Ãåíåòè÷åñêèå ìîäèôèöèðîâàííûå îðãàíèçìû
Òåìàòè÷åñêàÿ ñåññèÿ:
«ÃÅÍÍÀß ÈÍÆÅÍÅÐÈß ÊÀÊ ÏÅÐÑÏÅÊÒÈÂÍÎÅ ÍÀÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈÅ Â ÍÀÓÊÅ ÍÎÂÎÃÎ ÂÅÊÀ»
Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ñåìèíàð
«ÍÀÓÊÀ È ÍÀÓÊÎÅÌÊÈÅ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ XXI ÂÅÊÀ. ÐÎËÜ ÑÌÈ Â ÏÐÎÄÂÈÆÅÍÈÈ ÍÎÂÛÕ ÈÄÅÉ»
Ãåííàÿ èíæåíåðèÿ
 ìèðîâûõ òåõíîëîãèÿõ ãðÿäåò áèîòåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé âçðûâ, ñî-èçìåðèìûé ëèøü ñ íàñòîÿùèì èíôîðìàöèîííî-òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèì âçðûâîì.
Îäíî èç ãëàâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé áèîòåõíîëîãèè – ãåííàÿ èíæå-íåðèÿ.
Ãåííàÿ èíæåíåðèÿ — ðàçäåë áèîòåõíîëîãèè, ñâÿçàííûé ñ öåëå-íàïðàâëåííûì êîíñòðóèðîâàíèåì íîâûõ êîìáèíàöèé ãåíåòè÷åñêî-ãî ìàòåðèàëà, ñïîñîáíîãåíåòè÷åñêî-ãî ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ â êëåòêå è ñèíòåçèðîâàòü îïðåäåëåííûé ïðîäóêò.
Ãåííàÿ èíæåíåðèÿ ðåøàåò ñëåäóþùèå çàäà÷è.
– ïîëó÷åíèå ãåíîâ ïóòåì èõ ñèíòåçà èëè âûäåëåíèÿ èç êëåòîê;
– ïîëó÷åíèå ðåêîìáèíàíòíûõ ìîëåêóë ÄÍÊ;
– êëîíèðîâàíèå ãåíîâ èëè ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð;
– ââåäåíèå â êëåòêó ãåíîâ èëè ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð è ñèíòåç
÷óæåðîäíîãî áåëêà.
Òðàíñãåíåòèêà
Îäíèì èç íàïðàâëåíèè ãåííîé è ýìáðèîãåíåòè÷åñêîé èíæåíåðèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîëó÷åíèå òðàíñãåííûõ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé.
Òðàíñãåíîç – ýòî ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûé ïåðåíîñ ãåíîâ, âûäåëåí-íûõ èç îïðåäåëåííîãî ó÷àñòêà ÄÍÊ â ãåíîì æèâîòíîãî èëè ðàñ-òèòåëüíîãî îðãàíèçìà. Æèâîòíûå, â ãåíîì êîòîðûõ èíòåãðèðóþò
÷óæåðîäíûå ãåíû, íàçûâàþòñÿ òðàíñãåííûìè.
Òðàíñãåíåòèêà çàðîäèëàñü â 1970-å ãîäû áëàãîäàðÿ óñïåõàì ìî-ëåêóëÿðíîé áèîëîãèè, ãåíåòèêè è ãåííîé èíæåíåðèè.
Áûëè âûðàáîòàíû ìåòîäû, ïîçâîëÿþùèå èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü è âûäåëÿòü îïðåäåëåííûå ãåíû èç ðàñòèòåëüíûõ è æèâîòíûõ ãåíî-ìîâ, ðàçìíîæàòü è ñîåäèíÿòü èõ â òåõ èëè èíûõ ñî÷åòàíèÿõ, ñîçäà-âàÿ ãåííûå êîíñòðóêöèè.
Ýòè ìåòîäû äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî ðàçðàáîòàíû, íà èõ îñíîâå ïðîâå-äåíû ýêñïåðèìåíòû ïî ïîëó÷åíèþ òðàíñãåííûõ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåí-íûõ æèâîòñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåí-íûõ, â ãåíîì êîòîðûõ èíòåãðèðîâàëè ðàçëè÷íûå ãåííûå êîíñòðóêöèè.
Âïåðâûå â 1985 ãîäó áûë ïîëó÷åí êðîëèê ñ ãåíîì ãîðìîíà ðîñòà
÷åëîâåêà (ÑØÀ) è êðóïíîãî ðîãàòîãî ñêîòà, èíòåðôåðîíà ÷åëîâåêà, ïîâåðõíîñòíîãî àíòèãåíà âèðóñà ãåïàòèòà Â.
Ïîëó÷åíèå òðàíñãåííûõ îðãàíèçìîâ öåëåñîîáðàçíî íå òîëüêî äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ïðèðîäû ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî äîñòèæåíèÿ òðàíñãåíåçà, íî è äëÿ íàïðàâëåííîãî èçìåíåíèÿ íàñëåäñòâåííûõ ïðèçíàêîâ ó ñåëü-ñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ æèâîòíûõ. Ñ ðàçâèòèåì ìåòîäîâ ãåííîé
èíæå-íåðèè âîçíèêëè íîâûå ïåðñïåêòèâû è âîçìîæíîñòè â ðåàëèçàöèè ñåëåêöèîííûõ çàäà÷.
Ââåäåíèå ÷óæåðîäíîãî ìàòåðèàëà â æèâîé îðãàíèçì äëÿ èçó÷å-íèÿ ìîëåêóëÿðíûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ è îòäåëüíûõ ãåíîâ áîëåå èíôîðìà-òèâíî, ÷åì íà êëåòêàõ, òàê êàê ïîçâîëÿåò îöåíèâàòü ôóíêöèîíè-ðîâàíèå ãåíà â ïðîöåññå ýìáðèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ è îíòîãåíåçà.
Òðàíñãåííûå æèâîòíûå – óäîáíàÿ ìîäåëü äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ áîëåçíåé ÷åëîâåêà (çëîêà÷åñòâåííûõ îáðàçîâàíèé, ÑÏÈÄà, ñàõàð-íîãî äèàáåòà, áîëåçíè Àëüöãåéìåðà è äð.), èõ èñïîëüçóþò òàêæå â êà÷åñòâå äîíîðîâ áåëêîâ â ôàðìàêîëîãèè äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ êëåòî÷íîé äèôôåðåíöèðîâêè òêàíåé â ïðîöåññå ýìáðèîãåíåçà. Îäíî èç ñîâðå-ìåííûõ íàïðàâëåíèé â ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîé áèîòåõíîëîãèè – ñî-çäàíèå ëèíèé òðàíñãåííûõ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ æèâîòíûõ, óñ-òîé÷èâûõ ê èíôåêöèîííûì çàáîëåâàíèÿì.
