Chapter2 The royal houses in Gyalrong
著者(英) Samten G. Karmay
journal or
publication title
Senri Ethnological Reports
volume 57
page range 49‑76
year 2005‑12‑12
URL http://doi.org/10.15021/00001628
The royal houses in Gyalrong
Chapter 2 The royal houses in Gyalrong
The sources that contain an account in any detail of the Khro chen royal house in Gyalrong are extremely rare. However, in his SG Kun grol grags pa (b. 1700) has given the geneaiogy (Khro chen gdung rabs) ofthe Khro chen family. It is in fact simply a list of a series of male descendants of the fatnily. He states that this genealogy was based on a historical work entitled rdyal rabs shel cikar phreng ba, but he does not give any information conceming this work.i Its author and dates therefbre remain unlmown. As of 2003, it has not been available to me for consuhation. It would be of considerable interest for the local history if it is stil1 extant. Ihe sarne genealogy is also given in NG by bKa' bcu gYung drung phun tshogs, a disciple of Kun grol, but this is based on his master's work, mentioned above.
In listing the narnes of the genealogy, both Kun grol and his disciple keep the usual formula which is de 'i sras, "son of that' or "his son" even though two brothers' names precede it. The term sras does not necessarily always only mean son, and in such a context as this, it just designates a male descendant. Cine assumes that the two brothers had one wife. At any rate, the names of wives are never mentioned. Likewise no names of daughters are given either. It is therefbre impossible to know how many brothers and sisters there were when it is simply stated that a particular person is the eldest of five children. The total absence of any information conceming the queens, their names and social and geographical origns prevents us knowing anything about the relationship of the Klrro chen royal family with other principalities in Gyabong or elsewhere. This is also the case with the genealogy of the Rab brtan royal house in Chu chen which we shall see below. The genealogies of Khro chen and the Rab brtan royal families are therefore solely viewed according to the patriarchal Iineage in their own region.
Here is the genealogy ofthe Khro chen royal family given in SG (￡53la‑533a):
1. Khro tsha dBang ldan
2. Khro chen sTag la skyabs (one ofthree brothers, the others not named) 3. A dkar
4. Yophya
5. gYung drung rgyal ba and mKhar thar footh brothers ruled) 6. Nang so gSar ma and A dkar ze (brothers?)
7. Ban dhe rgrTal 8. Khrorgyal 9. Tsi li
1O. Khro rgyal ma chen (elder of two brothers, younger one bSod nams)
11. Kun dga' nor bu ( second of four chi1dre" elder Nang so Nam mkha' dbang ldan, youngest Nang so gYung drung bstan 'dzin, the fburth not named)2
Kun dga' nor bu, the eleventh king [Pl.21], was the second of four chi!dren. The elder brother was Nang so Nam mkha' dbang ldan who was a monk and the third brother was Nang so gYung drung bstan 'dzin who was also a monk and head of the monastery bKra shis smin grol gling. They both became disciples of Kun grol and played a very important role in the project of engraving woodblocks of the Bon Canon as we shall see. Kun grol was the spiritual master of Kun dga' nor bu, king of Khro skyabs, and Nam mkha' rgyal po, king of Chu chen and bsTan 'dzin nor bu, king of dGe bshes tsa.
The palace of the Khro chen kmgs was initially called Khro chen 'brug mo rdzong, but was later changed to Drug zur rNarn par rgyal ba'i rdzong by Sangs rgyas gling pa (1705‑1735). It vvas razed during the Cultura1 Revolution. Only the six cornered stone tower was still standmg in 1985 when I made a brief visit to Gyalrong. Below the tower was a 1arge space and beaten ground. It was fiat and empty where once stood the famous Khro chen palace which amengst other things housed the woodblocks of the Bon Kailjur [Pl. 22‑27]. On its west corner was bTsun mo lha ki}ang, the terriple of the queen, in a dilapidated condition IPI. 28‑29]. It had al1 the appearance of being abandoned and yet it stil1 had beautifu1 wall paintings. Some of these painting were desecrated by vvriimg over them in Chinese characters in black ink [Pl. 30‑39]. I was told that the commune needed a building to be used as a granary during the Cultural Revolution and the temple served for that purpose and that was why it was saved from total destmction. On a modern map the whole area is mamed Drug zur,3
King Kun dga' nor bu and his queen Tshe dbang 1ha mo had two sons, but unfortunately the author of NG apparentiy forgot to mention their names.4 He simply states that the elder brother and crown prince was expected to succeed his father and his younger brother became a monk and was looking after the momastery mTshon to Ngo mtshar nor bu gling [Pl. 40a‑40b], the main monastery of the Khro chen royal house.5 gYung drung phun tshogs comments: "Although Tibet has lately come to be governed by the emperor, the one designated by heaven and who is MaojuSn‑ i person, this king (Kun dga' nor bu) was on good tgrms with the emperor and many villages of the area were allowed to remain under his rule...",6 This cautious statement suggests that the Khro chen kings had a relatively easy relation with the Manchu court whereas Chu chen had not. It is significant that he made no mention of Chu chen principality in mis context. Chu chen was, as will be seen, at logger‑heads with the Manchus. Ms suggests that the pimcipalities of Khro skyabs and Chu chen were subject to the diplomatic manoeuvering of the Manchus to keep them apart. This question will be further discussed below.
