• 検索結果がありません。

'The Self-Appropriation of the Knower' and the Meaning of 'Teaching'

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

シェア "'The Self-Appropriation of the Knower' and the Meaning of 'Teaching'"

Copied!
9
0
0

読み込み中.... (全文を見る)

全文

(1)



µ7KH6HOI$SSURSULDWLRQRIWKH.QRZHU 

DQGWKH0HDQLQJRIµ7HDFKLQJ¶



 5\RNR7$085$ 

ޡ⹺⼂⠪ߩ⥄Ꮖหൻޢߣޡᢎ߃ࠆޢߣ޿߁ߎߣߩᗧ๧

 ↰᧛੫ሶ  ,QWURGXFWLRQ

,Q WKH SDVW \HDUV , KDYH EHHQ VHDUFKLQJ IRU WKH DFDGHPLF ILHOG WKH SUREOHPV LQ ZKLFK %HUQDUG -) /RQHUJDQ¶V FRJQLWLRQDOWKHRU\㧞 FDQKHOSWR VROYH  ,I , FDQILQG VXFK D ILHOG WKH ILHOG FDQ EH D SDWK WKURXJK

ZKLFK /RQHUJDQ¶V LGHD PD\ EH UHFRJQL]HG DQG LWV HYHULQFUHDVLQJ LPSRUWDQFH FDQ EH DFNQRZOHGJHG  7KHUH VHHPVWREHRQHVXFKDUHDWKDWLVWKHDUHDRIHGXFDWLRQ  

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

 <XWDND 6DHNL D OHDGLQJ VFKRODU RI HGXFDWLRQDO WKHRULHV FRQIHVVHG LQ RQH RI KLV UHFHQW ZULWLQJV DV IROORZV



,IHHODVLI,DPZDNLQJXSIURPDEDGGUHDP,KDYHNHSWGUHDPLQJIRUDORQJWLPH«7KHEDGGUHDP LVPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHPHDQLQJRIµXQGHUVWDQGLQJ¶«:KDWLVURRWHGLQWKLVPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJLV PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI RWKHU WHUPV OLNH µOHDUQLQJ¶ µWHDFKLQJ¶ µOHDUQLQJ DELOLW\¶ µLQWHOOHFW¶ µWKLQNLQJ DELOLW\¶DQGDOOWKHUHVW㧟    :KHQZHGLVFXVVWRSLFVRQHGXFDWLRQZLWKRXWDFRUUHFWXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIZKDWµXQGHUVWDQGLQJ¶PHDQV VHULRXVFRQIXVLRQFDQDULVHLQERWKWKHRULHVRQHGXFDWLRQDQGDFWXDOSUDFWLFHLQDOOILHOGVRIHGXFDWLRQ  7KDWLV ZKDWKDVEHHQKDSSHQLQJLQ-DSDQ  :KDWIROORZDUHVRPHRIWKHPDMRUPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJVWKDWFDXVHGYDULRXV W\SHVRIFRQIXVLRQ  39

(2)



  0LVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ DERXW WKH 5ROH RI 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WR 5HODWH µ,PPDQHQWO\ *HQHUDWHG .QRZOHGJH¶ DQGµ.QRZOHGJH%DVHGRQ%HOLHI¶

,Q 2OG 7KLQJV DQG 1HZ $ 6WUDWHJ\ IRU (GXFDWLRQ )UHG &URZ HODERUDWHV /RQHUJDQ¶V WKHRU\ WKH

VWUXFWXUH RI EHOLHI㧡 DQG RQKRZ µLPPDQHQWO\ JHQHUDWHG NQRZOHGJH $ ¶ DQG µNQRZOHGJH EDVHG RQ EHOLHI % ¶

FRPSOHPHQWHDFKRWKHULQWKHSURFHVVRIKXPDQGHYHORSPHQWDQGH[SODLQVWKDWWKHKLQJHZKLFKFRQQHFWVWKHPLV RXU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH FRJQLWLRQDO VWUXFWXUH DQG FRQILUPDWLRQ RI LWV H[LVWHQFH LV LQ WKH GDWD RI RXU RZQ FRQVFLRXVQHVV  ,I WKH VWUXFWXUHG QDWXUH RI KXPDQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ LV PLVXQGHUVWRRG WKH µFRPSOHPHQWDU\¶ UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKHWZR NLQGV RI NQRZOHGJH FDQ HDVLO\ EH PLVWDNHQ IRU DµFRQWUDGLFWRU\¶ RQH  ,Q -DSDQWKLV PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ KDV JURZQ DQG SURYRNHG D FRQIURQWDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKRVH ZKR WHQG WR HPSKDVL]H WKH UROH RI NQRZOHGJHKDQGHGGRZQDQGWKRVHZKROLNHWRHPSKDVL]HWKDWRINQRZOHGJHLPPDQHQWO\JHQHUDWHGLQFKLOGUHQ¶V PLQGV



7KH6FKHPHRI5HFXUUHQFHRI µ,PPDQHQWO\*HQHUDWHG.QRZOHGJH¶DQGµ.QRZOHGJH%DVHGRQ%HOLHI¶































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¶VPLQGDVSRVVLEOH  7KLVDWWHPSWVHHPVWRKDYHVXFFHHGHGXSWR DSRLQWLQWLPHEXWDIWHUWKLVLWEHJDQWRIDLO  7KHUHDVRQIRUWKHIDLOXUHLVVHYHUDOIROG

)LUVW UHFHLYLQJ NQRZOHGJH KDV EHHQ PLVWDNHQO\ HTXDWHG ZLWK µDXWRPDWLF¶ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH PHDQLQJRIWKHNQRZOHGJH