Ïîëó÷åíèå òðàíñãåííîãî îðãàíèçìà âêëþ÷àåò òðè ñòàäèè: ñîçäà-íèå ãåííîé êîíñòðóêöèè; âíåäðåñîçäà-íèå åå â ãåíîì îðãàíèçìà; àíàëèç è ñåëåêöèÿ ìîäèôèöèðîâàííûõ îðãàíèçìîâ. Ñàìîé îñâîåííîé íà ñåãîä-íÿøíèé äåíü îñòàåòñÿ ïåðâàÿ ñòàäèÿ ýòîãî ïðîöåññà. Åñëè ñòàíîâèòñÿ èçâåñòíûì, ÷òî êàêîé-ëèáî ïðèçíàê æèâîòíîãî èëè ðàñòåíèÿ ñâÿçàí ñ îïðåäåëåííûì ãåíîì, âûäåëèòü, ðàçìíîæèòü ýòîò ãåí è èçãîòîâèòü äëÿ íåãî êîíñòðóêöèþ äëÿ òðàíñãåíåçà íå ñîñòàâëÿåò îñîáîãî òðóäà.
Ñëîæíåå îáñòîèò äåëî ñî âòîðîé ñòàäèåé ðàáîòû. Äîñòàâêó ãåí-íûõ êîíñòðóêöèé â ãåíîì æèâîòãåí-íûõ îñóùåñòâëÿþò ðàçíûìè ñïîñî-áàìè, íàèáîëåå ðàçðàáîòàííûìè èç êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ:
– ìèêðîèíúåêöèÿ â ÿäðî îïëîäîòâîðåííîé ÿéöåêëåòêè;
– ïðèìåíåíèå ðåòðîâèðóñîâ êàê ñðåäñòâî äîñòàâêè ÷óæåðîäíîé ÄÍÊ â ãåíîì;
– èñïîëüçîâàíèå èñêóññòâåííîé õðîìîñîìû äðîææåé;
– èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýìáðèîíàëüíûõ ñòâîëîâûõ êëåòîê;
– èñïîëüçîâàíèå ëèïîñîì;
– âûñîêîñêîðîñòíàÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêàÿ äîñòàâêà ÄÍÊ;
– èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñïåðìàòîçîèäîâ.
Íåñìîòðÿ íà áîëüøîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ìåòîäîâ ââå-äåíèÿ ÷óæåðîäíîé ãåíåòè÷åñêîé èíôîðìàöèè â ýìáðèîíû ìëåêîïè-òàþùèõ, îñòàþòñÿ íåðåøåííûìè ìíîãèå âîïðîñû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïðî-öåññîì ïîëó÷åíèÿ òðàíñãåííûõ æèâîòíûõ. Ê èõ ÷èñëó îòíîñÿòñÿ:
íèçêàÿ âûæèâàåìîñòü ýìáðèîíîâ (10–20%); íåâûñîêàÿ ýôôåêòèâ-íîñòü ïåðåíîñà è èíòåãðàöèè ÷óæåðîäíîãî ãåíà (0,2–5%); òðóäîåì-êîñòü ýòèõ ìåòîäîâ. Äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåì èññëåäîâàíèÿ âåäóòñÿ â äâóõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ: ðàçðàáîòêà íîâûõ òåõíîëîãèé ââåäåíèÿ è ðàç-ðàáîòêà íîâûõ âåêòîðîâ.
×àùå âñåãî ýòî ìèêðîèíúåêöèÿ â ÿéöåêëåòêè. Ïðè ýòîì èññëå-äîâàòåëè ñòðåìÿòñÿ, ÷òîáû òðàíñãåí ñîäåðæàëñÿ âî âñåõ êëåòêàõ æèâîòíîãî è îáÿçàòåëüíî â ïîëîâûõ — äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è ïîòîìñòâó. Òî åñòü ìèêðîèíúåêöèÿ â ìóæñêîé ïðîíóêëåóñ çèãîòû. ßéöåêëåòêó âûìûâàþò, ìèêðîèíúåöèðóþò è òðàíñïëàíòèðóþò.
Âïåðâûå â 1974 ãîäó â ÿéöåêëåòêè ââîäèëè ÄÍÊ âèðóñà SV40.
×óæåðîäíàÿ ÄÍÊ ñ âûñîêîé âåðîÿòíîñòüþ âñòðàèâàëàñü â ãåíîì è íàñëåäîâàëîñü.
Âñêîðå ñòàëî ÿñíî, ÷òî íå ñóùåñòâóåò íèêàêîãî âèäîâîãî áàðüåðà äëÿ èíòåãðàöèè ÷óæåðîäíûõ ãåíîâ. Ãåíû ìîæíî ïåðåñàæèâàòü â ãå-íîì îðãàíèçìà äðóãîãî âèäà, ðîäà, ñåìåéñòâà íå òîëüêî æèâîòíûõ, íî è ðàñòåíèé.
Ïåðâûì òðàíñãåííûì æèâîòíûì ñ çàäàííûìè ñâîéñòâàìè ñòàëà ìûøü íåîáû÷íî áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà, ñîäåðæàùàÿ â ãåíîìå ãåí ãîð-ìîíà ðîñòà êðûñû. Ìûøü â 1,8 ðàçà ïðåâûøàëà îáû÷íóþ îñîáü.
Ýòî ÿâèëîñü ìîùíûì òîë÷êîì ê íà÷àëó ðàáîòû ïî ïðèìåíåíèþ òðàíñãåíåçà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ æèâîòíûõ.
Êîíåö âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû 1980-õ ãîäîâ îçíàìåíîâàëñÿ ïîÿâëåíè-åì íàó÷íûõ ñîîáùåíèé î ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé ýêñïðåññèè ÷óæåðîäíûõ ãåíîâ áåëêîâ ìîëîêà â ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçå. Áûë ñäåëàí âûâîä, ÷òî æåëåçà òðàíñãåííûõ æèâîòíûõ ìîæåò ñëóæèòü åñòåñòâåííûì áèî-ðåàêòîðîì.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ òðàíñãåííûõ òåõíîëîãèé ïîëó÷åíî ìíîãî ëåêàðñòâåííûõ áåëêîâ äëÿ ôàðìàöåâòè÷åñêîé ïðî-ìûøëåííîñòè.
Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ ìîäèôèêàöèÿ æèâîòíûõ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì òðàíñ-ãåíåçà ïîçâîëÿåò òàêæå èçìåíÿòü ñîñòàâ ìîëîêà (áåëêè, æèðû, óã-ëåâîäû) ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ æèâîòíûõ, äåëàÿ åãî îïòèìàëüíî ïðèãîäíûì äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ â ïèùåâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è äëÿ êîðìëåíèÿ íîâîðîæäåííûõ äåòåé.
