単層カーボンナノチューブ
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 1.幾何学と電子構造
Geometry and Electronic Structure 単層カーボンナノチューブ
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 1.幾何学と電子構造
Geometry and Electronic Structure
丸山 茂夫
Shigeo Maruyama
東京大学大学院工学系研究科 機械工学専攻
http://www.photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp 分子熱流体工学(Molecular Thermo-Fluid Engineering) 2013
Contents
1.幾何学と電子構造
Geometry & Electronic Structure 2.電子顕微鏡観察と分光
Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy 3.合成と応用
Growth and Applications 4.ナノチューブの伝熱 Heat Transfer
5.生成メカニズムとカイラリティ制御
Growth Mechanism and Chirality Control
from NNI Home Page: http://www.nano.gov
Nanometer Scale
1-D: Carbon Nanotube
Allotropes of Carbon
3-D: Diamond 2-D (3-D) Graphite
0-D: Fullerene
2-D: Graphene
Graphite Diamond (from CHAUMET Paris HP)
(a) C60 (b) C70 (c) La@C82
(e) C240 PVWin
(d) Sc2@C84
Fullerene Structures
C
60のアイデア : 大澤 (1975)
フラーレンの発見 : Smalley, Kroto & Curl (1985)
フラーレンの量的生成 : Krätschmer & Huffman(1990) フラーレンの超伝導の発見 : Hebard(1991)
ナノチューブの生成 : 飯島 (1991)
金属内包フラーレンの量的生成 : Smalley (1991) 単層ナノチューブの量的生成 : Smalley (1996) 電子ドープ超伝導 : Batlog (2000)
ノーベル 化学賞
(1996)
フラーレンの発見
??
BuckminsterFullerene
BuckminsterFullerene
Euler’s Theorem: f v e 2
f: faces, v: vertices, e: edges
Usual Explanation of Even Numbered Positive Spectra
6 5
6 5
6 5
6 5
3
6 5
2
f f
v
f f
e
f f
f
6 5
2 20
12 f v
f
f
5f
6Euler’s Theorem
C10
C8
2500
1000 1500 2000
500
Time (ps) C60 C49
C28 C26
C12
C15
C8
C33 0
20
40
60
C70 C53
C8
Cluster Size
500 carbon atoms 342 Å cubic box Tc = 3000 K
PVWin
Growth Process of Fullerene
Y.Yamaguchi & S.Maruyama, Chem. Phys. Lett., 286, 336 (1998).
7
4
7 7 7
48 7 7 7
7 7
7
7 7
initial
215.81 ns 215.82 ns 216.35 ns 216.40 ns
216.45 ns 217.18 ns 218.39 ns 220.56 ns 221.70 ns (IhC60) A
215 ns
B
–6.72 –6.68 –6.64 –6.6
0 4
# of damgling bonds NDB
Ep
NDB
potential energyEp(eV)
time (ns)
190 200 210 220 230
IhC60
PVWin
Annealing Process to perfect C60 S.Maruyama & Y.Yamaguchi,
Chem. Phys. Lett., 286, 343 (1998).
Chai n
Ring Flat
C10 C20 C30
Tangled poly-cyclic
Closed cage Stone-Wales transformations
C5
0
C70 C60
Fullerene (stable)
