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単層カーボンナノチューブ

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 1.幾何学と電子構造

Geometry and Electronic Structure 単層カーボンナノチューブ

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 1.幾何学と電子構造

Geometry and Electronic Structure

丸山 茂夫

Shigeo Maruyama

東京大学大学院工学系研究科 機械工学専攻

http://www.photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp 分子熱流体工学(Molecular Thermo-Fluid Engineering) 2013

(2)

Contents

1.幾何学と電子構造

Geometry & Electronic Structure 2.電子顕微鏡観察と分光

Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy 3.合成と応用

Growth and Applications 4.ナノチューブの伝熱 Heat Transfer

5.生成メカニズムとカイラリティ制御

Growth Mechanism and Chirality Control

(3)

from NNI Home Page: http://www.nano.gov

Nanometer Scale

(4)

1-D: Carbon Nanotube

Allotropes of Carbon

3-D: Diamond 2-D (3-D) Graphite

0-D: Fullerene

2-D: Graphene

Graphite Diamond (from CHAUMET Paris HP)

(5)

(a) C60 (b) C70 (c) La@C82

(e) C240 PVWin

(d) Sc2@C84

Fullerene Structures

(6)

C

60

のアイデア : 大澤 (1975)

フラーレンの発見 : Smalley, Kroto & Curl (1985)

フラーレンの量的生成 : Krätschmer & Huffman(1990) フラーレンの超伝導の発見 : Hebard(1991)

ナノチューブの生成 : 飯島 (1991)

金属内包フラーレンの量的生成 : Smalley (1991) 単層ナノチューブの量的生成 : Smalley (1996) 電子ドープ超伝導 : Batlog (2000)

ノーベル 化学賞

(1996)

フラーレンの発見

??

(7)

BuckminsterFullerene

(8)

BuckminsterFullerene

(9)

Euler’s Theorem: f  v  e  2

f: faces, v: vertices, e: edges

Usual Explanation of Even Numbered Positive Spectra

 

6 5

6 5

6 5

6 5

3

6 5

2

f f

v

f f

e

f f

f

 

6 5

2 20

12 f v

f

f

5

f

6

Euler’s Theorem

(10)

C10

C8

2500

1000 1500 2000

500

Time (ps) C60 C49

C28 C26

C12

C15

C8

C33 0

20

40

60

C70 C53

C8

Cluster Size

500 carbon atoms 342 Å cubic box Tc = 3000 K

PVWin

Growth Process of Fullerene

Y.Yamaguchi & S.Maruyama, Chem. Phys. Lett., 286, 336 (1998).

(11)

7

4

7 7 7

48 7 7 7

7 7

7

7 7

initial

215.81 ns 215.82 ns 216.35 ns 216.40 ns

216.45 ns 217.18 ns 218.39 ns 220.56 ns 221.70 ns (IhC60) A

215 ns

B

–6.72 –6.68 –6.64 –6.6

0 4

# of damgling bonds NDB

Ep

NDB

potential energyEp(eV)

time (ns)

190 200 210 220 230

IhC60

PVWin

Annealing Process to perfect C60 S.Maruyama & Y.Yamaguchi,

Chem. Phys. Lett., 286, 343 (1998).

(12)

Chai n

Ring Flat

C10 C20 C30

Tangled poly-cyclic

Closed cage Stone-Wales transformations

C5

0

C70 C60

Fullerene (stable)

Open cage

Graphitic sheet Too low temperature

Chaotic 3-dimensional structure

Random cage

Higher fullerene

Fullerene Formation Model

S. Maruyama & Y. Yamaguchi, Chem. Phys. Lett. 286 (1998) 343.

(13)

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube, SWNT

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes MWNT

Carbon Nanotubes

Peapod

Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes DWNT

(14)

Individual tube diameter: 1.3 nm Spacing: 0.34 nm

Misalignments and Terminations

TEM from Smalley et al. at Rice University About 100 SWNTs

TEM Pictures of SWNT Ropes

5 nm

By ACCVD

(15)

Peapods

Suenaga et al., PRL 2003

Peapod with Sc2@C84

(16)

http://vortex.tn.tudelft.nl/~dekker/nanotubes.html

STM Image of Individual Atoms

(17)

