Áíôùíßá Ôïõößäïõ*
“EËÅÕÈÙ”, 1: 32-37, 2012 ÁÍÁÓÊÏÐÇÓÇ
* Ìáßá, Ã.Í.Á´ ÐáñÜñôçìá Ðï-ëõêëéíéêÞò, Ìåôáðôõ÷éáêÞ ÖïéôÞôñéá ÌÐÓ “ÐñïáãùãÞò &
ÁãùãÞò Õãåßáò”, ÉáôñéêÞ Ó÷ïëÞ Ðáíåðéóôçìßïõ Áèçíþí.
1. ¸ìöõëç âßá (gender-based violence): âßá êáôÜ ôùí ãõíáéêþí: êáèïñßæåôáé êÜ-èå ðñÜîç âßáò, ðïõ êáôåõèýíåôáé êáôÜ ôùí ãõíáéêþí êáé ðïõ ðñïêáëåß Þ ìðïñåß íá ðñïêáëÝóåé æçìßá Þ óùìáôéêÝò, óåîïõáëéêÝò Þ øõ÷ïëïãéêÝò äïêéìáóßåò, óõ-ìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí ôùí ó÷åôéêþí áðåéëþí, ôïõ êáôáíáãêáóìïý Þ ôçò áõèáßñå-ôçò óôÝñçóçò áõèáßñå-ôçò åëåõèåñßáò, áíåîáñôÞôùò åÜí áõôü óõìâáßíåé óôç äçìüóéá Þ óôçí éäéùôéêÞ æùÞ (United Nations, 1993, Üñèñï 1).
Áíôßóôïé÷á ìå ôçí áíáãíþñéóç ôçò Ýêôáóçò áõôþí ôùí ðñïâëçìÜôùí õðÞñîáí êáé ôåñÜóôéåò ðñüïäïé óôïí ôïìÝá ôçò ãíþóçò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ ëåéôïõñãßá êáé óõìðåñéöïñÜ, ôç ó÷Ýóç ôïõò ìå ôéò Üëëåò ðôõ÷Ýò ôçò õãåßáò, üðùò ç øõ÷éêÞ êáé ãåíé-êüôåñç õãåßá, ç åõåîßá êáé ç ùñßìáóç (WHO, 2006).
ÁõôÝò ïé ðñüïäïé ìáæß ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç íåüôåñùí áíôé-óõëëçðôéêþí ôå÷íéêþí, öáñìÜêùí ãéá ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ äõóëåéôïõñãßá êáé ðåñéóóüôåñï ïëéóôéêÝò ðñïóåããß-óåéò óôçí ðáñï÷Þ ïéêïãåíåéáêïý ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý êáé Üëëùí õðçñåóéþí öñïíôßäáò áíáðáñáãùãéêÞò õãåßáò, Ý÷ïõí äçìéïõñãÞóåé ôçí áðáßôçóç ãéá åðá-íáðñïóäéïñéóìü ôùí ðñïóåããßóåùí ôçò áíèñþðéíçò óåîïõáëéêüôçôáò (WHO, 2006).
Ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá åßíáé èåìåëéþäçò ãéá ôç óù-ìáôéêÞ êáé óõíáéóèçóù-ìáôéêÞ õãåßá, ãéá ôçí åõåîßá ôùí áôüìùí, ôùí æåõãáñéþí êáé ôùí ïéêïãåíåéþí, êáèþò êáé ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò êáé ïéêïíïìéêÞò áíÜðôõîçò ôùí êïéíùíéþí êáé ôùí êñáôþí. 1⁄4ôáí ðñïâÜëëåôáé èåôé-êÜ ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá ÷áñáêôçñßæåôáé ùò ôï äéêáß-ùìá üëùí ôùí áíèñþðùí íá Ý÷ïõí ôç ãíþóç êáé ôéò åõêáéñßåò íá óõíå÷ßóïõí ìéá áóöáëÞ êáé åõ÷Üñéóôç óåîïõáëéêÞ æùÞ. Ðáñüëá áõôÜ, ç éêáíüôçôá ôùí áí-äñþí êáé ôùí ãõíáéêþí íá åðéôý÷ïõí óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá êáé åõåîßá åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôçí ðñüóâáóÞ ôïõò óå ïëïêëçñùìÝíç ðëçñïöüñçóç ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôç óå-îïõáëéêüôçôá, óôéò ãíþóåéò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôïõò êéíäý-íïõò ðïõ áíôéìåôùðßæïõí, óôçí åõáëùôüôçôÜ ôïõò óôéò äõóìåíåßò óõíÝðåéåò ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò äñáóôç-ñéüôçôáò, óôçí ðñüóâáóÞ ôïõò óå êáëÞò ðïéüôçôáò õðçñåóßåò öñïíôßäáò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò, êáé åíüò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò ðïõ äéáôçñåß êáé ðñïÜãåé ôç óåîïõá-ëéêÞ õãåßá ãåíéêÜ (WHO, 2010).
ÓåîïõáëéêÞ Õãåßá: ìéá ðñüóöáôá áíáäõü-ìåíç Ýííïéá
Ôéò ôåëåõôáßåò äåêáåôßåò äéáðéóôþíåôáé óå åðéóôç-ìïíéêÜ äçìïóéåýìáôá ìéá áõîáíüìåíç ÷ñÞóç ôçò Ýí-íïéáò ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò. Ôï óõìðÝñáóìá áõôü ðñïêýðôåé áðü ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá áíáæÞôçóçò âéâëéï-ãñáößáò óôéò çëåêôñïíéêÝò âÜóåéò äåäïìÝíùí Medline êáé PsycINFO, ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ üñïõ “óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá” óôéò ëÝîåéò åõñåôçñéáóìïý. ÓõãêåêñéìÝíá, éäéáßôåñá áðü ôéò áñ÷Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990, ìå ëéãüôåñåò áðü 20 áíáöïñÝò áíÜ Ýôïò, ðáñáôçñåßôáé ìÝ÷ñé ôï 2002 óçìáíôéêÞ áýîçóç ìå ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü 80 áíáöïñÝò óôï PsychINFO êáé 150 óôï Medline (âëÝðå Ó÷Þìá 1).
