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(1)

Expansion of crop diversification in paddy fields through new irrigation technology and the change of Bethma custom in Sri Lanka

その他(別言語等)

のタイトル

灌漑技術の普及がもたらす農村制度の変容 : スリ ランカの水利慣行ベトマの事例

著者(英) Kono Hiroichi, Somarathna Hetti Mudiyanselage journal or

publication title

Research bulletin of Obihiro University.

Natural science

volume 21

number 4

page range 75‑84

year 2000‑06‑30

URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1588/00001866/

(2)

滞人初戦21(2000):75〜84  

7r, 

潅漑技術の普及がもたらす農村制度の変容   スリランカの水利慣行ベトマの事例  

耕野柘一1、HettiMudiyanselageSOMARATHNA2  

(一受理:2000叶3月17口)   

ExpansionofCropDiversi五cationinPaddyFieldsthroughNewTrrigationTechnologyand  

theChangeofBethmaCustomi11SriLankn   HiroichiKONOl,HettiMudiyarlSelageSOMARATHNA2  

鯖   雲  

スリランカの稲作生産は、「縁の革命」の経験により19脚年代の半ばにほぼ自給水準を達   成するが.その後は濯漑開発の経済的適地の減少による水資源の効率的利用等が問題とな  

ってきている。このため、限られた土地からの農業所得向上と水資源の効率的利用のため、  

乾季における水分要求量の少尉、米以外作物の導入が課題となっている。   

以⊥のような問題意識の下で、1997年、19g8年にスリランカのドライゾーンで農家実態   調査を行った。調査地城では199岬・代以降、ポンプ潅漑の導人が急速に進み、乾季にはト   ウガラシ、タマネギ等の作付が吋能となったっ この研究の目的は、第1に水が希少資源であ  

る地域において、ポンプ濯漑技術が乾季の水田農業多様化へ与′えるインパクトを計量的に   把握すること、第2に、ポンプ濯漑技術がもたらす村の伝統的水利慣行の変育と今後の課題  

を明らかにすることにある。得られた結論は次の2点である。第1に,ポンプ所有による水  

利用可能件の拡人は、強く乾季の水田農業多様化を進展させていることがトーピットモデ   ルにより確認された。第2に、個別的水利用を可能とさせる港漑技術の普及はスリランカの  

伝統的水利熔行ベトマの変容を伴うものであったu水をめぐる政府と農民の新たな協力体   制作りが緊急の課題であろう。  

キーワード:氷山農業多様化,ポンプ漸乳ベトマ   

1.hbot7Ltf)ryOrA軒imltura71hsoureeEconoTrLic§,DepartmtlntO[ATlimalPrbduct50r[andAかcl]l如ra]EcoI10mics,   

ObibjroUlliversjけandVeLerin即γMdidTle,Objhiro,Hokk扇doO80j555,Japan   2.F血ultyofAgncu]hlltL,UI血ersityofPelⅥdeniya,SrlIAnh  

l.帯広畜産人学畜産管理学科畜産資源経済学講座(0弧8555 北海道帯広巾稲田町)  

2.ベラデニア人学農業部(スリランカ)   

(3)

耕野拓一  

■. ti   

1.1NTROIIUCTION   

Developirlg COurltfiesinAsia have experienced   伽eGf飴mReⅥ)tutiona丑dasa(OnSequenCealmost   al1thesecountneshavcattainednearselflSt戯cieney   inrice producLlOn,and at presenlsome ofthese   nationsarefaeedwiththeproblemof$urplusindce   production(Masuda15冊)_′me代ぬ代,也ereisaneed   tcrincrease the cultivatioIlOf other 丘eld crops  

(OFCs)in order to soIvethe problem ofbudget   burden reslllthg 加m the su叩1us dα_  

Furtherrnore,OFCsneedtohavemorewidespread   useofteehnologicallyadvancedequipmentandllaVe   toe舶blislle穐cientmarkedngdlannels,劇紳,】訓d   那扇】able fnr f・COnけmically viablei汀iga加n  

developmenthasbeefLdecreasinginAsiancountnes   as shownin the Klkuchijnvestigation,Trngation   developments have shi触d打om the■coflStruCtion   st噌e一拍血e†mana酢mel止絨age†耶ikuchi壬2り.As  

su(:hitisnowimpo化mttoぬ亡uSOmthee代ciemtuse   ofimgationwater,¶liscropdhTerSincatior)(Cl))is   nowconslderedto be a good sb・ategythatean be   used tot且Ckle Lheproblcm弓thathaNeCmergedin   thePo淡−Gfeenkvol11tionperlOd.1t helpstoreduce   the amo11ntforelgn eXCllange11Sed toimportfood   amd caIleam fore鹿n exchaI唱e through exp)止  

promotior[,Moreover,CDis expected toincileaSe   仇eaverageincomeofhm血1g血milleS.   

F11ndamentaleconomiedl珊geS klduced by the   GreenRevolu血narerelevantinSriL揖1katoday.In   SrlIム11ka there are two clima血・regic)mS:the wet   zoncandthedryzo[氾.Inthedryzone,ricefamling   hasbeenpracticedoYeralongpedod8ftuneusimg   bo仇tanksandimgationc弧als.¶leSeCan扇5Were   o吻albr con或meted by an anclent dynasty more   tbana仙ou組ndyea指agQ.Idgationschemesintk   COunbYean be dividedinto two types;SmallTSCale   andlarge−SCale.A smallrscaleifrigation seheme   prnddesl汀転出iom watertole5S山卸200a汀eSOf   血mland while al訂ge−SCalei汀短ad8n 託beme   irriEateS mOrethan200acres ofland,A鮎rWorld   WzLrIImanyland settlemellt Sehemes were   developed umder山esela曙einうg如l−)n SCllemeS・  

Today,this system providesirrigadon facilities to   about6O%ofthetotalirrigablelandinthecountry   and.there払re,is responsible for a hi感Ier   percentage oLIlationalrlCe prOduction.nle dry   2;One,Whichcoverstwo−thirdsoftheco11nbv,hasan   uneveIldistdbution of rainhll.During the A地   season(wetseason)&omNovemberto M打Chthe   dryzoneaveragesaboutl,1OOmm ofrainh)mthe   n()Ⅰ寸h・モaStlllOnSOOn.恥wever,during the 乃点   Sea貝nn(dry season),Whiehlasts fぬ1n Mardlb   艶ptember,it gets only abour200mm of raiI血Il   加m tlleSOuth−WeStmOnSOOn.¶加rc丘■代,也en10St   Cr竜tica】rest)urCeiれ仙e dⅣZOneis′Water∴げ廿肥化   Were nO additior[alwater supply d11血g the Yala   SeaSOnitwollld be dif6cult to cultivateany crops.  