Ïîëåçíûå ñâîéñòâà êàêîãî-ëèáî ïðèðîäíîãî ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî âàðè-àíòà òîãî èëè èíîãî áåëêà ìîëîêà èëè ñîçäàíèå ñ ïîìîùüþ ãåííîé èíæåíåðèè íîâîãî öåííîãî âàðèàíòà, ïîçâîëÿò ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè òðàíñãåíåçà ñîçäàòü ñòàäî êîðîâ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõñÿ íåîáõîäèìû-ìè ãåíåòè÷åñêèíåîáõîäèìû-ìè âàðèàíòàíåîáõîäèìû-ìè.
Ó êðûñ áûë ïîëó÷åí áåëîê
α
-ëàêòîàëüáóìèí êðóïíîãî ðîãàòîãî ñêîòà è ïåðåäàí ïî ïîòîìñòâó.Òðàíñãåíîç – ïðîöåññ äëèòåëüíûé è äîðîãîé.  ñëó÷àå èñïîëü-çîâàíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå òðàíñãåíîâ åñòåñòâåííî âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ áåëêîâ ìîëîêà î çäîðîâüå æèâîòíûõ íåò ïðè÷èí äëÿ áåñïîêîéñòâà. Ýêñ-ïðåññèÿ ãåíîâ áåëêîâ ìîëîêà ïðîèñõîäèò â ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçå è
ñåê-ðåòèðóåìûå ìîëîêîì áåëêè ðåãóëÿðíî âûâîäÿòñÿ èç îðãàíèçìà æè-âîòíîãî. Ñòàäà òðàíñãåííûõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðîäóöèðóþùèõ ðàçëè÷íûå òèïû ìîëîêà, óæå ñîçäàíû.
Ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå æèâîòíûå íàðÿäó ñ ïðîèçâîäñòâîì òðàäè-öèîííûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ ïðèîáðåòàþò íîâîå ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå â êà÷åñòâå ïðîäóêòîâ öåííûõ ëåêàðñòâåííûõ âåùåñòâ äëÿ ÷åëîâåêà è ïðîäóêòîâ äëÿ ïåðåðàáàòûâàþùåé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè. Ýòî íàïðàâëå-íèå â áèîòåõíîëîãèè â ïîñëåäíàïðàâëå-íèå ãîäû íàøëî øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðà-íåíèå çà ðóáåæîì. Îíî ïðèâëåêàåò âíèìàíèå êîììåð÷åñêèõ ôèðì îãðîìíûì ïðåèìóùåñòâîì â ïîëó÷åíèè ëåêàðñòâåííûõ áåëêîâ (â 5–10 ðàç) ñ áîëåå íèçêîé ñåáåñòîèìîñòüþ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ñóùåñòâó-þùèìè òåõíîëîãèÿìè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ. Ïîýòî-ìó ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü èõ ïðîèçâîäñòâà âûñîêà.
Íàèáîëüøèõ óñïåõîâ â ïîëó÷åíèè òðàíñãåííûõ æèâîòíûõ äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà ëåêàðñòâåííûõ áåëêîâ ÷åëîâåêà äîñòèãëà ôèðìà
«Äæèíçàéì Òðàíñãåíåòèêñ» (ÑØÀ), êîòîðîé ïîëó÷åíî îêîëî 30 ëåêàðñòâåííûõ áåëêîâ ÷åëîâåêà, à 14 èç íèõ – ñ êîíöåíòðàöèåé íå ìåíåå 1 ãðàììà íà 1 ëèòð ìîëîêà. Ýòî ïðèìåðíî â äåñÿòü ðàç ïðåâûøàåò óðîâåíü ïðîèçâîäñòâà áåëêà â òðàäèöèîííûõ êëåòî÷íûõ ñèñòåìàõ.
Áèîðåàêòîð — æèâîòíîå, êîòîðîìó ââîäÿò íóæíûé ãåí è
ïîëó-÷àþò, ñêàæåì, ñ åãî ìîëîêîì êàêîé-íèáóäü ïîëåçíûé áåëîê. Íà-ïðèìåð, îäíà êàíàäñêàÿ ôèðìà ðàáîòàåò íàä ïîëó÷åíèåì êîç, âû-äåëÿþùèõ â ìîëîêî áåëîê ïàóòèíû. Èç íåãî õîòÿò äåëàòü øîâíûé ìàòåðèàë äëÿ õèðóðãèè, ïëàñòèêè ñóõîæèëèé, áðîíåæèëåòû è äð. À àìåðèêàíñêàÿ «Òðàíñäæåíèêñ» òàêèì æå îáðàçîì ïîëó÷èëà ïðåïàðàò àíòèòðîìáèí-3. Îí óæå ïðîøåë òðè ñòàäèè êëèíè÷åñêèõ èñïûòàíèé è ïðàêòè÷åñêè ãîòîâ ê èñïîëüçîâàíèþ â ìåäèöèíå. Âî âñÿêîì ñëó÷àå â ßïîíèè è Ãåðìàíèè êóïèëè ëèöåíçèè íà âûðàùè-âàíèå òàêèõ êîç.
Ïîëó÷åíèå òðàíñãåííûõ æèâîòíûõ, óñòîé÷èâûõ ê çàáîëåâàíè-ÿì, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ áîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâíûì, ÷åì óâåëè÷åíèå ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ðåçèñòåíòíîñòü ê ðÿäó çàáîëåâàíèé – ïîëèãåííûé ïðèçíàê, èìåþòñÿ ìåõàíèçìû ðåçèñòåíòíîñòè, êîòîðûå îñíîâûâàþòñÿ íà åäèíè÷íûõ ãåíàõ, è ýòî âñåëÿåò óâåðåííîñòü â óñïåõå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ òðàíñãåííûõ æèâîò-íûõ, óñòîé÷èâûõ ê çàáîëåâàíèÿì. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ïðîíèêíîâåíèþ èëè ðàçìíîæåíèþ ïàòîãåíîâ ïðåïÿòñòâóþò, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, èì-ìóííîãåííûå ìåõàíèçìû.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èíòåðåñ ñîçäàíèå òðàíñãåííûõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðîäóöèðóþùèõ ðàçëè÷íûå âå-ùåñòâà, îáëàäàþùèå èììóíîëîãè÷åñêèìè ñïîñîáíîñòÿìè
(èíòåð-Òåìàòè÷åñêàÿ ñåññèÿ:
«ÃÅÍÍÀß ÈÍÆÅÍÅÐÈß ÊÀÊ ÏÅÐÑÏÅÊÒÈÂÍÎÅ ÍÀÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈÅ Â ÍÀÓÊÅ ÍÎÂÎÃÎ ÂÅÊÀ»
Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ñåìèíàð
«ÍÀÓÊÀ È ÍÀÓÊÎÅÌÊÈÅ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ XXI ÂÅÊÀ. ÐÎËÜ ÑÌÈ Â ÏÐÎÄÂÈÆÅÍÈÈ ÍÎÂÛÕ ÈÄÅÉ»
ôåðîí, íåéðîïåïòèäû, èíòåðëåéêèíû). Èçâåñòíû îòäåëüíûå ãåíû, îòâåòñòâåííûå çà óñòîé÷èâîñòü ê ðàçëè÷íûì çàáîëåâàíèÿì: ãåí Íõ ìûøåé ðåçèñòåíòíîñòè ê âèðóñó ãðèïïà, ãåí óñòîé÷èâîñòè ê äèà-ðåå íîâîðîæäåííûõ ïîðîñÿò èëè ãåí, ðåãóëèðóþùèé ñîäåðæàíèå ëàêòîôåðèíà â òêàíÿõ ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçû, êîòîðûé ïîâûøàåò ñîïðî-òèâëÿåìîñòü ê ìàñòèòó.
