1。
- The Grammatical Category of Gender in The Katherine 包:2ヨi (MS. Bodley 34)
一一
工introduction
Shigeaki KARAK工DA
C. Jones says that the grammatical category of gender mani一 fests itself in three main ways in the Northumbrian texts of the late Old English period and the Anglian texts of the early
Middle English. period: (a) gender―distinctive markers of pre-modifiers of nomina:L heads remain intact without violat ing the historical grammatical concord, which may or may not show eor-relation between gender and sex; (b) this correlation
is ex-tended; (c) the phonetically heavy markers 一■neand -re, which are originally case一 and gender-distinctive forms, are redistributed as case markers only. 工t is tentatively suggestedタ moreoverタ
that the development of the ”Anglian sub-system”(c) was function-ally motivated in that it was developed to fill the linguistic gap between the breakdown of the noun inflection and ・the estab-lishment of the fixed word order; in Southern.dialects, on the
other hand, it was not necessary to develop this kind of sub-system because the word-order patterns had been more completsly established in these areas. The aim of the present study is to describe the way the grammatical category of gender manifests itself in the dialect of 2£Kathレe/rユne Group (MS. Bodley 34),
one of the West Midland dialects in early Middle English.
1.1 The Katherine Grou!〕is a set of alliterated homiletic prose 一一一一
162 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ., Vol. 28, Hum.
tinuation of the traditional iElflic-Wu:Lfstan style, though ffl/i and SW, in which alliteration is not so lヽegul'arly used,
are dif-ferentiated from the three lives of the saints. ’ 、、s ` tained in the three MSS.:
MS. Bodley 34(B)
MS. Royal 17A xxvii (R)
K ヽ十 十
MS. Cotton !ntus D xviii (T) +
M 十 十 J + + 2 They are con-E 十 十
sw
+
十 十We will be mainly concerned here with 地e MS. B, which contains
all of the five texts: K (ff. lr − I8r), M・(ff. I8r - 36v), J
(ff. 36v − 52v), HM (ff. 52v − 71v), and sw (ff,. 72r − 80v;
in-complete, two leaves hav ing been lost after f. 80)。3 The MS. B
is Vi^ritten in one hand throughout. The corrections, made in
another hand from the beginning of st M, f. lSr, 1. 14 as far as
f. 21r,:L. 19, are excluded from the material for this study.
The MS. B has been dated in the first quart er of
the thir-teenth century. The language j。s the Southvvest Midland dialect ;
. J
several names written in s ixt e enth-c entury hal!4s inthe margins
connect the MS. with Herefordshire, and the linguistic evidence
suggests a localization, more spec:ifical:ly, in Central
Hereford-shireか around Hereford itself.^ ・
ユ2ヱ│ 工nthe dialect of 2!_e Kather!ineレGroリp, phonetic and
ana-logical change has made it almost impossible to distinguish the
grammatical genders of nouns by their inf]Lectional endings. 0f
all the 101 occurrences (54 forms) of the‘・gen・ sg. case ofnouns
originally v/ithout the distinct ending一旦Ξy as marry as 86
occur-rences (52 forms) are found with the analogical ending; of a:LI
(S. Karakida) 16ろ 一一一一
nouns originally without the ending -as or -a!!in OE, there are・ 166occurrences (71 forms) with the
ana:Logical一旦Ξand:L04occur-rences (58 forms) with -i--en.
The,パ゛strong”dec:Lensions ofadjectives ending in−がor in -_i after a short syllable usually preserve the number distinc-tion. But the surviva:L of the case/gender-distinctive endings is very rarely found in the MS. B:
Nom.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat.
一 一 -: ・ Singular M F −(−e) (−e) −(−e) (−es) − N − − −(−es) (−e) - (-e, -er/re) −(−e) Plura:L −e “-e -e (-re) −eThe OE raasc. ace. sg. 一丑旦is not preserved in the MS. B; the
masc./neut・ gen. sg. −£Ξis retained only in the indefinite
pronoun, the possessive adjective and the adjective
used subStan-tivally ; the OE fern. dat. sg- −2こ£ispreserved on:Ly in a fevi
idiomatic phrases. 工n the overwhelming majority of cases,
there-fore, the adjective does not mark the case and ・the gender of a
head noun。
The choice of a personal pronoun form ’is ”referentially”
determined, i.e., de・ヒermined ty the seχ category, except for the
occasional manifestations of historical grammat ical gender,
probably caused by a Christian allegory or archaism。
工nthe present study, therefore,・great attention・wi1:L be
paid to the noiui phrase internal gender agreement between
defi-nite determiners and their head nouns. The evidence presented
by other pre-modifiers and the noun phrase external agreemむnt
will be noted when it is relevant to this study. 。
164 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ.、 Vol. 28、 Hum.
examples are found v/here Latin influence gives rise to ”gender change," in spite of the fact that a:11 the texts except mil are free adaptations from Latin original. Latin ini'luence is
restricted to the following examples: bilしeaue (cf. 0Egle工恥跡│ M) is ha (K7r/15:78:L),8due to十crレedulitate(F);!lus (OE N) is μjrレe(SVY72r/8:8), due to domum (F), etc.エt seems that the
female personification of j£aS (OE M) in sv/ reflects the feminine gender of Llm(yrs.,9and that the male personification ofI!2だしacレ (OE -!ac usually N) and liμ旦s luu万eレ(OEF) also in sw ref:Lects
2。
- 一一一一The OE Neuter Forms
The definite determiners be, ^e-!1 and ]3is tend to be used
without regard
to historical
gender and case: seeAppendix ]:
(1) and 工工(1). 工七 seems
that a distinction
was being made
between
the definite article
be and the demonstrative determiner
l2!. The repetition
of J2£:!b_
in the following sentence gives
evidence of its demonstrative function:
forset ec n feader hus. as daui・a read l)refltler. l)e feader 昔よユ巴げ言び雪な口胆μ謡ぷポ‰昌ey)
匹ぶ回昌之謡ふ(頴.ツゴム准ご昌ここに皆
p ful (p)io of fulSe stinkinde. & untohe dede. (Hr.i55r/24- 55v/5:107-11) 卜
It cannot be said, however, that the distinction between be and ll!1is completely established. The three MSS, sometimes vary
in the choice of a determiner betv/eeぶ11! and 12£!1: B b heouenliche kinedom "(K15r/7:2149) J) sihSe[KニLOV/]L4:1607) b lif (KニL7r/20:2408) l ) e h e R kinedom 6f ouene l)e sihfie b lif T b heuenlich kinedora bat sihSe l)elif
(S.K.人RAKIDA) 165 l)efrut (Hr≪I61r/l9:33O)
江特問ギ一
江野路昌se
l)e schaft of mon b vvildernesse p frut b schafte of mon etc.This kind of variation suggests that M and l2!may be used with. or v/ithout d emons t rat iv e force.
