The Change of Consumption Structure, Public Investment Growth and Economic Fluctuation

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(1) ˄˅. ક䌍㒧ᵘ‫׵‬বȂ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓ဓ㒣⌢෨ࡼ The Change of Consumption Structure, Public Investment Growth and Economic Fluctuation. 㞻ǂǂᯁ ᯁǂᘦ ᘦ ・ ߬ǂǂ೑ ೑ǂ҂ ҂ Zang,. Xuheng. & Liu,. Guoliang. łŃŔŕœłńŕ The paper focuses on the provision of public goods and the magnifyingefforts of public investment growth to economic fluctuation, whichincludes the following approach: the mechanism of the over-provision of public goods; the multiplier efforts of government publicinvestment growth to GDP; theȨplatform effortsȩof the growth ofpublic investment and public goods provision has the magnifying andflatting efforts. The public investment growth would have onlymagnifying efforts to GDP fluctuation because of the provisionshortage and the increasing marginal propensity to consume of publicgoods. The policy has to make a trade-off between controlling theinvestment in fixed assets and expanding the consumption.. ȁ2002 ාྎոြ੄⦄എ૧֚䕂㒣⌢ཛྷ㚔֨ܳၭ‫ڠ‬ᴃ‫ٮ‬გଽॐଷ೰৪എ᎚ᘴ݇ಕȄ ဓࣻ෗ஜ੄⦄എ֦ક䌍გൎ䌘஼ཛྷ㚔ᇐ౿എ㒣⌢ཛྷ㚔ະ൳Ȅུ䕂㒣⌢ཛྷ㚔๭䅸Ў ৽ါဓൎ䌘ཛྷ㚔ခ݇ȃᇍᄠЎਮМٛѻ୆ൎ䌘ཛྷ㚔എٜ䞞Ȅఱఘષ๭ᔦ㒧Ў२ᄒ ༷࿂Ȅఀ֚Ȅहൎ䌘ᓝၚ೩‫ئ‬Ȃ䌘ུѻ੄๤੄⦄ࣛ೩䍟࢓എ෸ࠊ‫ئ‬ȄЎ㓈঵‫ུܖ‬ എ GDP ụ䭓ၚຈ乏ᠽఱࡥ೰䌘ѻൎ䌘㾘࿅Ȫᓴ‫ݯ‬Ȅ2002ȫȈఀඵȄ౷༷ଽຸ෗䯈 ո‫ݞ‬౷༷ଽຸဓಎ؇ଽຸ෗䯈എ၌‫ף‬ฎᓜ‫ޫڒ‬Ȅ௮଼ၭ౷༷ଽຸഎൎ䌘ᆡࡼȈఀ२Ȅ Ȫˍȫུ໲ଵ࣭‫ز‬২‫߄ܖش‬乍࿒ȴঌഎᓔ༶ૄ࠯‫ئ‬ક䌍਑‫ݥ‬ᠽᓴଽॐഎ䗝ᢽဓခᓝ൏෻üü૧ᯊ ‫ܢ‬ᠽఱඤ਑എଽॐࡄ‫ݪ‬ȵഎࡄ‫ض଼ݪ‬Ȅ乍࿒䋳䋷૽Ȅᦩ՞ࢭȄ๡੎࣢ȇ03BJY004ȃ.