Open cage
Graphitic sheet Too low temperature
Chaotic 3-dimensional structure
Random cage
Higher fullerene
Fullerene Formation Model
S. Maruyama & Y. Yamaguchi, Chem. Phys. Lett. 286 (1998) 343.
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube, SWNT
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes MWNT
Carbon Nanotubes
Peapod
Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes DWNT
Individual tube diameter: 1.3 nm Spacing: 0.34 nm
Misalignments and Terminations
TEM from Smalley et al. at Rice University About 100 SWNTs
TEM Pictures of SWNT Ropes
5 nm
By ACCVD
Peapods
Suenaga et al., PRL 2003
Peapod with Sc2@C84
http://vortex.tn.tudelft.nl/~dekker/nanotubes.html
STM Image of Individual Atoms
(0,0)
Ch = (10,0)
Wrapping (10,0) SWNT (zigzag)
a
1a
2x y
(0,0)
Ch = (10,0)
Wrapping (10,0) SWNT (zigzag)
a
1a
2x y
(0,0)
Ch = (10,10)
Wrapping (10,10) SWNT (armchair)
a
1a
2x y
(0,0)
Ch = (10,10)
Wrapping (10,10) SWNT (armchair)
a
1a
2x y
(0,0)
Ch = (10,5)
Wrapping (10,5) SWNT (chiral)
a
1a
2x y
(0,0)
Ch = (10,5)
Wrapping (10,5) SWNT (chiral)
a
1a
2x y
Chirality and Radius of SWNT
(10,10) Armchair (10,0) Zigzag
(10,5) Chiral
a1
a2 (10,10)
(8,8)
(5,5)
Hexagonal Lattice (Definition of Vectors)
Chiral vector
2
1 a
a
Ch n m
a
1a
2O
(4,-5)
Ch T
x y
(6,3)
2 ) , 3 2
(3
2 ) , 3 2
(3
2 1
cc cc
cc cc
a a
a a
a a
a acc
2 3
1 a
a
a a 2) , 1 2 ( 3
2) , 1 2 ( 3
2 1
a a
Hexagonal Lattice (n,m) nanotubes
a
1a
2x y
(0,0) (1,0) (2,0) (3,0) (1,1) (2,1)
Zigzag
Armchair
(2,2)
(4,0) (5,0) (6,0) (3,1) (4,1) (5,1)
(3,2) (4,2) (5,2)
(7,0) (8,0) (9,0) (6,1) (7,1) (8,1)
(6,2) (7,2) (8,2)
(10,0) (11,0) (9,1) (10,1)
(9,2) (10,2) (3,3) (4,3) (5,3) (6,3) (7,3) (8,3) (9,3)
(4,4) (5,4) (6,4) (7,4) (8,4) (9,4) (5,5) (6,5) (7,5) (8,5)
(6,6) (7,6) (8,6) (7,7)
n - m = 3q (q: integer): metallic
n - m 3q (q: integer): semiconductor
(n,m) Symmetry
Diameter of Tube dt Ch 3acc n2 nm m2
Chiral vector Ch na1 ma2
Chiral angle tan1
3m/(m 2n)
Lattice Vector T
(2m n)a1 (2n m)a2
/dRR h d C T 3 /
d of multiple a
is m n if d
d of multiple a
not is m n if dR d
3 3
3 d: highest common divisor of (n,m)
dR
nm n
N 2(m2 2 ) Number of hexagons per unit cell:
c c
t n a
d
3 Armchair
Electric DOS of Graphite
幾何学構造と同様に,SWNTの電子構造はグラフェン
(グラファイト1層)の電子構造を基礎として理解できる.
そこで,最初にグラフェンの電子構造について復習する.
炭素のπ電子の挙動が問題となる.
電子の波動関数を波数(kx, ky)の平面波で展開し,
6角形のブリリアンゾーンにおける分散関係を求める.
グラフェンは,ゼロバンドギャップ半導体であり,K点とM点で のみ,π電子とπ*電子の分散関係が接する.