UElderthese circumstances暮he promotion ofcrop  

〔liver5通(二atiollisimpoぬnttoiI忙reaSe払rmiJICOme   打om alil両睦dland area and to use exISting   irrigation faeilide$ e借ecdvely through the   introduc伽nofOFCswhichdemandlesswaterthan  

再ce(Wijera仙na(オ〟 川).   

The objecdve of血s s山dyis toidenti知Cl)  

possibilitleSinSriLAnkaIshrgei汁ig釦ionschemes.  

ThisstudyisbasedonasulYeyCamedoutin1997  

tol!柑8,In仙estudyarea,thegove汀Inlentismain】y   responsible forirrigation management.Fmers   もegan ushg山eir own smallimga也on pumps to   cultivate OFCs h paddy Belds duringthe YaIa   SeaSOn aftcr1990and as aresult CI〕iIlthe study  

∬eよhaspro訂eS鑓dwell.hgヒneralitis匹htedo11t   that there are many restrictions to CD,SllCh as   marketprice仙1C山adons,higber】ab()rrequirements   仏祖inpaddycu摘vationandh軸潔丑】1ity(lfexis山Ig  

irngation mallagement_1nthispar絶rWeattemi)ttO  

discover ptlLenlialof CD wlth spccialrcLerence to  

watermam覗ement, merearflt酬mair10bie亡tivesbf  

tlleStudy:idendfytheimpactofpumpirriga山)nOn  

CDinthedryzone,Wherewateristhe伽StSCarC  

resource,and exa血e山e chamges of t指d班onal  

waterInanagement CUSt(imSirlput〉liciけi関山on  

SChemes due to tbeimけoduction of mewl汀短a怯on  

technology匝ump皿丁短慮ion).  

(4)

hpansionofCropDiversjficatiDn  

anothersurveywasconductcdinAugust1998witll   the same farmersIo collect data relatc(1to Lall(l   血11izatiom and waterlllallage†¶e11†in Malla for  

1997/98and Yala cl11tivationin199Ei.Although60   farmersweresurveyed,datarehtedtobothseasons  

COuldbecollectedh.omonly50farmers.nere血re,  

thedatafrom50farmerswereusedintheanalysis.  

1n the study sample there were th].ee hndless   Larmers aTld47famers who werelandowllerS Or   owller−tCnant farmers.′111ere Were eIght farlllerS   who had two−Whec]tractors while two tarmers had   hur−WhetIllractors.Mostofthesefarmersrenttheir   lractorsIo oLhcr farm(・rS.111Cre Were17farners   who owned cattle and they also rented out tbeir   cattlぐtO Otllerfamersfor cultlVationw(汀k sucllaS   lan(lpreparatlOnandthreslling.  

3.TIIEPROGRESSOFCROPDIVRRSIFICATI()N    ANDI)IFFU5;ION OF NRW AGlモICUI」TlTRAl.   

TECHNOLOGY   

′11ablcIshows 血e generalsituation of the   surveyedfarmers,Duringthewetseasonalmostal1   farmers cultivated rice and only a few farmerS   cultivated ehilis and onionsinaddition to nce.ne   average cultivated area was2.97acres duIlng the   Maba seasonin1996/97and was2.58acresin the   MahaseasoIlin1997/98.1)I111997Yalaseasoll,28   LamlerSWt・reCu]tlVatlngaJldo(themonly17famers   CulllVatedoIlionswhilesomt・hrTnerSCultivatedrice,  

chi】is,pUmPkjmsandbeets.2)′】llenumberoffanrLerS  

(14)who亡ultivater]1essthan O.5acreswashigher.  

The average cultivated areawas O.58acres and22   farmersdidnotcultlVateanyCrOPSatal1.1nthe1998   Yala season35farrners cultivated.The number of   farmers who cultivated more than two crops   increased.During this season the majoritv of the   fanTlerS(26famers)cdtivaLcd O.51−2.5acres.The   averageareacultivatedinthisseasonwasl_2acres   anditwasmorethantwicethanthatofthe1997Yala   seas(〕】1.TllenUmberoffarmerswhodi(1IlOtC111LIVall、  

anyeropsdecreasedto15hrmers_   

2.GENERALINFORMAT10NOFSTUDYAREA  

rhe Al1111nugamavi1lagp h MahaweliSystem fl   wasseLectedforthestudv.TheMahaweliSystemH   was the琉rst area developed under the MahawIIll   T)evelopmentProjectin1977anditwasdividedinto   7blocks.Each bloぐk was again sub−(livi(LedilltO   severalllnits.Today,eaehblockandunithasablock   managerandal上nitmanager.respectivelyandLhcre   arebl(lCk()用亡eSalld unit〔〉fRcesateachlocation.  

