌮ ༊ ᕪ ࡣ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ 㸪 ≉ 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ࡢ ᪩ ࠸ ͂ 㬞 ̓
103
ࡢ ฎ ⌮ ࡛ ࡣ 㸪 ↓ ฎ ⌮ ༊ ẚ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡀ ప ୗ ࡍ ࡿ ഴ ྥ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡇ ࢀ
ࡲ ࡛ 㸪͂ 㬞 ̓ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ 㸪 㛤 ⰼ ࡀ ᪩ ࡃ 㸪 ᅄ ศ Ꮚ ᮇ ฿ 㐩 ࡍ ࡿ ࡢ ࡶ
᪩ ࠸ ࡓ ࡵ ప ࡢ ᐖ ࢆ ཷ ࡅ ࡸ ࡍ ࡃ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡀ ⴭ ࡋ ࡃ ప ୗ ࡍ ࡿ 㸦 ᯘ ࣭ ⏣ ㎶ 㸪1991㸧 ࡇ ࡀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸬 ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡢ ప ୗ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ᅄ ศ Ꮚ ᮇ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ ࡇ ࢁ 㸪 ࡸ ࡣ ࡾ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ᅄ ศ Ꮚ ᮇ ࡀ ᖜ ๓ 㐍 ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ 㸪ᯘ࣭⏣ ㎶㸦1991㸧ࡢ ሗ ࿌ ఝ ࡓ ⤖ ᯝ ࡀ ᚓ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬 ௨ ୖ ࡢ ࡇ ࡽ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ᶞ ࡢ ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡣ 㸪 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ࢆ ಁ 㐍 ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ 㸪͂ 㬞 ̓ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ᅄ ศ Ꮚ ᮇ ࡢ ᪩ ࠸ ရ ✀ ࡢ ฎ ⌮ ࡣ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࢆ ప ୗ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ྍ ⬟ ᛶ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ⏝ ᪉ ἲ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࡉ ࡽ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ 㸬 ࡇ ࢀ ࡲ ࡛ 㸪͂ ࢦ ࣮ ࣝ ࢻ ༑ ୡ ⣖ ̓ ࡢ 2 ᭶ ୗ ᪪ ࡢ ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡢ ຠ ᯝ ࡋ ࡚ 㸪1㹼2 ᪥ ࡢ 㛤 ⰼ ಁ 㐍 ຠ ᯝ ࡀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸦 㯮 ᮌ ࡽ 㸪2009㸧 ࡇ ࡽ 㸪 ࡇ ࡢ ᮇ ࡢ ཷ ⢊ ᶞ ࡢ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ 㸬 ࡉ ࡽ 㸪 ࡇ ࡢ ᮇ ࡢ ฎ
⌮ ࡛ ࠶ ࢀ ࡤ 㸪3 ᭶ ୖ ᪪ ᅄ ศ Ꮚ ᮇ ࢆ ㏄ ࠼ ࡿ 㫽 ྲྀ ┴ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ 㸪๓ ㏙ ࡋ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ᖜ ࡞ ᅄ ศ Ꮚ ᮇ ࡢ ๓ 㐍 ࢆ 㜵 ࡄ ࡇ ࡶ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ᥎ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ
ࡿ 㸬ࡲ ࡓ 㸪ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ࡢ ᗘ ឤ ᛂ ᛶ ࡣ ⯆ ῝ ࡃ 㸪͂ 㛗 ༑ 㑻 ̓㸪͂ 㬞 ̓㸪
͂ ᪂ ⯆ ̓㸪͂ ᮧ ⛅ ̓ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡣ 㸪15.0Υ ௨ ୗ ࡛ ⴭ ࡋ ࡃ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡀ ప ୗ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ᫂ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡑ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ᮇ ࡀ 15.0Υ ௨ ୗ ࡢ ప 㐼 㐝 ࡍ ࡿ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡀ ప ୗ ࡋ 㸪 ⤖ ᯝ ࡋ ࡚ ⤖ ᐇ Ⰻ ࡢ ྍ
⬟ ᛶ ࡀ 㧗 ࡲ ࡿ ண ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ 㸬
ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ 㸪2 ࡘ ┠ ࡢࠗ ᪩ ᮇ 㛤 ⰼ ࡋ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ ⤖ ᐇ ࢆ Ᏻ ᐃ ࡉ ࡏ
ࡿ ᢏ ⾡ ࠘ࢆ ☜ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪15.0Υ ௨ ୗ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ Ⓨ ⱆ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ ✀࣭ရ ✀ ࡢ ᥈ ⣴ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬ࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪ࢭ ࣚ ࢘ ࢼ ࢩ ࡢ P.communis L.㸪͂ ࣛ ࣭ ࣇ
104
ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ ̓࠾ ࡼ ࡧ͂ ࣝ ࣭ ࣞ ࢡ ࢳ ࢙ ̓ࡣ 㸪12.5Υ ௨ ୗ ࡢ ᗘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ Ⓨ ⱆ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ 㸪 ඃ Ⰻ ࡞ ✀ ࣭ ရ ✀ ࡢ 㑅 ᢤ ᡂ ຌ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬
ࡇ ࢀ ຍ ࠼ ࠊ ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ప Ⓨ ⱆ ᛶ ࡢ ᶵ ᵓ ゎ ᫂ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡋ 㸪 ᭱ ࡶ ప ࡛ Ⓨ ⱆ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ P.communis L. ͂ 㛗 ༑ 㑻 ̓ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡚ 㸪 ప ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࡛ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡢ ᕪ ࡀ ఱ ㉳ ᅉ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ᐇ 㦂 ࢆ