1. bTsancung 2. Khro ti
3. Ye 'bum dkar po 4. Zhalukar
5. Yi!1 'khor
6. gSer sgong tshang yig
7. bKa'mags 8. Ligver 9. Ne ver
10. Ting ver 11. Slas ver
12. Drmg can 13. gYung drung 14. Ser 'bum l5. gYu rin 16. Kn chen 17. d[Ngul 'khor l8. gSer 'dzin
19. dNgul gyi thor tshugs 20. Rus sbal dung rna 21. Mang mkhar sgom blo 22. mKliar sgom skyabs 23. sMad pa ta yo shes 24. A skyabs
25. Kha tin ye 'bum 26. Khro bo 'bum rgyal
27. Grags rgyal a vang (eldest of4 brothers) 28. gYung drung 'bum (second of 3 brothers) 29. rNam rgyal grags pa
30. Khro bo rgyal po (second of3 brothers) 31. Tshe dbang don grub
32. A drung
33. Grags rgyal (second of5children) 34. rDo lje rgyal (second of5 children) 35. Zla ba
36. 'Brug rgrral (first of 2 brothers) 37. A khro (second of4 children) 38. IHa 'bum I (third of 3 brothers) 39. rDo oje rgyal po (second of2 brothers)
The royal houses in Gyalrong
40. Ha 'bum II (second of2 brothers) 41. Di sung
42. IHa dbang rdo lje (second of 5 children) 43. rDo ije rgyal (second of 5 chi1dren) 44. Narn mkha' rgyai po (eldest of5 children)
45. bSod nams dbang rgyal (third of five brothers, the others were Gong bdag rgyal po, Klu dbang rgya mtsho, Grags rgal and sTon pa ije).
bSod nams dbang rgyal,' the 45th king, was the last king of Chu chen and this is known from other sources including the ̀edict' [Pl. 41] of which I already made a translation.g His brothers Gong bdag rgyal po and Klu dbang rgya mtsho were apparently monks since their names are given in the inscription9 as Slob dpon Tshul khrims dbang ldan and bSod nams phun tshogs rgyal ba 'od zer.
So far I fbund no other Tibetan source for infbrmation concerrring the names of this genealogy. In the colophon of another text written by Kun grol grags pa, a royal personage called Rab brtan slob dpon, the Slob dpon of Rab brtan is mentioned along with the name Nam mkha' rgyal po.iO He describes them as ̀niers' (sa skyong).
However, the identity of Rab brtan slob dpon remains rather obscure. Chinese sources state that Narri mkha' rgyal poii was the ̀son of the elder brother of the Slob dpon'.i2 As is clear from the geneaology given above, Nam mkha' rgyal po's father was rDo ije rgyal, the 43rd kng. lf the Chinese sources are correct, it would seem that Rab brtan slob dpon was a brother of the king rDo lje rgyal. It is stated that in Gyalrong the term slob cipon, ̀teacher' is used as a title for an elder brother of the reigning kingi3 and this is correct only in the case of the Rab brtan royal family in Chu chen. In the royal family of Khro skyabs, the title is Nang so for al1 the brothers ofthe reigning king.
Rab brtan slob dpon was a monk in the Bon monastery called dGa' ldan g‑yung drung gling. I presume he held an important position in the monastery, probably the chiefteacher.
It is strange that NG is totally silent in generai about Chu chen principality although the engraving of woodblocks of the K]}ams chen took place there in 1764 and there was a military conflict between its people and the Manchu army in 1773 in which year the author ofNG completed his work.