R&1Stl」dyA代a   

OllrStudyv】11ageislocatedintheHelabodugama   Unit of the Galnewa Block.The Galnewa BIot二kis   supplicd wiLhimgatlOnWatCrbythe Kalawewalef[  

bank mai】l CanaL whkhis corLneCted to the   Kalawewa tank.Amunugal11a getSirrigation water   fromthelくalawewalef[ballkcana]throughtheNo.1   distributory cal】aJ(Fig.1),The pllblicly run  

Mahaweliuconomic Agcncy(Ml三A)has the   rビSpOl】Sibility ormanagi噌LbeirngallOIliIISyst(1Ill   H,Il汀仏inlalnSthemalnCamalsandllledisしhbtll(汀y   canals,therefore,imgatio】lmallagenlel】tin the   vi11ageis done nlainly by the goveT nl11ent_Farmer   particlpationinirrigation managementislimited to   the field canallevel.Thel−e are nine 丘eld canal   groups in Amunugama village and each group  eonsists oflO to13 farmers wllO CO】1ectively   maiI】tairL LtlCimgaLioIICanals of Lhc vi11EIge.The   numbel■Of farmers j】1t】le VillagpislⅢ(August   199即.Forlhc present s山dy 60 famers were   Selected ralldolmly andiJIAu即Sl1997 a soぐio−  

economicsurveywascanうedoutwiththesefarmel−S  

to collect data related to cultivationin Mahain  

1996/97an(JYala cultivatiollill1997.】n a(]dition,  

(5)

朝野播  

Tabl8.1ThoNumbor  ofF●rmOr■bvFamSi王○されdCroロPinEP鵬m9   

Cr叩PingP如触椚Ⅶ    ニー    こ 二  二    …・ こ  ・ こ  Fmsiヱ○(○¢rO)in1997乃8M山鳩  

・−8.5  0.5T  

一一乙5    ■−2.5   

{   88  8  口   42   4(】  口  3   44   

H+Gi   4  口  ロ  q  7  

「け8thoronoqrob   0   4   4   

n十ci+pI(   0   

Tぬl    0  嶋  ヰ  2  口  50  ○  45  口  3  0  4g   

…● 二 ■=− l    F■m8iz8【8erO)in柑97Ya18   F削¶=琉H(さ¢rl〉)in1998Y自由  

・−0.5  ○,引  

■−2.5    ■−2.5   

l「   4   4  q  5   8   

On    13  4   17  4   4   

bo   0  2  3   5   

Dk   口   

H十oth●rOnOCrOロ   2   2   

αT+○廿lOrく〉nO¢rOD    山  8   4  2  4   6   

bo十○廿lOrOnO¢mD   0   2   2   

亡卜to◆血  

0   

bo+¶柑−トDk   0  

r汁on+othorono(汁」】D   5   5   

0∩州山8rthr朋CmD8   0   3   3   

T山l    1ヰ  t3  口  8  0  28  9  26  0  0  0  35   

りパ:血0.On:On加.b0.  :h鴎Ci:Chilli.m旧:m8iz8.也加m水0.Pk:PUmPk事n   

2〉−○机8r GrOp i8m州y卵即Fam.COWp88in8dd帖onto廿帽OmPSinl).  

8)柑97/98Maha.ono血morgaⅧh;石l8ndt8anO廿柑rfamor8S8bn抑tandwe¢OUldn tg虎iポom虞i8nrel血dto    cropcu愉/8日on.BOt血」numboroff8m8帽i8ヰ9   

A c)ear difFerencein cropping patternS WaS   Observed during the1997and1998Yala seasons。  

nerewere two reasoms Eor thisdiffcrence,First.a   dropin the pnce of onions h om30rupeeS Per   kilo訂min1996to23rupeesperkllo卯r11im1997   decreased thc number of farmers who culdvated   onioms.ne amo11nt Ofwatcrin1998Maha seasoJI   wasfarmorethan1997Mahaseasonandtherewere  

alotofwaterin仙ebeginningofYalaseason199乱   Consequent)y the average cultivated area became   morethant雨ceandthenumberoffamersgivemup   farmingwasdecreased.Ashasbeemdiseussed,itis   mlpOrtarLttOCOmplementthedryYblaseasonwith  

the abundance of water fromthe previous Maha   seas()n_neCOnStmCtionoflargei汀1galionschemes   ismaimlybrculLIVatlOnd11ringtheMahaseasonand   itistherefL)re hnpossibleto cultivate allthepaddy   負eldsinthe Yala season(Ⅲkuchi[3L).nle paddy   croppingintensityir)Yala season was about60%  

(Kono14】).   

Amunugamavinagt:adopted the pumplTTIgatiorl   systemin1990.勒1997,20famershad仇eirown   pumps wllile19faJ・merS OWned agrowells,Thert・  

were13hrmerswhohadbothpumpsandagrowells.  

nlereaSO11forlherapidadoptiomofIlewirrigation   technologywasthathrmers quickly respondedto   the highpro丘tability of crops such as chilis and   oniollS Which demandless water(Kkuchi,1993).  

Famersinthevi11agegenerally11Seda5−hpportahle   Water pumP.It was found that19血mers,Who   owTled water pumps got water from their owIl   agTOWellsinthe1997YalaseasoTl,Theseagrowells   wereabout3metersindiameterandhadadepthof  

7meters.FamersusedlOcmdiameterpiI㌍tOpump   water up丘・Omthe agrowe]Ts.There wefe three   Larmers who gotirngatiollWater fromirdgadon   canals and bur 血TmerS Who got water 血■Om   dr訓nageCam山s.However,血euseofdrainage飴n山   Waterisillegalin血eareaandabuscrsaresubjectto  

hes.1t was found,though,that fmers were   unwi11ing tn fonow也ese regulati()nS.Fu血eml(〉陀,  

therewereanotherIQurfarmerswhopumpedwater  

山〕m the Kala Oya RIVer and cultivated o】lbo也  

banks,WI厄chisalsoprobibited.   

(6)

ExpansionofCropDiversiBcation  

79  

de匹ndentvanableis uniq11ely representedin the   bllowimgexpressiom.  