Áîëüøîé èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ïîëó÷åíèå òðàíñãåííûõ æèâîò-íûõ, ñîäåðæàùèõ àíòèñìûñëîâîé (àñ) ãåí ïðîòèâ îïðåäåëåííûõ âè-ðóñîâ. Ìåõàíèçì äåéñòâèÿ ñîñòîèò â ýêñïðåññèè àñ ÐÍÊ â êëåòêàõ è åå ïîñëåäóþùåé ãèáðèäèçàöèè ñî ñìûñëîâîé ÐÍÊ. Ýòî ïðèâîäèò ê èíãèáèðîâàíèþ ðåïëèêàöèè âèðóñíîãî ãåíîìà.  Áèîòåõöåíòðå Ðîññåëüõîçàêàäåìèè ïîëó÷åíû òðàíñãåííûå êðîëèêè ñ ãåíîì àñ ÐÍÊ ïðîòèâ ëåéêîçà êðóïíîãî ðîãàòîãî ñêîòà. Ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàíà óñòîé÷èâîñòü ýòèõ æèâîòíûõ ê âèðóñó ëåéêîçà. Ïåðåíîñ ýòîé ðàç-ðàáîòêè íà êðóïíûé ðîãàòûé ñêîò èìåëî áû îãðîìíîå íàðîäíîõî-çÿéñòâåííîå çíà÷åíèå, òàê êàê ïðîöåíò çàðàæåíèÿ âèðóñîì ëåéêîçà æèâîòíûõ ýòîãî âèäà âûñîê.
Íàèáîëåå ñëîæíûì ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ïîâûøåíèå ïóòåì òðàíñãåíå-çà ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ æèâîòíûõ ñ èñïîëüçîâà-íèåì ðîñòîâûõ è ïðî÷èõ êà÷åñòâåííûõ ïðèçíàêîâ. Óæå ïîëó÷åíû òðàíñãåííûå ïî ãåíó ãîðìîíà ðîñòà ñâèíüè, áûñòðî íàáèðàþùèå ìàññó è ëó÷øå óñâàèâàþùèå êîðì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ êîíòðîëüíûìè îñîáÿìè, ó íèõ òàêæå ìåíüøå ïîäêîæíîãî æèðà.
Îäíèì èç ãåíîâ, èñêóññòâåííîå âñòðàèâàíèå êîòîðîãî â ãåíîì ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ äîëæíî ïðèâåñòè ê èçìåíåíèþ ôåíîòèïà, ÿâëÿåò-ñÿ ãåí ãîðìîíà ðîñòà, ïðèíèìàþùèé àêòèâíîå ó÷àñòèå â ðåãóëÿöèè áåëêîâîãî, óãëåâîäíîãî è æèðîâîãî îáìåíîâ, à â êîíå÷íîì èòîãå â óâåëè÷åíèè ðàçìåðîâ òåëà è îðãàíîâ.
Ïî äàííûì Õàììåðà (1985), 10% êðîëèêîâ îò ìèêðîèíúåöèðî-âàííûõ áûëè òðàíñãåííûìè, îâåö – 3,5%, ñâèíåé – 11%. ×àñòîòà èíòåãðàöèè ó êðîëèêîâ – 12%, îâåö – 1,3%, ñâèíåé – 10%.
Ïî ãåíó Ã× – 11,4% îò ðîäèâøèõñÿ – òðàíñãåííûå.
Ìíîþ áûëà ïîëó÷åíà òðàíñãåííàÿ êðîëü÷èõà ñ ãåíîì ãîðìîíà ðîñòà êðóïíîãî ðîãàòîãî ñêîòà, êîòîðàÿ ðàçâèâàëàñü áûñòðåå ñâîèõ ñâåðñòíèö íà 23–38 %, ñðåäíåñóòî÷íûé ïðèâåñ ñîñòàâëÿë 40 ã.
Åùå ãåíåòèêè óâåëè÷èâàþò ìÿñèñòîñòü ëîñîñÿ: òðàíñãåííàÿ ðûáà áûñòðåå íàãóëèâàåò âåñ è ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïî÷òè â äâà ðàçà êðóï-íåå îáû÷íîé.
Êñåíîòðàíñïëàíòàöèÿ – ñàìàÿ ñëîæíàÿ èç âñåõ çàäà÷ ïî òðàíñ-ãåííûì æèâîòíûì. ×òîáû îðãàíû íå îòòîðãàëèñü, ñâèíüå íóæíî ïåðåíåñòè ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå ÷åòûðå ÷åëîâå÷åñêèõ ãåíà (ïî ìíåíèþ
Ýðíñòà), à ëó÷øå øåñòü, êàê ñ÷èòàþò åãî çàðóáåæíûå êîëëåãè. Åñëè òàêàÿ îïåðàöèÿ óäàñòñÿ, òî îðãàíèçì ÷åëîâåêà íå áóäåò âîñïðèíè-ìàòü ñâèíûå ïå÷åíü, ñåðäöå è ïî÷êè êàê ÷óæåðîäíûå.
Îñîáûé èíòåðåñ ñ ïîçèöèé ïðàêòèêè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò êñåíîòðàíñ-ïëàíòàöèÿ îðãàíîâ «æèâîòíîå – ÷åëîâåê». È çäåñü ãëàâíûì ïðå-òåíäåíòîì â êà÷åñòâå äîíîðà îðãàíîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñâèíüÿ. Ñóäÿ ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì, ïîòðåáíîñòü â îðãàíàõ î÷åíü âåëèêà, è óäîâëåòâîðèòü åå òîëüêî çà ñ÷åò ëþäåé-äîíîðîâ óäàåòñÿ äàëåêî íå âñåãäà. Íàïðèìåð, â òàêîé íåáîëüøîé ñòðàíå, êàê Àíãëèÿ, ïðîâî-äèòñÿ ñàìîå çíà÷èòåëüíîå ÷èñëî òðàíñïëàíòàöèé ñåðäöà – äî 12 òû-ñÿ÷ â ãîä. Ãäå âçÿòü ñòîëüêî ïîäõîäÿùèõ ïî ñîâìåñòèìîñòè ñåðäåö?