Reference
P. R. Wallace, Phys. Rev, 71 622 (1947).
Reciprocal Lattice Vector
逆格子ベクトル
2 ,
2
/ 2 ,
/ 2
2 2 1
1
2 2
1 1
b a b
a
a b
a b
a a a a
3 ) 4 2 , 3 2 (1 ) 2
1 3 , ( 1
3 ) 4 2 , 3 2 (1 ) 2
1 3 , ( 1
2 1
b b
a a
Per
a a
Per
cc y
cc x
3
3 3
a a 2) , 1 2 ( 3
2) , 1 2 ( 3
2 1
a
a a1 a2 3acc a
Brillouin Zone
a a
a 3
) 2 0 , 1 3 (
2 3
2
2 2 1
1
k
b k b b
k b
y
a
2a
1x
k
x
k
y
M
K
b2 b1
475 . 1
3 2 2 3 1
acc
a
703 . 1
3 3
4 3 4 2 3 2
acc
a a
554
. 2 2
a
1 2
2
1 b b
Reciprocal Lattice Vector
Brillouin Zone
逆格子ベクトル
Brillouin Zone y
a
2a
1x
k
x
k
y
M
K
b2 b1
475 . 1
3 2 2 3 1
acc
a
703 . 1
3 3
4 3 4 2 3 2
acc
a a
554
. 2 2
a
1 2
2
1 b b
Reciprocal Lattice Vector
波長kx, kyで表現した位相空間を逆格子空間という.
電子の平面波の高波数の上限は(π/格子定数)で表せる.
このような上限波数範囲を逆格子空間で表したものをブリリアンゾーンとよぶ.
6角格子の場合には,ブリリアンゾーンも6角形となる.方向が90度 ずれていることに注意!
Plane Wave Representation and Tight-Binding Wave Function
E H
Schrödinger Equation
kr
e
iPlane Wave
r k
k
( r )
i( G)G
G
e
C
G: reciprocal vector Plane Wave Representation
Fourier Transform of wave function
) , ( )
( r k r
k i
i
C
i
Tight-binding wave function
R
kR
r R
r
k 1 ( )
) ,
(
i
u
i
e
N Bloch orbital
Tight-Binding Method
E H
Instead of Solving Schrödinger Equation
Find best which minimize
H E
With Tight-binding wave function Functional Method
j i
ij j i
j i
ij j
i
S C C
H C
H C E
,
* ,
*
j i
ij
H
H S
ij
i
jHamiltonian Matrix Overlap Integral
Here,
Tight-Binding Method 2
j
j j
ij j
ij
C E S C
H (k )
) 0 (
*
C
iE k
0
,
* ,
*
ijj j
j i
ij j i
ij j
i
j i ij
j
j C S
S C C
H C C H
C ) 0 (
2
,
* ,
*
,
*
*
j i
ij j i
ij j
j ij
j i
j i
j i
ij j i
ij j
j
i
S C C
S C H
C C S
C C
H C C
E k
2-D Electronic Energy Dispersions of Graphite
) ( 1
) ) (
( 2 0
2 k
k k
sw Eg D p w
cos 2 2 4
2 cos cos 3
4 1 )
( )
( 2 k a k a 2 k a
f
w k k x y y
1
* ) (
) ( 1
* ) (
) (
2 0
0 2
k sf
k S sf
k f
k H f
p p
H: (2x2) HamiltonianS: (2x2) Overlap integral matrix
2p: Site Energy of 2p atomic orbital
cos 2 2
)
( / 3 /2 3 k a
e e
k
f kxa kxa y
0 ) det(H ES Secular equation (永年方程式)
where
a 3 a
CCwhere
2-D Energy dispersion relation for graphite
From: R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Trigonal warping effect of carbon nanotubes, Physical Review B, vol. 61, no. 4, 2981 (2000).
[Color picture was from Professor R. Saito]
) ( 1
) ) (
( 2 0
2 k
k k
sw Eg D p w
cos 2 2 4
2 cos cos 3
4 1 )
( k a k a 2 k a
w k x y y
Overlap integral: s=0.129 C-C interaction energy: 0=2.9eV
2p = 0
Energy dispersion relation for and * bands
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
kx
ky
0.000 15.000
M
K
K’
M
M K
M K’
M
M
K’
K
) ( 1
) ) (
( 2 0
2 k
k k
sw Eg D p w
cos 2 2 4
2 cos cos 3
4 1 )
( k a k a 2 k a
w k x y y
s=0.129
Gamma=2.9eV
C
a
Ca 3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
kx
ky
-10.000 0.000
Electric DOS of Nanotube
グラフェンを巻いたSWNTの場合には,円周方向に周 期境界条件を満たす電子の波動関数しか許されなく なる.このため,グラフェンの場合の6角形のブリリア ンゾーン(平面)は,有限数の線となってしまう.この線 が,K点かM点を通過すると金属,そうでないと半導 体となる.