,PPDQHQWO\

*HQHUDWHG.QRZOHGJH

.QRZOHGJH

%DVHGRQ%HOLHI

FRPSOHPHQWDU\ FRQWUDGLFWRU\ 0LVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ

$

%

40

(3)



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

2QH TXHVWLRQ DULVHV KHUH  'RHV WKH DFW RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ µDXWRPDWLFDOO\¶ IROORZ UHFHLYLQJ WKH NQRZOHGJH"  ,I WKH DQVZHU ZHUH \HV µUHFHLYLQJ¶ NQRZOHGJH ZRXOG EHFRPH HTXDO ZLWK µXQGHUVWDQGLQJ¶ RI WKH NQRZOHGJH  

7KHIDFWLVKRZHYHUWKDWWKHDFWRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJGRHVQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\KDSSHQZKHQZHUHFHLYH RWKHUV¶ NQRZOHGJH  :KHQ ZH UHFHLYH LW LW LV UHFHLYHG DV µGDWD¶ WR EH XQGHUVWRRG DQG QRW WKH µXQGHUVWRRG NQRZOHGJH¶  ,QRUGHUWRJUDVSWKHLQWHOOLJLELOLWLHVH[SUHVVHGLQWKHUHFHLYHGNQRZOHGJHZHKDYHWRJRWKURXJK WZRVWHSV  7KHWZRVWHSVDUHILUVWWRUHFRJQL]HWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGVDQGVHFRQGO\WRJUDVSZKDWLVPHDQW E\WKRVHZRUGV 

9DULRXVW\SHVRIVXSSRUWIRUWKHILUVWVWHSKDYHEHHQZLGHO\GLVFXVVHGEXWWKHVHFRQGVWHSVHHPVWR KDYH EHHQ RIWHQ RYHUORRNHG LQWKH GLVFXVVLRQ DPRQJ WKRVH ZKR HPSKDVL]H WKHQHHG WR SRXUPRUH NQRZOHGJH LQWRFKLOGUHQ  :KHWKHUZHFDQJRWKURXJKWKHVHFRQGVWHSDIWHUDOOGHSHQGVRQWKHSUREDELOLW\RIWKHIXOILOOPHQW RIWKHFRQGLWLRQVQHHGHGIRUWKHPWRKDSSHQ  $QGLQRUGHUIRUWKHFRQGLWLRQVWREHIXOILOOHGFKLOGUHQQHHGWKH KHOS RI WHDFKHUV  :KHQ WKH QHHG IRU KHOS IRU WKH VHFRQG VWHS LV RYHUORRNHG D ZURQJ SUHVXSSRVLWLRQ LV SURGXFHG WKDW LV ³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

 )RU H[DPSOH RQH RI P\ VWXGHQWV WROG PH KHU SDLQIXO H[SHULHQFH ZKLFK LV D VDPSOH RI PLVIRUWXQH FDXVHGE\WKLVPLVWDNHQSUHVXSSRVLWLRQ  :KHQVKHZDVLQWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVKHDVNHGDTXHVWLRQVD\LQJ ³,FDQQRWXQGHUVWDQGZKDWWKLVWH[WLVWU\LQJWRVD\  :KDWGRHVWKLVPHDQ"´  +HUWHDFKHUDQVZHUHGKHU³,WLV ZULWWHQWKHUHFOHDUO\  $UH\RXEOLQG"´    7RR0XFK.QRZOHGJHDQG/DFNRI8QGHUVWDQGLQJ  7KLVPLVWDNHQSUHVXSSRVLWLRQDOVROHDGVWRFKLOGUHQEHLQJIRUFHGWRDFFHSWNQRZOHGJHZKRVHDPRXQW JRHVEH\RQGWKHOLPLWRIWKHLUDELOLW\WRXQGHUVWDQGLW

:KHQ WKH DPRXQW RI ERUURZHG NQRZOHGJH KDQGHG GRZQ LV OLPLWHG WKHUH LV HQRXJK URRP LQ WKH FKLOGUHQ¶V¶ LQWHOOHFW WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH ERUURZHG NQRZOHGJH JUDGXDOO\  :KHQ WKH DPRXQW RI NQRZOHGJHWKH\UHFHLYHJRHVEH\RQGDFHUWDLQOLPLWKRZHYHUFKLOGUHQEHFRPHREOLJHGWRUHGXFHWKHDPRXQWRI DWWHQWLRQGHYRWHGWRDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUHFHLYHGNQRZOHGJHDQGWRSXWPRUHHQHUJ\DQGWLPHLQWRVLPSO\ PHPRUL]LQJWKHZRUGVZLWKRXWXQGHUVWDQGLQJ

 :KHQ WKH NQRZOHGJH LV DFFXPXODWHG ZLWKRXW EHLQJ XQGHUVWRRG LW EHJLQV WR IORDW LQ RXU PLQG DV D IUDJPHQW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK LV QRW UHODWHG WR RWKHU NQRZOHGJH DW DOO  ,I LW LV QRW UHODWHG WR LPPDQHQWO\

(4)



JHQHUDWHGNQRZOHGJHRIFKLOGUHQWKHODFNRIUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZRNLQGVRINQRZOHGJHUHVXOWVLQIRUPLQJD JHQHUDOLPSUHVVLRQVXFKDV³WKHERUURZHGNQRZOHGJHLVXVHOHVVIRURXUUHDOOLIH´