Áí ëÜâïõìå õðüøç üôé ï óõíïëéêüò áñéèìüò ôùí áíáöïñþí ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé óôéò äõï âÜóåéò äå-äïìÝíùí, Ý÷åé áõîçèåß óçìáíôéêÜ, ðáñüëï ðïõ ïé áíá-öïñÝò êáé óôéò äõï ðçãÝò åßíáé åðéêáëõðôüìåíåò, ç
óå-îïõáëéêÞ õãåßá ëáìâÜíåé ðåñéóóüôåñç ðñïóï÷Þ óôá éáôñéêÜ ðåñéïäéêÜ áðü ôéò åêäüóåéò ðïõ áöïñïýí ôçí øõ÷ïëïãßá (Sandfort Ô.G. & Ehrhardt A.A., 2004).
ÌÝ-÷ñé óÞìåñá, ìüíï óôï Medline êáôáãñÜöïíôáé 2.453 áíáöïñÝò ãéá ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá óå üëá ôá ðåäßá (Medline, Received 30 March 2012).
Åßíáé ðñïöáíÝò, åðßóçò, üôé ç óçìáíôéêÞ áýîçóç óôá Üñèñá ãéá ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá ôá ôåëåõôáßá 10
÷ñüíéá ìðïñåß íá áðïäïèåß óôçí åðéäçìßá HIV/AIDS êáé óôçí áíáêÜëõøç ôçò öáñìáêåõôéêÞò áíôéìåôþ-ðéóçò ãéá ôç óôõôéêÞ äõóëåéôïõñãßá (Óéëíôåíáößëç [Viagra]). Áí êáé ç Ýííïéá ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò óðÜíéá ïñßæåôáé óôá Üñèñá áõôÜ, öáßíåôáé íá êáëý-ðôåé Ýíá óõãêñéíüìåíï åýñïò åííïéþí áðü ôçí ðáñÜ-èåóç ôùí ðçãþí ôïõò (ÅÏÖ, 2007, Sandfort Ô.G. &
Ehrhardt A.A., 2004).
Ç ðñüóöáôá áíáäõüìåíç Ýííïéá ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò äåí óçìáßíåé üôé Ý÷åé õëïðïéçèåß Ýíá åíôåëþò íÝï ðåäßï ðñáêôéêÞò êáé Ýñåõíáò. Óôïí ôïìÝá ôçò Äç-ìüóéáò Õãåßáò ç óåîïõáëéêüôçôá áðïôÝëåóå èÝìá åí-äéáöÝñïíôïò ãéá Ýíá ìåãÜëï ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá (Finer L.B., 2007) êáé åß÷å áíôéìåôùðéóôåß üóïí áöïñÜ ôçí êïéíùíéêÞ Þ óåîïõáëéêÞ õãéåéíÞ (Am J Public Hygiene, 1908, Frank J.P., 1779) êáé ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ ìåôáññýè-ìéóç, ðñéí ï üñïò “óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá” íá ãßíåé ôçò ìü-äáò (Sandfort Ô.G. & Ehrhardt A.A., 2004).
Ïé Edwards W.M. êáé Coleman E. (2004) óå áíá-óêüðçóç 150 Üñèñùí áðü ôá ðåñßðïõ 2.000 ðïõ ðñïÝêõøáí ùò áðïôÝëåóìá áíáæÞôçóÞò ôïõò óôï
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02
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Year
Medline PsyclNFO
Ó÷Þìá 1. Áñéèìüò áíáöïñþí ãéá ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá óôï Medline êáé PsycINFO ãéá ôá Ýôç 1974-2002 (Sandfort Ô.G. & Ehrhardt A.A., 2004).
PsychINFO, Social Science Abstracts êáé Medline ìå êñéôÞñéï åðéëïãÞò ôçí áíáöïñÜ ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò óôç óõæÞôçóç, åíôüðéóáí 8 êýñéïõò ïñéóìïýò ôçò ìå óõãêåêñéìÝíç óõíåéóöïñÜ óôçí áíÜðôõîç êáé êáôáíüçóç ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò. Ç éóôïñéêÞ åîÝ-ëéîç, ðïõ óçìåéþèçêå, áöïñÜ ìÝ÷ñé óÞìåñá êõñßùò ôÝóóåñéò åðßóçìïõò ïñéóìïýò áðü äéåèíåßò ïñãáíé-óìïýò êáé ïñãáíþóåéò.
Ï ïñéóìüò ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò – ÉóôïñéêÞ áíáäñïìÞ
ÐñïóðÜèåéåò ãéá ôïí êáèïñéóìü ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò Ý÷ïõí óçìáíôéêÜ åðçñåáóôåß áðü ôïí ïñéóìü ôçò õãåßáò ùò «ç êáôÜóôáóç ôçò ðëÞñïõò óùìáôéêÞò, øõ÷éêÞò êáé êïéíùíéêÞò åõåîßáò êáé ü÷é ç áðëÞ áðïõ-óßá áóèÝíåéáò Þ ôçò áíáðçñßáò», ðïõ õéïèåôÞèçêå áðü ôïí Ðáãêüóìéï Ïñãáíéóìü Õãåßáò (ÐÏÕ) ôï 1948 (WHO, 2010).