According to Kun grol, King Nam mkha' rgyal po, the father of bSod nams dbang rgyal, took the vows of cige bsayen from him and he gave him the name Nam mkha' g‑
yung drung ye shes.i" Kun grol funher states that in the presence of the Lama bSod nams rgyal mtshan the king later took the fu11 ordination as a monk. This is interesting to note. As Kun grol himself was no longer a monk, he would not have been able to
The royal houses ln Gyalrong
No date is available as to when he was succeeded by his sony bSod nams dbang rgyal. It was bSod nams dbang rgyal who commded his forces to resist the Manchu invasion from 1771 to 1776.
There were two palaces of the Rab brtan royal family, one was called rNam par rgyal ba'i r(izong situated in Li ver which was the capita1 of Chu chen. It was in this palace where Kun grol compiled the catalogue of the Bon Kaiijur in 1751.i5 The other palace was called 'Gyur med pho brang located in bKwa' rngom where Kun grol edited the Khams chen in 1764 for the engraving of the woodblocks. In the same year the engraving was completed, but his par byang was written only in 1768 when Kun grol was aged 67.
The Rab brtan royal house's main monastery was gYung dmng lha sding. The last syllable of the name sding is pronounced in Gyalrong as ̀teng' hence often written as steng. No source that I have seen indicates who or when it was founded apart from the inscription of which I have made a partial translation in chapter 5.
The royal house of dGe bshes tsa was also very active in supporting the effbrts of Kun grol's vvork in Gyalrong. The royal palace was called sByi bSam 'grub seng ge r(izong. No sources that I have found so far give any account of its royal 1ineage. It was lama gYung drung bstan 'cizin of this royal family who fbunded the monastery bKra shis smin grol gling in NYag rong in l689 and in 1735 a reincarnation of him was born in the same family. He was called 'Chi med grub dbang.
In the mid‑eighteenth centuiy, as we have seen in chapter 1, the king bsTan 'dzin nor bu of dGe bshes tsa competed with other royal houses in hosting Sangs rgyas gling pa and Kun grol grags pa. It was a prince‑monk named gSang sngags grags pa alias Ye shes snying po of the royal house who was first instrumental in inviting Sangs rgyas gling pa to Gyalrong. The main momastery of the royal family was IHun grub dpag gling where in 1730 both Sangs rgyas gling pa and Kun grol often resided in their first days in Gyalrong.
'Irhere is hardly any infbrmation in Tibetan sources about the royal house of bTsan la. ln the mid･‑eighreenth century its chieftain was called Tshe dbang and his family was related by blood to that of the Rab brtan royal house. His son was Seng ge bzang poi6 who vvas a strong ally with the principality of Chu chen in resisting the Manchus during their campaign against Gyalrong.
l 2
3 4
SG ￡ 532a,
in his k l( (p.257) Kun grol mentions a king of Khro skyabs called Khro chen rgyal Po Tshe brtan dpal 'byor, but this name is not mentioned in the genealogy. In 1920 there were two prince brothers: Tshe dbang nor 'dzin and IHa dbang nor bu (K7i(}G p. 298) and in 1955 the king was called sKal bzang rgyal mtshan, see chapter 3,
iNga ba bod rigs cha'ng rigs rang skyong khul gyi sa khra. No date of its publication is given.
?VG ￡ 13b.
s
6 7
Survey No. 188.
NG ￡ 13a,
Chinese: Sonuomu (Mansier 1990: 129). ln t:IVga ba khul sti gnas lo rgyus, compiled by iNga ba khul sa gnas lo rgyus rtsom sgrig u yon ihan khang and published in 1996 by Mi rigs dpe slrmii khang, p.284, this name is also wTitten as bSod nams 'bum,
8 9
10 11 I2
13 14 15 16
Karmay l998a: No. 3.
Chapter 5, ll. 18‑19.
AIPBZ p, 257.
According to Mansier (1990: 129), this is transcribed by the Clmese as Langka.
Mansier 1990: 129. [[ he title is transcribed as Shaluoben by the Chnese.
Ibid., 129, n.l2
SG ofthe Chu chen edition ￡377a.
'
,K l( pp. 257‑58,
Chinese: Senggesang (Mansier 1990: 129).
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Pt. 40b Ngo mtshar nor bu gling Monastery, rebuilt in the 1990s.
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