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(3). ࡔऺၳෝ࡙൝‫⸔ܖ‬ѻϮѻ຦എᄱ‫ڒ‬ષੵȄະҙ௮଼ၭ௖ᑨѻϮഎൎ䌘ᆡࡼȄ࿟ᏺ ြၭఀఈ௖݇ѻϮഎൎ䌘଼ུષੵȃဇࣻଽॐ䗝ᢽഎ༷࢜ນ⦄Ў೒䖛㋻㓽എ䋻Ꮥ ଽॐဲଷ䖛١എࡥ೰䌘ѻൎ䌘ụ䭓䍟࢓Ȅ䖭⾡ଽॐᅲঔഎ㒧‫ض‬䲒ո๰྾௮଼ᇍક 䌍਑‫ݥ‬გൎ䌘਑‫ݥ‬എ஼ਹଷ㑺Ȅᄨিहൎ䌘਑‫ݥ‬ٝ၂ൢ໹〇ેᗕ࢝Ȅ੄⦄ 1998 ා ոြ֦ड㒜ક䌍਑‫ݥ‬೩ྸᇐ౿എ㒣⌢֎㓽ȃ ȁུ໲ᔎ䇗֦ક䌍㒧ᵘ‫׵‬ব䖛೾ಎȄᇍ࢖‫ވ‬຦გ੎࢖‫ވ‬຦എ਑‫ݥ‬ụ䭓಼䖛ᇍজ૽ ໤຦എ਑‫ݥ‬ụ䭓Ȅᇐ౿ၭൎ䌘ụ䭓എ䰊౲ཛྷ㚔଻අ଺Ȅ䖭⾡㒣⌢എᘏఘཛྷ㚔Ȅ‫خ‬ ոहક䌍਑‫ݥ‬ᘏၾ༗঵໹〇ેᗕ‫ئ‬Ȅ֦਑‫ݥ‬㒧ᵘ䇗ାѻ୆ᇍൎ䌘ụ䭓എᒃࡼᅲ⦄ȃ 䖭⾡ٜ䞞ခ੩ᄠᇍ࿒ஜ੄⦄എൎ䌘ཛྷ㚔༗঵֚ऍ႖୓എ䅸䆚Ȅະঢᄠ֦䖛ഽ݇ಕ ൎ䌘ཛྷ㚔িभ৾䖛ࠣഎ㋻㓽ଽॐȄᄨিঀࢤ㾖㒣⌢ਹ૧䖯ව֦ક䌍਑‫ݥ‬ᘏၾᠽᓴ ະ௷ᇐ౿എ㒣⌢֎㓽ȃ ϔǃᡩ䌘๲䭓ঞ݊Ԣᬜ⥛ ȁൎ䌘਑‫ैݥ‬Ў֚⾡֨౿଻਑‫ݥ‬Ȅైခहड㒜ѻ຦ঌഎ้㤷എ෸ࠊ‫ئ‬धٛѻ୆ᇍ ൎ䌘਑‫ݥ‬ᠽജഎ঑ᩥȄ ུ䋼ષଵဇᄠड㒜਑‫ݥ‬എ‫ރ‬㒭ᤢ࢛ᇐ౿ၭൎ䌘എཛྷ㚔ȃొଵȄ 2002 ාոြ੄⦄എཛྷ㚔ᗕ࢓എ෸࢝᎗཯ခક䌍ࣞ௸ụ䭓എ঑ᩥȄ࣭‫ز‬㒳䅵ޫ࢖ື എତନນྶȄু 2002 ාոြȄ‫ྦྷݳ‬ક䌍਑‫ུܖݥ‬ષ༗঵ 6.2ɓऒֲഎụ䭓ၚȃ ǂ䆌ఉ‫ڠ‬৪݇ಕൢࣞ௸ụ䭓എࡥ೰䌘ѻൎ䌘გ GDP ༗঵ह 10ɓո‫ئ‬എụ䭓ၚ෸ ࢝䱤ᩒഎ䯂乬Ȅ䅸Ўൎ䌘ᓝၚ೩‫ئ‬ଵ৽ါഎછ㒧ਫ਼हȃहൎ䌘ᓝၚࣛ೩෸ࠊ‫੄ئ‬ ⦄ൎ䌘㾘࿅എᠽఱȄଵ֦Ўంह䌘ུ‫ރ‬㒭䫒ૄષഎ๱ၑ଻࣐Ў৽ఘȄဇఈӀ෸䋳 ၭൎ䌘ᠽᓴѻ୆എѣᤳȄ䖭ऍ๱ၑ଻࣐Ў৽ఘ৽ါခϸ໐໦ȇ֚ଵ౷༷ଽຸȄඵ ଵဓଽຸခ㋻ྟ㘨ࠏഎဏ䌘৽ఘüü䫊࣐ȃ౷༷ଽຸഎ؎ࡵụ‫ح‬გ࣭ခ੸Ϯ䫊࣐ എ༬䋺Ȃን䋺ଵൎ䌘हᓝၚ‫ࣛئ‬෸ࠊ‫ئ‬ᠽᓴഎ঑ᩥ৽ఘȃ ȁొଵષ੆฻౯ဓِӀਫ਼㾖ख़ൢഎဥᓚව༹࣑ၾഎ GDP 㒧ᵘবࡼ௖ྭ੖ȃआନ ࣭‫ز‬㒳䅵ޫഎତନȄু 90 ාయಎ‫ܢ‬ոြȄࢇࡼ৪᡹ਫह GDP ಎਫ਼୸എӑ乱༗঵ ह 50ɓऒֲȄ᎗೮⦄ၞခࣛ೩എ䍟࢓Ȅࡥ೰䌘ѻ୬‫ݰ‬გ㧹Ϯ‫ך‬ဒਫ਼୸๤ਹ༗঵ ह 34ɓऒֲȄ೮⦄ၞခụ‫ح‬എ䍟࢓Ȫ㾕ນ 1ȫ ȃ᎗‫ِڶ‬Ӏഎࡄ‫ݪ‬䖬থ⦄Ȅ‫ק‬ଵ૽޳.