Ôï 1975 ï ÐÏÕ äçìïóßåõóå ôïí ðñþôï âáóéêü ïñé-óìü ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò óå ÝêèåóÞ ôïõ ãéá ôçí åêðáßäåõóç êáé èåñáðåßá ôçò áíèñþðéíçò óåîïõáëé-êüôçôáò, Ýíá éóôïñéêü Ýããñáöï ðïõ áöïñïýóå ôçí ðáñï÷Þ áðáñáßôçôçò êáôÜñôéóçò ôùí åðáããåëìáôéþí õãåßáò ãéá ôçí ðñïáãùãÞ ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò:
«ÓåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá åßíáé ç ðëçñüôçôá ôùí óùìáôé-êþí, óõíáéóèçìáôéóùìáôé-êþí, ðíåõìáôéêþí êáé êïéíùíéêþí èåìÜôùí ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò ýðáñîçò, ìå ôñüðïõò ðïõ åìðëïõôßæïõí èåôéêÜ êáé åíéó÷ýïõí ôçí ðñïóùðéêüôç-ôá, ôçí åðéêïéíùíßá êáé ôçí áãÜðç» (WHO, 1975).
Ï ïñéóìüò áõôüò Þôáí ðñùôïðïñéáêüò ãéá äéÜöï-ñïõò ëüãïõò. Ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá ü÷é ìüíï äåí áíá-ãíùñßóôçêå ùò êÜôé ðåñéóóüôåñï áðü ôçí áðëÞ áðïõ-óßá ôçò áóèÝíåéáò, áëëÜ ðáñïõóéÜóôçêå ùò ïëéóôéêÞ Ýííïéá ðïõ åíóùìáôþíåé ôç óùìáôéêÞ, óõíáéóèçìá-ôéêÞ, ðíåõìáôéêÞ êáé ôéò êïéíùíéêÝò ðôõ÷Ýò ôçò óå-îïõáëéêÞò ýðáñîçò. Óôçí ßäéá Ýêèåóç áíáãíùñßæåôáé åðßóçò áðü ôïõò óõããñáöåßò, áí êáé äåí áðïôåëåß ìÝñïò ôïõ ïñéóìïý, ìéá íÝá Ýííïéá, üôé ôï äéêáßùìá óôçí áðüëáõóç åßíáé èåìåëéþäïõò óçìáóßáò ãéá ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá (Coleman Å., 2011).
Ôï 1994, óôç ÄéÜóêåøç ôïõ ÊáÀñïõ ãéá ôïí Ðëç-èõóìü êáé ôçí ÁíÜðôõîç (International Conference on Population and Development [ICPD]), 179 ÷þñåò êá-ôÝëçîáí óå óõíáßíåóç ãéá ìéá äéåõñõìÝíç Ýííïéá ôçò áíáðáñáãùãéêÞò õãåßáò, ðïõ åíóùìáôþíåé åõêñéíþò ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá, êáé ôïíßóôçêå ç óçìáóßá ôçò ðñüóâáóçò ãéá üëïõò óå õðçñåóßåò óåîïõáëéêÞò êáé áíáðáñáãùãéêÞò õãåßáò (WHO, 2010).
«ÁíáðáñáãùãéêÞ õãåßá åßíáé ìéá êáôÜóôáóç ðëÞ-ñïõò óùìáôéêÞò, øõ÷éêÞò êáé êïéíùíéêÞò åõåîßáò êáé ü÷é áðëþò ç áðïõóßá áóèÝíåéáò Þ áíáðçñßáò, óå üëá ôá èÝìáôá ðïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôï áíáðáñáãùãéêü
óý-óôçìá êáé ôéò ëåéôïõñãßåò ôïõ. ÅðïìÝíùò, ç áíáðá-ñáãùãéêÞ õãåßá óõíåðÜãåôáé üôé ïé Üíèñùðïé åßíáé óå èÝóç íá Ý÷ïõí ìéá éêáíïðïéçôéêÞ êáé áóöáëÞ óåîïõá-ëéêÞ æùÞ, êáé üôé Ý÷ïõí ôçí éêáíüôçôá íá áíáðáñÜãï-íôáé êáé ôçí åëåõèåñßá íá áðïöáóßæïõí åÜí, ðüôå êáé ðüóï óõ÷íÜ íá ôï ðñÜîïõí. Áõôïíüçôï ó’ áõôÞ ôçí ôåëåõôáßá ðñïûðüèåóç åßíáé ôï äéêáßùìá ôùí áíäñþí êáé ôùí ãõíáéêþí íá åíçìåñþíïíôáé êáé íá Ý÷ïõí ðñü-óâáóç óå áóöáëåßò, áðïôåëåóìáôéêÝò, ðñïóéôÝò êáé áðïäåêôÝò ìåèüäïõò ïéêïãåíåéáêïý ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý ôçò åðéëïãÞò ôïõò, êáèþò êáé Üëëåò ìåèüäïõò ôçò åðé-ëïãÞò ôïõò ãéá ôç ñýèìéóç ôçò ãïíéìüôçôáò, ðïõ äåí åßíáé áíôßèåôç ðñïò ôï íüìï, êáèþò êáé ôï äéêáßùìá ôçò ðñüóâáóçò óå êáôÜëëçëåò õðçñåóßåò õãåéïíïìé-êÞò ðåñßèáëøçò, ðïõ èá åðéôñÝðïõí óôéò ãõíáßêåò íá äéÝëèïõí ìå áóöÜëåéá ôçí åãêõìïóýíç êáé ôïí ôïêåôü êáé ðáñÝ÷ïõí óôá æåõãÜñéá ôéò êáëýôåñåò ðéèáíüôçôåò íá áðïêôÞóïõí Ýíá õãéÝò âñÝöïò. Åðßóçò, ðåñéëáìâÜ-íåé ôçí óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá, óêïðüò ôçò ïðïßáò åßíáé ç âåëôßùóç ôçò æùÞò êáé ôùí ðñïóùðéêþí ó÷Ýóåùí êáé ü÷é áðëþò óõìâïõëåõôéêÞ êáé öñïíôßäá, ðïõ ó÷åôßæï-íôáé ìå ôçí áíáðáñáãùãÞ êáé ôá óåîïõáëéêþò ìåôáäé-äüìåíá íïóÞìáôá» (United Nations, 1995, ðáñ. 7.2)
Ôá ôåëåõôáßá ÷ñüíéá ï ïñéóìüò ôçò ICPD ãéá ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá, ùò óõíéóôþóá ôçò áíáðáñáãùãé-êÞò õãåßáò Ý÷åé áìöéóâçôçèåß, êáèþò Ý÷åé áíáãíù-ñéóôåß åõñÝùò üôé ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá áíôß íá åßíáé Ýíá óõóôáôéêü ôçò, áðïôåëåß áðáñáßôçôç ðñïûðü-èåóç ãéá ôçí åðßôåõîç ôçò áíáðáñáãùãéêÞò õãåßáò (WHO, 2010).
Ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôçí áíáðáñáãù-ãéêÞ õãåßá, áëëÜ åðåêôåßíåôáé ðÝñá áðü ôéò éáôñéêÝò êáôáóôÜóåéò åîáêïëïõèþíôáò íá éó÷ýåé óå üëç ôçí äéÜñêåéá ôçò æùÞò, êáèþò ç áíáðáñáãùãéêÞ õãåßá óõ÷íÜ åðéêåíôñþíåôáé óôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò áíáðáñáãù-ãéêÞò çëéêßáò (ãåíéêÜ èåùñåßôáé íá åßíáé ìåôáîý ôùí çëéêéþí 15-44 Ýôç Þ 15-49 Ýôç). Ùóôüóï, ãéá áñêå-ôïýò áíèñþðïõò ðñïâëÞìáôá õãåßáò üðùò ï êáñêß-íïò ôïõ óôÞèïõò, ðïõ åðçñåÜæåé ôá áíáðáñáãùãéêÜ üñãáíá, áëëÜ óõíÞèùò óõìâáßíåé ìåôÜ ôçí åììçíü-ðáõóç, åîáêïëïõèåß íá áðïôåëåß ôìÞìá ôçò áíáðá-ñáãùãéêÞò õãåßáò (WHO, 2012).
Ôï 2000 ï Ðáíáìåñéêáíéêüò Ïñãáíéóìüò Õãåßáò (Pan American Health Organization [PAHO]) êáé ï ÐÏÕ óõãêÜëåóáí ìéá óåéñÜ áðü äéáâïõëåýóåéò ìå åìðåéñï-ãíþìïíåò ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá áíáèåùñÞóïõí ôçí ïñïëï-ãßá êáé íá ðñïóäéïñßóïõí åíáëëáêôéêÝò äõíáôüôçôåò ðñïãñáììÜôùí ãéá ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá. Óå åðüìåíç Óõíåäñßáóç, ôï 2001, ï PAHO óå óõíåñãáóßá ìå ôïí Ðáãêüóìéï Óýëëïãï Óåîïëïãßáò (World Association for Sexology [WAS]) åîÝôáóáí ìéá óåéñÜ èåìÜôùí óåîïõ-áëéêÞò õãåßáò üóïí áöïñÜ ôç óùìáôéêÞ áêåñáéüôçôá,
ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ áóöÜëåéá, ôïí åñùôéóìü, ôï êïéíùíé-êü öýëï (ãÝíïò)2, ôï óåîïõáëéêü ðñïóáíáôïëéóìü, ôç óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞ ðñüóäåóç êáé ôçí áíáðáñáãùãÞ.
Ôï ßäéï Ýôïò o US Surgeon General äçìïóéåýåé Ýíá êÜëåóìá äñÜóçò ãéá ôçí ðñïáãùãÞ ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò êáé õðåýèõíçò óåîïõáëéêÞò óõìðåñéöïñÜò, üðïõ õéïèÝôçóå ïõóéáóôéêÜ ôïõò ðñïçãïýìåíåò ïñé-óìïýò ðïõ ðáñÝ÷ïíôáí áðü ôïí ÐÏÕ, êáé áðïôÝëå-óå ìéá åõñýôåñç óôñáôçãéêÞ ãéá ôçí ðñïþèçóç ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò, ðïõ ðáñïõóéÜóôçêå óôéò Çíù-ìÝíåò Ðïëéôåßåò ôçò ÁìåñéêÞò (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001).
Ôï 2002 ï ÐÏÕ äçìïóßåõóå óôïí éóôüôïðï ôïõ ïñ-ãáíéóìïý ìéá âåëôéùìÝíç êáé ôñïðïðïéçìÝíç Ýêäïóç ôïõ ïñéóìïý ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò, åíþ ôï 2006 äçìïóéåýåôáé ç Ýêèåóç ôå÷íéêÞò äéáâïýëåõóçò óôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá, üðïõ ïñßæåôáé:
«ÓåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá åßíáé ìéá êáôÜóôáóç óùìáôéêÞò, óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞò, ðíåõìáôéêÞò êáé êïéíùíéêÞò åõåîßáò óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôç óåîïõáëéêüôçôá, êáé äåí åßíáé ìüíï ç áðïõóßá áóèÝíåéáò, äõóëåéôïõñãßáò Þ áíáðçñßáò. Ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá áðáéôåß ìéá èåôéêÞ êáé ãåìÜôç óåâá-óìü ðñïóÝããéóç óôç óåîïõáëéêüôçôá êáé ôéò óåîïõá-ëéêÝò ó÷Ýóåéò, êáèþò êáé ôçí ýðáñîç åõ÷Üñéóôùí êáé áóöáëþí óåîïõáëéêþí åìðåéñéþí, åëåýèåñç áðü åîá-íáãêáóìïýò, äéáêñßóåéò êáé âßá. Ãéá íá åðéôåõ÷èåß êáé íá äéáôçñçèåß ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá, ôá óåîïõáëéêÜ äéêáé-þìáôá üëùí ôùí áíèñþðùí ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé óåâáóôÜ, íá ðñïóôáôåýïíôáé êáé íá áóêïýíôáé.» (WHO, 2006).
Ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá üðùò äéáöáßíåôáé êáé áðü ôïí ïñéóìü ôçò, äåí ìðïñåß íá åîçãçèåß, íá êáôáíïçèåß Þ íá êáôáóôåß ëåéôïõñãéêÞ ÷ùñßò ôçí åõñåßá áíáãíþ-ñéóç ôçò óåîïõáëéêüôçôáò, ç ïðïßá åßíáé õðïêåßìåíç ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò óå óçìáíôéêÝò óõìðåñéöï-ñÝò êáé áðïôåëÝóìáôá ó÷åôéæüìåíá ìå áõôÞí. Óôçí ßäéá Ýêèåóç ôïõ ÐÏÕ ïñßæåôáé ùò:
«Ç óåîïõáëéêüôçôá áðïôåëåß êåíôñéêÞ ðôõ÷Þ ôçò áíèñþðéíçò ýðáñîçò óôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò æùÞò êáé ðå-ñéëáìâÜíåé ôï öýëï3, ôçí ôáõôüôçôá êáé ôï ñüëï ôïõ êïéíùíéêïý öýëïõ, ôï óåîïõáëéêü ðñïóáíáôïëéóìü4,
ôïí åñùôéóìü, ôçí áðüëáõóç, ôçí åããýôçôá êáé ôçí áíáðáñáãùãÞ. Âéþíåôáé Þ åêöñÜæåôáé ìå óêÝøåéò, öáíôáóéþóåéò, åðéèõìßåò, ðåðïéèÞóåéò, óôÜóåéò æùÞò, áîßåò, äñáóôçñéüôçôåò, ðñáêôéêÝò, ñüëïõò, ó÷Ýóåéò.
Ç óåîïõáëéêüôçôá ìðïñåß íá ðåñéëáìâÜíåé üëåò ôéò ðñïçãïýìåíåò äéáóôÜóåéò, ïé ïðïßåò äõíáôü íá ìçí åêöñÜæïíôáé Þ íá ìç âéþíïíôáé ðÜíôá. Ç óåîïõáëéêü-ôçôá åßíáé áðïôÝëåóìá áëëçëåðßäñáóçò âéïëïãéêþí, øõ÷ïëïãéêþí, êïéíùíéêïïéêïíïìéêþí, ðïëéôéóìéêþí, çèéêþí êáé èñçóêåõôéêþí/ðíåõìáôéêþí ðáñáãüíôùí»
(WHO, 2006).
Ôá âáóéêÜ åííïéïëïãéêÜ óôïé÷åßá ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò, ðïõ ðñïêýðôïõí áðü ôïí ïñéóìü ôçò üôáí åé-äùèåß èåôéêÜ êáé ïëéóôéêÜ, åßíáé ôá ðáñáêÜôù:
• ÁöïñÜ ôçí åõåîßá êáé ü÷é áðëÜ ôçí áðïõóßá ôçò áóèÝíåéáò.
• ÐåñéëáìâÜíåé ôï óåâáóìü, ôçí áóöÜëåéá êáé åëåõèåñßá áðü äéáêñßóåéò êáé âßá.
• ÅîáñôÜôáé áðü ôçí Üóêçóç ïñéóìÝíùí áíèñù-ðßíùí äéêáéùìÜôùí.
• Ó÷åôßæåôáé ìå üëç ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò æùÞò ôïõ áí-èñþðïõ, ü÷é ìüíï ãéá ôéò áíáðáñáãùãéêÝò çëé-êßåò, áëëÜ êáé ãéá ôïõò íÝïõò êáé ôïõò çëéêéù-ìÝíïõò.
• ÅêöñÜæåôáé ìÝóá áðü äéÜöïñåò ìïñöÝò óåîïõ-áëéêüôçôáò êáé óåîïõáëéêÞò Ýêöñáóçò.
• ÅðçñåÜæåôáé êáèïñéóôéêÜ áðü ôá êïéíùíéêÜ ðñü-ôõðá ôïõ öýëïõ, ñüëïõò, ðñïóäïêßåò êáé ó÷Ý-óåéò åîïõóßáò.
• ×ñåéÜæåôáé íá êáôáíïçèåß åíôüò óõãêåêñéìÝíïõ êïéíùíéêïý, ïéêïíïìéêïý, êáé ðïëéôéêïý ðëáéóßïõ (WHO, 2010).
ÊñéôéêÞ èåþñçóç ôïõ ïñéóìïý ôçò óåîïõá-ëéêÞò õãåßáò
Ç óõóôçìáôéêÞ ÷ñÞóç ôïõ üñïõ ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò, ùò áõôïíüçôç êáé ðñïöáíÞò, äåí óçìáßíåé üôé ç Ýííïéá åßíáé ïìïéüìïñöá êáôáíïçôÞ êáé üôé ç äéåêäßêçóç ôçò åöáñìïãÞò ôçò ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åé êáèï-ëéêÞ éó÷ý óå üëá ôá êïéíùíéêïðïëéôéóìéêÜ êáé ïéêïíï-ìéêÜ ðåñéâÜëëïíôá (Coleman Å., 2002, Sandfort Ô.G.
& Ehrhardt A.A., 2004) êáé óå üëåò ôéò ðåñéüäïõò ôçò éóôïñßáò. Áîßåò êáé êáíüíåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôç óåîïõáëé-êüôçôá êáé ôçí õãåßá ðñïÝñ÷ïíôáé áðü äéÜöïñåò ðç-ãÝò, üðùò ôéò êïéíùíéêÝò êáé èñçóêåõôéêÝò áðüøåéò, ôçí åðéóôÞìç, ôçí éáôñéêÞ êáé ôçí áôïìéêÞ åìðåéñßá.