Reference
最初の理論予測:R. Saito et al., Phys. Rev. B46, 1804 (1992).
詳細かつわかりやすい論文:R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S.
Dresselhaus, Trigonal warping effect of carbon nanotubes, Physical Review B, vol. 61, no. 4, 2981 (2000).
M
K
K’
M K’
M
K
K’
M
K’
Electric DOS of Carbon Nanotube
M
K
K’
M K’
–4 0 –2 0 2 4
wave vector
energy(eV)
0 1 2
–4 –2 0 2 4
energy(eV)
–4 0 –2 0 2 4
wave vector
energy(eV)
0 1 2
–4 –2 0 2 4
energy(eV)
1D Dispersion
Lattice Vector T
(2m n)a1 (2n m)a2
/dR ( 2 m n )
1( 2 n m )
2 / Nd
R1
b b
K
N n
m ) /
(
1 22
b b
K
Discrete unit vector along the circumferential direction
Reciprocal lattice vector along the nanotube axis
12 2
)
2( K
K
K
k E k
E
g Dk T T
N
1 , 2 ,...,
R h d C
T 3 / Ch a n2 nm m2
h
R
C
m mn a n
m mn n m mn a n
Nd m mn a n
2
1 2
) (
2 / 2 2
/ 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
K
dR
nm n
N 2(m2 2 )
d T C
m mn n
d a
m mn n m mn n a d
N m mn a n
R h
R R
2 3
1 2
3 1 2
) (
2 3 /
2 2
3 / 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
K
Summary
1 2
2
K
K
K k
k T T
N
1 , 2 ,...,
12 2
)
2( K
K
K
k E k
E
g Dwhere
Slice
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2 -1 0 1 2
kx
ky
0.000 3.000
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2 -1 0 1 2
kx
ky
0.000 3.000
(10,0)
K1=(0.221239,0.127732) K2=(-0.737463,1.277323)
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2 -1 0 1 2
kx
ky
0.000 3.000
(10,10)
K1=(0.147493,0.000000) K2=(0.000000,2.554647)
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2 -1 0 1 2
kx
ky
0.000 3.000
(10,5)
K1=(0.189633,0.036495) K2=(-0.105352,0.547424)
van Hove Singularity
ブリリアントゾーンを積分するとい わゆる状態密度(Density of States, DOS)が求まることになる.
金属か半導体かという点以外にも
,周期境界条件によって,ブリリア ンゾーンが線となるために,一次 元物質に特有のvan Hove特異点と 呼ばれる発散するDOSとなる.
Reference
Dresselhaus, M. S. & Dresselhaus, G., Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes, Academic Press (1996).
Saito, R., ほか2名, Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, Imperial College Press (1998).
点線はグラフェンのDOS
Comparison of DOS for Armchairs
–2 0 2
0 2 4
(5,5)
(10,10)
(15,15)
(20,20)
Energy (eV)
Density of States (states/1C–atom/eV)
Comparison of DOS for Zig-zag
–2 0 2
0 2 4
(10,0)
(20,0)
(30,0)
(40,0)
Energy (eV)
Density of States (states/1C–atom/eV)
2-D Energy dispersion relation for graphite
y
a
2a
1x
kx ky
M
K
b2 b1
Reciprocal Lattice Vector
From: R. Saito et al., Physical Review B (2000).
M
K
K’
M K’
Brillouin Zone
* (conduction)
(valence)
–10 –5 0 5 10 15
E (eV)
K M K
*
s = 0.129
s = 0 (symmetric)