(4) ક䌍㒧ᵘ‫׵‬বȂ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓ဓ㒣⌢෨ࡼ. . GDP କ໹ࣞഎ౷ߊȄࢇࡼ᡹ਫਫ਼୸ӑ乱‫઀ק‬Ȅ 䌘ུ᡹ਫਫ਼୸ӑ乱‫ק‬ఱȃहথ䖒࣭‫ز‬Ȅ ࢇࡼ᡹ਫह GDP ಎਫ਼୸๤ਹ๊֚Ў 70ɓऒֲȄ䌘ུ᡹ਫ೩ᄠ 30ɓȃᇍષ੆⦄ય എٜ䞞෗֚ଵȄِ࣭ଵࢇࡼႁ‫ރ‬㒭ਰဉি䌘ུ‫ރ‬㒭ౣᤢഎ࣭‫ز‬Ȅ֦ࣻါள᡹ਫഎ ໦෻‫ޫڒ‬ຈட฽‫੄ד‬ᇍ‫ᤢܭ‬䌘࡙എࣞٝ᡹Ȉٜ䞞෗ඵଵంहါளঌഎഎ㒧ᵘ଻ᡁ ެȄ‫ٸ‬हႁၾ㑺௵ၭ䌘ུᇍࢇࡼഎఢయ䖛೾Ȅह༗঵೩ࢇࡼႁ଼ུેᗕ‫ئ‬Ȅ೒䖛 ᠽఱࢇࡼႁഎঀဥոٜᆟϹਹഎਖϮ䯂乬Ȉٜ䞞෗२ଵȄ௖ᇍᄠࢇࡼႁি࡞Ȅह ఱఉତ౷ߊ䌘ུ䕗ࢇࡼႁခࢵࣞഎၠࡼ଻ȄЎஷগ䌘ུഎ‫ٸ‬ၠȄຈ乏㒭䌘ུո䕗 ࣞഎٝ᡹ȃొଵᓵ䆎ଵા֚⾡ٜ䞞ȄِӀਫ਼ෝۭൢഎଵᄨᘏఘષంहൎ䌘ᠽᓴি ະଵࢇࡼႁঀဥᠽᓴഎඤहᆡࡼȃ. 㸼 ǂᬊܹ⊩㸵䞣ⱘ *'3 㒧ᵘবࡼ. Ѡǃ݀݅કᦤկ䖛⿟Ёⱘ䯂乬˖䖛ᑺⱘ݀݅કᦤկ ȁЎٜ䞞ષ੆䌘ུᠽᓴഎᆡࡼȄِӀߊ໦䌘ུࠁ଼എະ൳ࠁᗕȃ২ٛഎᘏఘ䌘ུ ࠁ଼Ȅ༫‫گ‬ၭজ૽ൎ䌘გ২ٛ࢖‫଻ވ‬ൎ䌘ϸ໐໦Ȅজ૽ൎ䌘ଵఀᓚ‫ף‬Ȫ၌ၚȫഎ ฟତȄొଵ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘‫ݕ‬ဇଽຸ໐䮼ઇ౜ȃ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ᅲ⦄എଵᇍ࢖‫ވ‬຦എ೹‫ރ‬Ȅ࢖ ‫ވ‬຦೹‫ރ‬ਫ਼਑ါഎ䌘ུൎවြ࡙ᄠଽຸഎ୕ᓚဏ䌘Ȅొଵ䖭⾡୕ᓚဏ䌘എ䖛೾‫خ‬ ෝᏺခ䆌ఉᅲ⦄䋶ີਹ૧໦෻എඅ଻ȄဇِࣻӀ੿ۭൢంहঀං࢖‫ވ‬຦೹‫ރ‬䖛ഽ എૂᆣȃ.