ÊáíÝíáò ïñéóìüò ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò äåí áíôé-ðñïóùðåýåé ðëÞñùò ôçí ðáñáðÜíù äéÜóôáóç (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2008), åíþ óýìöùíá ìå ôïõò Sandfort Ô.G. & Ehrhardt A.A. (2004) äåí
õðÜñ-÷åé Ýíáò åíéáßïò êáèïëéêüò ïñéóìüò ãéá ôç óåîïõáëé-êÞ õãåßá. Åßíáé ãåãïíüò üôé óå âéâëéïãñáöéóåîïõáëé-êÞ áíáóêü-2. Êïéíùíéêü öýëï (ãÝíïò) (gender): ôï óýíïëï ôùí
êïéíù-íéêþí áîéþí, êïéíùêïéíù-íéêþí óôÜóåùí, ñüëùí êáé ÷áñáêôçñéóôé-êþí, ðïõ âáóßæïíôáé óôï öýëï (PAHO & WHO,2000).
3. Öýëï (sex): áíáöÝñåôáé óôï óýíïëï ôùí âéïëïãéêþí ÷á-ñáêôçñéóôéêþí, ðïõ ðñïóäéïñßæåé ôïõò áíèñþðïõò ùò Üñ-ñåíåò êáé èÞëåéò (PAHO & WHO, 2000).
4. Óåîïõáëéêüò ðñïóáíáôïëéóìüò (sexual orientation): åßíáé ï åñùôéóìüò êáé/Þ óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞ ðñüóäåóç (attachment) óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôï öýëï êáé ôçí êïéíùíéêÞ ôáõôüôçôá ôïõ óõ-íôñüöïõ, ðïõ ðñïôéìÜ óôç óåîïõáëéêÞ äñáóôçñéüôçôá (PAHO & WHO, 2000).
ðçóç ãéá ôçí åìöÜíéóç ôçò Ýííïéáò ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò, äéáðéóôþíåôáé üôé «äåí õðÜñ÷åé äéåèíÞò óõ-íáßíåóç ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí Ýííïéá ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò êáé ôçí åöáñìïãÞ ôçò óå ðïëéôéêÝò äçìüóéáò õãåßáò»
(Giami A., 2002).
Åðéðñüóèåôá, ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôéò åèíéêÝò êáé ðïëéôéêÝò ðñïôåñáéüôçôåò (Giami A., 2002, 2004). Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç óåîïõáëéêÞ ÷åéñá-öÝôçóç Þôáí Ýíáò âáóéêüò ðáñÜãïíôáò óôïí áãþíá ãéá ôçí éóüôçôá ôùí ãõíáéêþí óôéò äõôéêÝò êïéíùíß-åò, åíþ ãéá ðïëëÝò öåìéíßóôñéåò Þôáí èÝìá ðïëéôéêÞò.
Äåí åßíáé óáöÝò áí ç ßäéá äéáôýðùóç éó÷ýåé êáé óå ðïéï âáèìü ãéá ðåñéï÷Ýò ìå äéáöïñåôéêÞ éóôïñßá. Óå ïñéóìÝíá ìÝñç ôïõ êüóìïõ üðïõ ôï óåî åðéôñÝðåôáé ìüíï ìåôáîý ðáíôñåìÝíùí æåõãáñéþí, ìéá äçìüóéá óõæÞôçóç ó÷åôéêÜ ìå Üëëåò åêöñÜóåéò ôçò óåîïõáëé-êüôçôáò ìðïñïýí íá åìöáíéóôïýí ùò ðáñÜëïãï, êáé óôç ÷åéñüôåñç ðåñßðôùóç ùò áäéêáéïëüãçôç åðÝìâá-óç óå éäéùôéêÜ èÝìáôá. Áêüìç, ìéá ôÝôïéá óõæÞôçåðÝìâá-óç ìðïñåß íá åìöáíéóôåß ùò ìéá ðïëéôéêÜ õðïêéíïýìåíç ðñïóðÜèåéá ãéá íá õðïíïìåõèïýí êïñõöáßåò áîßåò (Obermeyer C.M., 1999).
Ï ïñéóìüò ôçò óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò áðü ôïí ÐÏÕ (2002) Ý÷åé êñéôéêÜ áíôéìåôùðéóôåß åãåßñïíôáò åñùôç-ìáôéêÜ, êáé ìéá äéåîïäéêÞ áíÜëõóç ôïõ ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ ôïõ ßóùò Þôáí áíáãêáßá. Êïéíü óçìåßï óõìöùíßáò ðïëëþí ìåëåôçôþí åßíáé ç ïõôïðéêüôçôá ôïõ ïñéóìïý.
Ðïéïò ìðïñåß íá èåùñçèåß “óåîïõáëéêÜ õãéÞò” óýì-öùíá ìå ôïí ðñïóäéïñéóìü, «ùò ç êáôÜóôáóç óùìá-ôéêÞò, óõíáéóèçìáóùìá-ôéêÞò, ðíåõìáôéêÞò êáé êïéíùíéêÞò åõåîßáò óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôç óåîïõáëéêüôçôá»; Ìå äåäïìÝ-íï ôçí ðáãêüóìéá åðéêñÜôçóç óåîïõáëéêÞò ðñïêáôÜ-ëçøçò, ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò, áí ü÷é üëåò ïé óåîïõáëéêÝò ìåéïíüôçôåò äåí èá ðëçñïýí ôá êñéôÞñéá. Öáéíüìåíá üðùò ç óåîïõáëéêÞ âßá, ç åðéâïëÞ ðïñíåßáò êáé äé-áêßíçóçò áíèñþðùí ìå óêïðü ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ åêìå-ôÜëëåõóç (Ôrafficking) êáé ãåíéêüôåñá óôåñåüôõðá ãéá ôéò ãõíáßêåò ùò óåîïõáëéêÜ ðáèçôéêÝò (Tolman D.L., Striepe M.I. & Harmon T., 2003), áðïôåëïýí óïâáñïýò ðåñéïñéóìïýò ãéá ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá ôùí ãõíáéêþí (Amaro H., Raj A. & Reed E., 2001).