$QGWKHPLVWUHDWPHQWRIWKLVSRLQWKDVEHHQVHQGLQJRQHVHULRXVO\ZURQJPHVVDJHWRFKLOGUHQDERXW WKH PHDQLQJ RI VWXG\  7KH PHVVDJH LV WKDW VWXG\LQJ PHDQV FXWWLQJ DQG SDVWLQJ RI YDULRXV SLHFHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ  

5HFHQWO\ ZH ILQG DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH QXPEHU RI VWXGHQWV ZKR FXW DQG SDVWH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKH\ JHW WKURXJK WKH LQWHUQHW DQG PDNH D WHUP SDSHU ZLWKRXW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH IUDJPHQWHG SLHFHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQSDWFKHGWRJHWKHU

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



  %RUURZHG.QRZOHGJHRI9DOXHDQGµ0DQXDO&KLOGUHQ¶

7KLVFXWDQGSDVWHPHWKRGFDXVHVPRUHVHULRXVSUREOHPVZKHQWKH\DUHUHODWHGWRWKHLUEHKDYLRU   .QRZOHGJH FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WZR JURXSV µNQRZOHGJH RI IDFWV¶ DQG µNQRZOHGJH RI YDOXH㧢¶ 

.QRZOHGJHRI YDOXHKDVWRGRZLWKRXUGRLQJDQGPDNLQJWKLQJV  &KLOGUHQILUVWERUURZWKHEDVLFNQRZOHGJH DERXWKRZWR EHKDYHDFFXPXODWHWKHLURZQNQRZOHGJHEHJLQQLQJZLWKDVNLQJTXHVWLRQVDERXWWKHPHDQLQJRI WKHERUURZHGNQRZOHGJHDQGDERXWWKHIUHVKGDWDWKH\WKHPVHOYHVIDFHLQWKHLURZQOLYHVLQWHJUDWHERWKNLQGVRI NQRZOHGJH DQG SHUIRUP UHVSRQVLEOH DFWLRQV RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKHLU RZQ MXGJPHQW RI YDOXH  %XW ZKHQ NQRZOHGJH DERXW KRZ WR OLYH LV WUDQVPLWWHG DQG DFFXPXODWHG ZLWKRXW EHLQJ XQGHUVWRRG DQG LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK FKLOGUHQ¶V RZQ NQRZOHGJH LW EHFRPHV KDUG IRU WKHP WR PDNH WKHLU RZQ MXGJPHQWV RI YDOXH RQ KRZ WKH\ WKHPVHOYHV VKRXOG UHVSRQVLEO\ SHUIRUP WKHLU GDLO\ DFWLRQV DQG DV D UHVXOW WKH\ EHFRPH VRFDOOHG µPDQXDO FKLOGUHQ¶  µ0DQXDOFKLOGUHQ¶PHDQVFKLOGUHQZKRFDQQRWSHUIRUPDQ\DFWLRQVH[FHSWURXWLQHRQHVLQWKHLUGDLO\ OLYHV XQOHVV WKH\ DUH LQVWUXFWHGKRZ WR DFW E\ RWKHUV  2U WKH\ WHQG WR DFW RQLPSXOVH ZKHQ IRUFHG WR  $QG DJDLQWKHSKUDVHFRPHVWREHKHDUGUHSHDWHGO\VXFKDV³ROGNQRZOHGJHGRHVQRWKHOSFKLOGUHQDFWPHDQLQJIXOO\ DQGUHVSRQVLEO\LQWKHLURZQOLYHV  6ROHW¶VIRUJHWDERXWWKHROGNQRZOHGJHDQGWUDLQFKLOGUHQ¶VRZQDELOLW\WR GHWHUPLQHZKDWWKH\VKRXOGGR´ 



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

(5)



KDSSHQLQJKRZHYHULVWKDWWKHUHFXUUHQWVFKHPHWHQGVWREHFXWDSDUW DW;DQG< EHFDXVHWHDFKHUVVFKRODUV DQGSDUHQWVKDYHPLVVHGWKHFUXFLDOUROHRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJDVWKHNH\WRPDNHWKHFLUFOHFRPSOHWHDQGIDLOHGWR JLYH WKH QHFHVVDU\ KHOS WR FKLOGUHQ ZKLOH ZURQJO\ GLUHFWLQJ WKHLU FULWLFLVP WRZDUGV WKH YDOXH RI WUDQVPLWWLQJ NQRZOHGJHLWVHOI   7KH6SLUDOO\5HFXUUHQW6FKHPHRI:LGHQLQJRIWKH,QWHOOHFWXDO+RUL]RQV &  DQG6HYHUDQFH ;< RIWKH5HFXUUHQW6FKHPHRI&RJQLWLRQDO2SHUDWLRQV   

























































,PPDQHQWO\

*HQHUDWHG.QRZOHGJH

.QRZOHGJH

%DVHGRQ%HOLHI

$

%

;

<

:KHQ WKH FRPSOHPHQWDU\ UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ $ DQG % LV PLVXQGHUVWRRGDQGQHFHVVDU\ KHOS LVQRW JLYHQWR FRQQHFW $ DQG % WKH UHFXUUHQW VFKHPH RI VSLUDOO\ GHYHORSLQJ NQRZOHGJHLVVHYHUHG

&

(6)



  µ5ROOLQJ5RXQG/HDUQLQJ¶,PPDQHQWO\*HQHUDWHG.QRZOHGJHZLWKRXW%RUURZHG.QRZOHGJH

'RXEWDERXWWKHYDOXHRIWUDQVPLWWLQJNQRZOHGJHOHDGVWRDIXUWKHUSUREOHP  :KHQFKLOGUHQ¶VPLQGV VKLIWIURPWKHZRUOGRILPPHGLDF\WRWKHZRUOGPHGLDWHGE\PHDQLQJ㧣LWLVNQRZOHGJHJLYHQIURPRWKHUVWKDW