工nour texts l2£:!Iand ]3is occtir much more frequently with nonpersona-1 nouns than v/ith personal ones. TABLE :[shows their relationship to the persona:L/nonpersonal category。
TABLE 工11
{)et
other inflected forms
:Personal l)is other inflected forms 3 Qノ ぐ 17 rnro I r o ぐ C M r n _ 2 2 Nonpersonal 168 (87) 15 80 (45) 25 Total ㎜ 199 (96) 52 :L02 (48) 48
?hepercentages of the use of l£! and ^is v/ith nonpersonal nouns are 8邨(168out of 199) and 78芦(80out of 102) respectively. The exar町Dies of their unhistorical use are classified ty the p er s onal/nonp er sonal category in TABLE 工工, which indicates that
only a fevi examples are found v/ith personal nouns。 TABLE 工工
詐言:Σ剽U;: 昌
Personal 1331 ぐぐ 31 Nonpersonal 87 49 ︱ aノCO 42 2 Total 90 50 52 29TABLE l also shov/s that 168 examj〕1es(8邨g)ofthe use of
12£!;are found with nonpersonal nouns, while only 37(5が)of the
166 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ. Vol. 28, Hum.
and that 80 examples (76?^) of the use of≒厘LSare found with
non-personal nouns, while only 23(51刃 of the use of the other
inflected forms are found v/ith personal noiaris. These figures,
however, do not necessarily meaji that the tendency
of "neutral-ization”12 is the strongest of a1:Lthe processes of restructuring
l
the gender category. The fact is more complica七色d. First, most
of the personal nouxLs which occirr with bet or Tpls are originally
neuter. 0f十all the 31 examples of kl!, only, three violate the
historical concord:
M godd x 1 (J49r/25:63l), vmmmon x!(J45r/2O:42.6)
F unse:LhSe x 1[r.i24r/22:63:L,]?ヽeferring to 七he Devi1)
N Id earn x 4 (HI>I65v/23:499, etc。), meiden x 20(K7V/8:
826, etc.), vvif x 1 (Hr.l67v/3:557)
M/N deofles (gen. sg.) x 1 (I<:2r/l7:166)
P/N \Hiwhit CsicJ X 1 (r,I27v/l2:3005),1(wih七X 1 (M27v/3:
2829) ● 卜,
0f all the 22 exarap!es of£ijs, only one exEinip!e of the
uiihistori-cal use is found: ミ
F Jjuftenes (gen. sg.)×1(皿70r/19=邱5)
N meiden x 20 (K5v/21:607, etc.)
P/N whit [sic]X:L[M25r/1:22]j3)
These facts suggest that be! and l!is st i:11 marked his七〇rical
gender. Second, as v/as noted above, the distinction of the
demonstrative determiners bet and is from the definite ar・tide
_ 心
血was being estab!ished, if not completely. And third. !l!1may
have been selected instead of趾to avoid hiatus, as in b aji (HT.i
56r/1D136),(HM156V/17z:L57),!!ofler (IClv/16::LOl), (K4v/19:479),
b ilke (K:L7v/15:2453), (M33v/l:4428), etc. and such idiomatic
phrases as rr!包/立│!並│生:Lke (K6v/:12:7.13), etc. and E訟│!!l ilke (M
(S.Karakida) 167
se]Lectedbefore a consonant and the form ll!1before a vowel: to-bursten & to-breken ・ ・ . ba l)etreo (N) &. tet irn (N) (K13v/21:2004)
The sequence j2旦十!in the former probably determines the selec-tion of bet form in the latter.
and Feminine Forms -一一
The redistribution of marked forms of
the definite deter-miners is "brought about in the US9 of the originally masc. and
fem. forms with personal nouns.
jhユ The definite article and demonstrative be/be:!1 has an
inflected objective form ]3en(eレ), which is used as the object of
the verb, whether original:Ly accusative or dative:
M wreaSest "jpen a:L−wealdent(HM66r/12=509)
Et・stont. {jen feont (SW76r/l2:17l)
luuien pen 4S. liuiende god [sic; = godd〕(J37r/I2:l8)
herie ben healent (K14r/1 :2012 )15
gret wit ben lauerd (SW77v/9:227)
l)ene redere ・ ・ . lustea (M34r/:15:4629)
makede l)enmuchele v/itti wi七ege ysaie. beon isahet (J44r/3:359.)
m/n islein l)ensleheste deouel of helle (M26v/24:2802)
F/N iseon moste <l)en〉unsehene unv/iht (M24v/19:2206)16
and also after prepositions:
M wiS bene seli brudgume (HM71v/l7:717)
l)urh l)enengel (J43v/lO:341)
ol)en liuiende godd (J41r/2:208)
v/iS pen vnwine (J42v/24:305)
biuoren ben awariede vvulf (K14r/7:2O32, referring to Maxenc e)
168 Res. Kochi Univ. Vol. 28, Hum.
Of all the nineteen examples of the use of ben(e) with nouns, the fifteen cited above are used with. nouns denoting male
persons::L8‘ cf. 4.1. Moreover, in the following examples, ]jer! occurs with a proper noun and v;ith an adjective, both referring to the 'Devil' s ダ
beaten l)enbelial of helle (J45v/19 :450)
leac・・.l)enladd:Liche [sic]of helle (J46v/13:494) The inflected genitive form of the definite determiner l2/ 12£!;is ]3es, v/hich is always used with personal nouns, v/hether
male or female, in our texts.
personal
nouns are:
19 Examples of its use with male
M l)es feaderes (Klr/1=title)20
聯謳脂%穴副坦臨雛幌ぶ白雪;伊636)
l)esfuhe:Leres (M20ar/7:0809)
bes hali gastes (Ml8r/l4:O2Ol) (ia8v/l3:O4Ol) (M33r/8 4411)
J)es schuckes/schucke (M2Oar/5:0806) (M24v/1:L:2O33) pes sunes (Klr/l:title)22(M18r/14:0201) M/N 毘
2六乱器乱瀧ご8s1905)(肖7/22s2123)24皿6が3s
e
・
On]-y
twoヽ・examp:Les
are found v/ith female persona:L nouns:
F I)es
leafdis (K:L5r/25:2192)
bes
meidnes (K14r/21=2063)25 ∧
Note that the inflected genitive ending二es
is rarely
found in
the adjective
inflection:
anes
kinges (Klv/5:73)
tines
feader (HI,I52v/6:5)
工nthese examples
-£1occurs with personal
nouns: cf.
4.2.
The function
of the marked form 12丑(e)in our 七exts is
com-pletely
different
from that in the ”Anglian sub-system.”工七
is
(S.Karakida) 169
primary fiinction is not the case-marking. 0f all the thirteen
examples in which ]3en(eレy is used as the object of the verb with
the noun, the pronoun or the adjective, only two appear in the
sov order in dependent clauses and all the rest are found in the
(S)VO order in independent or dependent clauses. 0n:Ly one
example has a dative function:
aneμng turned ben gode. to gode (Hlvl54r/18:67)
工n this sentence the presence of the marked form of
the deter-miner does not necessarily avoid the syntactic ambiguity of J2£丑
godeレ; cf. MS. T 12£lgo(3レ9. Moreover,the inflected genitive l!Ξ
cannot ■be said to mark the case more vmamlDiguously than the
・unmarked formタ since it caimot always be distinguished from lies
・this.・ 工n what Jones calls ”case repetition,”the marked forms
are not alway s used to avoid the ambiguity in the syntactic
relationship. Compare the following, a!1 0fwhich are the
titles in the three lives of the saints:
(工) i)es feaderes ant (i be)s Sunes. &il)ealmih(ti g)asteS
nome (Klr/l:tit:Le)26
n)e feaderes & t'^es sunes & i'jpes hali gastes norae (Ml8r/l恥
title)
5T一︱
l)efeaderes
& i be sunes & ± pe hali gastes Nome (J36v/17:
In the first example, the marked form is used in noun phrases where 七he head noun nome is deleted; the unmarked form, however. appears in the same environment in the second, and in all the noLUi phrases in the third。
D'Arderme(p. 225) says that marked forms are emphatic and that they are likely to be used before a vowel even if unemphatic. Though it is not always possible to distinguish empliatic from
unemphat ic forms, the marked forms are sometimes・ found semanti-cally stressed, as in the following ssntence:
170 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ..・Vol. 28, Hum.