(5) . .

(6). ǂ⦄ᅲ൚ಎంहഎ䆌ఉ࢖‫ވ‬乍࿒ນ⦄੄ह࢜བྷ߲֚ఘ೹‫ރ‬ᓚ‫ף‬എ൳ᯊȄ࢜঺‫ٸ‬എ ߲ఘঔ‫ح‬ၭ଼ུȄ၌‫ף‬ဇ֚ᄒ઀എਬಶြ‫ށ‬ဥȄি଼ུဇ֚ᄒఱංఉഎਬಶြ໦᨞ȃ ๤ශ࢖ႹȂକറȂఱӫ࢐೒ࠏ㒳Ȃઽঌ‫⸔ܖ‬䆒ঔ൝Ȅ䖭ऍ乍࿒എ䋶ີठ໦෻ᓝᑨ ခᏌᔎഎ౷֖අ଻ȃठ๤ශဇ࢖‫ވ‬䋶ଽ䌘੩എ‫֗ޗ‬Ȅ 㦋ං䖭⾡‫֗ޗ‬എ‫ܟ‬ٛଵခࡠഎȄ අ߿ଵᇍ࢖‫ވ‬䋶ଽ䌘੩എ‫֗ޗ‬എ໦‫ฺށ‬ଟခজ૽ൎවഎ঑੄Ȅශ‫ض‬ະෝਉ୶ઇ౜ জ૽‫֗ޗ‬঑੄Ȅ࿟ਖະෝ䖲ᏺ‫ށ‬਋࢖‫֗ޗވ‬঑੄എᓝဥȄ֦ࣻ࢖‫֗ޗވ‬঑੄ᅲ䰙 ષଵᇍෝ໳ઇ౜জ૽‫֗ޗ‬঑੄എ߲ఘഎ㸹䌈Ȅొଵ䖭⾡㸹䌈‫ݕ‬ြ࡙ᄠ২ٛ஠ఘ଼ ਬഎ୕ᓚ䋳౜ȃ䖭ḋᇍᄠ֚ᄒ઀എਬಶȄ乍࿒ခ䕗ࣞഎ૽޳ᓚ‫ף‬ᄱؐȄিᇍ֚ᄒ ࢵఱഎਬಶȄ乍࿒߭ခ䕗೩എ૽޳଼ུȃ ȁ㉏যഎ࢖‫ވ‬຦೹‫ރ‬Ȅంह಍䖛ഽ‫ރ‬㒭എ⦄યȃࡔ֦෗֚ଵȄဇᄠ૽޳ᓚ‫ף‬გ ૽޳଼ུഎओ߿Ȅঀංඣऍઇ౜଼ུഎᄒఘ཯ခᏌᔎഎࠣ႗ြ฽ᇍ䖭ḋഎଽຸ 䅵ߦȄি਋‫ߓݕ૽ף‬ခᔎႧഎࠣ႗ြ഼ႁଔࡼ䖭⾡䅵ߦȪOlson, 1965ȫ ȃࡔ֦ ෗ඵଵੰၭ㒣⌢၌‫ף‬෗‫ٸ‬Ȅ䖭ऍ䅵ߦ䖬೹‫ރ‬ၭଽহ၌‫ף‬ȃShepsle გ Weingast Ȫ1981Ȅ1984ȫ ո ‫ ݞ‬ShepsleȂWeingast გ JohnsenȪ1981ȫ 㒭 ੄ ၭ ֚ ᄒ ࿅ ߿ ո ٜ䞞䖭⾡࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘എ䖛ഽụ䭓ȃᅟ೰ంहခ J ᄒ䗝ߊȄहབྷ֚䗝ߊඤంह֚ᄒ㾘 ࿅Ў g എ ࢖‫ࢥވ‬೾࢜䖭֚ߊ֖೹‫ ރ‬ତၾഎ㒣⌢၌‫ף‬Ȅ ଵ֚ᄒ䗦ụഎ ؆ฟତȄະࣉ㰥ᓚ‫ף‬ၠഎᯊ䯈ᄱؐȄ ଵ֚ᄒ䌈⦄ؐȃࢥ೾ എᘏ䌘଼࡙. ଵ䆹ߊ֖ඤ‫ـ‬䌍എᅲ䰙 ུ໦Ў२ᄒ ໐໦Ȅ ௲ 䌘࡙঑੄Ȅ. ଵߊ֖‫ـٸ‬䌍എ䌘࡙঑੄Ȅ ଵ䆹౷ߊ‫ـ‬䌍എ๱ൎව଻঑ . ੄Ȅ๤ශ‫ٸ‬໐⦃‫ޏ‬എᙊ‫ا‬Ȅൎ䌘ụ䭓ᏺြഎ໤ᄱષ⍼൝ȃոષ↣໐໦଼ུ޳๭䅸 Ўଵࢥ೾㾘࿅എऩ䇗䗦ụඎฟତȄहະ൳䗝ߊ෗䯈ᅟ೰଼ུဓᓚ‫ף‬ଵ௖൳എȃࢥ. Ȅ୕ᓚ଼ུղચ↣ᄒ౷ ೾ဇ୕ᓚᓚවဏ䌘Ȅࢥ೾ᘏ୕乱Ў ߊ എ୕ᓚӑ乱ြ໦᨞ȃఀಎ. ȃࢥ೾㾘࿅എ䗝ᢽါঀ‫ئ‬৆डఱ‫ا‬ȇ. ȃղચ䖍䰙଼ུ൝ᄠ䖍䰙ᓚ‫ף‬എࡔ߭Ȅ೒䖛 ‫ݥ‬ٜ֚䰊ૄ࠯‫خ‬ոංൢ⹂೰എडӬࢥ೾㾘࿅Ȅ䆄ै ȃొଵह⦄ᅲଲ‫ٮ‬ಎȄᆟ ॐ৪యນ಍අ೰䗝ߊഎ䗝ྦྷ၌‫ף‬Ȅ䖭ၖခϸᄒਹါഎᓝᑨȇల֚Ȅᇍᄠ౷ߊ jȄఀ . ࢥ೾୕ᓚ଼ུະଵ Ȅিଵ ȈలඵȄࢥ೾ൎව༷࿂എ঑੄೒ુ๭ঐ೰.