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³'RQRWWHDFKFKLOGUHQPXFKEXWOHWWKHPUROOURXQGRQWKHJURXQG  7KHQWKH\EHFRPHLQWHUHVWHGLQ WKH GDWD WKH\ H[SHULHQFH ZKLOH UROOLQJ RQ WKH JURXQG DQG DFFXPXODWH WKHLU RZQ NQRZOHGJH IRU WKHPVHOYHV´  7KLVWKHRU\DQGWKHHGXFDWLRQDOPHWKRGEDVHGRQLWKDYHEHHQFDOOHGµUROOLQJURXQGOHDUQLQJ¶DQGWKLVWKHRU\KDV EHHQDPDMRURQHDGRSWHGE\NLQGHUJDUWHQVDQGQXUVHU\VFKRROVIRUWKHSDVWWZHQW\\HDUV  

7KHUHLVQRGRXEWWKDWFKLOGUHQQHHGWRKDYHFKDQFHVWRH[SHULHQFHYDULRXVNLQGVRIGDWDEXWLWVKRXOG QRWEHRYHUORRNHGWKDWWKHDELOLW\WR EHFRPHLQWHUHVWHGDQGDVNTXHVWLRQVDERXWWKHGDWDLVGHYHORSHG ZLWKWKH KHOS RI WKH ERUURZHG NQRZOHGJH  ,W LV RIWHQ REVHUYHG LQ RXU GDLO\ OLYHV WKDW WKH PRUH NQRZOHGJH FKLOGUHQ UHFHLYHWKHPRUHTXHVWLRQVWKH\FRPHWRDVN  7KLVLVEHFDXVHERUURZLQJNQRZOHGJHWDNHVWKHFKLOGUHQRXWRI WKH ZRUOG RI LPPHGLDF\ WR WKH ZRUOG PHGLDWHG DQG FRQVWLWXWHG E\ PHDQLQJ DQG WKH DPRXQW RI TXHVWLRQV FKLOGUHQFRPHWRDVNRQFHWKH\PRYHLQWRWKHZRUOGPHGLDWHGDQGFRQVWLWXWHGE\PHDQLQJLVIDUODUJHUWKDQWKDW LQ WKH ZRUOG RI LPPHGLDF\  µ5ROOLQJURXQG OHDUQLQJ¶ WKHRU\ PLVVHG WKLV SRLQW DQG GHOD\HG WKH WLPLQJ RI FKLOGUHQ¶VPRYLQJLQWRDODUJHUZRUOGPHGLDWHGE\PHDQLQJ  $QGDVDUHVXOWWKHUHKDVEHHQDQLQFUHDVHLQWKH QXPEHURIFKLOGUHQZKRVHHPWRKDYHEHHQFDXJKWLQVHULRXVLQWHOOHFWXDOIUXVWUDWLRQ  



  0LVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRQWKH5ROHRI7HDFKLQJLQWKH3URFHVVRI6WXGHQWV¶&RJQLWLRQDO2SHUDWLRQV

$OVR WKHDERYH PHQWLRQHG FRQIXVLRQ DERXW WKHKXPDQ FRJQLWLRQDO RSHUDWLRQVKDV SURGXFHG DQRWKHU PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKDWLV ³WHDFKLQJ PDNHV XQGHUVWDQGLQJKDSSHQ´  7KHUHIRUH WKRVH ZKR EHOLHYH WKLV WKHRU\ WKLQNWKDWWRWHDFKDQ\WKLQJPHDQVWRGHSULYHFKLOGUHQRIFKDQFHVWRWKLQNWKHPVHOYHV  

7HDFKLQJ FDQ WDNH YDULRXV IRUPV RI HGXFDWLQJ FKLOGUHQ  7HDFKLQJ LQ RQH VHQVH PHDQV DV DOUHDG\ PHQWLRQHG DERYH VLPSO\ JLYLQJ FKLOGUHQ NQRZOHGJH DOUHDG\ REWDLQHG E\ RWKHUVDQG H[SUHVVHG LQ ODQJXDJH RU RWKHUPHDQV  0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\IURPWKHYLHZSRLQWRI/RQHUJDQ¶VFRJQLWLRQDOWKHRU\WHDFKLQJPHDQVILUVWRI DOOKHOSLQJ HDFK SURFHVV RI FKLOGUHQ¶V FRJQLWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVKDSSHQ VPRRWKO\ LQ RWKHU ZRUGVKHLJKWHQLQJ WKH SUREDELOLW\RIWKHKDSSHQLQJRIFRJQLWLRQDORSHUDWLRQVDWHDFKOHYHORIFRJQLWLRQDOVWUXFWXUH  

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¶VWKHRU\FODULILHVRQWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWHDFKHUVDQG VWXGHQWVLVWKDWFRJQLWLRQDORSHUDWLRQVFDQEHKHOSHGWRKDSSHQEXWQRWEHPDGHWRKDSSHQE\WHDFKHUV  ,WLV RQH WKLQJ IRU WHDFKHUV WR PDNH WKH SURFHVV RI JLYLQJ NQRZOHGJH LQWHUHVWLQJ HQRXJK VR WKDW FKLOGUHQ EHFRPH

(7)