Ah heo as beo l)tehehe heouenliche」lauerd ilenet, leafde hire とaldrene lahen & bigon
hefde his
to luuien luue
ben
`琵:Liuiende goS [sic】l)eluf siAme lauerd. b schupte a1:Le sche<a〉ftes & wealdeS & v/isseS efter t}et his wil is. al l)
isheapen iS. (J37r/lO-15:6-ll)
エ刄.this sentence, ]3en ak工沁│如Ξ!e goS (= god(!│)is presented in
contrast to !!£E:£△e旦ldrene工ahen and, raorフeover, the choice of the
marked Ipen serves to avoid hiatus.。The avoidance of hiatus is
・− ● −
typical:ly shown in 112!!lober as well as in ll pレ恥ir:
ich habbe ofte :imaket ・ ・・. te an to sc:Lein[sic]ben oj)e『
(J46r/:L3:469) 。
瓢;o貿f7eir1旨よぷrば凛ts昌ご乙れt2e惚2jo
(K4v/19:479) 卜
A comparison of these two sentences suggests' that a distinction
may be made between personal (!en) and nonpersonal (IJ1£:!11)ヶin十the
● ● lwselection of a prevocalic alternative to the unmarked form. The
avoidance of hiatus is also seen iii such idiomatic collocations
as et ten ende and to ^er eorcie : see 4.1.卜卜.
一一一一- 工t is quite true, as A. F. Cblborn (p. ・87)乱此ests, that
marked forms are preserved in ”hりrailetic phrase・s・.,” Most of the ● ♂− ●.S ° nouns which are used with 教師IOレ)レor 121 referソto beings peculiar
to the Christian faith, such as godd, lauerソdソ;れレe妬し町it, sune. ` ” ゛フ’ I・’ . “ ・l . ,
皿
a11・ the more interesting when vie take・notice・ of the cases of the ’ ` ’ 「 ‘` ・ ● ‘ ’. 」 ,゛ム ” ●;
preservation of the historical gender distinctions in the use of
°1 ・! 』 φ●‰
●. y ゛ ゝ ● ● "- a ■ d
marked forms Vi/ith nonpersonal nouns in 4.2.
.12 The demonstrative determiner !is has inflected nom./obj. SI I ●t
forms l2£! ・and ]3eos, -v/hich耳re classi:fied
.by.'th町male/female cat-egory・v/ithout regard to historical gender when they are used j ■ ●・ 四
with personal nouns.
s ・ Of all the nine examples of the nominative use. oヌ≒^es・ ’ ゛ l .. ・ seven are fotind with male personal nouns:
M I・es keiser (K8r/l:1255)
(S.Karakida) 171
l)es heouenliche lauerd (K2v/17:228)
bes lauerd (SvY72r/5:6)
beS 3unge mon
(J37r/23:29)- 5es sondes-mon (K5r/l3:517)
l〕es were (J39v/4:135)
F {)es sonde〔K4r/25 s 431, = l〕es sondes-mon)
工n the fo1:Lowing example, }3es occurs with a proper noun denotii!g
a male person: ● ●
t)es miiiti maximien (J37r/20:26)
とes is rarely used as, objective. There are onユムy three examples。
one of v/hich is used v/ith a ma:Le personal noun: /
M isehe l)es mon (SVV75r/:12:128)
9万Jid the other two with a masculine nonpersonal l!oun: see 4.2.
There exist eleven examples of the use of beos as nominative,
all occurring with :female ・personal nouns:
M teos martyr (J37r/5:11, referring to st Juliana)
F beos luf Slime leafdi (Klv/l7:104) ヽ :
teos hali leafdi (J37r/2:8)
N beos meiden (K:Lv/6:77) (K6v/23:739) (K12v/l4:l86l) ・,
I>eos meiden (K3v/19:354) (K5v/19:600) (K6v/13:7:L5) (J37r/5:ll)
l>eos milde meoke meiden (Klv/l7:103)
Of all the fifteen examp:les of the objective use ofII!eレoレsy万 〇nly
r ¶ ・ two are found with female personal nouns:
l k . r 1 F Ipeos modi raotild ouercume (K4r/19:417)
f 。・ 「・ I N seh sitte I」eos ineiden (KlOr/22:1563) ・‘
and the rest with feminine nonpersonal noiHis: see 4.2.
工t should be added that l!Ξis occasional:ly used with
female or feminine nouns in our
texts. 工七 cannot be distin-guished, in orthography at least, from the male/rnasc. 12 though 。●
● I● ら ` ● I ● ●6 ● ・ (i゛Årdenne (p. 228) suggests that it may have actually been
172 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ.、 Vol. 28、 Hu
distinguished in pronunc iat ion as lilΞfrom・the male/masc. I!is.
But it is possible to regard the form Tpes which appears with
female personal noxHis or feminine nonpersona:L nouns as a variant
of )3eos, because it is also used as a variant of the p:Lural b∈ぴ)│_EI,
e・gl・,l旦旦十・・. maumeヌ;│(K:Llv/23:1762), cf. beos maumez (K5r/3:
492).281 There exist tv/0 examples of its‘use as nomin・=・万.tive, both
occxirring with a female personal noun:
N tes meiden (K9r/4:1387)
I・es meiden (J43r/I3:319) ; ,. ’
There are three examples of its objective use, one with a female
personal noun: ’
N me〈a〉ndenl)esmeiden (M22r/l:1412)
and the other two with feminine nonpersonal nouns: see 4.2.
工t is notable that l3eos/]3急旦appears exclusively with nouns
referring to one of the three woman saints, St Katherine, St
Margaret and st Juliana; therefore, it is not found with personal
noiiiis in either mi or sw. ’
We have seen bes a万71万d}3eos/^es distributed‘according to the
male/female category without regard to historical gender v/hen
they occiir with personal nouns. A distinction cannot be drav/n
between the nominative and
the objective.・case. Afterpreposi-tions, these ma:rked forms (1onot app ear wit!l’personal nouns in
our texts, and only bis is foiHid v/ith meider!(K13v/:L:1953) (M
I8v/25:O413) (M20ar/l3:08l4) (M24が12:2035) (J5Or/l5:672) and
withΣ■/hit [sic; =暇取】(M25r/l:2213). It is difficult to decide
as to whether this fact is linguistically significant or not・
D・Ardenne seems to be part:ly right when she・(‘p.227) says,”The
oblique TplS represented mainly the reduction of OE. dative forms
biss\jmタ三皿£Ξ£ly and so W゜万sand l’万e゛万3万inedin our texts the most
(S.K人血人KIDA) 17ろ
but both l!es and l!os/t)es do occur with nonpersonal
nouns after
prepositions: see 4.2.