(0,0)

Ch = (10,0)

Wrapping (10,0) SWNT (zigzag)

a

1

a

2

x y

(18)

(0,0)

Ch = (10,0)

Wrapping (10,0) SWNT (zigzag)

a

1

a

2

x y

(19)

(0,0)

Ch = (10,10)

Wrapping (10,10) SWNT (armchair)

a

1

a

2

x y

(20)

(0,0)

Ch = (10,10)

Wrapping (10,10) SWNT (armchair)

a

1

a

2

x y

(21)

(0,0)

Ch = (10,5)

Wrapping (10,5) SWNT (chiral)

a

1

a

2

x y

(22)

(0,0)

Ch = (10,5)

Wrapping (10,5) SWNT (chiral)

a

1

a

2

x y

(23)

Chirality and Radius of SWNT

(10,10) Armchair (10,0) Zigzag

(10,5) Chiral

a1

a2 (10,10)

(8,8)

(5,5)

(24)

Hexagonal Lattice (Definition of Vectors)

Chiral vector

2

1 a

a

Chnm

a

1

a

2

O

(4,-5)

Ch T

x y

(6,3)

2 ) , 3 2

(3

2 ) , 3 2

(3

2 1

cc cc

cc cc

a a

a a

a a

a acc

2 3

1 a

a

a a 2) , 1 2 ( 3

2) , 1 2 ( 3

2 1

a a

(25)

Hexagonal Lattice (n,m) nanotubes

a

1

a

2

x y

(0,0) (1,0) (2,0) (3,0) (1,1) (2,1)

Zigzag

Armchair

(2,2)

(4,0) (5,0) (6,0) (3,1) (4,1) (5,1)

(3,2) (4,2) (5,2)

(7,0) (8,0) (9,0) (6,1) (7,1) (8,1)

(6,2) (7,2) (8,2)

(10,0) (11,0) (9,1) (10,1)

(9,2) (10,2) (3,3) (4,3) (5,3) (6,3) (7,3) (8,3) (9,3)

(4,4) (5,4) (6,4) (7,4) (8,4) (9,4) (5,5) (6,5) (7,5) (8,5)

(6,6) (7,6) (8,6) (7,7)

n - m = 3q (q: integer): metallic

n - m  3q (q: integer): semiconductor

(26)

(n,m) Symmetry

Diameter of Tube dt Ch 3acc n2 nm m2

Chiral vector Chna1ma2

Chiral angle tan1

3m/(m 2n)

Lattice Vector T

(2mn)a1 (2nm)a2

/dR

R h d C T  3 /



 

d of multiple a

is m n if d

d of multiple a

not is m n if dR d

3 3

3 d: highest common divisor of (n,m)

dR

nm n

N  2(m22  ) Number of hexagons per unit cell:

c c

t n a

d

3 Armchair

(27)

Electric DOS of Graphite

幾何学構造と同様に,SWNTの電子構造はグラフェン

(グラファイト1層)の電子構造を基礎として理解できる.

そこで,最初にグラフェンの電子構造について復習する.

炭素のπ電子の挙動が問題となる.

電子の波動関数を波数(kx, ky)の平面波で展開し,

6角形のブリリアンゾーンにおける分散関係を求める.

グラフェンは,ゼロバンドギャップ半導体であり,K点とM点で のみ,π電子とπ*電子の分散関係が接する.

Reference

P. R. Wallace, Phys. Rev, 71 622 (1947).

(28)

Reciprocal Lattice Vector

逆格子ベクトル

2 ,

2

/ 2 ,

/ 2

2 2 1

1

2 2

1 1

b a b

a

a b

a b

a a a a

3 ) 4 2 , 3 2 (1 ) 2

1 3 , ( 1

3 ) 4 2 , 3 2 (1 ) 2

1 3 , ( 1

2 1

b b

a a

Per

a a

Per

cc y

cc x

3

3 3

a a 2) , 1 2 ( 3

2) , 1 2 ( 3

2 1

a

a a1a2  3acca

Brillouin Zone

a a

a 3

) 2 0 , 1 3 (

2 3

2

2 2 1

1

k

b k b b

k b

y

a

2

a

1

x

k

x

k

y

 M

K

b2 b1

475 . 1

3 2 2 3 1

acc

a

703 . 1

3 3

4 3 4 2 3 2

acc

a a

554

. 2 2

a

1 2

2

1 b b

Reciprocal Lattice Vector

(29)