LQWHUHVWHGLQDVNLQJTXHVWLRQVDQGWRJLYHYDULRXVKLQWVVRWKDWFKLOGUHQFDQJHWLQVLJKWVEXWWRWDOO\DQRWKHUIRU FKLOGUHQWR EHFRPH LQWHUHVWHGLQUDLVHTXHVWLRQV DERXW DQGJHW GLUHFW DQGUHIOHFWLYH LQVLJKWV  1R PDWWHUKRZ JRRGWHDFKHUVDUHDWKHOSLQJWKH\FDQQRWPDNHWKHFRJQLWLRQDORSHUDWLRQVKDSSHQLQWKHFKLOGUHQ¶VPLQG  $OO WHDFKHUV FDQ GR DIWHU JLYLQJ VWXGHQWV DV PXFK KHOS DV SRVVLEOH LV MXVW WR ZDLW H[SHFWLQJ WKDW VWXGHQWV¶ RZQ FRJQLWLRQDORSHUDWLRQVEHJLQWRZRUN

 %XWLIWKLVSRLQWLVPLVXQGHUVWRRGWHDFKLQJVRPHWKLQJHYHQRQO\JLYLQJKLQWVIRUH[DPSOHFDQEH PLVWDNHQ IRU DFWLRQVWR GHSULYH FKLOGUHQ RI WKHLU FKDQFH WRWKLQN WKHPVHOYHV  $V DUHVXOW FKLOGUHQ ZKRKDYH EHHQWDXJKWE\WKRVHZKRKROGWKLVWKHRU\DUHVDLGWKDW³.HHSWKLQNLQJ\RXUVHOIDQG\RXZLOOJHWDQVZHUV´DQG DUHOHIWDORQHZLWKRXWWHDFKHUV¶KHOSWRUHDFKXQGHUVWDQGLQJV



  7HDFKLQJ7HFKQLTXHWKDWGRHVQRW+HOS&KLOGUHQWR*HW,QVLJKWV 

7KHDERYHPHQWLRQHGWKHRU\WKDWWHDFKLQJGHSULYHVFKLOGUHQRIWKHFKDQFHWRGHYHORSWKHLURZQDELOLW\ WR WKLQN KDV SURGXFHG D ORW RI FKLOGUHQ ZKR VLPSO\ KDWH VWXG\LQJ  7KH\ KDWH VWXG\LQJ EHFDXVH WKH\ FDQ QRW XQGHUVWDQGZKDWWKH\DUHJLYHQDQGOLWWOHKHOSLVJLYHQWKHPWRRYHUFRPHWKHGLIILFXOW\    :KDWPDNHVWKHPDWWHUZRUVHLVWKDWPRVWRIWKHFKLOGUHQLQ-DSDQKDYHVHYHUDOJDWHVFDOOHGµHQWUDQFH H[DPLQDWLRQV¶WRSDVVWKURXJK:KDWFDPHWREHLQYHQWHGDVDVROXWLRQWRPDNHWKHVWXGHQWVZKRKDWHVWXG\LQJ SDVVWKRVHJDWHVZHUHPHWKRGVWRJLYHFKLOGUHQWHFKQLTXHWRJHWDQVZHUVZLWKRXWXQGHUVWDQGLQJ  )RUH[DPSOH WKH\DUHJLYHQWKH3\WKDJRUHDQWKHRUHPDQGUHTXLUHGWRVROYHTXHVWLRQVE\DSSO\LQJWKHWKHRUHPPHFKDQLFDOO\ ZLWKRXWXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHWKHRUHP    

6ROYLQJ PDWKHPDWLFDOTXHVWLRQVLV EDVLFDOO\ GHVLJQHGWR KHOS FKLOGUHQ GHYHORS WKHLUDELOLW\ WR JUDVS WKHLQWHOOLJLELOLWLHVKLGGHQLQQXPEHUVDQGVKDSHV   :KDWWHDFKHUVDUHVXSSRVHGWRGRLVWKHUHIRUHWRVXSSO\ VWXGHQWV ZLWK YDULRXV KLQWV ZKLFK KHOS VWXGHQWV JUDVS WKH LQWHOOLJLELOLWLHV DPRQJ WKH GDWD  %XW LI WHDFKHUV LJQRUHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIVXFKKHOSFKLOGUHQEHFRPHIRUFHGWRPHPRUL]HWKHRUHPVZLWKRXWXQGHUVWDQGLQJKRZ WKH WKHRUHPV PDNH VHQVH  $V D UHVXOW VWXG\LQJ PDWKHPDWLFV FDQ HDVLO\ EHFRPH D VXEMHFW ZKLFK WRUWXUH VWXGHQWV¶LQWHOOHFW  ,I\RXDVN-DSDQHVHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVZKDWNLQGRIVWXG\PDWKHPDWLFVLVPDQ\RIWKHP ZLOODQVZHUOLNHWKLV  0DWKHPDWLFVLVDVXEMHFWRIPHPRUL]DWLRQ

 $FFRUGLQJWR/RQHUJDQ¶VFRJQLWLRQDOWKHRU\WHUPV㧤 RINQRZOHGJHRIIDFWVLQWKHUHFXUUHQWVFKHPHRI

FRJQLWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVDUHUHDFKHGZKHQZHPDNHMXGJPHQWRQWKHFRUUHFWQHVVRIZKDWZHJUDVSHGRQWKHOHYHO RI LQWHOOHFWXDO FRQVFLRXVQHVVWKURXJK JHWWLQJ GLUHFW LQVLJKWLQWR WKH GDWD  :KHQ WKHWHUP LVUHDFKHG ZH IHHO VDWLVIDFWLRQDQGWKHIHHOLQJRIVDWLVIDFWLRQPRWLYDWHVXVWRFRQWLQXHWRVWXG\  ,IWHDFKHUVGRQRWJHWWKLVSRLQW DQGPRYHWKHLUWHDFKLQJIRUZDUGZLWKRXWFDULQJZKHWKHUVWXGHQWVKDYHUHDFKHGWKHWHUPVRUQRWWKHUHDSSHDUD JURXS RI VWXGHQWV ZKR KDYH QRW UHDFKHG WKH WHUP DQG DV D UHVXOW KDYH GHHS GLVVDWLVIDFWLRQ ZKLFK HYHQWXDOO\ PDNHWKHPKDWHWRVWXG\DQGSURWHFWWKHPVHOYHVE\IOLJKWIURPLQVLJKWV㧥