(7) ક䌍㒧ᵘ‫׵‬বȂ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓ဓ㒣⌢෨ࡼ. . ဥᄠࢥ೾࠺䆒ਫ਼हഎ౷ߊȄ֦ࣻ䖭ऍ䌘଼ུ࡙೒ુ‫خ‬ոۭैଵࢥ೾എᓚ‫ף‬Ȅጤ యນུ౷ߊါளൎව৪എᓚ‫ף‬Ȅ䖭ਖଵਫ਼䇧എଽহ၌‫ף‬ȃ֦ࣻ䆹౷ߊഎᆟॐ৪ . എडఱ‫ا‬ȃ‫֚ݥ‬䰊ᇐତං എडఱ‫ا‬䗝ᢽଵঀ Ȅ⒵௷ષ੆ૄ࠯എٜЎ ȃယօ䆕 . . . Ȅ௲ଟ಍֚乍ࢥ೾എ ȫȄශ‫ ض‬ ྶȪ֦Ў 㾘࿅ụ‫ح‬Ȅශ‫ض‬䆹乍ࢥ೾ह൚౷എ঑੄๤ܳह൚౷଺㔈എ୕ᓚụ‫ح‬ංࢵ١ȄඣМ . . ȃࡔ֦෗२हᄠहၛ༹‫ܟ‬ᵘಎഎᆟॐ䖛೾ಎȄᆟॐ৪ခ௖ࡽ၌ဥഎབྷ⾡ ᐣབȪBuchanan გ TullockȄ1962ȈChari გ ColeȄ1993ȫȄయນབྷ֚౷ߊഎᆟॐ ৪സேЎུ౷ߊ௔֚৾ᄒࢥ೾乍࿒Ȅශ‫ض‬Դ঑঵ِഎ乍࿒Ȅِ࿟ٛ঑঵Դഎ乍࿒Ȅ 䖭⾡ࡽൎ䌲଼ຘഎ⦄યంहᄠၛ༹೾੬ಎȄड㒜ঀං࢖‫ވ‬຦എ೹‫಼ރ‬䖛ၭडခ‫ރ‬ 㒭ၾȃ ȁ1998 ාո࢝Ȅِ࣭ൎ䌘ụ䭓㒧ᵘব‫ا‬എ֚ᄒᰒಠඅ଺हᄠଽຸ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘എ١௸ ụ䭓Ȅոঢᄠ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ह২ٛ䌘ུࠁ଼ᘏ乱ಎਫ਼୸എ๤ਹụ‫ح‬Ȅヨ৪ன㒣ࡄ‫ݪ‬䖛 ଽຸ࢖‫଻ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓എབྷऍ༊ࢡȪ࣭߬ၮȄ2004ȫȄ㒧‫ض‬ນྶȄ࿂࢜ᄠઽঌ‫ྦྷݳ‬ি ະଵ‫ݰ‬ఆഎ࢖‫଻ވ‬ൎවᰒಠụఱၭȄি‫קڶ‬ଵথ䖒౷ߊ䖭⾡ؒ࢜଻‫ྶק‬ᰒȃ䖭⾡ ⦄યైະ䖛ଵષ੆࿅߿ຝ੆എະ൳ߊ֖෗䯈എ࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭䖛ഽນ⦄Ўઽঌဓ‫ݰ‬ఆ ෗䯈എओᓖȄઽঌ䖛ഽᠽᓴഎ࢖‫ވ‬຦೹‫ރ‬Ȅᒃࡼၭൎ䌘എᠽᓴȃ ȁంहᄠઽঌგ‫ݰ‬ఆ෗䯈എ࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭എओᓖ଻Ȅ࿟ᆟ೰ၭথ୆ह‫ݰ‬ఆგઽঌ෗ 䯈എඅ೰૽࢛䖕֊എؒ࢜Ȅজ૽ᓝဥକ໹ଵজ૽ક䌍঑੄გ໦‫ށ‬ൢഎ࢖‫ވ‬໤຦ତ ၾഎฟତȄहఀఈૄ࠯㒭೰എૄ࠯‫ئ‬Ȅᄒ૽‫خ‬঑෻ᓚව‫خ‬ոᆟ೰জ૽ક䌍໤຦എ ક䌍କ໹Ȅొᇍ࢖‫ވ‬຦എ୸ခҙ໐໦എဓজ૽ᓚවခ݇Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬຦໦ືഎ౷֖଻අ ଺ঀංਫ਼हߊ֖എ‫ࡼুྦྷݳ‬㦋ං࢖‫ވ‬຦ᏺြഎᓚ‫ף‬ȃ֦ࣻ௲ঀߓခ௖൳എ‫خ‬঑෻ ᓚවȄ࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭௖ᇍᤢཋഎ‫ݰ‬ఆ‫ྦྷݳ‬࿟ంह࢜࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭䖛ഽഎઽঌ䖕֊എࠣ ႗Ȅ䖭⾡૽࢛䖕֊ؒ࢜䖯֚ℹ‫࠻ح‬ၭᇍઽঌ࢖‫ވ‬຦ൎවᠽᓴഎय़ႁȃ ϝǃ⍜䌍䳔∖㒧ᵘⱘⓨবঞ݊ᛣН ȁශ‫ض‬জ૽ᓝဥଵᄒ૽‫ށ‬਋എজ૽ક䌍 გ໦‫ށ‬ൢഎ࢖‫ވ‬຦Ȫ༫‫گ‬੎࢖‫ވ‬໤຦ȫ.