⾜ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡇ ࢀ ࡲ ࡛ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ྾ ࡀ 㓟 ⓗ ࣜ ࣥ 㓟 ᛂ ᙉ ࡃ ౫ Ꮡ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ 㸪ATP ࡢ ⏝ ྜ ᡂ ᐦ 㛵 㐃 ࡍ ࡿ 㸦Dickinson㸪1965㸧 ࡇ ࡀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ 㸪 ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ྾ 㔞
ࡢ 㛫 ࡣ ୍ ᐃ ࡢ ഴ ྥ ࡞ ࡃ 㸪 ప Ⓨ ⱆ ᛶ ࡢ ရ ✀ 㛫 ᕪ ␗ ࢆ ㄝ ᫂ ࡍ ࡿ ࡣ ⮳ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬
୍ ᪉ 㸪 ᳜ ≀ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ 㸪 ⏕ య ⭷ ࢆ ኚ ࡉ ࡏ 㧗 ࠸ ⪏ ᐮ ᛶ ࢆ ⋓ ᚓ ࡋ ࡚
࠸ ࡿ 㸦Palta, 1990; Pike࣭Berry, 1980; 㓇 㸪1982; Wang ࡽ,1982㸧 ࡇ
ࡀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸬ࡲ ࡓ 㸪⭷ ⬡ ㉁ ࡢ ⤌ ᡂ ࡸ ᵓ ᡂ ⬡ ⫫ 㓟 ࢆ ኚ ື ࡉ ࡏ 㸪 ప ୗ ࡛ ࡢ ⭷ ࡢ ὶ ື ᛶ ࢆ ಖ ᣢ ࡋ 㸪 ⭷ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ⥔ ᣢ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ▱ ࡽ
ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸦Murata ࡽ,1992㸧㸬 ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ⣽ ⬊ ࡢ ⣽ ⬊ ⭷ ╔ ┠ ࡋ 㸪 P.communis L. ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ྠ ᵝ ࡢ ⌧ ㇟ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ᥎ ᐹ ࡋ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ⣽ ⬊
⭷ ࡢ ⬡ ⫫ 㓟 ⤌ ᡂ ࢆ ศ ᯒ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪P.communis L.ࡀ ͂ 㛗 ༑ 㑻 ̓
ẚ Ș-ࣜ ࣀ ࣞ ࣥ 㓟㸦18㸸3 n=3㸧ࡢ ྜ ࡀ 㧗 ࡃ 㸪㧗 ࠸ 㣬 ᗘ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬
௨ ୖ ࡢ ࡇ ࡽ 㸪͂ 㛗 ༑ 㑻 ̓࠾ ࡼ ࡧ P.communis L.ࡢ ప ୗ ࡛ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ
⋡ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࡣ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ⣽ ⬊ ⭷ ࡢ ⬡ ⫫ 㓟 ⤌ ᡂ 㛵 㐃 ᛶ ࡀ 㧗 ࠸ ࡶ ࡢ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ
ࢀ ࡓ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪P.communis L.ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ྾ Ỉ 㔞 ࡣ 㸪 ᗘ ฎ ⌮ ༊ 㛫 ࡛ ᕪ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ 㸪P.communis L.ࡣ 㸪 ⣽ ⬊ ⭷ ࡢ ప ୗ ࡛ ࡢ ඃ ᛶ ࢆ ಖ ᣢ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡓ
ࡵ 㸪 ప ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ⭷ ࡢ ὶ ື ᛶ ࢆ ಖ ᣢ ࡋ Ⓨ ⱆ ࢆ ྍ ⬟ ࡍ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ⪃
105
࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬
⣽ ⬊ ⭷ ࡢ ⬡ ⫫ 㓟 ⤌ ᡂ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࡀ 㸪P.communis L.ࡢ ప ୗ ࡛ ᭷ ព ᛶ ࢆ
♧ ࡋ ࡓ ⤖ ᯝ ࢆ ㋃ ࡲ ࠼ 㸪P.communis L.࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ͂ ࣛ ࣭ ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ ̓ ࢆ ప ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࡛ ࡢ ཷ ⢊ ヨ 㦂 ⏝ ࠸ 㸪ཷ ⢊ ᶞ ࡋ ࡚ ࡢ ⏝ ྍ ⬟ ᛶ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪10.0Υ ࡛ ࡢ͂ 㛗 ༑ 㑻 ̓ཷ ⢊ ༊ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡣ 㸪ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ྠ ᵝ ప ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡋ ࡋ 㸪10.0Υ ࡛ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡢ Ⰻ ࠸ 㸪P.communis L. ࠾
ࡼ ࡧ ͂ ࣛ ࣭ ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ ̓ ཷ ⢊ ༊ ࡛ ࡣ 㸪 ୧ ရ ✀ ࡶ 50㸣 ௨ ୖ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡
ࢆ ♧ ࡋ 㸪10.0Υ ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࡛ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬
ࡇ ࡢ ࡽ 㸪P.communis L. ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ͂ ࣛ ࣭ ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ ̓ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ࡣ 㸪 ཷ
⢊ ᮇ ࡢ ప ࡼ ࡿ ⤖ ᐇ Ⰻ ࢆ ゎ Ỵ ࡍ ࡿ ᢏ ⾡ ࡞ ࡿ ᥎ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬 ࡇ
ࢀ ࡲ ࡛ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࡀ 㸪 ᯝ ⫗ ࡸ ᯝ ⓶ 㸪 ✀ Ꮚ ➼ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ
࣓ ࢱ ࢟ ࢭ ࢽ ⌧ ㇟ ࡀ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ㸦Nasser ࡽ 㸪2006㸹ୖ ᭶ ࡽ 㸪2006㸧㸬 ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ⰼ ⢊ ࡀ ᯝ ᐇ ရ ㉁ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡋ ࡓ ࡇ
ࢁ 㸪͂ ࣛ ࣭ ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ ̓ ⰼ ⢊ ࢆ ཷ ⢊ ࡋ ࡓ ͂ ࢦ ࣮ ࣝ ࢻ ༑ ୡ ⣖ ̓㸪͂ ᖾ Ỉ ̓
࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ͂ ㇏ Ỉ ̓ ࡢ ᯝ ᐇ ရ ㉁ ࡣ 㸪͂ 㛗 ༑ 㑻 ̓ ཷ ⢊ ༊ ᕪ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ᶞ
ࡋ ࡚ ࡢ ⏝ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ 㸬
ḟ 㸪 P.communis L.ࢆ ཷ ⢊ ࡋ ࡓ ͂ ᖾ Ỉ ̓ ࡣ 㸪͂ 㛗 ༑ 㑻 ̓ ཷ ⢊ ༊ ẚ ᑠ ᯝ ࡞ ࡿ ഴ ྥ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ 㸪͂ ࢦ ࣮ ࣝ ࢻ ༑ ୡ ⣖ ̓࠾ ࡼ ࡧ͂ ㇏ Ỉ ̓ ࡢ ᯝ ᐇ ရ ㉁ ࡣ ᕪ ࡀ ࡞ ࡃ 㸪 ရ ✀ 㛫 ࡛ ࡢ ᕪ ࡀ ☜ ㄆ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬 ࡇ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ 㸪๓ ㏙ ࡋ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ 㸪ࢼ ࢶ ࣓ ࣖ ࢩ㸦Nasser ࡽ 㸪2006㸧ࡸ ࣞ ࢱ ࢫ(ୖ
᭶ ࡽ 㸪2006)࡞ ࡛ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸪 ࣓ ࢱ ࢟ ࢭ ࢽ ⌧ ㇟ ࡀ 㸪 ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ Ⓨ ⏕ ࡋ ࡓ ྍ ⬟ ᛶ ࡶ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ 㸪 ᮏ ᐇ 㦂 ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ 㸪
᫂ ☜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬
௨ ୖ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ 㸪P.communis L.࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ͂ ࣛ ࣭ ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ ̓ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ཷ
106
⢊ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ཷ ⢊ ࡢ ప ࡼ ࡿ ⤖ ᐇ Ⰻ ࡣ ㍍ ῶ ࡉ ࢀ 㸪 ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ
⌮ ࡼ ࡾ 㛤 ⰼ ࡀ ᪩ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㝿 ࡶ ╔ ᯝ ࢆ Ᏻ ᐃ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬
ࡉ ࡽ ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ 㸪 ╔ ᯝ Ᏻ ᐃ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ୍ ࡘ ࡋ ࡚ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⏝ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡢ ᇶ ♏ ⓗ ▱ ぢ ࢆ ᚓ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪 ྠ ୍ S 㑇 ఏ Ꮚ ᆺ ࢆ ᭷ ࡍ ࡿ
⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࢆ ホ ౯ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ㄪ ᰝ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪͂ ⛅ ⏑ Ἠ ̓
͂ ᪂ ⨾ ᭶ ̓ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡣ 㧗 ࡃ 㸪͂ ⛅ ᰤ ̓ ࡣ ୰ ⛬ ᗘ 㸪͂ ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ̓ ࡣ ప ࠸ ࠸ ࠺ ⤖ ᯝ ࡀ ♧ ࡉ ࢀ 㸪 ྠ ୍ S 㑇 ఏ Ꮚ ᆺ ࡢ ရ ✀ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡀ ࡁ ࡃ ␗ ࡞ ࡿ ࠸ ࠺ ▱ ぢ ࡀ ᚓ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬 ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࡣ 㸪 ᯇ ᮏ
ࡽ 㸦2007㸧 ࡢ ሗ ࿌ ྠ ᵝ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ရ ✀ 㛫 ᕪ ␗ ࡀ ⏕ ࡌ ࡿ ཎ ᅉ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ▱ ぢ ࡀ ஈ ࡋ ࠸ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪 ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ࡇ ࡢ せ ᅉ ࡀ ⰼ ⢊
ഃ 㸪 㞤 ⷁ ഃ ࡢ ఱ ࢀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡢ ࢆ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ┦ ཷ ⢊ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬
⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ㄪ ᰝ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ẚ 㞤 ⷁ ഃ ရ ✀ 㛫 ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ᕪ ࡣ ࡁ ࡃ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ≉ ᛶ 㢮 ఝ ࡋ ࡓ ഴ ྥ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ ࡇ