ßñíî, ÷òî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ îïåðàöèè òå áîëüíûå, ÷üÿ äàëüíåéøàÿ æèçíü íåâîçìîæíà áåç ïåðåñàäêè ñåðäöà, à îñòàëüíûì ïðèõîäèòñÿ æäàòü äîíîðà òðåáóåìîãî îðãàíà. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ìíîãèå áîëüíûå ãèáíóò, òàê è íå äîæäàâøèñü ýòîãî.
Êñåíîòðàíñïëàíòàöèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ àêòóàëüíåéøåé ïðîáëåìîé, âî ìíîãèõ ñòðàíàõ ìèðà óñèëåííî ïðîâîäÿòñÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ïîèñ-êó ïðåîäîëåíèÿ ïîðîãà íåñîâìåñòèìîñòè ïåðåñàæèâàåìûõ îðãàíîâ è ðåàêöèè èììóííîé ñèñòåìû. Ó÷åíûå ïûòàþòñÿ ïåðåõèòðèòü ÷å-ëîâå÷åñêóþ èììóííóþ ñèñòåìó, îòòîðãàþùóþ ÷óæèå îðãàíû. Îíè óâåðåíû, ÷òî êîãäà-íèáóäü ñåðäöå, ëåãêèå, ïå÷åíü èëè ïî÷êè ñâè-íåé ñìîãóò ïîêðûòü õðîíè÷åñêèé äåôèöèò â ÷åëîâå÷åñêèõ äîíîðñ-êèõ îðãàíàõ. Èáî ïîòðåáíîñòü â íèõ î÷åíü âåëèêà: ñîòíè, òûñÿ÷è ïàöèåíòîâ îæèäàþò ïîñòóïëåíèÿ ñâåæèõ îðãàíîâ äëÿ òðàíñïëàíòà-öèè. À îðãàíû ýòè, êàê èçâåñòíî, ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå, äîðîãîñòîÿùèå è âî âñåì ìèðå â áîëüøîì äåôèöèòå, ïîòîìó ÷òî èõ ïîòåíöèàëüíî ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü ëèøü âñëåäñòâèå ãèáåëè äðóãèõ ëþäåé.
Íî, ñóäÿ ïî ñîîáùåíèÿì â ïå÷àòè, â áëèæàéøåå âðåìÿ ýòà ïðî-áëåìà áóäåò âñå æå ðåøåíà.  Êåìáðèäæå (Àíãëèÿ) ó÷åíûå ïóòåì âíåäðåíèÿ ãåíîâ ÷åëîâåêà â ãåíîì ñâèíüè âûâåëè ïîðîäó òðàíñ-ãåííûõ ñâèíåé, ãåíåòè÷åñêèé êîä êîòîðûõ ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëî-æèòü, ÷òî îðãàíû ýòèõ æèâîòíûõ íå áóäóò îòòîðãíóòû îðãàíèçìîì
÷åëîâåêà â ñëó÷àå èõ ïåðåñàäêè. Ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò çà ñ÷åò ãåíîâ-ðåãóëÿòîðîâ, êîòîðûå ðåãóëèðóþò èììóííóþ ñèñòåìó îðãàíèçìà ðåöèïèåíòà – ÷åëîâåêà.
Ïåðâûå îïûòû ïî ïåðåñàäêå ïî÷åê òðàíñãåííûõ ñâèíåé îáåçü-ÿíàì ïîêàçàëè îáíàäåæèâàþùèå ðåçóëüòàòû – ïî÷êè íîðìàëüíî ôóíêöèîíèðîâàëè â îðãàíèçìå îáåçüÿíû áîëåå äâóõ ìåñÿöåâ. Ýòî óêàçûâàåò íà ðåàëüíóþ âîçìîæíîñòü ïåðåñàäêè ïî÷åê, ñåðäåö è äðóãèõ îðãàíîâ îò ñâèíåé ÷åëîâåêó.
Ñåé÷àñ â ìèðå ìíîãî òðàíñãåííûõ ñâèíåé. Ó îäíèõ óëó÷øàþò ìÿñèñòîñòü, à äðóãèõ ìîäèôèöèðóþò äëÿ òðàíñïëàíòîëîãèè, ÷òîáû ïîëó÷àòü îðãàíû äëÿ ïåðåñàäêè ëþäÿì.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïåðåíîñà ãåíîâ ñàìîòðîïíîñòè äàåò ýôôåêò óñêîðåííîãî ðîñòà. Òåõíîëîãèÿ ïåðåíîñà ãåíîâ íå ïîç-âîëÿåò ïîêà èíòåãðèðîâàòü ïåðåíîñèìûé ãåí â æåëàåìóþ îáëàñòü ãåíîìà, ÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíî ñíèæàåò åãî ýôôåêòèâíîñòü. Ýòè îòðèöà-òåëüíûå ÿâëåíèÿ ìîæíî óìåíüøèòü ïóòåì çíà÷èòåëüíîãî óâåëè÷å-íèÿ òðàíñãåííûõ îñîáåé ñ äàëüíåéøåì îòáîðîì è âûâåäåíèåì ñïå-öèàëèçèðîâàííûõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ.
Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ èìååò îãðîìíîå áóäóùåå. È äàëü-íåéøåå åå ðàçâèòèå òåñíî ñâÿçàíî ñ îäíîâðåìåííûì ðàçâèòèåì âñåõ âàæíåéøèõ îòðàñëåé áèîëîãè÷åñêîé íàóêè, èññëåäóþùèõ æèâûå îðãàíèçìû íà ðàçíûõ óðîâíÿõ èõ îðãàíèçàöèè.
Summary
One of mainstreams of biotechnology is the genetic engineering associated with purposeful designing of new combinations of a genetic material capable of replication in a cell and synthesizing certain product.
One of the objects of the genetic and embriogenetic engineering is to produce transgenic animals and plants.
Production of transgenic organisms is expedient not only for studying the nature of genetic achievement of transgenesis, but also for the purposeful change of hereditary characters of agricultural animals. Transgenic animals form a convenient model for studying various human diseases. Agricultural animals get new applicability as products for important drug substances for humans and as products for a processing industry. It is evident that bioengineering has a great future.