Y干=Ⅹ/?十u.i=1、2、−、n  

T?bl01ThBNunborofF−mOr8J)yPurTIF.Ow.即Ship  

andOulヒiv8tFon  

¢∪帖v一也  NoCuI【ん8t8  Tobl  T997 Y8b  OwnPumb  18(13)  2【0)  20(13)   NoPum8  10(5)  20〔1)  30(6)   Tぬl  28(柑)  22(り  50(1g〉  1898 YさIa  OmPum【l  か町ほ〉  ∝0)  24(1ら)   NoPum【】  11(6)  †5【0)  26(6)   Tot8l  35αり  15(○)  5叱り  1)Fi即r88inparo仙050SarO仇8nUmboroffさmIOrSWh。hav。  

a訂OWell.   Y=(  †   

Table2shows血ereladonsllipbetweenwhoowns   irrigationtechnologyandwhocllltivatedintheYala   season.Table2shows thatfarmers cullivated thcir   tandduringtheYalaseasonin19970fwhich18had   their own water pumps and13 farmers owTled   agrowe11s.There wel ̄elO farmers who cultlVated   Without pumps alld 丘ve of these hadtheir own   agrowe]1s_In the1998 Yala season 35 farmers   eultivated,24hadownedwaterpumpsand15owned   agTOWells.nere werellfarmerS Who cultユVatCd   wi1hout pumps but6of them had agrowel】s.′111e   rentalcost ofwaterpumpsperseasonvarled B Om  

l,000tcL4,000rupeeS.Normal1yfarmersrentwater   PumpS h ̄Om their relatives and neighbors.In  

SUmmarY,Tab】e2clearlyshowsthatwatersupplyin   the dry,Yda seasolldrastiea11y nuctuatesinlarge   irrigatlOIISChemes.nerefore,the availabillty Of   puInpSandagrowe】1sinAuencesthcprogrcs50fCl)  

inpaddyfields.  

1)¶1ereWaSnluCh rrLOrerain than usualseasoni]]  

1997/98MallaSeaSOn.′ⅠもatisoIlerCaSO11forthe    differerLCeOfaveragccultivaLlOnareabetween   l!柑6/97Mahaand1997/98Maha.  

2)Pro舟bbilib,OfchillSandonionsarcmorcthan    twieeandeigllttlmeSaShighasrice.rcspectively,   

mcy are called high performance crops inSri    knka.  

4.DETl王仙ImANTS OF CR()PDIVERSIFICATtON   INmDDYFIELl)S   

Now we willal】a】yzethe determinants of Cl)  

progress by using theTobit modet.rlllis mo(1elis   difkrent from other regression models as the  

WheredleXistheexplanatoryvanable,rlisthe   sample size anduiis aI10mlaldistri1〕utlOfLwith   meanOandvarlamCeJ2.  

Tobit modelestlmatCS maXimiz(Ldlog−1ikelhood   Lunct10nbyusingthc datarclatcd to hrmerswho   cultivatedanddldnotcultivateintheYalaseason.Il   isasfD1lows;   

lnL=h(p(−Ⅹ\′ゴ/J)  

+志井刷肺−Ⅹ\わ/♂]−1nげ1   

Wherc4and¢are,thedensityftmctionandtIIe   distribution function of血e standard nomlal,  

respeclively.  

Thedependantv且tiableswerethecultivated area   andthenumberofcropscultivatedr]uringtheYala   SeaSOn becauseitis needed to血dtheimpact of   thesetwoaspectsomCD.Table3showsthedetalls   Of111C Vanabl(・S and Table4gives山e es也爪ated   res111ts.Fromtheseresults,theLollowlngpOintscan   becoI戒n11ed.First,intbe1977Yalaseasom,pump   dummyincI easedinboth山ecultivatedareaandthe  

numbtlr Of erops cultivated.This was statistically   Signifie&nttOthel%level.Second,agrOWelldummy   also had a signi五⊂ant(1%level)efEect on the   progressofCD,buttheeffectwasnotasstrongas   Pump d11mmy.¶由d,Ca仕1e d11mmy a蝕ded山e   Cultivated areaandthenumberoLcrops cu]tivated.  

Fourth.farm1aborers significant】yin8uenced the   areacultlVated,and the age ofthe farmerafFected   the number of crops eultlVated_Thesei]1月uences   WerenOtaSStrOngaSthoseofthepumpdurnmy.In  

Lhc1998Yalaseason.thepump dummyWaSfound   tobethemostimporlanLEactorinfluencingboththe  

−11−   

(7)

耕野柘一  

80   

beginnmg of仇e1998Yila season.As a result,  

EarmerS didI10t need to use agrowe11s as much.  

Fur血ermore,the educatio月dummyinfhenced仇e   progre5SOfCDsigniAcantlytothel〔悦Ievel 

FromtheresultsgiveninTable4,WeCaneXplain   the hnpact ofpump ownership ollCD statistically   usingtheぬ川owlrlgequadons二  

cultivatedweaand thenumberofcropscultlVated.  

Agrowelldummy alsoinflueneed CD sigrlificantly.  

H()WeVer,theinduencewasnotas如OngaSSbown   bythepumpdtlmmy,inthe1997Yalaseason.This   isbecausein血e1997/1998Mahaseasontherewas   mbre raihLa11in the area than usualand alarge   amo11nt Of water remamedim 血e tanks 誠 也e  

T8blo,3 hdopondontVさ伽bl朗=胸紗dhT由比M8d0l   

v01j8blo$    Do向】裾0れ   

F8日¶L8bor   

Thenumberoff3rmJaborseachhou$ehold   

00fH朗d    Ag更㌦hoadoさ¢hhウリ8鵬○!d   

Ed此鵬8nDummy  】fh軸dfim●r卵duぬddn毎prim那YS¢h00l,仇ondumrny租  

】一点望山越E没蝮仇8nlunorhis¢h00ら廿帽ndumm巴1・   

PumpDuml叩  Ⅳ向morhさ8也oirownpump.廿帽ndumm戸1  肝n(〉 thondumm−   

AgrowellDummy  Ⅳ向mo「h8も仇oir(〉Wn8訂OW01l.廿帽ndummy=1.  