ࡽ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ရ ✀ 㛫 ᕪ ␗ ࡢ せ ᅉ ࡣ 㞤 ⷁ ഃ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ♧ ၀ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬 ࡉ ࡽ 㸪 ᰕ 㢌 ෆ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ⟶ ఙ 㛗 ╔ ┠ ࡋ ࡚ ࡳ ࡿ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ⟶ ࡢ ᕪ ࡼ ࡾ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ᕪ ࡀ ⏕ ࡌ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ᫂ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬
ࡇ ࢀ ࡲ ࡛ ࢘ ࣓ 㸦 ඵ 㔜 ᇉ ࡽ 㸪2002㸧 ࡸ ࣈ ࢻ ࢘ 㸦 ᒸ ᮏ ࡽ 㸪1989㸧 ࡞
ከ ࡃ ࡢ ᯝ ᶞ ࡛ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ⛱ ᛶ 㸪 ⰼ ᰕ ෆ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ⰼ ⢊ ⟶ ఙ 㛗 ࡢ Ⰻ ྰ ࡞ ࡀ ⤖ ᐇ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ࡇ ࡀ ᣦ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ 㸪 ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ
ྜ ᛶ ရ ✀ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ྠ ᵝ ࡢ せ ᅉ ࡀ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ 㸬 ࡉ ࡽ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ ఙ 㛗 ࡢ ရ ✀ 㛫 ᕪ ␗ ࡀ ⏕ ࡌ ࡿ ཎ ᅉ ࡋ ࡚ 㸪 ⰼ ᰕ ㄏ ᑟ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᙧ ែ ⓗ ᕪ ␗ ࡀ 㛵 ಀ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ᫂ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ຍ ࠼ ࡚ 㸪 ᯘ ࣭ ⏣ ㎶㸦1991㸧㸹Herrero 㸦1992㸧 ࡣ ཷ ⢭ ࣭ ⤖ ᐇ 㸪 ᰕ 㢌 ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⰼ ᰕ ࡢ ⪁ ࡢ 㛵 ࡶ ᣦ ࡋ ࡚
107
࠾ ࡾ 㸪͂ ⛅ ᰤ ̓ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ͂ ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ̓ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ⰼ ᰕ ㄏ ᑟ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᔂ ቯ ࡢ
㏿ ࡉ ㉳ ᅉ ࡍ ࡿ ཷ ⢭ ⬟ ຊ ಖ ᣢ ᮇ 㛫 ࡢ ▷ ࡉ ࡀ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ప ࡉ ࡢ ୍ ᅉ
࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬
௨ ୖ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ≉ ᛶ ୪ ࡧ ࡑ ࡢ ရ ✀ 㛫 ᕪ
␗ ࡢ せ ᅉ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡋ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡢ 㸪 ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ᗘ ឤ ᛂ ᛶ
╔ ┠ ࡋ ࡚ ࡳ ࡿ 㸪͂ 㛗 ༑ 㑻 ̓ ྠ ᵝ 㸪 ప ࡛ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⬟ ຊ ࡣ ᭷ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ᚑ ࡗ ࡚ 㸪 ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ရ ✀ ࡛ ࡣ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ 㸪 㛤 ⰼ ప 㐼 㐝 ࡍ
ࡿ 㝿 ࡣ 㸪P.communi L.ࡸ ͂ ࣛ ࣭ ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ ̓ ࡞ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ⿵ ຓ ཷ ⢊
ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ᣦ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ 㸬
௨ ୖ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ 㸪 ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡢ ᡂ ᯝ ࢆ 」 ྜ ⓗ ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡛ 㸪 ᚋ ࡢ
Ᏻ ᐃ ࡞ Ẽ ㇟ ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ Ᏻ ᐃ ࡋ ࡓ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ᱂ ᇵ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࠸
࠼ ࡿ 㸬
108
ㅰ ㅰ ㎡
ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡢ ᐇ ࠶ ࡓ ࡾ 㸪 ⤊ ጞ ㈗ 㔜 ࡞ ࡈ ᣦ ᑟ ࢆ ㈷ ࡾ ࡲ ࡋ ࡓ 㫽 ྲྀ Ꮫ
㎰ Ꮫ 㒊 ᅬ ⱁ Ꮫ ◊ ✲ ᐊ ᩍ ᤵ 㸪 ⏣ ᮧ ᩥ ⏨ ༤ ኈ ῝ ⏒ ࡞ ឤ ㅰ ࡢ ព ࢆ ⏦ ࡋ ୖ ࡆ ࡲ ࡍ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ከ ᒱ Ώ ࡾ ࡈ ᣦ ᑟ 㸪 ࡈ ຓ ゝ ࢆ ㈷ ࡾ ࡲ ࡋ ࡓ 㫽 ྲྀ Ꮫ ㎰ Ꮫ 㒊 ࣇ ࣮ ࣝ ࢻ ࢧ ࢚ ࣥ ࢫ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ ᩍ ᤵ 㸪 ୰ ⏣ ᪼ ༤ ኈ 㸪 ᓥ ᰿ Ꮫ ⏕
≀ ㈨ ※ ⛉ Ꮫ 㒊 ᩍ ᤵ 㸪 ᯈ ᮧ ⿱ அ ༤ ኈ 㸪 ᘯ ๓ Ꮫ ㎰ Ꮫ ⏕ ⛉ Ꮫ 㒊 ຓ ᩍ 㸪 ᯇ ᮏ ᾈ ༤ ኈ ཌ ࡃ ᚚ ♩ ⏦ ࡋ ୖ ࡆ ࡲ ࡍ 㸬 ᪂ ₲ ┴ ㎰ ᴗ ⥲ ྜ ◊ ✲ ᡤ ᅬ ⱁ
◊ ✲ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ ᑓ 㛛 ◊ ✲ ဨ 㸪ᯇ ᮏ ㎮ ஓ ༤ ኈ 㸪㛵 す Ꮫ Ꮫ ⏕ ᕤ Ꮫ 㒊
ຓ ᩍ 㸪 ⣽ ぢ ு ኴ ༤ ኈ ࡣ ᐇ 㦂 ᐇ ࠶ ࡓ ࡾ 㐺 ษ ࡞ ࡈ ♧ ၀ ࢆ 㡬 ࡁ ࡲ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ᚰ ࡼ ࡾ ᚚ ♩ ⏦ ࡋ ୖ ࡆ ࡲ ࡍ 㸬 ᭱ ᚋ 㸪 㫽 ྲྀ Ꮫ ᅬ ⱁ Ꮫ ◊ ✲ ᐊ ࡢ ⓙ ᵝ ࡣ 㸪 ከ ᒱ Ώ ࡾ ࡈ ༠ ຊ 㸪 ࡈ ᨭ ࡋ ࡚ 㡬 ࡁ ࡲ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ⚾ ࢆ ᨭ ࠼ ࡚ ୗ ࡉ ࡗ ࡓ ከ ࡃ ࡢ ᪉ ࠎ ᚰ ࡽ ឤ ㅰ ࡢ ព ࢆ ⾲ ࡋ ࡲ ࡍ 㸬
109
ᘬ
ᘬ ⏝ ᩥ ⊩