  'LVFRXUDJHPHQWRI$VNLQJ4XHVWLRQV

 :KHQWKHDPRXQWRILQIRUPDWLRQWREHJLYHQWRFKLOGUHQEHFRPHVODUJHDQGVSHHG\UHFHSWLRQRIWKH NQRZOHGJHLVH[SHFWHGWHDFKHUVEHFRPHXQDEOHWRVSHQGHQRXJKWLPHWRDQVZHUVWXGHQWV¶TXHVWLRQV  

 ,I UHFHLYLQJ RI NQRZOHGJH LV HTXDWHG ZLWK LWV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI DVNLQJ TXHVWLRQV LV HDVLO\RYHUORRNHG  ,IXQGHUVWDQGLQJDOZD\VKDSSHQVDWHYHU\PRPHQWGDWDLVJLYHQWKHUHLVQRQHHGRIDVNLQJ TXHVWLRQV  7KHQ DVNLQJ TXHVWLRQV WHQGV WR EH WDNHQ QRW DV WKH LQGLVSHQVDEOH RSHUDWLRQ ZKLFK OHDGV WR XQGHUVWDQGLQJ EXW DV DFWLRQV ZKLFK GR QRW QHHG WR EH HQFRXUDJHG PXFK LI QRW LJQRUHG  :KHQ WDXJKW E\

(8)

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



  )OLJKWIURP,QVLJKWV

 7KHUH DUH YDULRXV UHDVRQV ZK\ IOLJKW IURP LQVLJKWV KDSSHQ EXW IOLJKW IURP LQVLJKWV VHHQ LQ WKLV FRQWH[W LV FDXVHG E\ WKH GLVFUHSDQF\ EHWZHHQ ZKDW LV PLVWDNHQO\ H[SHFWHG E\ WHDFKHUV WRKDSSHQDQG ZKDW LV DFWXDOO\ KDSSHQLQJ LQ FKLOGUHQ¶V PLQG  6RPH RI WKH FKLOGUHQ FDQ PDQDJH WR ILOO WKH JDS IRU WKHPVHOYHV DQG NHHS PHHWLQJ WKH H[SHFWDWLRQV RI WKH WHDFKHUV DQGSDUHQWVDQG VRPH FDQKDYH DGGLWLRQDOKHOS RI WKRVH ZKRVH XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIHGXFDWLRQIRUWXQDWHO\KDSSHQVWRPDWFKWKHDFWXDOQDWXUHRI FRJQLWLRQDORSHUDWLRQV  %XWWKH UHVWDUHOHIWEHKLQGZLWKRXWKHOSEHLQJH[SHFWHGWRVWXG\QRWLQWKHZD\KXPDQLQWHOOHFWLVGHVLJQHGWRRSHUDWH DQGEHFRPH REOLJHGWRVROYHWKHGLIILFXOW\RUWRSURWHFWWKHLULQWHOOHFWE\HVFDSLQJIURPWKHVFKRROZKLFKWKH\ IHHOLVGHVWUR\LQJWKHLULQWHOOHFW  

 :KDW WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG FDVHV WHOOV XV LV WKLV  WHDFKLQJ ZKHQ GRQH ZLWKRXW WKH WHDFKHUV¶ XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHQDWXUHRIFRJQLWLRQDORSHUDWLRQVFDQFDXVHVHULRXVFRQIXVLRQDQGGLVDVWHUDPRQJFKLOGUHQ  7KLV LV ZKDW KDV EHHQ KDSSHQLQJ LQ -DSDQ LQ WKH SDVW WZHQW\ \HDUV DQG EHLQJ GHVFULEHG DV D µQLJKWPDUH¶ E\ <XWDND6DHNL

 7KHUHDUHPDQ\YRLFHVKHDUGDSSUHKHQVLYHRIWKHRXWFRPHRIWKLVFRQIXVLRQDQGWKHUHNHHSDSSHDULQJ YDULRXV DWWHPSWVWR VROYH WKHSUREOHPV  %XW ZKDWWKHVH DWWHPSWVODFN DUHWKHRULHV ZKLFKUHODWHWKH SUREOHPV ZLWKRQHDQRWKHUWKHRULHVZKLFKDUHYHULILDEOHLQWKHGDWDRIFRQVFLRXVQHVVDQGDFFRUGLQJO\FRQVWUXFWLYHHQRXJK WRRIIHUIRXQGDWLRQDOVROXWLRQVWRWKLVFKDRVDQGWKHUHLVQRGRXEWWRXVWKDW/RQHUJDQ¶VFRJQLWLRQDOWKHRU\LVRQH RIWKHP    7KH6HOI$SSURSULDWLRQRIWKH.QRZHUDVD+HOSIRU7HDFKHUV3DUHQWVDQG&KLOGUHQ  :KDWLVQHHGHGLVWKHVHOI±DSSURSULDWLRQRIWKHNQRZHUILUVWE\WHDFKHUV  :KHQWHDFKHUVFDQKDYH FRUUHFW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH QDWXUH RI FRJQLWLRQDO VWUXFWXUH DQG UHDFK WKH DIILUPDWLRQ RI LWV H[LVWHQFH LQ WKHLU RZQPLQGWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGHGXFDWLRQDOWKHRULHVFDQEHUHFRJQL]HGDVPLVWDNHQDWOHDVWHYHQLILWWDNHVWLPH WRFRUUHFWWKHP