肝n thondumm−   

8a甜¢Dummy  肝向rmorhさS仇oi「own¢8恍Ie.仙endummy=1.  

肝not廿帽ndul¶mV=8.   

T曲l●ヰEs心内Jbd R●8u比¢rTobitModel  

相田Y■la   柑g8Yさlき  

v81i8bl8  

¢u帖v一也darod  NumborofGrOD号    ¢ul伽bdさ帽8  Numborof¢r01】S   

¢ons也nt    −0.¢24(−0.伽9)    −1.陀2(−1.592〉■  −0.g88卜1.17更)    −2.丁26ト†.引4)*   

F∂mbbor    0.2008(1.76g)巾l  0.157(1.248)   

一旬.004(−0.037〉    −0.043(一丑26幻   

Ag00fH朋d  0.00083(0.∝lむ   

0.019(1.311〉 *  0.085(0.ヰ72)    0.021(1,182)   

Edu¢8心onDuMmy  −0.811(一1.173)    −0.444(一句.7即)    0.726(1.315)*    1.115(1.311)*   

PumpDummy  lll;  l■;  ・  0.981(2,訓打)**  0.817(8.158)***  1.459(3.598)榊   

A伊℃W竃州Dummy  0.841(ヱ月71;)**  0.878(2.7耶)*陣  0.557(2.101〉 **  0.688(1.柏7〉 *    C劇oDummv   

0.さ86(l.さ04)ヰ  0、47丁(1.542)*  0.117(D.46ヰ〉    0.325く0.引丁)   

」叫.59    −48.78   

一引.53   

−67.52   

∫J      1)F如roもInp且W仇○占●S8帽丁一∨扇∪88.   

之〉*岬.♯.*8rO血t融施鵬=地相恥如t8tl%.5%.柑%.ro印さ成∨01y 

3)w●両○虎鵬nu h叩血8曲水ono%lov0l.H¢:関帽mOtO柑0仇erth8nCOn8bntten¶=0 

4)sさmPlosi王台=50.  

Thble5.  

Fromtheviewpointofcultivatedarea,theprobability   tocultivallコinthel淡)7Yalaseas()nWaS39,6%inthe   case ofnon−pump OWning LafrherS.′rhe expected   va)ue of the cultivated area was O.57acre3.If this   血Ⅶerhad a pump,山e probabili吋b cultiⅥ江eiれ   Yala seasnn would hcrease to 80.6% and the   expected value of仙e cultivated area would also  

increasestoO,97acres.FromtheseresuJtsitisdear   thalLheintroductlOn Of a pump increased the  

possibility ofYa]a cultivation by41%dlle tO the   expansiQn Of water av通えbility.ne expected   c山也vation areaincreasesbyO.4acres.Inthe1998   

P(Y†>0)=中伏ノ9/♂)  

EⅣY∃>0)=X′ウ+♂・AⅨ・/ヨ/げ)   

whe代 人∝;/ヲ/打)=≠(Ⅹこノヲ/け)/¢伍:β/げ)   

1nordertoe$dmatetheimpactofpump.dummyon   CD,WeaSS11medthata11variablesottlerthanpumps   were set at卸erage Values.U A氏er血at we could   compBLre the prりbabilltyofcultlVatioIlin the Yah   season between Larmers who owned p11mpS and   thosewhodidnot.Furthermore,WeCOuldesdmate   the expected cu)tivated area and the number of   cropscultivatedbyp11mPOwning血rmersandnon−  

pump ownhg払fmers.Tもe res山b are givellill  

(8)

ExpansionofCropDiversi丘utiu11  

imigatlOn SyStemS by the govemmt・IIL   Sincewateravailabilityis11nCertairldurlng   the Yala season even with more  

SOphistieatedirrigadon schemes  

(Moragoda f】/〟F■l).1n th亡 Be血ma   sysIcm,111elandtobccllltivatcdisusually   closc to tlleirngatiollCanals becallSe thfl   TabIe5.hlEIaCtforCropD;vers汁icatiorlOfPumDrrT・iEatJOrl  

Cu帽v8tedAre8   NumberofCrot】g   Est;mabd  ErpeGbd  Estin18tt〉d  E〉【POet8d   Prob8b捕tv  Valuo  Prob8bilitv  V白山○   

1997   39.6    0.57    45.0    0.69  

Yala    80.6    0.97    83.6    T.15   

T998   8T.3    0.71    59.3    1.09  

Yala    90.8    1.19    92.2    1.94   

wateris more easily accessible.Fmcrs withlELnd   near the(_analhave to share theirlandwith othcr・  

famlerS When Bethma cultivatlOnis done.In other   words there are two famlergrOupS uI】der Betllma   仁一lStOm.■Hostねmers−由veha止of山血1andtu(1tllCT   ねmers,and■Guest famers■arei】1V】ted by H()St   farmCrStOCu】tivateapartoftheliostfarrner■slaJld  

(Ekanayake efd.1H】).I.and aLlocationvia13etllrna   cultivationis decided ala KaIIIla meetlngl)where   faJ.mel ̄S,Unit OfBce o伍cials and BIock Omce   Ofncials particlpate.The crops to be cultlVated are   aIsodeddedatthismeeting,Imgatiomwaterjsthen   distributedlo BctllInalaIlds(・nly. 111e reSt Ofthe   land doesnotreceiveirrigationwater,Thel弓ethma   areachangesyearaiteryear,therehre,therightto   Cultivate Bethnlalandis】imited to only one   pa而cularseason.  