Åßíáé ðñïöáíÝò üôé ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá, üðùò ïñß-óôçêå áðü ôïí ÐÏÕ, åßíáé ðåñéóóüôåñï Ýíáò áîéü-ëïãïò óôü÷ïò ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá åðéôåõ÷èåß, ðáñÜ ìéá åðáñêÞò åêðñïóþðçóç ôçò ôñÝ÷ïõóáò êáôÜóôáóçò ôùí ðåñéóóüôåñùí áíèñþðùí. Ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá óå Ýíáí ðéï ðåñéïñéóìÝíï ïñéóìü, èá ìðïñïýóå íá åíôá÷èåß ùò ðñïûðüèåóç ãéá (óåîïõáëéêÞ) ðïéüôç-ôá óôç æùÞ ôùí áíèñþðùí (Sandfort Ô.G. & Ehrhardt A.A., 2004).
¸íá äåýôåñï óçìåßï, ðïõ ôïíßæåôáé, åßíáé üôé ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá ïñßæåôáé ùò áôïìéêÞ äõíáôüôçôá
(áôïìéêéóôéêÞ ðñïïðôéêÞ). Ðáñüëá áõôÜ õðïíïåßôáé áðü ôïí ßäéï ôïí ïñéóìü, üôé Ýíá ðåñéâÜëëïí ìðïñåß Üëëïôå íá åßíáé õðïóôçñéêôéêü êáé Üëëïôå íá åìðï-äßæåé ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá ôïõ áôüìïõ. Ôï ãåãïíüò áõôü õðïäçëþíåé üôé èá Þôáí åöéêôÞ ìéá äéÜñèñùóç ãéá ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá óå ìáêñïåðßðåäï. Ôüôå, ëïé-ðüí, ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá èá Þôáí ìéá êáôÜóôáóç ôïõ áôïìéêïý, äéáðñïóùðéêïý Þ ôïõ êïéíïôéêïý åðéðÝäïõ óýìöùíá ìå ôï ïéêïëïãéêü ìïíôÝëï5 (Mc Leroy Ê. et al., 1988), ðïõ äéåõêïëýíåé ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ óõìðåñé-öïñÜ ìå ðïéêßëá èåôéêÜ áðïôåëÝóìáôá (Sandfort Ô.G.
& Ehrhardt A.A., 2004).
ÊáôáëÞãïíôáò, Üëëá óçìåßá åðßêñéóçò ôïõ ïñé-óìïý ðåñéãñÜöïõí üôé óõíåðÜãåôáé êïéíùíéêÜ êáé øõ÷ïëïãéêÜ ðñüôõðá Ýêöñáóçò ôçò óåîïõáëéêüôç-ôáò, ìå êáíüíåò ðïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé óáöþò ìå ôéò áîßåò (ðïéáíïý ôéò áîßåò;), ùóôüóï ç ðáãêüóìéá õéïèÝôçóÞ ôïõ èá åîáñôçèåß áðü ôéò óõãêåêñéìÝíåò êïéíùíéêÝò óõíèÞêåò êÜèå ðåñéï÷Þò, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí ôùí èñçóêåõôéêþí êáé ðïëéôéóôéêþí áîéþí, êáèþò êáé ôçí êáôçãïñßá ôùí áíèñþðùí üóïí áöïñÜ ôçí çëéêßá, ôï öýëï, ôçí åèíéêüôçôá, ôïí ðñïóáíáôïëéóìü ê.ëð. êáé ôéò äéáóôáõñþóåéò ôïõò (Giami Á., 2002, Sandfort Ô.G.
& Ehrhardt A.A., 2004).
ÓÕÌÐÅÑÁÓÌÁÔÁ
Ç óåîïõáëéêÞ õãåßá áðïôåëåß âáóéêÞ ðôõ÷Þ ôçò áí-èñþðéíçò ýðáñîçò, ðïõ åðçñåÜæåé ôá Üôïìá óå üëç ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò æùÞò ôïõò. Ç áíáãíþñéóç ôçò óçìá-íôéêüôçôÜò ôçò áðïôÝëåóå ôéò ôåëåõôáßåò äåêáåôßåò Ýíáõóìá ãéá íá áó÷ïëçèïýí ìå ôï èÝìá ç åðéóôçìï-íéêÞ êïéíüôçôá, ïé äéåèíåßò ïñãáíéóìïß êáé ïé ïñãá-íþóåéò. Áðáñáßôçôï åñãáëåßï óôçí êáôáíüçóÞ ôçò áðïôåëïýí ïñéóìïß êáé åííïéïëïãéêÜ óôïé÷åßá ðñï-êåéìÝíïõ íá áðïôåëÝóïõí óçìåßï åðéêïéíùíßáò üóùí ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå õðçñåóßåò õãåßáò. 1⁄4ôáí áíáöåñüìá-óôå óå èÝìáôá óåîïõáëéêÞò õãåßáò, åßíáé óçìáíôéêü íá áíáãíùñßóïõìå üôé üñïé êáé Ýííïéåò ìðïñåß íá Ý÷ïõí äéáöïñåôéêÝò êáé åíßïôå áíôéêñïõüìåíåò óçìáóßåò ãéá äéáöïñåôéêÝò ïìÜäåò êáé Üôïìá. Ôï ðáñüí Üñ-èñï áðïôåëåß ìéá åëÜ÷éóôç åéóáãùãéêÞ ðñïóðÜèåéá óôïõò ôå÷íéêïýò üñïõò, ìå äåäïìÝíï ôï ãåãïíüò üôé Ýííïéåò êáé ïñéóìïß èá óõíå÷ßóïõí íá åîåëßóóïíôáé êáé íá äéáìïñöþíïíôáé áðü éóôïñéêÜ ãåãïíüôá.