Ïðåññ-ñåìèíàð «Íàóêà è íàóêîåìêèå òåõíîëîãèè ÕÕI âåêà. Ðîëü ÑÌÈ â ïðîäâèæåíèè íîâûõ èäåé» – ýòî ïðîäîëæåíèå óæå íà÷àòîé ðàáîòû ïî îáìåíó îïûòîì ìåæäó ñïåöèàëèñòàìè Áåëàðóñè è äðóãèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ – ó÷àñòíèêîâ ÑÍÃ.
 õîäå ïðåññ-ñåìèíàðà áûë çàòðîíóò ðÿä âàæíûõ âîïðîñîâ.  ÷àñ-òíîñòè, åãî ó÷àñòíèêè îòìåòèëè, ÷òî ðàçðàáîòêà ïðîáëåì áèîýòèêè ïðèçíàíà îáùåìèðîâîé òåíäåíöèåé ðàçâèòèÿ ìåæäèñöèïëèíàðíîãî íàó÷íîãî çíàíèÿ è åãî ìàãèñòðàëüíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ïàðàäèãìà áèîýòèêè õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ðàäèêàëüíûì ïîâîðîòîì îò ñïîñîáîâ ýìïèðè÷åñêîãî îïèñàíèÿ âðà÷åáíîé ìîðàëè ê îáîñòðåí-íîé ôèëîñîôñêîé ðåôëåêñèè íàä îñíîâàíèÿìè íðàâñòâåííîñòè â áèîìåäèöèíñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ, ñâîèõ ñîáñòâåííûõ ïîëîæåíèé î ìîðàëüíûõ öåííîñòÿõ, ðàñøèðåíèþ ïðîáëåìíîãî ïîëÿ áèîýòèêè ñ âêëþ÷åíèåì â íåå ïðàâîâûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ.
Îñíîâà ðàçâèòèÿ íàöèîíàëüíîé ýêîíîìèêè Ðåñïóáëèêè Áåëà-ðóñü – èííîâàöèÿ. Íàóêà äîëæíà ñòàòü äëÿ íåå ïèòàþùåé ñðåäîé.
À ïîòîìó îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ, ïî êîòîðûì íàäî äâèãàòüñÿ, – ýòî èñïîëüçîâàíèå íîâåéøèõ òåõíîëîãèé, îïåðåæàþùåå ðàçâèòèå íàó-êîåìêèõ îòðàñëåé. Âîò ïî÷åìó óñèëèÿìè ó÷åíûõ, óïðàâëåí÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð è îáùåñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé â Ðåñïóáëèêå Áåëàðóñü áûë ñîçäàí Íàöèîíàëüíûé êîìèòåò ïî áèîýòèêå.
Îäíîé èç âàæíûõ ïðîáëåì ñåãîäíÿ îñòàåòñÿ ïîïóëÿðèçàöèÿ áèîý-òè÷åñêèõ çíàíèé ñðåäè öåëåâûõ ñîöèàëüíûõ ãðóïï è îáùåñòâåííîñòè ïóòåì ïðîñâåùåíèÿ è ïðè ïîìîùè ÑÌÈ. Íàëè÷èå øèðîêîãî äîñòóïà ê îáúåêòèâíîé èíôîðìàöèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ âàæíåéøèì óñëîâèåì ôîðìè-ðîâàíèÿ êóëüòóðû ìûøëåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà, ïîñêîëüêó èìåííî òàêàÿ èí-ôîðìàöèÿ ïîçâîëÿåò àäåêâàòíî îöåíèâàòü ïðîèñõîäÿùèå ñîáûòèÿ è ñïîñîáñòâóåò èñòèííîìó ïîíèìàíèþ ëîãèêè ñîâðåìåííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ.
Ïðèíöèïèàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå ïðèîáðåòàåò ãðàìîòíîå èíôîðìàöèîí-íîå îáåñïå÷åíèå íàó÷íîé è èííîâàöèîííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, êîòîðîå íàïðàâëåíî íà ôîðìèðîâàíèå ó îáùåñòâåííîñòè íàó÷íîãî ìèðîâîç-çðåíèÿ, óñòàíîâëåíèå ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî îáðàçà îòå÷åñòâåííîé íàóêè, à òàêæå è íà êà÷åñòâî óïðàâëåí÷åñêèõ ðåøåíèé â ýòîé ñôåðå.
 õîäå äèñêóññèè áûëà çàòðîíóòà ïðîáëåìà ïîäãîòîâêè ðàáîò-íèêîâ ñðåäñòâ ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè äëÿ èçäàíèé, ñïåöèàëèçèðó-þùèõñÿ íà íàó÷íîé òåìàòèêå. Èçäàíèÿ «Ìèð æèâîòíûõ» è «Ýêî-ëîã è ß» çàíèìàþò àêòèâíóþ ïîçèöèþ â ïðîöåññå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ áèîýòè÷åñêîãî ñîçíàíèÿ. Íà áàçå ðåäàêöèé â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èäåò îðãàíèçàöèÿ Îáùåñòâåííîãî ðåñóðñíîãî öåíòðà ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé èí-ôîðìàöèè, ãäå ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíî ñêîìïëåêòîâàòü ïîäáîð ëèòåðàòóðû ïî áèî- è ýêîýòèêå.
Ó÷àñòíèêè ïðåññ-ñåìèíàðà îáñóäèëè òåìó íàóêè è ëæåíàóêè â èíòåðïðåòàöèè ðîññèéñêèõ ñðåäñòâ ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè.
Ïðî-àíàëèçèðîâàâ ñîâðåìåííóþ ïðàêòèêó ðîññèéñêèõ ÑÌÈ, îíè êîí-ñòàòèðîâàëè, ÷òî â áîëüøèíñòâå ñâîåì æóðíàëèñòû äåìîíñòðèðóþò ñëàáûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ñòðóêòóðå íàó÷íîãî çíàíèÿ è ìîäåëÿõ íà-ó÷íîãî ïîçíàíèÿ. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, èñ÷åçàåò öåëîå íàïðàâëåíèå â äå-ÿòåëüíîñòè ÑÌÈ – ïðîïàãàíäà è ïîïóëÿðèçàöèÿ íàó÷íîãî çíàíèÿ.
 Áåëàðóñè îòñóòñòâóþò íàó÷íî-ïîïóëÿðíûå ïå÷àòíûå èçäàíèÿ, ïîäãîòîâêà êàäðîâ ïîïóëÿðèçàòîðîâ íàóêè è òåõíèêè â ñðåäå æóð-íàëèñòîâ, ñïåöèàëüíûå ñòàòüè áþäæåòíîãî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ ëÿðèçàòîðñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè; ñëàáàÿ ãîñïîääåðæêà âûïóñêà ïîïó-ëÿðíûõ ïå÷àòíûõ íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèõ èçäàíèé, ïðîãðàìì íà Ò è ðàäèî. Ñóùåñòâóåò ïðîáëåìà äîñòóïà ê àêòóàëüíûì, äîñòîâåðíûì èñòî÷íèêàì íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîé èíôîðìàöèè ïî îòå÷åñòâåííûì íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèì äîñòèæåíèÿì è èííîâàöèÿì.