 7KHVHOIDSSURSULDWLRQRIWKHNQRZHULVQHHGHGVHFRQGO\IRUSDUHQWVDVZHOODVWHDFKHUV  $IWHUWKH FRQIXVLRQ RI HGXFDWLRQ EHJDQ WR EH SXEOLFL]HG DQG GLVFXVVHG ZLGHO\ XQUHVW ZDV SURGXFHG HVSHFLDOO\ DPRQJ SDUHQWV ZKR KDYH \RXQJ FKLOGUHQ  $QG WKH SXEOLFDWLRQ RI ERRNV ZKRVH FRQWHQWV FRQWUDGLFW RQH DQRWKHU KDV EHHQ HVFDODWLQJ WKH FRQIXVLRQ DQG XQUHVW  :KDW FDQ EH VDLG LV WKDW LI SDUHQWV FDQ VHOIDSSURSULDWH WKH FRJQLWLRQDORSHUDWLRQVWKH\PD\EHFRPHQRWVRYXOQHUDEOHWRWKLVNLQGRIFRQIXVLRQ  0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\LWLVFKLOGUHQZKRQHHGµWKHVHOIDSSURSULDWLRQRIWKHNQRZHU¶   :KHQ,WDXJKWP\VWXGHQWVWKDWDVNLQJTXHVWLRQVLVLPSRUWDQWDQGLQGLVSHQVDEOHIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQW RIRXULQWHOOHFWPDQ\VWXGHQWVZURWHLQWKHLUUHDFWLRQSDSHUVWKDWWKH\ZHUHVXUSULVHGWRKHDUWKDW  2QHVWXGHQW 46

(9)



FRQIHVVHGWKDWVKHNHSWWKLQNLQJWKDWDVNLQJTXHVWLRQVLVZKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGUHIUDLQIURP  (YHU\WLPHVKHKDG D TXHVWLRQ LQ KHU PLQG VKH IHOW VRUU\ DQG EODPHG KHUVHOI WKLQNLQJ WKDW DVNLQJ TXHVWLRQV PHDQV WKDW VKH ZDV VWXSLG       