′111eprimeiplcoLcquali【yil)Walcrusageaccording   to Bethma cuslom has almDst cullapsed in 

Amunugamavillage.ThisismainlyduetotherecerLt   adoptionofnewimgationteclm0logyIrlAmunugama   village.farmers practLCed Bethma methodsinthe   1997 aTld1998 Yala seasons.Table 6 shows the   relatlOnShip bctween Yala cultlVaし1t)n alld Bethma   CuStOI11.111er(チWere6H(〉Stlmers and38即IeSt   farnlerSin the1997Yala season. 111e numbcr of   Hostfarmersi71CreaSedto18inthc1998Yalascason   and thc number of GuesL hrmers decreased to25   farmers,llle reaSOn ねrthesc changcs was ulat   there was alot of rain during thel†拍7/9ボMaha   SeaSOnand Lhereforclherewas amplewaterinthe   tankforthefol】owlngYalaseasoll.Asaresulr,the   amounLofimgablelandirlCreaSed duringthe1998   Yala season as did the number of Host famlerS.1t   WaS also LouTld that almost allthe Host farmers    Yalaseasonthepu(TIPdtlmrr)ylnCreaSedtheareaof  

Cultivation.¶1FLareaeultivated expanded h.omO.71  

acr亡StOl.19acr〔・S.   

WitllregardtotllenumberoferopscuItivated,the   PrObabilitythatafaE−mereultivatedin1997Yalawas   45%inthe case ofnon−pump OWnlTlgfamlニrS.Thc   expectedvalue ofrlumberofcropwas O.69.1fthis   farmerownedapumptheprobabilltV OfculLivation   ln Yala wouldinerease to幻_6%and the expected   valueofthenuml)erOfcropswoulda】soillCreaSetO   l.15.Wc canalso confimt ttle rX)Sitiveimpact of   PulTtPOW11erShiponCl)inthe1998Yalaseason.  

In brlef,these丘ndings demonstraLe thalpump   tcchnologyhashadahugeimpactont加progress  

ufCl〕.  

1)Ⅵ7eassumedし11aLlhewビatherwasnonnalaIldo山げ    conditionswereconsLanL.′meaverage values were   

FarmLabor=2.6,AgeofHead=52.98,Education    Dummy=0.92,AgrowellD11mmy=0.38.Cattlt)   

Dummy=0.封in1997.In1998.2.6.52.32.0.92.   

0,42,0.34.respecGvelv.  

5.¶tFFUSIOIqOrNEWIRRIGATION TECHNOLOGlr    AYDTIIECH.九NGEOFTRADITIONALⅥ仏TER  

MANA(1ElIEmCIJSTOh・I   

The Betlllllais a traditionalwater】T)anageme【lt  

SyStemillSriI,anka.Tllissystemhasbee11praCtice(1   When there hasllOt been enough waterin the  

holdinglankstocultlVateallofavillagePsfarmland.  

Thiscustonltraditionallydivi(1estlleaVailablewaler  

in Lht}[ank equal1y arnongthe farmers.Bethma  

E)raCt]CellaS bf・en(】onein smallrscaleirrigatjon  

SyStemS for 山ousand of yea門.However.this  

Philosophy has also bceniLltrOduccd tolargcr  

(9)

耕野托 一  

82  

cultivated thcir Bc血1nalar[d in both seasons  However,18Guest血mersin血e1997Yala駅aSOm   and10Guestfamersinthe1998Yhlaseasondldnot  

c111dvatelamdallo(、ated to them under the Bethma   町如m.nble 6 shows that 20 Guest famer$  

cul也vatediTlthe1997Yalaseason,yetthenumberof   払merswllOkepttoBe仇macustomwasonly4in   也e1997 and lin 山e1998 Yala seasひmS,  

respec伽ely.In otherwords,16Larmers cultlVated   di艶rentlandallocated tothem underthe Bethma   野面虹hd血七山Ⅰ℃■岬eret耶tyI把S Of血TnerS  

(GroupAamdB).FameYSinGro11pAwereGuest   EarmerswhodidnotcultlVateanyland(18血rmersin   1997and10faTmerSirl1998).FmersinGroupB   were伽est farmers who didIIOt Cultivate hthe   Be血ma 町S飴m,but cl此Ⅴ奴ed o也erland(16   iarmersin1997 and14 farmersin1998).The   rclationshipbetweengivingupBethmacust(1mSarld   ぬe possessiollOfimgation techl10lo即by these   groups wasanalyzed.andtheresultsaregivenin   

Tt血l06.118札仰boroIF●l・汀噌柑by8伽■■nd  

Y一山euldv一個on  

Tables7andと;.   

We caJISee Clearly that Group A farmers have   almostnoirrlgationtechnol咤yb11tGr軌1pBfarmers  

do.AccodingtoGroupAfarmers,themainreason   血r not cultivatlng tlleir Bethmaland was 血e  

distaTTCe tO the Bethmalands打omtheirllOmeS,  

Sometimesitwouldbeasmuchas5knsfmma加Il   house to山e Bethmalands,也ereぬre,仇e知†mer   spenta】otoftimeintrarLSiLlnaddltion,therewere   some difEICultleSiIIWateririSpeCtion. 111e Water   Supplyi11thelargeirrigatlOnSChemeswas11nStable,  

evem ror Be仇malamds ¢kamayake fぜ威F8り.  

Furthermore,therewasapossibilibrbrcropfailure   bccause almost allGro11pAfarmers did not own   仙eir 8Wninてgation technology_ W独 仏ese   d膿eu止icsitis undcrstandable that the high  

transacdon costs madeIおmers give 叩 Y出a   cultⅣatlOn On Bethmaland.Famlt:rSin Group B   COuldincrea$e the av由bbl8W如er by11Shg w血汀   pumps.Th海famergroupclaimsthe samel.eaS()n   asGr(1upA(thedistancetoBethmaland血℃nlfheir   hou5e)fornotcultivatingtheBethmahnd,butthey   could eultivate their ownland,temユreland orthe   lan(Ibeside the Rala Oya River.while Tleg7eeting   BethmaぐuStOm,beca11Setheycouldstlpplywaterfor   themselves.Ful廿1ermOre,GroupAhmlerSPOinted   out that some Host farmers refused to share  

thcirland with theln,In the field survey苓,We  

Gu伽to  NoCu伽  Tobl  1g97 Y▲l●  Gu8tFon¶Or  28  18  田   Hくl鏡F如m即  8  0  8   Tobl  ヱ6  18  叫  】998 Y■l●  al写tFロnW  田  18  2ち   H08tF■m●r  †7  口  †8   Tobl  32  叩  埴   

1佃=亨血d●d写OmO鳥¶●rSboG紺帥t卯∂血ね¶○帽G帥tt   jt)lnln恥血相8nd80mOね「¶○帽didn■thvoBo仇∩Ⅶ  

intom伯仏洲.  