4。 The Use of the OE Masculine and Feminine Ponns -一一一一一一一一一一
with ITonpersor!al!!2!!!2j
一 - The marked forms derived from the OE masc. and fem. forms are also used with. nonpersonal nouns v/ith the exception of the genit ive form几h9レ弓, which alway s occurs with persona:L noxins. Note that they almost alv/ay s appear without violating the historical concord.
j2ユ A11the inflected forms of the definite determiner l!e/^et preserves the historical gender distinctions. The survival of the dative forms is shown in the following stereotyped preposi― tional phrases: ・
M ed ten ende (M3Or/24:3623)^5 (Hr,154r/8:60) (HIvI54v/lO:79) F from l)er eorcSe(J41v/7:238)
ol)er eorSe(J41r/6:212, cf. Ri)e) 脂鸚瑠訂附マ2款紐冶詣鸚(阻恰毘頴
(J47v/2O:55乃(J51v/ヤ2:743) (HI,T60r/l8 : 291, cf. T pe)
There is no examp:Le of ed te ende in any of the three HSS. while
一一-12丿師de is the only form used as the object of the verb: (M30v/7:
3632) (SW75r/lO:126). The construction prep. +込j+旦o_rl瞳│,whlich
often appears in the HSS. R and T, is not fovmd in the MS. B.
工t isa]LSO worthobserving that the OE fem. dat. sg・ ending of
the adjective, -r:e, is preserved in the following idiomatic
prepositional phrases:
F to goder heale (HI,'i63v/l:41O)
to wraSer heale (M25v/ll:2414)
(J38v/lO:91)
(J39v/2O:
151) (J4Ov/8:l89)3O
(J44v/l5:396)
!rhere is only one examp:Le of ppy!. which is probably an emphatic form of ll)/eソr!│:
174
MS. B, 31
Res. Rep. Kochi Univ. Vol. 28, Hum.
・丿M ibon time ・at that time' (J37r/16:22) ‥: 工n addition to these prepositional phrases, on:ly one example of the use of bene as the direct object of the verb is found: コ `
M Ant he wi5 b hef可D hetelest alre wepne ant sraat smeetliche a-dun b te dunt defde in・.& b bodi beide 1 ・ ・ . Hebe bene dunt 3ef; 3eide mit tet ilke・ (M35v/l5:52Ol)
工iithis e°万mple be]ne may be emphatic since diHi!jis repeated here, though l! is used instead in the MS. R. The OE masc. ace. sg・ 一■neof the strong adjective dec:Lensionis not retained in the
as was noted in 1.2, but th・6reduced form −e is found
though its occurrence is very rare:
M forhare sake ane dale ha etheold of hire ealdrene god (K:Lv/15:99) 卜/ づ
iseo ich 。
:In the second example bileaue (cf. OE pieleafa ,M) may have be en
4.2 The inflected forms of the deraonstrat ive determiner Ijjs
-a:Lraost alway s preserve the historica:L gとndey1`d’1stinctions.32
・ lsI
Two examples of the use of tpes arむ found with a masculine
M aSet tes dei (K8r/21::L305)
Cf. adettis [sic]dむi (J46r/19:475)
ear bene bes dei (K5v/18:598)
The genitive form iDJsses is used only in an adverbial phrase:
1 ・i j M uon on bisses we is towart hire (K12v/l6::1864)
Note that this kind of stereotyped adverbial genitive retains
the marked ending -es in the adjective inflection: 四 . `
M anes we is (KL3v/3::1953) (K:I3v/4:1961)34(J49r/23=629)34 ● ● j
eanies we is (H28r/23:3202)
.. nanes v/eis (J37v/6:37) (HIJ63r/6:396) (m,I63ヅ:L4:402) (Hr/[69r/l9:628) ト
(S.Kar人KIDA) 175、
summes we・is(M30r/22:3622) ,(HM55v/6:12)^^ (SVV76r/l8::L75う (SW78r/l5:252)36 1一 ..
Feminine forms are found more often than masculine ones.
l . j “● ¥ ● ● 、d F ● I とeos/taes appears eight times as the object of the verb and seven y ●.・● ・1・ F ●I い ・・..゛.・.●` ’ ` “ 1 11、
times after prepositions: .
、. ゜‘i + bone (< ON ton F)
bidde (.・.) beos bone (K5v/24:614) (K17r/ll:2388) ‥‥‥‥(J42r/:L5:271): ‥ ‥‥‥ノ.
、bid〔ien teosbone (M23v/l2:l824)'
i’、 beos bone hefde ibeden (J43r/3:3O9) ‥
wi5 1)eos bone (M24v/23:2210)^'^ (M33v/25:4615)ブ T
Efter bebs bone (M35が4:502:L)・
+miht(F) 一 、/
●・ ・● have beos ilke mihte (Hl.I70v/2;671) ゛‥ ヽ グ
・ノ十一steuene (F)、・ .、‥
‘μΓh beos steauene (K6v/I4:716) 丿\ し
7 ・ │ . ・burh t〕es steuene[K15r/]L4:2166)
wi6 Tpeos steuene:(K17v/lO:244l) ・・ しニworld‘(F).に・ ’゛・ -゜I ` ・ ’I li
akeasten ・ ・ . teos wa.ke worlt (L'il8r/22:0208)
f` 11 .” ゛・ ゛・. jj゛ ・ ・JI ●f
seruin ・ ・ ・bes fikele vvorlt and‘frakele (Hrfl54v/13:82)
、of l)eoがfikelinde world (SW75v/23:159)ニ・ ヽ.、‥‥‥`‘
An4・、l!eos‘occurs in、al!adver・bial phrase: ・・ フ ≒ へ
F teos niht (Kllv/17:1748)・
Note that・the adverbial・ accusative often preserves the OE fem.
ending 一旦in the adjective inflection: ■ ■
F..-.・ane hwile (K2f/23:18O) (K5r/l2:514)[J46r/].:457)38 丿 犬(HP.159r/:L:238) づ
lutie
hwile (M!9v/2O:O627) (SW78r/l4:252)
longe hwile、(SW78v/l4:272)し
siiinmehwile (Klr/5:8)
176 Res. Kochi Univ. Vol. 28, Hum.
And the dative case is marked by l攻旦s_e i4the following: F oμsse wise (K:I4v/2:2079) (M28v/l:3205)'
i/oμsse worlde (HM59v/l7:276)・(SW75v/lO:147)
工t should be noted that the feminine forms l!os/]3es and !Disse are used with only a few nouns, i.e・,!3one, miht, steでuene (referring to the voice of God in all the above examples) axid
world, and in the idiomatic phrase 2公112卵yv工万sレと│. Some ofthese nouns cause the occurrence of archaic feminine forms of adjec一 tive modifiers as well. The sxATvival of the fem. ace. -e and −
the dat./instr. -£旦is shown in the following: ha bijiiehire & bede ar!£bone (K17r/恥2369) & bigon to 3eien lud£2E:esteauene (K2v/8:206)
The second is the only example of the survival 0fthe OE fem. dat・-re except for idiom°万tic phrases, such as 12 ffoder hレeale
and to v/raSer heale: cf. Seiden lud steuehe (J49r/19:625). 一一一一一一
On the other hand, the preservation りfthe OE fern. acc・ 『 found as the object of the verb in the following:
昆陽8
luste
be warp en al avvei ^ine hvYile (M21r/l8:
l)e
is ileuet
to dei ・ ・ . endelcse reste ibe-riche
of
heouene
(K!5r/9:2154)
(or nominative)
The noun v/orld, v/hich is often used v/ith thと feminine forms of
determiners, as was mentioned above, is ajiaphorically referred
to by hirソe in the following examples:
{)isvYorlt went avvei. as l)eweater l)e eorneS. & ase
sweuen imet asv/int hire mxirhSe. & al nis bute aleas
windl)we iμs vvorlt liuie6・, (J5:Lr/17:723)
eauer se l)umare hauest: se be schal mare trukien. & seruin ・ ・ ・ t)esfikele worlt and frakele. & schalt beo sare ideruet under hire as hire l⊃real, on a Jsusent wisen. (ffi,!54v/l4, l3TF?, 83¬
of l)eosfikelinde v/orld; ne of hire false blisse: ne neome v/e neauer 3 erne (SvV75v/24:T刃丁
| Koreover, it is notable that the archaic dative marker
(S.Karタ<ida) 177
bisse determines the choice of the inflected form of the nominal headタ i・e:., vvor.:Lde,while the iHiinflected form world is likely to occur v/ithl1Ξor beos/bes, as is shovm in TABLE 工工工‡
TABLE 工工工41
l)e
Objective (a) vvorld-l^
Objective(b)worldJ world-e 3 10 9 bis ㎜ 0 81 l)eos/l)es・ μsse ㎜ 2 0 10 02
Syntactic redundancy in the prepositiona:L phrase 1/2. bisse Wlo£lde istw万〇fo:Id: fir万stタ bisseバ弓DPears exclusivelyafter a preposition: and second, the marked form t of the nominal ,head is obligatori:ly selected after that determiner。
These facts observed above suggest that the primary function of the marked forms is more stylistic than syntactic in our texts.