,QVXFKDVLWXDWLRQ/RQHUJDQ¶VFRJQLWLRQDOWKHRU\FDQGHFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQOLNHKHUZKR DUH WKH YLFWLPV RI PLVWDNHQ HGXFDWLRQDO WKHRULHV DQG ZURQJO\ EODPH WKHPVHOYHV  7R KDQG WKH KHOS WKDW /RQHUJDQ¶VWKHRU\ RIIHUV WR WHDFKHUV SDUHQWVDQG FKLOGUHQ LQ VXFKD ZD\ DV LV HDVLO\ FRPSUHKHQVLEOHPD\ EH RQHRIWKHFUXFLDOUROHVUHVHDUFKHUVRQHGXFDWLRQDUHH[SHFWHGWRSOD\  㧝 7KLVSDSHULVEDVHGRQP\SUHVHQWDWLRQSDSHU³7KH6HOI$SSURSULDWLRQRIWKH.QRZHUDQG(GXFDWLRQLQ-DSDQ´DWWKH6HFRQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO/RQHUJDQ&RQIHUHQFHLQ7RURQWR&DQDGD 2Q/RQHUJDQ¶VFRJQLWLRQDOWKHRU\VHH%HUQDUG-)/RQHUJDQ,QVLJKW$VWXG\RI+XPDQ8QGHUVWDQGLQJ /RQGRQ/RQJPDQV*UHHQ  &R   2QWKHµ6HOI$SSURSULDWLRQRIWKH.QRZHU¶,QVLJKWSS <XWDND6DHNL(GXFDWLRQDERXW7KLQNLQJ 7RN\R.RNXGRVKD SS  )UHG&URZ2OG7KLQJVDQG1HZ$6WUDWHJ\RI(GXFDWLRQ $WODQWD6FKRODUV3UHVV  ,QVLJKWSS 2QWKHGLVWLQFWLRQRIWKHVHWZRNLQGVRINQRZOHGJHVHH5\RNR7DPXUD:K\³,QWHULRULW\$QDO\VLV´DQG³0HWKRG´" $QQ$UERU0,80,  SS )RUWKHGLVWLQFWLRQDPRQJWKHZRUOGRILPPHGLDF\WKHZRUOGRIPHDQLQJDQGWKHZRUOGFRQVWLWXWHGE\PHDQLQJVHH%/RQHUJDQ0HWKRG LQ7KHRORJ\ 1HZ<RUN+HUGHUDQG+HUGHU SS 2QWKHPHDQLQJRIµWHUPV¶LQµWKHVFKHPHRIUHFXUUHQFH¶RIFRJQLWLRQDORSHUDWLRQVHH,QVLJKWSS 2QµIOLJKWIURPLQVLJKWVVHH,QVLJKWSS  㧔ฃઃᣣ㧦 ᐕ  ᦬  ᣣ㧕   ⷐᣦ   ⃻ઍᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⢒໧㗴ߩ߭ߣߟߦޔޟ໧㗴⸃᳿ဳቇ⠌ޠߣޟ⍮⼂વ㆐ဳቇ⠌ޠߩኻ┙߇޽ࠆޕߎ ࠇࠄੑߟߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩቇ⠌ߪޔᧄ᧪ޔ⋧੕⵬ቢ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕޔኻ┙ߔࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡߣࠄ߃ ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߪޔߎࠇࠄߩ෺ᣇ߇ޔޟℂ⸃ߔࠆޠޔޟᢎ߃ࠆޠߣ޿߁ⴕὑߦ㑐ߔࠆޔ੐ታ߆ࠄਵ㔌ߒߚ⺋ ߞߚ೨ឭߦၮߠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߘߩ⺋ߞߚ೨ឭߣߪޔޟᢎ߃ࠆޠߣ޿߁ⴕὑ߇ޔ⥄േ⊛ ߦޟℂ⸃ߔࠆޠߣ޿߁ⴕὑࠍቇ⠌⠪ߩ⍮ᕈߦ↢ߓߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޔ㧔ߟ߹ࠅޔᢎ߃ޔឭ␜ߒߐ߃ߔ ࠇ߫ޔℂ⸃ߪ↢ߓࠆ㧕ߣ޿߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕߎߩ೨ឭߦ┙ߡ߫ޔ৻ᣇߢޔޟᢎ߃ࠆޠߣ޿߁ⴕὑߪޔቇ⠌ ⠪஥ߩ⍮ᕈߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦઁ⠪ߩᚻ߇ടࠊࠆߎߣߦߥࠅޔቇ⠌⠪ᧄੱߩ⥄⊒⊛ߥ⍮ᕈߩ௛߈ߩ⊒㆐ࠍᅹ ߍࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޔߒߚ߇ߞߡޟᢎ߃ߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ޠޔߣ޿߁ℂ⺰߇ᚑࠅ┙ߜ߁ࠆޕߎߩ೨ឭߦ┙ߡ߫ޔ ߹ߚ৻ᣇߢޔޟᖱႎࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣޠࠗࠦ࡯࡞ޟℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣޠߣߥࠆ߆ࠄޔવ㆐ߔߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄ ࠇࠆᖱႎࠍ޿ߊࠄਈ߃ߡ߽ޔ໧㗴ߪ↢ߓߥ޿ߣ޿߁㧔ߟ߹ࠅޔ޿ߊࠄ⹣߼ㄟࠎߢ߽ᄢਂᄦߣ޿߁㧕⠨ ߃ᣇߦߟߥ߇ࠅ߁ࠆޕߎߩ⺋⸃ߩ⚿ᨐޔᧄ᧪ޔ⵬ቢ⊛ߦੱ㑆ߩ⍮⼂ࠍ⊒㆐ߐߖߡ޿ߊߪߕߩੑ⒳㘃ߩ ⍮⼂㧦ޟ⥄೨ߩ⍮⼂㧔ੱ㑆߇⥄ࠄߩ⍮ᕈࠍ௛߆ߖߡޔ₪ᓧߔࠆ⍮⼂㧕ޠߣޟ୫ࠅࠆ⍮⼂㧔ઁ⠪߆ࠄ୫ࠅ ࠆ⍮⼂㧕ޠߩ⊒ዷߩᓴⅣ૕♽߇⷗ᄬࠊࠇޔቇ⠌ߣ޿߁ⴕὑࠍߤߜࠄ߆ߩ⒳㘃ߩ⍮⼂ߩ₪ᓧߦ㒢ቯߒߡߒ ߹߁௑ะ߇↢ߓࠆޕࡠ࠽ࠟࡦߩ⹺⼂ℂ⺰ߦ߽ߣߠߊޡ⹺⼂⠪ߩ⥄Ꮖหൻޢߪޔੱ㑆ߩ⍮ᕈߩ᭴ㅧߩℂ ⸃ߦၮߠ߈ޔޟℂ⸃ߔࠆޠߣ޿߁ⴕὑߣޟᢎ߃ࠆޠߣ޿߁ⴕὑߩℂ⺰⊛㑐ଥࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞ ߡޔಾᢿߐࠇߡߒ߹޿߇ߜߥ⍮ᕈߩ⊒㆐ߩᓴⅣ૕♽ࠍ࿁ᓳߐߖࠆഥߌߣߥࠅ߁ࠆޕ  47

参照

関連したドキュメント

The only thing left to observe that (−) ∨ is a functor from the ordinary category of cartesian (respectively, cocartesian) fibrations to the ordinary category of cocartesian

An easy-to-use procedure is presented for improving the ε-constraint method for computing the efficient frontier of the portfolio selection problem endowed with additional cardinality

The inclusion of the cell shedding mechanism leads to modification of the boundary conditions employed in the model of Ward and King (199910) and it will be

Keywords: Convex order ; Fréchet distribution ; Median ; Mittag-Leffler distribution ; Mittag- Leffler function ; Stable distribution ; Stochastic order.. AMS MSC 2010: Primary 60E05

It is suggested by our method that most of the quadratic algebras for all St¨ ackel equivalence classes of 3D second order quantum superintegrable systems on conformally flat

Inside this class, we identify a new subclass of Liouvillian integrable systems, under suitable conditions such Liouvillian integrable systems can have at most one limit cycle, and

Answering a question of de la Harpe and Bridson in the Kourovka Notebook, we build the explicit embeddings of the additive group of rational numbers Q in a finitely generated group

Then it follows immediately from a suitable version of “Hensel’s Lemma” [cf., e.g., the argument of [4], Lemma 2.1] that S may be obtained, as the notation suggests, as the m A