Brillouin Zone

逆格子ベクトル

Brillouin Zone y

a

2

a

1

x

k

x

k

y

 M

K

b2 b1

475 . 1

3 2 2 3 1

acc

a

703 . 1

3 3

4 3 4 2 3 2

acc

a a

554

. 2 2

a

1 2

2

1 b b

Reciprocal Lattice Vector

波長kx, kyで表現した位相空間を逆格子空間という.

電子の平面波の高波数の上限は(π/格子定数)で表せる.

このような上限波数範囲を逆格子空間で表したものをブリリアンゾーンとよぶ.

6角格子の場合には,ブリリアンゾーンも6角形となる.方向が90度 ずれていることに注意!

(30)

Plane Wave Representation and Tight-Binding Wave Function

 E H

Schrödinger Equation

kr

e

i

Plane Wave

r k

k

( r )

i( G)

G

G

e

C

G: reciprocal vector Plane Wave Representation

Fourier Transform of wave function

) , ( )

( r k r

k i

i

C

i

 

Tight-binding wave function

 

R

kR

r R

r

k 1 ( )

) ,

(

i

u

i

e

N Bloch orbital

(31)

Tight-Binding Method

 E H

Instead of Solving Schrödinger Equation

Find best  which minimize

  H E

With Tight-binding wave function Functional Method

 

 

j i

ij j i

j i

ij j

i

S C C

H C

H C E

,

* ,

*

j i

ij

H

H    S

ij

 

i

j

Hamiltonian Matrix Overlap Integral

Here,

(32)

Tight-Binding Method 2

  

j

j j

ij j

ij

C E S C

H (k )

) 0 (

*

 C

i

E k

0

,

* ,

*















 

ij

j j

j i

ij j i

ij j

i

j i ij

j

j C S

S C C

H C C H

C ) 0 (

2

,

* ,

*

,

*

*













j i

ij j i

ij j

j ij

j i

j i

j i

ij j i

ij j

j

i

S C C

S C H

C C S

C C

H C C

E k

(33)

2-D Electronic Energy Dispersions of Graphite

) ( 1

) ) (

( 2 0

2 k

k k

sw Eg D p w

cos 2 2 4

2 cos cos 3

4 1 )

( )

( 2 k a k a 2 k a

f

w kk   x yy



 

 



 

 

1

* ) (

) ( 1

* ) (

) (

2 0

0 2

k sf

k S sf

k f

k H f

p p

H: (2x2) Hamiltonian

S: (2x2) Overlap integral matrix

2p: Site Energy of 2p atomic orbital

cos 2 2

)

( / 3 /2 3 k a

e e

k

fkxakxa y

0 ) det(HES  Secular equation (永年方程式)

where

a  3 a

CC

where

(34)

2-D Energy dispersion relation for graphite

From: R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Trigonal warping effect of carbon nanotubes, Physical Review B, vol. 61, no. 4, 2981 (2000).

[Color picture was from Professor R. Saito]

) ( 1

) ) (

( 2 0

2 k

k k

sw Eg D p w

cos 2 2 4

2 cos cos 3

4 1 )

( k a k a 2 k a

w k   x yy

Overlap integral: s=0.129 C-C interaction energy: 0=2.9eV

2p = 0

(35)

Energy dispersion relation for  and  * bands

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

kx

ky

0.000 15.000

M

K

K’

M

M K

M K’

M

M

K’

K

) ( 1

) ) (

( 2 0

2 k

k k

sw Eg D p w

cos 2 2 4

2 cos cos 3

4 1 )

( k a k a 2 k a

w k   x yy

s=0.129

Gamma=2.9eV

C

a

C

a  3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

kx

ky

-10.000 0.000

(36)

Electric DOS of Nanotube

グラフェンを巻いたSWNTの場合には,円周方向に周 期境界条件を満たす電子の波動関数しか許されなく なる.このため,グラフェンの場合の6角形のブリリア ンゾーン(平面)は,有限数の線となってしまう.この線 が,K点かM点を通過すると金属,そうでないと半導 体となる.