5. The 一一
The marked fOrms described in the preceding tv/0 sections can be siimmarized as followsこ42
be/i)et
t)is
Male/Masc.
Pemale/Pera.
Male/Masc.
Pemale/Fem.
Nom. Gen. obj.(a) obj.(b)
−
l)es
ben(e)
ben(e)[t)on]
− Ipes − [l)er〕bes
[t)isses]
J)es
[ties〕
t)eos/bes − beos/boG [l)eos/l)es][bisse]178 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ., Vol. 28, Hum.
・:[t is iml]ortant to pay atten-はon to 七ねe marked・ forms which
occur v/ith personal nouns in our teχts, for there
are some dif-ferences between the paradigm of l3e/]3et aT1ぐt七ha←t; ofl:is. First,
in the paradigm of l2/l!£!, distinct nominative forms have been
lost because ]3e has become an unmarked form and beo has ceased
to be used as a determiner; second, in the objective case of
!£/l!£!:, there is no female form that can・・be in opposition to the
male form l)レe/n(.e), because the OS fem. a.cc ・ !1!l has be en lo st and
!!22こhas ceased to occur with personal noxuis; and third, in the
paradigm of Ijjs, the distinction between male and female is not
complete 'in the objective case, in v/hich the male form Tpes is
rarely used. J ・,。 。
工nthe MS. B, the distinction between ・the male/(masc.) be
and the f ema:Le/(fem.)j2£2is maintained only in pronominal
usages. These two pronouns are used よs both nominative and
objective. Examp:Les of the male for・m│!e_ are as follows:
1)e king as l2 !)e wes fordrenct v/iSトbes deofles puissun & nus七ehv/et meanen. Ah het swiSe vvio hire 'of his hehsihSe
[sic] ・ ・ ・ (Kニ16v/3:231l)
に71; ?芸鬘:兆71a35やい)゛/es Jjes deofles bud el belia:L of
be l)deame to dead do al p he mei don 9,・ . (!(:I7r/18; 2405) -.J/ 〃/ , じにjよ器謡石盤ぎふ戮暗謡祐臨7・(詐.与と乱。 l)) ‥ ト,. ことことぎ漂にク 2
於a2と戸111e゛ ol! leueS. ゛eクサ2 godd
詐昌言醤/詐2言)・(ぶ琵円誤診告万言)趾声is lauerd
器グオ趾‰学獣‰仙‰匠討。皆籤昌ツe
謡に‰‰跡昌8齢)‰ぎ沢諮七戸ide
°reuliche on
(S.Karakida) 179
工nall the examples except for the last one, be appears immedi-ately before the relative l! or l£!.. Examples of the female form beo are as follows:
Uu器び(紐rySぶぶ;)hefde iv/ist & ivvenet s”3lengre s゛1
昌昌江謡ゴ昌に忿ご(昌惣?。m皆)9o(1(1
皆よ器グ。細入‰≒‰昌言昌ご。寸で生沢‰討ドー
Ha wundrede hire svvioe. &as1221)enes nawt of lihte bileaue. stille bute steauene on hehe in hire heorte cleopede to criste (J43r/l8:324)
?ぶ;6;;/!1:485)゛/urst is Jjrof; biwepeS hire ゛'/uroes[sic]
wanunge. & vvepnunge . l)e schalabute midniht. makie be to 織次パ詰6皆l)ehire stude halt. Tpe bu most forcarien
And the forml£2in the following sentence‘agrees with the
gram-matica:Lfeminine
gender of ^erlondeレsレcレhレe
(< OF): ケ
Ah l)emeidnes habbeS up o ]3eo l>e is to alle iliche imeane: a gerlondesche schenre ben l)e sunne. (HI(I6lr/3:3l8)
In all the examples l!£2 appears immediately before the relative
\)e or pet。45 工n sho八,乱e distinct feraale/(fem.) marker 坦2
is retained only in pronomina:L usages。having been completely .・
lost in the inflectional system of the determiner・。。
● i・ ●I These facts suggest that 七he distinction between male and
female is maintained in the definite determiner only in so far
as the marked forms of kソ1211 and those of ^is aiヽe, as it were,
complementarily distributed:
(see next page)
工nME a,s v/ell as in OE,・this' is frequently used in a sense approximat ing that of the definite article.”particularly with
180
Genitive
Res. Rep. Kochi Univ. Vol. 28, Hum.
Female Nominative Objective(a) Objective(b) r1︲﹂ Male Female −−− ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄¬ l | W J Male
ドサザ千eラ
]
レpes)匹
L(比肩.__良竺)_」
sometimes corresponds to the deraonstrat ive hxc in the Lat in
- ・ ● ト.● original:
Ue7昌謡‰足ぶP563);R/Tμs
meiden; L hanc (le
In the majority of cases, however, we find no demonstrat ive in Latin corresponding to ・this' in the ME version:
B:I>eosmeiden (K5v/l9:6OO): R Pis meiden; T I>es raeiden; LVirgo ssmcta
Cf. B I)emeiden (M35v/8:5O25):・R b meiden; L Sancta uirgo ,‘
BI)ismeiden (K4v/3:441); R/T bis meiden; L faciem virginis BI)eosmeiden (K12v/l4:1861): R/T i3eos raeiden; L virgo speciosa
Moreover, the three MSS. often va〕?ヽy inthe selection of a deter-miner betv/een be/^e! and ]3is;
BI・es keiser (K8r/l:1255); R I・ekeiser: T I・es keissr; L imperator
Cf. B I・ekeiser (K3r/25:3O6): R/T I・ekeiser; L imperat or
B Ipes lauerd
(SW72r/5:6);
R/T Jse husebonde;
L paterfami:Lias
BI〕et milde meiden (I・.I27r/7: 2809 );J tis milde meiden: L Sancta . . . uirgo
B Tp eadi vmmmon (J45r/20:426); Rμs meiden; L Sancta iuliana
B tet wake u:Les (IQ5r/:L:2134); R tet wake flesch; T tes wake ules; L caz^o infirma
Part icularly in the genitive case, the marked ]3es cannot alv/ay s be contextually distinguished from l!£,Ξ 'this.・ 工七 is
The Grammatical Ca of Gender in TheKatherine (S.KARAKIDA) 181
Interestirig "co note the fo:Llowing instances, where l!Ξisfovmd in the M5. Bwhile the MS. R has ^JJS instead:
Bbes schuckes schireue (M2Oar/5:0806); R bis schucke schirreue
B bes schucke schadewe (M24v/ll:2033); Rμs schucke schadewe
The
marking
of the male/female category
by
definite deter-miners is a very minor system in our texts
because their inflec-tiona! systems
are incomplete. The indieat ion of the marginal
category is achieved
only barely
when the meaning
of 12圭旦
approaches
that of lS/12!.