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ᯘ ┿ . 1959㸬 ᯝ ᶞ ᱂ ᇵ ⏕ ⌮ ᪂ ᭩ ࠕ ࠖ㸬 ᮅ ᭩ ᗑ. p.32-36㸬 ᮾ ி 㸬 ᯘ ┿ ࣭ ⏣ ㎶ ㈼ 㸬1991.ࡃ ࡔ ࡶ ࡢ ࡘ ࡃ ࡾ ࡢ ᇶ ♏ 㸬 㫽 ྲྀ ┴ ᯝ ᐇ ㎰ ᴗ ༠
ྠ ⤌ ྜ 㐃 ྜ 㸬p.65-73㸬 㫽 ྲྀ 㸬
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Ᏻ ⏣ 㸦 㧗 ᓮ 㸧 ๛ ᚿ ࣭ ⏣ ᮧ ᩥ ⏨ 㸬2015.➨ 5 ❶ ࢼ ࢩ 㸬 㔠 ⪔ ᇶ ⦅ 㸬 ᯝ ᶞ ᅬ ⱁ Ꮫ.ᩥ Ọ ᇽ ฟ ∧ 㸬p.125-158. ᮾ ி 㸬
ඵ 㔜 ᇉ ⱥ ᫂ ࣭ ᅵ ᖌ ᓅ ࣭ ᒣ ཱྀ ṇ ᕫ 㸬2002㸬 ࢘ ࣓ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ 㔞 㸪 ᰁ Ⰽ ⋡ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡢ ရ ✀ 㛫 ᕪ ␗ 㸬 ᯝ ᶞ ヨ ሗ 㸬1㸸 47-53.
ᒣ ⏣ ᫀ ᙪ 㸬2011㸬 ᯝ ᶞ ࡢ 㞧 ⫱ ✀ ἲ 㸬 㣴 ㈼ ᇽ 㸬
Yamamoto, R. R., A. H. Katsumi, M. Yoshida,Y. Sekozawa, S. Sugaya and H. Gemma. 2010. “Floral primordia necrosis” incidence in mixed buds of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai var. culta) ‘Housui’
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grown under mild winter conditions and the possible relation with water dynamics. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 79:246-257.
ᒣ ᰿ ᘯ ᗣ ࣭ బ ⸨ බ ୍ ࣭ ᳃ ⱥ ⏨ ࣭ ᯇ ಟ ࣭ ᓥ ༤ 㸪1972㸬 ⤖ ᐇ ⟶ ⌮ 㸬 ᯝ ᶞ ᅬ ⱁ 㸪 㣴 ㈼ ᇽ 㸪p157-161㸪 ᮾ ி 㸬
Ᏻ ㇂ ᒇ ಙ ୍ ࣭ ẚ ↷ ኵ 㸬1988㸬 ࣑ ࣙ ࢘ ࢞ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ Ⓨ ⱆ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⰼ ᰕ ෆ ⰼ
⢊ ⟶ ఙ 㛗 ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᗘ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ┦ ᑐ ‵ ᗘ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪 㸬 ᅬ Ꮫ 㞧 㸬57:43-51
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せ
1㸬ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ せ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ Ⓨ ఇ ╀ ᡴ ◚ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᙳ 㡪
ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ‘ᖾ Ỉ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ࢦ ࣮ ࣝ ࢻ ༑ ୡ ⣖’ࡢ ఇ ╀ ᮇ ࡢ ᯞ 0.5 ࠾
ࡼ ࡧ 1.0%ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ࡞ ࡽ ࡧ 2.5 ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 10.0%㐣 㓟 Ỉ ⣲ Ỉ ⁐ ᾮ ࢆ ᾐ ₕ ฎ ⌮ ࡋ 㸪 ⭆ ⰼ ⱆ ࡢ ⴌ ⱆ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ㄪ ࡓ 㸬 ⴌ ⱆ ࡢ ಁ 㐍 ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ୧ ฎ ⌮ ࡢ ᙳ 㡪 ࡣ 㸪ࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ ࡢ ⃰ ᗘ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ฎ ⌮ ᮇ ౫ Ꮡ ࡋ ࡓ ࡀ 㸪 ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ࡀ 㐣 㓟 Ỉ ⣲ ࡼ ࡾ ࡶ ⴌ ⱆ ࢆ ಁ 㐍 ࡋ ࡓ 㸬≉ 㸪Chill Unit㸦CU.㸧 600 ࡛ ࡢ 1.0%ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ 㸪 ฎ ⌮ ༊ ෆ ࡛ ᭱ ࡶ ఇ ╀ ᡴ ◚ ຠ ᯝ ࡀ 㧗 ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ḟ 㸪 ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ࡢ ฎ ⌮ ᮇ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⃰ ᗘ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࡀ ⮬ Ⓨ ఇ
╀ ᡴ ◚ ࡞ ࡽ ࡧ Ꮨ ࡢ Ⓨ ⫱ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ㄪ ᰝ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ‘ᖾ Ỉ’㸪
‘㇏ Ỉ’㸪‘ࢦ ࣮ ࣝ ࢻ ༑ ୡ ⣖’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘᪂ 㧗’ࡢ ᡂ ᮌ CU. 300㸪600㸪900
࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 1,500 0.5 ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 1.0%ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ࢆ ฎ ⌮ ࡋ 㸪 ࡑ ࡢ ᚋ ࡢ ⴌ ⱆ ⋡ 㸪 ⰼ ⢊ Ⓨ ⫱ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ࢆ ほ ᐹ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ⭆ ⰼ ⱆ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ఇ ╀ ᡴ ◚ ࡢ ᛂ ࡣ 㸪 ရ ✀ ࡈ ␗ ࡞ ࡾ 㸪‘ᖾ Ỉ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ࢦ ࣮ ࣝ ࢻ ༑ ୡ ⣖’࡛ ࡣ CU. 600㸪‘㇏ Ỉ’࡛ ࡣ CU. 600㹼900㸪‘᪂ 㧗’࡛ ࡣ CU. 900 ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ฎ
⌮ ࡀ ຠ ᯝ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ฎ ⌮ ⃰ ᗘ ࡣ 1.0%ࡀ ຠ ᯝ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ
᫂ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ୍ ᪉ 㸪 ࠸ ࡎ ࢀ ࡢ ᮇ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⃰ ᗘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ ࢩ ࢼ
࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ᶞ య ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ Ⓨ ⫱ 㸪 ⴌ ⱆ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 㛤 ⰼ ࡣ ↓ ฎ ⌮ ༊ ࡼ ࡾ
᪩ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬
2㸬ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ࢼ ࢩ ཷ ⢊ ᶞ ࡢ 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⰼ ⢊ Ⓨ ⱆ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᙳ 㡪
ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡀ ࢼ ࢩ ཷ ⢊ ᶞ ࡢ 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ⰼ ⢊ Ⓨ ⱆ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᙳ
122
㡪 ࢆ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬CU㸬600 ࡛ ࡢ ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡣ 㸪‘㬞 ’㸪‘᪂ ⯆’㸪‘㛗
༑ 㑻’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ ᮧ ⛅’ࡢ 㛤 ⰼ ᪥ ࢆ 1㹼8 ᪥ ᪩ ࡵ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡓ 㸬 ≉ 㸪 㛤 ⰼ ᮇ ࡢ ᭱ ࡶ ᪩ ࠸‘㬞 ’࡛ ࡣ 㸪6㹼8 ᪥ ࡢ ရ ✀ ẚ ⴭ ࡋ ࡃ ಁ 㐍 ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡓ 㸬ࡲ ࡓ 㸪ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡣ 㸪ᖺ ḟ ࡼ ࡾ ᕪ ࡀ ࠶ ࡾ 㸪‘㬞
’ࡣ ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡼ ࡾ Ṥ ࡢ ᗘ ฎ ⌮ ༊ ࡛ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡀ ప ୗ ࡍ ࡿ ᖺ ࡀ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡑ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡋ ࡚ 㸪 ࢩ ࢼ ࣑ ࢻ ฎ ⌮ ࡼ ࡾ ᅄ ศ Ꮚ ᮇ ฿ 㐩 ᪥ ࡀ ᪩ ࡲ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ ࡀ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬ࡋ ࡋ 㸪‘㬞 ’ࡣ ㄪ ᰝ ရ ✀ ࡢ ୰ ࡛ ᭱ ࡶ 㛤 ⰼ ಁ 㐍 ຠ ᯝ ࡀ 㧗 ࡃ 㸪 ᖜ ࡞ ປ ຊ ๐ ῶ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬
3.పప ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࡛ ࡢ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ྥ ୖ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ 㛤 Ⓨ
ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ప ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࡛ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ྥ ୖ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡋ ࡚ 㸪30 ✀ ࣭ ရ ✀ ࡢ ࢼ ࢩ ᒓ ᳜ ≀ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ୰ ࡽ 㸪 ప ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ Ⓨ ⱆ ࣭ ఙ 㛗 ྍ ⬟
࡞ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ 㑅 ᢤ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ప Ⓨ ⱆ ᛶ ࢆ ᭷ ࡍ ࡿ ࢭ ࣚ ࢘ ࢼ ࢩ ⰼ ⢊ ࢆ
⏝ ࠸ ࡚ ཷ ⢊ ヨ 㦂 ࢆ ⾜ ࠸ 㸪 ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ 㸪 ᯝ ᐇ ⏕ ⫱ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᯝ ᐇ ရ ㉁ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ࢼ ࢩ ᒓ ᳜ ≀ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ࡢ ᗘ ឤ ᛂ ᛶ ࡣ 㸪 ✀ ࣭ ရ ✀ ࡼ
ࡾ ࡁ ࡃ ␗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ 㸬15.0Υ ௨ ୗ ࡢ ప ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࡛ ࡢ Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ ࡣ 㸪 ‘ࣛ 㺃
ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ’㸪‘ࣝ 㺃ࣞ ࢡ ࢳ ࢙’㸪 P.communis L.➼ ࡢ ࢭ ࣚ ࢘ ࢼ ࢩ ࡢ ⰼ ⢊ ࡀ ඃ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ 㸬 10.0Υ ࡢ ప ᮲ ௳ ୗ ࡛ ࡢ ཷ ⢊ ヨ 㦂 ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ 㸪
P.communis L. ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ࣛ 㺃ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ’ⰼ ⢊ ࢆ ཷ ⢊ ࡋ ࡓ ฎ ⌮ ༊ ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡣ 㸪‘㛗 ༑ 㑻’ⰼ ⢊ ࢆ ཷ ⢊ ࡋ ࡓ ฎ ⌮ ༊ ࢆ ࡁ ࡃ ୖ ᅇ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬‘ᖾ Ỉ’㸪‘㇏ Ỉ’
࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ࢦ ࣮ ࣝ ࢻ ༑ ୡ ⣖’ࡢ ᡂ ᮌ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ཷ ⢊ ヨ 㦂 ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬3 ရ ✀ ඹ ‘ࣛ 㺃ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢫ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘㛗 ༑ 㑻’ⰼ ⢊ ࢆ ཷ ⢊ ࡋ ࡓ ฎ ⌮ ༊ 㛫 㸪 ᯝ ᐇ ࡢ ึ ᮇ ⏕ ⫱ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᯝ ᐇ ရ ㉁ ࡢ ᕪ ࡣ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ࡋ ࡋ 㸪͂ ᖾ Ỉ ̓ ࡢ