Áûëà îòìå÷åíà ðîëü áåëîðóññêîãî òåëåâèäåíèÿ è ÇÀÎ «Âòîðîé íàöèîíàëüíûé òåëåêàíàë» â ïîïóëÿðèçàöèè íàóêîåìêèõ òåõíîëî-ãèé. Íåîáõîäèì êîìïðîìèññ ìåæäó ðàçðàáîò÷èêàìè íîâûõ òåõíî-ëîãèé è æóðíàëèñòàìè. Æóðíàëèñò íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîâîäíèêîì èäåé òîãî èëè èíîãî ðàçðàáîò÷èêà, îí – ñâÿçóþùåå çâåíî ìåæäó íàóêîé (â äàííîì ñëó÷àå) è îáùåñòâîì. È ñàìîå ãëàâíîå: íóæíà çàèíòåðå-ñîâàííîñòü ñîçäàòåëåé ñîâðåìåííûõ íàóêîåìêèõ òåõíîëîãèé â ïî-ïóëÿðèçàöèè ñâîèõ èäåé.
Ó÷àñòíèêàìè ïðåññ-ñåìèíàðà áûëè ðàññìîòðåíû ïðîáëåìû ïîïó-ëÿðèçàöèè íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèõ äîñòèæåíèé è èííîâàöèé â ýëåêò-ðîííûõ ÑÌÈ è Èíòåðíåòå.  ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà îïûòà ïðåäñòàâ-ëåííûõ â ðàìêàõ ñåìèíàðà èçäàíèé ñîáðàâøèåñÿ ïðèøëè ê âûâîäó,
÷òî Èíòåðíåò – ýôôåêòèâíûé è ïåðñïåêòèâíûé êàíàë ðàñïðîñòðà-íåíèÿ íàó÷íûõ çíàíèé, ïîçâîëÿþùèé íå òîëüêî îïåðàòèâíî ïîñ-òàâëÿòü èíôîðìàöèþ, îòñëåæèâàòü èíòåðåñû ÷èòàòåëüñêîé àóäèòî-ðèè, íî è ôîðìèðîâàòü èõ.
 õîäå ñåìèíàðà áûëè çàòðîíóòû âîïðîñû íîâûõ íàó÷íûõ ðàçðà-áîòîê êàê â ìåäèöèíå, òàê è â ôèçèêå, âîïðîñû ýíåðãîñáåðåæåíèÿ.
Áûë ñäåëàí âûâîä, ÷òî íåîáõîäèìî ïîâûøàòü êóëüòóðó ýíåðãîïîëü-çîâàíèÿ – ðà÷èòåëüíî îòíîñèòüñÿ ê ðàñõîäóåìîé ýíåðãèè â ïðîöåñ-ñàõ åå âûðàáîòêè, ïåðåäà÷è è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Ñîñòîÿëàñü ïðåçåíòà-öèÿ íîâûõ òåõíîëîãèé â ìåäèöèíå è çäðàâîîõðàíåíèè. Ñîáðàâøèåñÿ îçíàêîìèëèñü ñ ïðåäïðèíèìàåìûìè áåëîðóññêèì ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì øàãàìè â äàííîì íàïðàâëåíèè.
Áûëà îïðåäåíà ðîëü îôôøîðíîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ â ñîçäà-íèè ñîâðåìåííîãî âûñîêîòåõíè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðàììíîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ.
Ãëàâíîå â îôôøîðíîì ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèè çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî îíî ïîçâîëÿåò ñíèçèòü ñòîèìîñòü ïðîãðàììíîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ.
Ó÷àñòíèêè ïðåññ-ñåìèíàðà îáñóäèëè òåìó èííîâàöèîííîé ðåâî-ëþöèè íà ïîñòñîâåòñêîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå è ðîëü ìàññ-ìåäèà â äâèæåíèè ê èííîâàöèîííîé ýêîíîìèêå. Ïðèøëè â âûâîäó, ÷òî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü
êðóïíûõ è ÷àùå âñåãî ñûðüåâûõ ðîññèéñêèõ êîðïîðàöèé âêëàäû-âàòüñÿ â îòå÷åñòâåííûå èííîâàöèè íå õî÷åò. Ðîññèÿ âñå áîëüøå ñòà-íîâèòñÿ ñòðàíîé, «âûãîäíî òîðãóþùåé ñâîèìè ìîçãàìè». È ÷òîáû ðåøèòü âîçíèêøèå ïðîáëåìû, íóæíî ñðî÷íî ðàçðàáîòàòü è íà÷àòü ïðîâîäèòü â æèçíü ãîñóäàðñòâåííóþ èííîâàöèîííóþ ïîëèòèêó.
Ó÷àñòíèêè äèñêóññèè îáñóäèëè è ýòè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû èñïîëüçî-âàíèÿ äîñòèæåíèé ñîâðåìåííîé áèîòåõíîëîãèè. Ñ ìîìåíòà ðîæäå-íèÿ ãåííîé èíæåíåðèè âîçíèêëà íåîáõîäèìîñòü â ñîáëþäåíèè íîðì ýòèêè è îñîçíàíèè îòâåòñòâåííîñòè çà ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ðàçðàáîòîê. Ðàñ-ñìàòðèâàÿ ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ èíæåíåðèþ êàê ïåðñïåêòèâíîå íàïðàâëå-íèå â íàóêå íîâîãî âåêà, ñîáðàâøèåñÿ îñâåòèëè ìèðîâûå òåíäåíöèè â ðàçâèòèè ãåííî-èíæåíåðíûõ áèîòåõíîëîãèé, ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàëè ìåòîäîëîãèþ ñîçäàíèÿ ãåíåòè÷åñêè ìîäèôèöèðîâàííûõ îðãàíèçìîâ â Åâðîïå, îáåñïå÷åíèå óñêîðåííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Áåëà-ðóñü ìîëåêóëÿðíî-ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé è ñîâðåìåííûõ ãåí-íî-èíæåíåðíûõ áèîòåõíîëîãèé äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ èõ â ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå è ìåäèöèíå. Áûë ñäåëàí âûâîä, ÷òî âîïðîñû î òîì, íóæ-íû ëè ðàçðàáîòêè ãåííîé èíæåíåðèè, íàñêîëüêî îíè îïàñíóæ-íû èëè æå, íàîáîðîò, áåçîïàñíû äëÿ âñåãî æèâîãî, ïî-ïðåæíåìó àêòóàëüíû â íàøå âðåìÿ. Íà äàííîì ýòàïå çà ãåíåòè÷åñêè ìîäèôèöèðîâàííû-ìè îðãàíèçìàìîäèôèöèðîâàííû-ìè áóäóùåå, ïîòîìó ÷òî îíè ýêîíîìîäèôèöèðîâàííû-ìè÷åñêè âûãîäíû, îáëàäàþò âûñîêèì êà÷åñòâîì.