The sy st em of gra皿matical gender depends on distinct
inflections of nouns and their modifiers. :In the :Late OE and
early ME periods, the levelling and the extension
of inflec-tional endings, caused by phonological and morphological change,
deprive the gender system of paradigmatic support in most of
the dialects of the English language. 工n the dialect of:ロ!£
Katherine Group, it i aim t imp ibl t di tinguish th
grammatical genders of nouns by their inflectional endings・
The ca.se- a万nd gender-distinctive forms of the OE adjective
strong declensions have been alrao si completely lost except in
a few idiomatic collocations. 0n the other hand, they are more
often preserved in definite determiners. This is why we have
focused our attention on the problem of the noun
phrase inter-nal agreement between definite determiners and their nominal
heads。
(1) The unmarked form 12j1・is almost universal without
regard to case and gender。
182 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ. Vol. 28, Hum.
regard to case. !rhey may be gender-distinctive in that i they frequently occur with nonpersohal 0rneuter nouns,
0rthey may be used as demonstratives without regard to the gender/sex categories・。
(3) Themarked forms derived from the OE mascu:Line and feminine forms remain gender-distinctive, though partially ・;:redistributed, because they indicate the male/female cat- 1‥egory intheir use with personal noiins and the historical gender category in their use with nonpersonal nouns. The genitive Tpes alv/ays occurs with personal nouns without distinguishing between male and female. The objective l!en(e)is almost alway s used with male personal no\His except in the idiomatic phrase £d ten丿ende. The nominative/ objective Tpes and iJeosA!!s may or raay not ‘appear with per- sonal nouns. The other marked forms are confined to idio- ‥ン‘matic collocations with nonpersonal nouns. :
The gender sy st era in the MS. B is quite different from the ”Anglian sub-sys七em”in that the primary function of the marked forms, v/hich are used as a・rchaic survivals in ‘the MS. B, is even・ more stylistic than syntactic. Bu.七 it v/ould not be quite right : to say that, in the dialect of the MS. B, the 0Egender sy st em ゛ in the noun phrase internal agreement is modified by the neχten。・
sion!゛of the correlation between gender and sex. 工七 is true
that this correlation is extended through the redistribution of・ the marked formsタ as compared with the OE system, but only a few nouns occur as nomina:L heads'with the marked modifiers in our :
texts. (The fact that the OE neu七erbet and }3is are frequent:Ly’ used as nonpersonal markers partly reflects their△development・
as demonstratives used without regard to the gender/sex, ca-ヒー
(S.Karakida) 185
systems of the personal marked forms of determiners are so
t●` ● | 』 ・! = ・ いゝ. unstable that the male/fema:Le category cannot be distinctively
indica七ed without the use of Tpls approaching the meaning of l£/
}旦七レ:. We should remember, therefore, that the process
of extend-ing the correlation between gender and sex is, at the s・arae time・
reducing the manifestations of the gender/sex categories in the
noun phrase int ernal agreemen七。
The fact that the marked forms pr:imari:ly have a stylis七ic
function propovinds some problems. Are there any differences in
Gro\;!p.? Is the gender system in 2!!£!包竺!2Ξ1!!e Gro!i£
differenti-ated from that in the Ancrene Wisse? These problems remain to
● ¨ 〃='や゛¬' 1 .
be solved in the future.
Notes
1. C. Jones, "TheFu2nctiona1 Motivation of Linguistic Changez
A Study of the Devむ1opmen七〇fJ the Grama.ticaF Category of
Gender in the Late 01d English PQriod,"∧and "The Gr包mmati−
calj CateTgory of Gender in Early Mliddle十Engllish,”EngUI縦
,芦│以dlieレgl,481(19617),9ツ│−1n andl 289−305.
2. D.Bethurum,”The Connection of the Katherine−Group with
j 01dソEnμlish Prose,yJEGデP,34(1935),55/3−64. 工.A. G/ordlo毎
2左!包2ΞE立包l│互Ξj1血│珍o‐g│9│,(Londムon=Lon評│an,l96\6),
Kaibunsha,:L979), pp. 156-57, 地at the ,”.continuation”・ should be restricted mainly to the matter of rhythm and the use of alliteration. j・
184 Res. Kochi Univ Vol. 28, Hum.
3. N.R.Ker, Facsimil£竺lh旦映ley 2 (EE!rs.OS. 247, 1960) was constantly used throughout the study..:Printed editions were also referred to: for St K, E. Eineiikel (ed.), The Life cif旦分nt Katheソrine (EETS. OS. 80, I884); for St M, F.M.Mack (ed.),犬Se:k帥レ91亙E!2££2!£│(吐∧訟e:斑皿三盆Marty£ (EETS. 0S.193. 1934); for st J, S. R. T. 0. d'Ardeime (ed.). I)eliflade ant te Passiun of Seinte 工uliene (1936: rpt. 一一一一一一一一
EETS . 0S. 248 , 1961) and 0.Cockayne (ed.),!21工│拡1芦deレ竺 St. Juliana (EETS. OS. 51, 1872); for ra, A. P. Colborn (ed.).旦Ξ]Li Meレ頬紅ad (Copenhagen, 1940) and F. J. Purnivall (ed.),旦(Lレi Meレ斑erihad (EETS. OS. 18, 1922); for sw,
R.M. Wilson (ed.), Sav/les V/arde (Leeds School of English , Language Texts and Monographs N0.3,:L938), R. Morris (ed.), Old Englishレ旦22匹!1旦s and Homiletic TiこJe旦tレ壮es,1st Series 四 w㎜四wy
(EETS. OS. 29 and 34, 1868), J. A. Bennett and G. V. Smithers (eds.), Early町盤le Eng!ish Verseレ圧旦片oレ腎, 2nd ed.
(Oxford, 1974) and K. Kiyabe (ed.), A駄卸工e English Prose
Reader (Tokyo: KenJcyusha, 1976). And also R. Puruskog,
”A Collation of the Katherine Group (MS.・Bodley 34),”
Studia Neレophilologica, 19 (1946/7), 119-65, and
S. R. T. 0. d゛Ardenne and J. R. R. Tolkien,”MS. Bodley 34こ
A Re-coll°tion of 2万Colla万tion.万”Studia万Neophi!2:lOj'Xica, 20 (:L947/8), 65-72.
4. Kcr, p. x. 0r about A.D. 1210 (d'Ardenne。p. XV, Colborn,
p. 47, Wilson, p. xjcj:), or ab・out A.D. 1230 (Mack, p. xx).
5. H. E. Allen, "The Localisation of 七ねe’Bodl. MS. 34,”EI:11!,
28(:L933), 485-87. .
6. H. M. Logan, The Dialec・ヒ of th‘eLife o・f Saint Katherine: A
一一一一一一一一- JJ]拉!卯レisレ七万icStu虹並│竺£私哩oユOf or .anc!Inflec七ions, (The Hagueこ Mouton, 1973), p. 228.
10
(S.Karakida) 185
7. K. Ingargiola,”Analogy in the 工nflectior!a:L Endings of the 。,
Noun Forms of the Saint Katherine Group,”Diss. (Hew York,
1972), pp. 191-224.