T8bl8丁・m8R即ゼ叩濾;pb鵬W00n()h8叩08如80仇m轟Cu血Mもdndth■P88∽貼iⅧ   ofl鵬βゼont 血Ⅶぬ助(飢uD人血mo帽)  

且卵胞如=膚vhrm●rd;dn teu帽v一也bo仇m●l帥d  

Diぬn(〉Ob  R血色Odby  Wさ鴫「$ho血書8  ○仇椚   

Be廿1m■】8nd  Ho嘘fさけ鴨帽  inBo廿Im■   

Tぬl  

1さg7Y8b  鈍P=1_A=り  〟P=0_Å::幻)  2(P=OA司))  《P司A=8】  柑(P=1A=0)   

柑98Y818  試P=1A=0)  ヱ(P亡OA=萄)  !■ l・l  叫P=司.A=0)  1(】(P三1A=り〉   

りR糾■・OShp白油白08ⅣOnumb即・d牒附加rS血ohav¢Pump(P)8ndA郎W011(刃   

T8bl08.ThoRo鵬○¶Ohわb●伽㈹nehlln騨8hBo廿w8Cl18tOm88れd廿lOP08き088lono†  

Im掛軸nto¢hnoloⅣ(川bDhm●帽)  

R別18dnWhv向mordidn■tcuIUv書tOB仙mL ヽd  

Tobl     Diぬncot8  

D曲mさIdhd   

bnd向rm■r   7【P=5A=6)  双P尋A=き)   11(P=8A±9)  

1997   = 仙・▼  部P=8.A=1)   1(P=1Aヒ○)  4(P≡4A=1)  

Ya18   1【P=可A=0)   1【棚)  

Tot■l   11(瑚=7)  《囲A=8)  1(P亡1囲】  1¢(P=12A=10)   

bnd向mor   ⅨP=4A==3l    ▲】  

9(P=7.Å=8)  

199さ   b曲亭;d001バ∨Or  衣P=2Å=1)   l(P=1.A=0)  3(P=aA=1)  

Y■l■   1(P=OA=8)  1(P==8A=0)  

2【P魂A=0)  

Tobl   鉱P三6A=ヰ】   

《PミュA=3)  l(P;1.A=0)  l叫P=10メ芦丁)   

りRgur舶in四川nth0888肝Oロリ汀Ibt〉rがfmo柑Whoh8Vt)Pl」ml)くP)8nd輌Il(A)   

(10)

ExpallSiollOfCropDiversi丘亡atlOn  

83  

cultivationaswellasthenumberofcropscultivated   inpaddy鮎1ds.封owevertbese changes have also   broughtaboutchangesinBethnacustoms,inthat   血一merS Who had access toimgatiqn technology   couldincrease theirincomeif tl】eyi鮮10red the   eLIStOmS,These 負ndings haveimportant policy   implications 血r expanding CDin paddy丘elds.  

Altho11gh pump ownershipincreased each farmerls   profitirlOne particular season,On the wholeit   efFectedwateravai1abilltyintheimgatlOn SCheme,  

Whicheouldleadtoanunstablewatersupply.Asa   result,farmers who do not own purnps have the   incentive to obtain their own water pumps,Asa   COnSequenee,it may decreasethe etfecdve water   supply ofthe wholeirrigation system,Mizutanl   ar訂1ed thatthe one ma】Orfactt)rWhichin且uenced   theprogressofCDinSubackinIndonesiawasthe  

assurance ofindividual tlSe Ofirtigation water  

(Mizutani17】)_However,aeeOrdhlg tO Takeya,the   norms behind Suback were very important to  nlaintaLn COOperatlOrL and equalityin water   availabilltyanddlStributlOn(TakeyaL川]).hthisstudy   We Can COnCludethatthereis an urgcntIleed to   formulate npw rules beyond Rethnla customs to 

advanceCl).   

There are,however,many prOblemsirlthe   developmentofCDwhicharedi代culttosl)1veinthe   Shortrun.Themainproblemsarethemarketingand   disbibutionofagricu]turalproducts,thehighcostof   eu】tivati()n,pOOr eXtenSion services.andlack of   availableplantingmaterials.nleSeprOblemshaYetO   beaddressedimmediatelyinordertoexpandCDin  

Paddy航e】ds.  

REFERENCES   

[1】c.M.W的yarathna,C.RPanabokke,  

】〕.B.Aluwihare.S,fl.Charles,and R.Sakthivadivel,  

LLpotentlalforl)iversiAcd Croppingin the RICe   LalldsofSriLmlka, lIIMICounlryPaper,SrlLanka   No.14,1996,pp.1−105.  

[2]Kikuehi,M..● AliaKaihatu・Tojoukoku−Kangai−  

Bumon niokerllKangai・ky()kumen no Shuucn to    con貢rmedthatalmostalloftheseHostfarmerShad  

agrowellsandwaterpumps.Insum,ifGuestfarmers   wererefused accessto sllaredlandsand hadwater  

pumps and agrowe11s oftheir own.they could   CullivateLheiro、VnlandsorillegallycultlVatebeside   tlle KalaOyalむver.Ilowever,江these血rmers did   rLOthavethe行ownirrigation technology,thenthey   badtoglVeuPYalac111tivation.   