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P.communis L.ཷ ⢊ ༊ 䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈䇺㛗 ༑ 㑻 䇻ཷ ⢊ ༊ 䛾ᯝ ᚄ 䜘䜚ᑠ 䛥䛟䛺䛳䛯䠊 䜎䛯䠈 ‘㛗 ༑ 㑻’䛚䜘䜃 P.communis L.䛾ప ୗ 䛷䛾Ⓨ ⱆ ⋡ 䛾㐪 䛔䛿䠈ⰼ ⢊
⣽ ⬊ ⭷ 䛾⬡ ⫫ 㓟 ⤌ ᡂ 䛸㛵 㐃 ᛶ 䛜㧗 䛔䜒䛾䛸⪃ 䛘䜙䜜䛯䠊
4㸬㸬⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ရ ✀ 㛫 ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ᕪ ␗ ⰼ ᰕ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ 㛵 ಀ
‘࠾ ࡉ ༑ ୡ ⣖’ࡢ ᚋ ௦ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ⮬ ᐙ ྜ ᛶ ࢽ ࣍ ࣥ ࢼ ࢩ ရ ✀‘⛅ ᰤ’㸪‘⛅
⏑ Ἠ’㸪‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘᪂ ⨾ ᭶’ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࢆ 3 ᖺ 㛫 ࢃ ࡓ ࡾ ཷ ⢊ 4 㐌 ᚋ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 16 㐌 ᚋ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ 㸪 ཷ ⢊ 4 㐌 ᚋ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ
⋡ ࡣ ရ ✀ 㛫 ࡛ ࡁ ࡃ ␗ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ ⛅ ᰤ ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ࡛ ప ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ≉ 㸪‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’ࡣ ⴭ ࡋ ࡃ ప ࡗ ࡓ 㸬ࡲ ࡓ 㸪ཷ ⢊ 4 㐌 ᚋ ࡽ 16 㐌 ᚋ ࡲ ࡛‘⛅ ᰤ’
࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’ࡢ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡣ ప ୗ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬ḟ 㸪┦ ཷ ⢊ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ
ࢁ 㸪 ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡣ 㸪 㞤 ⷁ ഃ ရ ✀ ࡢ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ྠ ᵝ ࡢ ഴ ྥ ࢆ ࡋ ࡵ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ḟ 㸪⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ᛶ ࡢ ᕪ ࡢ ཎ ᅉ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪ཷ ⢊ 72 㛫 ᚋ ࡢ ⰼ ᰕ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᙧ ែ ほ ᐹ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 ཷ ⢊ ᚋ ࡢ ⰼ ᰕ ⤌ ⧊ ࢆ ほ ᐹ ࡋ ࡓ ࡇ
ࢁ 㸪‘⛅ ᰤ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’ࡢ ⰼ ᰕ ୰ ᚰ 㒊 ࡢ ⣽ ⬊ ࡢ 㓄 ิ ࡀ ᔂ ቯ ࡋ 㸪 ✵ Ὕ ࡀ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬 ࡇ ࡢ ࡇ ࡽ 㸪‘⛅ ᰤ’࠾ ࡼ ࡧ‘ኟ ࡑ ࡼ ’ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ⰼ ᰕ ㄏ ᑟ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ᔂ ቯ ࡢ ㏿ ࡉ 㸪 ࡍ ࡞ ࢃ ࡕ 㞤 ࡎ ࠸ ࡢ ⪁ ࡢ ㏿ ࡉ ㉳ ᅉ ࡍ ࡿ ཷ ⢭ ⬟ ຊ ಖ ᣢ ᮇ 㛫 ࡢ ▷ ࡉ ࡀ ⮬ ᐙ ⤖ ᐇ ⋡ ࡢ ప ࡉ ࡢ ୍ ᅉ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸
ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ 㸬
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Summary
1㸬㸬Effect of Hydrogen Cyanamide on Breaki ng Flower Bud Endodormancy and Flowering Period of Major Japanese Pear Cultivars
In experiment 1, ‘Kosui’ and ‘Gold Nijisseiki’ pear cuttings that had
accumulated various amounts of chilling were treated with 0.5 and 1.0% hydrogen cyanamide or 2.5 and 10.0% hydrogen peroxide. Although the effect of both regents on promoting budbreak depended on their concentration and chilling accumulation, hydrogen cyanamide was more effective than hydrogen peroxide in most chilling values. One point zero percent hydrogen cyanamide applied at Chill Unit (CU) 600 was the most effective for breaking bud dormanc y among the treatments. In experiment 2, 0.5 and 1.0% hydrogen cyanamide were used to treat adult ‘Kosui’, ‘Hosui’, ‘Gold Nijisseiki’, and ‘Niitaka’ trees at CU300, 600, 900, and 1,500, and thereafter the percentage of budbreak, pollen development, and the flowering period were observed. The response of budbreak in flower buds to hydrogen cyanamide varies with chilling accumulation and the cu ltivar. The effective period for ‘Kosui’ and ‘Gold Nijisseiki’ was during CU300 to 900, that of ‘Hosui’ was CU600 to 900, and that of ‘Niitaka’ was CU900.