8. The numerals preceding 七he co:Lonindica七e the folio and the
line of Facsレi皿証旦, and those following it refer to the line
of Einerikel・ s, Mack's, d・Ardenne・ s, Colborn's or Wilson・s
edition. ]:n this paper, the contractions in the MS. are
expanded without indication except for l andヱ, represented
here by l! and & respectively・
9. There exist two examples of the pronominalization of皿eレa61
by血in SW:(73v/l4:71) and (75v/20:157). D'Ardenne (p.
230)and Bennet七-Smithers (p. 418)' say that dead varies in
- gender between masc, and f em. K. Brunner says in his A2E!
(Oxford, 1963), pp.:LO-11, that the sound _e_o was not
unrounded unt il the 14th cen七ury in the West and South.
But it seems po ssible that !:坦is referring to deao in sw as
an unusual variant of the fern. form !leo; see Miyabe, Readeしr.
p. xl and p. 217.
工七 seems to have been derived from OE fyl:Ll(u)(F)゛万fu!lness.・
But it may have been・ derived from OE ja!!(N)゛・cup, beaker.!
11. The figures refer to the occurrences of the determiners. Theparenthesized figures refer to the forms of nouns which occurv/ith each determiner. Eχamples of their use with propernouns, pronouns or adjectives used as nouns are excludedfrom the tab:Le.
12. A.S. C. Ross,”Sむx and Gender in The Lindisfarne Gospels,” JEGP,35 (1936), 32!う0.
13.
There are two examples
of the use of l£:!1
with proper
nouns:
186 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Res. Rep. Kochi Univ., Vol. 28, Hum.
OEE!−+2:iht; cf. ON uvcS竺£ (P or M).
MS・ l〕en9タ final旦expunged・
Added in the same hand between the lines.
工七may have十■been derived from the OE neut . dat. sg.公印!│・
2leレolクりlel,feont, imwi!!t and !!nwin£, all denoting the ・Devil,
Saturn,・ are pronominalized by 亙旦in our texts; and so is
.eソ戸gel,as in the following: Ξ!│戸皿ge.:1ぐ・・・com旦e briht
壁益金│血畑旦r皿レeバJ50r/8-9:664-65).
包2九cristenes (K14r/l3:2045) in the sentence hu h拡工包血旦
stem in the 3rd person Sg' of Weak l verbs with short stems
in OE, which VIere a七七ached to Cla卵’工工・in our texts. See
Logan, p. 195. 一 ,
20. The title of St K, illegible in互!cソ弓lj血i.!elタ isl`万Gstored in
d'Arderme and Tolkien,”Re-collation,”p. 71.
21. Looks like .!££,loop of ! missing・
22. See note 20: (be)s Sune s.
一一
23. 工tmay have been derived from the OE ncうut. gen. sg. bss.
24. MS・包s deof.lel [sic].
25. See note 23. ,● 26. See note 20.
27. Cf. MS. R ]3eoレ旦│三2包£│・
28. The origin of the female/fem. and the plural taes is
obscure : cf. d'Ardenne, p. 227.
29. MS・ Q(!ten eりndeじz Mack, however, reads ec!!£Ξ£!!a)e,
30. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39・ 40. 41. 42. 43. (S.Karakida) 187 hea!e. 〃
31. 工nthe MS. R, it is found in !血三!丑£s-nd p_i21!:!2y ゛sed
pronorai- nally: ich truste on minne (i.e. mi lauerd) as l2!!dest
一一一一 一一一一
,ol)鋤4leレ(i.e.1211工auしerd)(J334-35).
32. Only t\70 exceptions are found in the nominative case;
t)es heane & tes heatele tintreoh (K13r/23:1947)
There are two forms in OE, tin:りこeog (N) and tintreソoga (M).
一
エh the di8ユect of our textsタノ ぢ頃七/r.!o並゜万s1万yh8万7万ebeen
regarded as masculine because of the・confusion of the tVfo
forms: cf. R i2圭旦heane & tis hatele tintreohe.
一一一一
33. Cf. the preservation of the neut. gen. 一咀Ξin such.
idio-matic collocations, though not adverbial, as y咀皿旦旦cun発旦9 (K13r/lO:igi2), (l.I25r/21:240l), etc. and alleソs叩叩現s (H
20ar/l:0802), (J43r/8:314), etc. ヽ MS. ar!!旦五圭三. MS. -s石imes vveies. : ・: : : : : 丿 MS. sixraes we is. -四 丿
工n the MS. vvitS is added in the same・ hand between the lines.
-MS・ ane hvvhile [sic].
MS・ .oりisse wise and 2 ]3isse wiSi! respectively・
This portion is deleted in another hand.
The objective (a) includes the forms which appear in the
direct/indirect object of the verb and in the adverbial
phrase. The objective (b) includes the forms which a-opear
after prepositions.
The forms in brackets always aiopear v/ith nonpersonal nouns.
There is no example of the use of beo as a determiner in
the MS. B. 工n the MS. R, however, b!22is used as a
deter-miner in the adverbial accusative,丿as in beo hv;i:Le (K601;
188
44.
45.
Res. Rep. Kochi Univ. Vol. 28, Hum.
In the MS. 包ais expunged.
The nonpersonal construction
l2! 十relative
tet sometimes
appearsこ ●.
Beo nu ken & cnav/es of l! tet tu isehen hauest. (K14r/12:2045)
But l!21 ・what,that which・ is much more frequently used. Themarked forms of Ijjs are rarely used as a pro一 nominal; only tv/0 examples axe found in our texts:
hwet blisse mりL t)eos bruken・ l)e luueShire were v/el
● ● ● (HM65r/23:48:L)
Nis beos witerliche akeast (HIvI54r/9:6O)
The male/(masc.) form Ipes is not used as a pronominal in the MS. B. :In the MS, R, however, it is sometimes used pronorainally, as in jpes is!匹ユ血aerd (K936), etc.
46. T. F. Mustanoja, !町似:L_e包g]ユ瞰Sy聯aぷ, I (Helsinki,
1960), p. 174.
47. Examples of the nonpersonal use of jjjs are・ as follows:
B
J3urh bes Gteuene [K15r/].4:2166) wi5 beos steuene (K17v/lO:244l)ご oμssewise (K14v/2:2079) etc.