Reference

最初の理論予測:R. Saito et al., Phys. Rev. B46, 1804 (1992).

詳細かつわかりやすい論文:R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S.

Dresselhaus, Trigonal warping effect of carbon nanotubes, Physical Review B, vol. 61, no. 4, 2981 (2000).

 M

K

K’

M K’

 M

K

K’

M

K’

(37)

Electric DOS of Carbon Nanotube

 M

K

K’

M K’

–4 0 –2 0 2 4

wave vector

energy(eV)

0 1 2

–4 –2 0 2 4

energy(eV)

–4 0 –2 0 2 4

wave vector

energy(eV)

0 1 2

–4 –2 0 2 4

energy(eV)

(38)

1D Dispersion

Lattice Vector T

(2mn)a1 (2nm)a2

/dR

 ( 2 m n )

1

( 2 n m )

2

 / Nd

R

1

b b

K    

N n

m ) /

(

1 2

2

b b

K  

Discrete unit vector along the circumferential direction

Reciprocal lattice vector along the nanotube axis

 

 

 

1

2 2

)

2

( K

K

K 

k E k

E

g D

k T T

N

 1 , 2 ,...,

R h d C

T  3 / Ch a n2 nm m2

h

R

C

m mn a n

m mn n m mn a n

Nd m mn a n

2

1 2

) (

2 / 2 2

/ 2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2

1

K

dR

nm n

N 2(m2 2 )

d T C

m mn n

d a

m mn n m mn n a d

N m mn a n

R h

R R

2 3

1 2

3 1 2

) (

2 3 /

2 2

3 / 2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2

2

K

(39)

Summary

1 2

2

K

K

K   k

k T T

N

 1 , 2 ,...,

 

 

 

1

2 2

)

2

( K

K

K 

k E k

E

g D

where

(40)

Slice

-2 -1 0 1 2

-2 -1 0 1 2

kx

ky

0.000 3.000

-2 -1 0 1 2

-2 -1 0 1 2

kx

ky

0.000 3.000

(10,0)

K1=(0.221239,0.127732) K2=(-0.737463,1.277323)

-2 -1 0 1 2

-2 -1 0 1 2

kx

ky

0.000 3.000

(10,10)

K1=(0.147493,0.000000) K2=(0.000000,2.554647)

-2 -1 0 1 2

-2 -1 0 1 2

kx

ky

0.000 3.000

(10,5)

K1=(0.189633,0.036495) K2=(-0.105352,0.547424)

(41)

van Hove Singularity

ブリリアントゾーンを積分するとい わゆる状態密度(Density of States, DOS)が求まることになる.

金属か半導体かという点以外にも

,周期境界条件によって,ブリリア ンゾーンが線となるために,一次 元物質に特有のvan Hove特異点と 呼ばれる発散するDOSとなる.

Reference

Dresselhaus, M. S. & Dresselhaus, G., Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes, Academic Press (1996).

Saito, R., ほか2名, Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, Imperial College Press (1998).

点線はグラフェンのDOS

(42)

Comparison of DOS for Armchairs

–2 0 2

0 2 4

(5,5)

(10,10)

(15,15)

(20,20)

Energy (eV)

Density of States (states/1C–atom/eV)

(43)

Comparison of DOS for Zig-zag

–2 0 2

0 2 4

(10,0)

(20,0)

(30,0)

(40,0)

Energy (eV)

Density of States (states/1C–atom/eV)

(44)

2-D Energy dispersion relation for graphite

y

a

2

a

1

x

kx ky

M

K

b2 b1

Reciprocal Lattice Vector

From: R. Saito et al., Physical Review B (2000).

 M

K

K’

M K’

Brillouin Zone

* (conduction)

 (valence)

–10 –5 0 5 10 15

E (eV)

K M K

*

s = 0.129

s = 0 (symmetric)

参照

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