Clear differences in the breaking of bud dormancy were observed among these hydrogen cyanamide treatments. However, pollen growth and flowering were over 2 days earlier than in the untreated control due to the treatment irrespective of broken / unbroken dormancy.
2㸬Effect of Hydrogen Cyanamide on Flowering Period and Pollen Germination of Pear Pollinizer
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We investigated the effect of hydrogen cyanamide on the flowering period and pollen germination of pear pollenizer cultivars. Four cultivars of adult
‘Yali’ ,‘Imamurakai’, ‘Chojuro’and ‘Shinko’ trees were treated with 1.0%
hydrogen cyanamide at 600 CU, and pollen development was observed using a microscope. In addition, we observed the flowering period. The date of flowering was forced in all four cultivars following hydrogen cyanamide treatment; however, the level of the effect varied among the cultivars used. In particular, the flowering period of ‘Yali’an early-flowering cultivar, was significantly faster than that of other cultivars. The germination rate of ‘Yali’ pollen was also significantly lower in one year. Pollen germination of other cultivars was free of any untoward effect of hydrogen cyanamide.
3㸬㸬Effect of European pear pollen pollination on fruit set and fruit quality of Japanese pear cultivars under the low temperature condition
In vitro pollen germination was studied in 7 wild pear species and 16 pear cultivars at six temperatures (7.5°C, 10.0°C, 12.5°C, 15.0°C, 17.5°C, and 20.0°C) in during a period of 2 years. The extent of pollen germination was affected by the incubation temperature. Most cultivars could did not germinate at a temperatures below 12.5°C, ; but however, the cultivar P yrus communis L. showed a higher rate of germination compared tothan the the others other cultivars at 7.5°C.
Additionally, tThe rates of germination for La France and Le Lectier pears were was more greater than 50% at 10.0°C . We investigated the effects of cross
-pollination between the cultivars P. communis L. and ‘Chojuro’ and the Japanese pear cultivars ‘Gold-Nijisseiki’ and ‘Hosui’ cultivars with regard topertaining to
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fruit set and fruit quality in at a the low- temperature condition (10.0°C). The bearing rate of the the cultivars ‘Gold-Nijisseiki’ and ‘Hosui’ cultivars depended on the type of pollen that was used for pollination. Pollination with European pear pollen resulted in a higher bearing rate of (50%) in ‘Gold-Nijisseiki’ and
‘Hosui’these cultivars. In contrast, the bearing rate of the cultivar ‘Chojuro’ was lower than 20%. The fFruit quality and the number of seeds per fruit (seed yield) in the cultivars ‘Gold-Nijisseiki’ and ‘Hosui’ cultivars were not affected by the type of cultivar used for pollination.
4㸬㸬Relationship between Varietal Difference in Fruit Set and Morphological Difference in Styles among the Self-Compatible Japanese Pears
W e s t u d i e d t h e s e l f - p o l l i n a t i o n f r u i t i o n r a t e o f s u b v a r s o f t h e o r i g i n a l J a p a n e s e p e a r ‘ O s a - n i j i s s e i k i ’ ( ‘ A k i b a e ’ ,
‘ A k i k a n s e n ’ , ‘ N a t s u s o y o k a ’ a n d ‘ S h i n m i z u k i ’ ) b y e x a m i n i n g p l a n t s a t 4 a n d 1 6 w e e k s a f t e r p o l l i n a t i o n i n o v e r t h r e e y e a r s . F i n d i n g s s h o w e d t h a t a f t e r 4 w e e k s o f p o l l i n a t i o n , t h e
f r u i t i o n r a t e a m o n g t h e c u l t i v a r s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y.
Among four cultivars, t h e f r u i t i o n r a t e s o f ‘ A k i b a e ’ a n d
‘ N a t s u s o y o k a ’ w e r e l o w . And fruition rates of these cultivars was further declined from 4 to 16 weeks after pollination.
N e x t , we found that there were similar trends with the self-pollination test in mutual pollination tests. I n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n s e l f - p o l l i n a t i o n f r u i t i o n , w e e x a m i n e d p o l l e n t u b e g r o w t h 7 2 h o u r s a f t e r p o l l i n a t i o n . W e f o u n d t h a t