L
Ad hanc vocem
hac voce
in vocem hujusniodi
(S.Karakida) 189 ︵ご︷ ͡−ヽ r^r-l ヽ一一 lr^H −ヽ-͡ H(N r−1 ヽ一ヽ一一 tn CM H - ヽ − ヽ t ヽ r ゛ ` 1 − ヽ - ・ i - l r o H ︵卜︶∼ ぶ宣 ご巳 ばさ
︵ご∼
ヽ O <M t八H ︶SI︶い〇H O L T M j n i h t t p : / / w w w . - ● I T V C O C ` ヽ r - \r - { i H C M H (U -H> j:^ fiロμ。 0) Q) (U O (IJ 八μi八八皿 ︵ρ︶.ヌo ͡ − ヽ C M r h t t p : / / w w w . 八 H w H 心rn w ITv 八H W H / へ C \ l W r ず 1 (e︶9亜
回 寸H ヽ H C で ) r y ` ト ー − / W 吋 ゛ ( 乃 i r v r n U ‘ へ V O < M r n h h t t p : / / w w w . ( ア \ V O O J 寸 H ad − QOQ皿 U3d 芯μ 3d ︵d︶.70 ︵ 寸︵ご︷ ︵ rotM トノ心ノ ド(xj -rOOO r-l −ヽ一− O CM C\J r−1 -−ヽ−ヽ トrOH 一 寸rn H H r︵A︶8I −ヽ−ヽ トm ro C\j 卜.へ、ノ lr^r^ ir>vo 心H W O H ヽ 卜CX) VO r-i 心.八、ノ (八寸 tPvCJ H r^r-i −ヽ一一 trvO CM H ○ ( ス ゙ ニ ) -Hトmr゛Il-i Q・<tr-i (D -PS二:ロロ6 OJ 0) Q> (D O 0) 皿皿ぷ4A高皿 SATq.oaCqo ︵ご︷ -Hr-IH 一 寸H吋-(1︶1 -│-< H rH − H C\JH 八 H w H 心 ( X J W ( 八 八 Q w U ^ へ H 心 ( 八 w Q : ) H ・p{乃 (D (U <U .Q。八皿 9ATa.Ttt33 ヽ C\J CM −ヽ一 VO CJ ︵じ目 ヽ 寸 ○ r l 『 X 』 - ヽ 一 r o i r \ ( \ μ n ヽ 匹 心詣 ヽ H O O t r ヽ ヽ 一 W r n ( 八 r - 1 H -Pm cu .Q4μ aAXq-BUTUIOM 。︵I︶I − (T︶I ︵2︶S − K/dM &/dM/M
dM
I Z ; r Q : S RaoSaiVQ aapuao T'eoiJoq.sxH 9ua J^Q patiTss-BTO Jeq/i^ 8ATq.-Bj::}.siioni8a puT3 axoxq-jy s^-Luxjsa aq^ Jo suuo^ suq. I〇口0tq-nqxaq-STa am ︵■[] I xxpuaddvRes. Rep. Kochi Univ., Vol. 28, Hum. 190
四百
ヨ
︶ご
︵ご心 ヽ−ヽ 寸Lnhttp://w ww. Q ) ロ ロ 1 ・ , く 2 3O 0 1 A X X , 皿 ︵ρ︶.70 ︵巳︷ ︵冷︶な (T︶I −ヽ-a)H −ヽ一 CO H 以Q高 七高 − QOQ島 口Q皿 七刄 ︵さ.70 ︵冷︶? 心 H w ト −ヽ− rり`り トノトノ CM ro ︵m︶ロ -ヽ一一ヽ irvrH W ∼/rやーノ Wトrn(\j H 〆゛へ八 Ht`ヽ 卜/卜/ H(八 H 八 H w H ascj uod auacl tt3C ±3d +3 CO Q) Q) 高皿 芯皿 .[ωロOafHQ︷`’`OZ ω.[‘⋮ ’曰Q`[ ‘[‘w゛“OQ゛“?一一 ω.[「’M jCaoSaq-BQ iBuosjcaduoii/lBuosaatj aqq. Aq_ paxjissBio ^8^/5q[ 3Atq.Bjq.stiouiac[pu-s aiotq-jcv aq-tuxiaa eqq. jo miULioj pajTjrBi'i 8U1 10 itOTq.nqTaq.sx{T auT。 ︵`︶ I xxpuaddv 8Aiq.O3Cqo aAtq-it aAiq.T3UXt(S. Karakida) 191 ㎜㎜㎜■㎜㎜㎜㎜㎜㎜㎜一 of Gender in TheKatherineG ︵巳︷ ロロ (e︶e (e︶e ︵巳H ︵ごH (T︶2 口器 ロコ
︵巴回
−
︵ご﹃
︵こ口
︵ご印 ︵コ︶以 −ヽ− rnoj -ヽ一 卜寸 ︵oご1 心 <s\ W O H 八 ( X J W ( x j ヽ <O (M ヽ−●− ト寸 H ︵∼︶2 -ヽ-ヽ トH −ヽ一 ト(xj ヽ 寸H ヽ一ヽ一 口H -ヽ−ヽ (八C\J −ヽヽ一 rom r-1 assTcJ S8C5/SO34 留皿 sz6 ssc^/soac^ sad Sid BSSTd S3Cj/S0S4 QQ皿 stcl ︵ρ︶.ヌo ︵ご.70 aATq.o3Cqo 口二 z迦§ z沓 zk P4 `≧ 心H w (XJ ヽ-ヽ '^H 1-1 −ヽ一ヽ一 O H ( \ ) H H Z 八 C\J W CX』 ヽ-ヽ LPiH rH −ヽ一一 'JD r-iC-1 a4 心H W H ヽ-ヽ 1n ITS H −一一 VO V£) rH 旨 ヨ sassTd stcJ のQ’一一\のoX sad ぶ心 jCaoSsq-BQ aapuao TBOTJoq-STH 8i(Q. ^q paxjissBTO STd 3ATq.-Bj::).sttoui3Ci aq^ j〇 Euiaoj auq. jo uotq-nqtaisTrr 3ux コ︶IT xipuaddv 3ATq.TU3︷︸ SATq.'BtixraoM;Vol. 28, Hum Kochi Univ. Res. 192 (八H rOOJ (・ヽ一ヽ−一一 W t八『X』卜寸 寸 ︵恋︷ assxc^ ssq/soac^ sad SX(^ ︵ρ︶.70 1 , ︵ごふ ︵穴︶に (T︶^ − ︵2︶e ︵ごい (T︶I S8q/S03C[ sad ST(5 ︵さ.ヌo ヽ-ヽ͡ U3 H mCM n−ヽ一一 心 1^1 C\JVO寸 Q H ︵Q︶︷ コ︸0I -ヽ I-) r^ ヽヽ一一 1-1 iH asstd ssq/soac^ sad Sid 。Q七︰y︶輿︵’o ヽ http:// www. SSSSTCJ SX(J aATQ-Tuao ︵だら ︵□︶胃 ︵ご﹃ − ︵こ口 口旨 ︵こい saq sxd sAxaButi XBUOSJSdUOW d L^ius^il sT^W IBuosaaj Ajosaq.'Bo TBuosaaduoM/l'Euosasj auq. Xq. paxiTSSBio sxcl 8Axq.-Baq.suouiac[ aqO- jo Buiaoji auq. io uoTanqTaasta aiix ︵2︶ II xxpuaddv
(S.Karakida) 19ろ
Notes to Appendix
1。 Examples of the use of the definite determiners with proper
nounsタ pronoiHis or adjectives used as nouns are excluded
from the four tables. (Some of these examples
are dis- cussed :in this paper.) 工n all the tablesか the figures
refer to the occurrences of determiners, and those in
par- entheses refer to the forms of noxins which occur with. each.
determiner. The objective (a) includes the forms which ,
appear in the direct/indirect object of the verb, whether
originally accusat ive or dat ive , and in adverbial phrases・
The objective (b) inc:Ludes the forms which app ear after
all prepositions.
2. 22Ξ:(J46v/8:489) seems to have been derived from the verb
3μ│re]4lin the early ME p er万iod: cf. OED. s.v・ χE`万17an万d
d'Ardenne, p. 97.
3. The on:ly example of 121 in the phrase l 121 一匹a
(J52r/3:759)
is included here. The spelling seems to be a scribal error
due to sea.
4. BurSerne (HM65v/lO:49O) (HI).f67r/l9:55l) <?O町byraor (N)/
趾訟£丑(F), and Wleレ吐(HriI56r/l2:135) < OE adv.