Ó÷àñòíèêè îáñóäèëè è íîâîââåäåíèè â îáó÷åíèå ñòóäåíòîâ-ìå-äèêîâ. Çàòðîíóëè âîëíóþùóþ òåìó íåîáõîäèìîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ æèâîòíûõ â ó÷åáíûõ öåëÿõ. Ìîæåò, ïðîùå âñå ìåäèöèíñêèå ïðî-öåññû ïîçíàâàòü ñ ïîìîùüþ ñîâðåìåííûõ êîìïüþòåðíûõ ðàçðàáî-òîê? Ìíåíèÿ ïî äàííîìó âîïðîñó ðàçîøëèñü. Îäíàêî áîëüøèíñòâî ñîáðàâøèõñÿ ñîãëàñèëîñü, ÷òî ïîäãîòîâèòü âåòåðèíàðíîãî âðà÷à íå-âîçìîæíî áåç èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ æèâîòíûõ.
Ó÷àñòíèêè ïðèøëè ê âûâîäó, ÷òî áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ èìååò îãðîìíîå áóäóùåå. Îáùåñòâî çàèíòåðåñîâàíî â ñêîðåéøåì âíåäðåíèè è ýôôåê-òèâíîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè äîñòèæåíèé íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðåññà.
Ðîëü ÑÌÈ â ýòîì ïðîöåññå òðóäíî ïåðåîöåíèòü. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ,
çíà-÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ïå÷àòíûõ èçäàíèé, ìíîãèå òåëåæóðíàëèñòû çàíÿëè íåáëàãîâèäíóþ ïîçèöèþ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ãåííîé èíæåíåðèè. Íà íà-ñåëåíèå âûëèâàåòñÿ ïîòîê íåäîñòîâåðíîé, èñêàæåííîé èíôîðìàöèè, ïðèçâàííîé ëþáûì ñïîñîáîì ñôîðìèðîâàòü ó íåãî íåãàòèâíîå îòíî-øåíèå ê ñîâðåìåííîé áèîòåõíîëîãèè. Òàêàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü
ïðîòèâîðå-÷èò èíòåðåñàì ãîñóäàðñòâà, ïðîñòûõ ãðàæäàí. Ïîýòîìó äëÿ æóðíà-ëèñòà î÷åíü âàæíî ïîäàâàòü äîñòîâåðíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ è ÷óâñòâîâàòü îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà êàæäîå ñêàçàííîå è íàïèñàííîå ñëîâî.
Ðåñïóáëèêà Áåëàðóñü èìååò îïðåäåëåííûå äîñòèæåíèÿ â îáëàñòè áèîáåçîïàñíîñòè, à òàêæå â ôîðìèðîâàíèè àäåêâàòíîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ íàñåëåíèåì äîñòèæåíèé ñîâðåìåííîé áèîòåõíîëîãèè.
Press seminar «Science and High Technologies of the XXI Century.
Role of Mass-Media in Promotion of New Ideas» is the continuation of already started exchange of experience among the experts of Belarus and other CIS-countries.
During the press seminar a number of crucial issues were touched upon. In particular, the participants pointed out that elaboration of bioethics issues is recognized as a worldwide development trend of interdisciplinary scientific knowledge and its main area. The modern paradigm of bioethics is characterized by radical turn from the empiric means of medical morals towards acute philosophical reflection over foundations of morality in biomedical researches, one’s own concepts of moral values, expansion of the bioethics problem scope including legal components in the same.
Innovation is a basis for development of the national economy of the Republic of Belarus. The science should support its growth. And therefore the cardinal guidelines to follow are utilization of the recent technologies, advanced development of high technology industries.
That is why the National Bioethics Committee was founded in the Republic of Belarus by efforts of scientists, administrative structures and public organizations.
Popularization of bioethic knowledge among target social groups and general public by education and through mass-media remains today one of the major problems. Wide access to the objective information is the major condition of shaping human culture of thinking, since objective and reliable information allows to evaluate current events adequately and to contribute to true understanding of the logic of modern development.
Competent press coverage of scientific and innovative activity is becoming a matter of principle, it is aimed to form the public scientific outlook and establish a positive image of the domestic science, and quality of administrative solutions in this sphere.
During the discussion issue of training of mass media workers for editions dedicated to science was touched upon. Mir Zhivotnyh (World of Animals) and Ecolog i Ya (Ecologist and I) editions occupy an active position in the shaping process of bioethical awareness. At present the Public Resource Center of Ecological Information is being organized on the basis of the editorial boards, where it is planned to collect as large selection of bio- and ecoethical literature as possible.
Press seminar participants discussed a topic of science and pseudo science in interpretation of the Russian mass-media. Having analyzed the contemporary practice of the Russian media, they stated that in the majority journalists show their having slight idea of structure of
of science, disappears.
In Belarus there are no printed popular science editions; professional training of science and technology popularizers among journalists;
special items of budget financing of popularizing activity, poor state support of publishing popular scientific and technical printed editions and of TV and radio program release. There exists a problem of access to the timely, reliable resources of scientific and technical information on domestic scientific and technical achievements and innovations.
A role of Belarusian television and the Second National Telechannel Closed Joint-Stock Company popularization of high technologies was pointed out. A compromise between developers of the new technologies and journalists is necessary. The journalist is not a conductor of ideas of one or another developer, he or she is a link between the science (in this case) and the society. And first and foremost: interest of originators of modern high technologies in popularization of their ideas is necessary.
Issues of popularization of scientific and technical achievements and innovations in electronic mass-media and Internet have been considered by the participants of the press seminar. Upon having analyzed the publications presented at the seminar, the participants have concluded that Internet is an effective and promising channel of presentation of science, which allows not only to deliver the information promptly and trace the readership interests, but also to develop them.
During the seminar issues of new scientific developments both in medicine and in physics, and energy saving issues have been touched upon. A conclusion has been drawn that culture of energy utilization should be raised: one must thoughtfully spend power when generating, transmitting and using it. A presentation of new technologies in medicine and public health has taken place. The meeting has learnt about the directed steps taken by the Belarusian government.
Role of the offshore programming in the modern high technological software development has been defined. The main thing about the offshore programming is that it allows to lower the software cost.
The press seminar participants have dwelled on the innovative revolution in the post-Soviet territory and the role of mass-media in advance towards the innovative economy. A conclusion has been reached that the majority of Russian large and usually raw materials corporations are not likely to invest domestic innovations. Russia rapidly turns into a country which «gains from selling its brains».
And to solve the arisen problems there is an urgent need to develop and start pursuing the state innovative policy.