Few studies have been conducted on Bethma   CuStOmS_Asurveyconductedontwolargeirrigation   SChemesin19$7PewahuwaandMahawelisystem   H)concludedthattheseirrigatiollSChemeshadthe   prmcipleofcqual1tybctwcenHostfarmersar[dGuest   血nllerS(Moragnda一】′〟19】,Ekanayakeど′〟【8り_  

However,Our Study found that after the rapid   di血1Sion of pumpirrigatlOn teChlOlogy and the   progressofCD,Bethmacustomshadchanged.TT11S   is because some farmers had their own agrowells   and water pumps,SO Were at)le to bave a secure   Water SupPly eveninthe dry season.¶1erefore,  

fal・IrLerS Who owne(lwater pumps andirrigatiorl   tech110logy tended tolleglect Bethma customs to   eam moreincome.Today we can see howprlVate   OWnerShip ofirrigation†echnology hasinfluenced   the亡hangesin13ethmacustomsin]ar群imgation   SChemes.Fina】1y,We Can argue that the equalibr   pdncipleofwateravailabilibrinBethmacustomshas   beeomeobsoleteduetoanincreaseinCDinpaddy  

Aelds by using p11mpimigation【echnologyin   Amunugamavi11age.However.thesechangesmight   leadto someproblemsinirrigationschemesinthe  

future such as unequalineome distrjbution,  

depletion ofgrourldwaterlevels andincreaslng Of   SalhiIyonfamla11ds.  

1)AcultjvationrrLeeljngi汽WherefaTTnerSaEld鮎1d   levelofEICialsmeettomakedecisionsrelatedto    Cr opCultlYationinapartlCularseason.  

,C(INCl.USION  

In this study we pmved statistically that putny, 

OW71erSlliI)hasincrcastTdlhenumberofacresofYala  

(11)

耕野妬一  

拡0喝O mO Tenkai−houkou−Sdl血1女a nol匂ngaト   Tou油ino Doukon一日unsekihra −, Nougyou−  

soug()u−kenky甘u,V81.45,No.4,1991,pp.1・74¢n   J叩aneSe).  

[3]ⅢhlC軋M., 劫iaKaihatul旬oukoku−K抑gai−  

Shisutemu・TekiseトKanrinotameno Senryaku qSri   lankaI10Keisu o CbtluShin to shite: No11gyOu−  

SOugOu−kenkytlu.Vol.46,No,1,1993,pp,1−77(hl   Japamesd.  

[4]Kon叫H., SdI∬1bnoぬ【1g血attentohas並u   きkisan −Dorai都n 血okenlMi別−dyouk弧OuSeio   Ch11uStlinlカShite,、11997 Nendo Niho¶・nOu訂Ou−  

keiz由gakkaiィonbu爪Shuu.1997,pp− 3弘369(h  

Japanses).  

[5]Ma餌da,Y.,Midorjm)K扇札meino   he・Mizu・Noumin.Nourintoukei−kyoukaj,1995,pp,  

2も28(hJapanese).  

[6]Masu血 Y.,Ⅹokusai−nOu訂Ou−billa血ron.  

Nourinto11kei・kyoukal,19g6,pp.47−64(inJapanese).  

[7]Mizutarli,S.,■■shigeIISeiyakukanoMizuriyou   Shislltemu−hdoneshia「suba比uJnoKeikem− ,   Mizushigen no KDkatu toIiaib11n Cdited by  

lmamぴa,N.弧dNagata,K.Noubuれ辱oul如6,pp.  

121−218(imJapan亡父).  

[8]REkanayakeandl),Groenfeldt∴ organizational   A印eds ofImprovedl血gatlOn Manageme旺An   E叩erimentinDewahuwaTank,Sri11nka: ⅠIMT   WorkbgPaperNo.17,1990,pp.1−16・  

[9]RMoragodaandD.Groenieldt,l organizational   Aspects ofImprovedImgadon MBLnagement:  

KaIanku出yaBlock,MallaWeliSystemH: sril.Ankn,  

llMIWorkingPaperNo.19.1漸),pp.4欄.  

[10]Takeya,HJ■shohyou:MizushigellnOKokatu   b Haibum一触Iatu kara kanrie,■ Nougyou kei飽i−  

kemkyuu,Vol.槌,No.1,1996,pp.56−58(h  

Japanese).  

SUMMARY  

hrecentyearsSrlI_ankan agriculturalpollCyhas   裏med at r由混血g cmp diversi鮎a血n since me   c心血叫 has a仕aiれed selk山五dencyin rlCe   producti0Il.Cropdiversif(CatlOninpaddy丘eldshas  

arisen becauseofpumpirrigation developediIlt11e   1990s.Astudywascardedoutinavi11ageofthedry   ZO11e durmg仙e1997and1998dⅣSeaSOn(Yala   season)b explore the pやSSibi】i匝 Of crop   diversifkatlOnin paddy丘elds and tofind(】utthe   impactofpumpirrigationoncropdiversi丘cation.tt   d鮒intended to examime仇e exis血gけaditioIlal   WatermanagementCuStOmSCBethma)inthecontext   Ofcropdivers通(・鵬on.Statis庇山analysISShows血t   pumplrhEatlOnhashadasignificantlmpaCtOnCrOp   divcrsiBcatlOninpaddyl組ds.1thasalsoiJtnueIICed   traditiona】watermanagementctユStOmS()fthevillage.  

Bethmaeustomsare gradua11ychangimgandpump   owningfannersarebegiIlnmgtOneglecttradldonal   water management cu如ms.′me resultlngIleaVy   wi仇drawalof grotlndwater c8uld cause serlOlユS   problemsthatmaythreatenagriculturalprcLducdvity    in the futMe,Consequentlyit needs to be  

emphasiヱedthatnewmlesandreg111a烏onsonw癒er   management should be estab】弓shed by bo軌the   govenmeTlt aTld farmers,and beimplemented as  

SけOnaSp(ISSible.  

伽∫.勘助い釧兄柚m【抽抽..2Jr2α)¢い75一朗   

参照

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