5. Óýìöùíá ìå ôçí ïéêïëïãéêÞ ðñïóÝããéóç áíáãíùñßæå-ôáé üôé ïé ðáñÜãïíôåò êáé ç ó÷åôéæüìåíç ìå ôçí õãåßá óõ-ìðåñéöïñÜ åðçñåÜæåôáé áðü ðÝíôå åðßðåäá åðéññïÞò/
ðáñÜãïíôåò: åíäïðñïóùðéêïýò Þ áôïìéêïýò, äéáðñïóù-ðéêïýò, èåóìéêïýò Þ ïñãáíùôéêïýò, êïéíïôéêïýò êáé äçìü-óéáò ðïëéôéêÞò ( Mc Leroy Ê. et al., 1988).
ABSTRACT
Antonia Toufidou: Conceptualizing sexual health:
concept and scope.
“ELEFTHO”, 1: 32-37, 2012
The past three decades have seen dramatic changes in understanding of human sexuality and sexual be-havior, while the term “sexual health” has evolved in interesting ways. There was an increasing trend of references to sexual health in the international litera-ture, especially in the 1990’s, which can attributed to the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the latest advances for the erectile dysfunction. The first official definition of sex-ual health was published in 1975, by the World Health Organization. The earliest definition was modified and republished in 2002, while there have been important efforts to define sexuality, reproductive health and other technical terms. The concept and scope of sex-ual health raised controversy and developed criticism for its definition.
Key-words: sexual health, reproductive health, sex-uality.
ÂÉÂËÉÏÃÑÁÖÉÁ
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Áíáêïßíùóç ôïõ Ó.Å.Ì.Ì. ÊñÞôçò
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Ôï Ä.Ó. ôïõ Ó.Å.Ì.Ì. ÊñÞôçò
Óôéò 16/12/2011 ðñáãìáôïðïéÞèçêå ìå ìåãÜëç åðéôõ÷ßá óôï îåíïäï÷åßï “CAPSIS”, óôç Èåóóáëïíßêç, ç åðß-óçìç ðáñïõóßáóç ôïõ âéâëßïõ ìå ôßôëï “ÔåêìçñéùìÝíç öñïíôßäá óôï öõóéïëïãéêü ôïêåôü’’ áðü ôçí Åðéóôç-ìïíéêÞ Åôáéñåßá Ìáéþí ÅëëÜäáò “ÌÁÉÅÕÓÇ’’ êáé áðü ìÝëç ôçò óõããñáöéêÞò ïìÜäáò ôïõ âéâëßïõ.
Ôï âéâëßï ðáñïõóßáóáí êáé ðñïëüãéóáí ï ê. É. ÔæáöÝôáò, Ïìüôéìïò ÊáèçãçôÞò ÌáéåõôéêÞò–Ãõíáéêïëïãßáò, ç ê. Ì-Á. Ìáëëéáñïý, Ðáéäßáôñïò, Äéåõèýíôñéá Å.Ó.Õ. Á´ ÐáéäéáôñéêÞò ÊëéíéêÞò Íïóïêïìåßïõ Ðáßäùí “ÁÃÉÁ ÓÏÖÉÁ” êáé ç ÔïìåÜñ÷çò Ìáßá ê. Â. Ôóüãêá. Ôçí åêäÞëùóç ÷áéñÝôçóå ï Ðñüåäñïò ôïõ Á.Ô.Å.É.È. ê. Ð. Êá-ñáêïëôóßäçò êáé ðáñáâñÝèçêáí Ìáßåò, ÌáéåõôÞñåò–Ãõíáêïëüãïé, éáôñïß Üëëùí åéäéêïôÞôùí êáé ìÝëëïõóåò ìçôÝñåò. ÐáñáèÝôïõìå öùôïãñáöéêü õëéêü áðü ôçí åêäÞëùóç.
Ç Äéïéêïýóá ÅðéôñïðÞ
ôçò ÅðéóôçìïíéêÞò Åôáéñåßáò Ìáéþí ÅëëÜäáò “ÌÁÉÅÕÓÇ”
Âéâëéïðáñïõóßáóç óôç Èåóóáëïíßêç
ÌÝëç ôçò óõããñáöéêÞò ïìÜäáò ôïõ âéâëßïõ ìå ôçí ê. Ì.-Á.Ìáëëéáñïý óôç äåîßùóç ðïõ áêïëïýèçóå.
¢ðïøç ôïõ ÷þñïõ ðïõ ðñáãìáôïðïéÞèçêå ç åêäÞëùóç
óôï îåíïäï÷åßï “CAPSIS”. Óôï ðÜíåë ôçò ðáñïõóßáóçò ï ê. É. ÔæáöÝôáò, Ïìüôéìïò ÊáèçãçôÞò Ì/Ã, ç ê. Ì-Á. Ìáëëéáñïý, Ðáéäßáôñïò, Ä/
íôñéá Å.Ó.Õ. Á´ ÐáéäéáôñéêÞò ÊëéíéêÞò Íïóïêïìåßïõ Ðáß-äùí “ÁÃÉÁ ÓÏÖÉÁ”, ç ê. Â. Ôóüãêá, Ìáßá, ç ê. Á. Èåïäï-óéÜäïõ, Ðñüåäñïò ôçò Äéïéêïýóáò ÅðéôñïðÞò, êáé ç ê.
Ï. Áñâáíéôßäïõ, ÌÝëïò ôçò Äéïéêïýóáò ÅðéôñïðÞò.
Ç ê. Á-Ì. Ìáëëéáñïý, Ðáéäßáôñïò ðñïëïãßæåé ôï âéâëßï.