(8) . .

(9). ତၾ എฟତȄজ૽ક䌍გ໦‫ށ‬എ࢖‫ވ‬໤຦ଵ‫خ‬঑෻ᓚව

(10) എฟତȄଽຸ঑ ੄໦Ўଽຸક䌍঑੄ გ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘঑੄ Ўজ૽ൎ䌘Ȅଽຸ೒䖛଺ᓚࡥ ೰ତၾഎ୕ᓚ T Ўଽຸક䌍঑੄გ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ဏ䌘Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘঑੄ଵଽຸ঑੄എ֚ ໐໦Ȅဥ ນাȄ໑䯁㒣⌢ૄ࠯‫ئ‬എ२໐䮼࿅߿ଔᇐ੄എଽຸ঑੄ᄙତЎȇ ȁȁ.

(11) . ȁఀಎȄ Ȃ ໦߿Ўজ૽໤຦გ࢖‫ވ‬໤຦എ䖍䰙ક䌍ؒ࢜ȃષ੆ນ䖒৆฽‫ד‬ၭ ଽຸ঑੄ဓᓚවবࡼ෗䯈എᄙତ݇ࠏȄ䖭⾡ᄙତ݇ࠏဓᓚවକ໹എ䰊౲අ଺ո‫ݞ‬ ଽຸ঑੄ह࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘გଽຸક䌍঑੄෗䯈໦෻๤႕൝ᓵ݇ȃ䖭֚㒧䆎എஜ೹ଵȄ ᓵ䆎ଵজ૽ક䌍঑੄䖬ଵজ૽࢖‫ވ‬຦঑੄Ȅസଵজ૽‫خ‬঑෻ᓚවഎ㒓଻ฟତȄ䖍䰙ક䌍ؒ࢜ဓ‫خ‬঑෻ᓚවụ䭓ᓵ݇Ȅ௲ ȃ. ȁȁ . ȁᅟ೰ᄒ૽ᇍজ૽໤຦ક䌍გ࢖‫ވ‬຦ક䌍ခະ൳എ䖍䰙ક䌍ؒ࢜Ȅজ૽໤຦എ䖍䰙ક 䌍ؒ࢜ଟ಍‫خ‬঑෻ᓚවഎụ‫ح‬ি‫઀ޣ‬Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬຦എ䖍䰙ક䌍ؒ࢜ଟ಍‫خ‬঑෻ᓚවഎụ‫ح‬. ȄِӀ໦߿ᵘ௮฽‫ד‬ িụ‫ح‬Ȅ௲ . .

(12) 䖭⾡଻䋼എজ૽໤຦ક䌍ฟତგ࢖‫ވ‬຦ક䌍ฟତȄ . Ȅ. ఀಎȄ. Ȅ߭Ȅ. ȃශ‫ض‬ਫ਼ခഎક䌍຦޳ນ⦄ . Ўজ૽ક䌍຦Ȅ߭ଽຸ঑੄ᇍᓚවবࡼഎ䖍䰙‫ג‬ડЎ. ȄᰒடȄᓚ . වụఱ࢝Ȅଽຸ঑੄ဓᓚවবࡼ෗䯈೮฽࢜݇ࠏȄᓚවକ໹‫ࣞק‬എૂᆣ‫ئ‬Ȅଽຸ ঑੄ᠽఱᇍᓚවụ䭓എᄙତᓝᑨ‫઀ק‬Ȉශ‫ض‬ਫ਼ခક䌍຦޳ນ⦄Ў࢖‫ވ‬຦঑੄Ȅ߭ ଽຸ঑੄ᇍᓚවবࡼഎ䖍䰙‫ג‬ડЎ.

(13) Ȅᓚවକ໹‫ࣞק‬Ȅଽຸ঑੄ᠽ

(14). ఱෝᏺြࢵఱഎᓚවụ䭓ȃᅟ೰࢖‫ވ‬຦ۖ஠ဇଽຸ೹‫ރ‬ȄඣМଽຸ঑੄ಎဥᄠ࢖ ‫ވ‬຦ൎ䌘എ๤ਹ‫ק‬ఱȄଽຸ঑੄എụ䭓ᓝᑨህ‫ק‬ఱȃ.

(15) ક䌍㒧ᵘ‫׵‬বȂ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓ဓ㒣⌢෨ࡼ. . ȁఱၾᇍಎ࣭‫ྦྷݳ‬ક䌍㒧ᵘব‫ا‬എࡄ‫ض଼ݪ‬ນྶȄজ૽໤຦എ䖍䰙ક䌍ؒ࢜ୃह ಈ⏤‫ࣛئ‬Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬຦ક䌍խ৪ဓ࢖‫ވ‬຦೹‫ેރ‬ᗕခ݇എક䌍乍࿒Ȅहક䌍ᘏ঑੄ಎ എ๤ਹະ౯೹ࣞȃນ 2Ȃ3 ฽‫ד‬ၭ‫ݰ‬ఆ‫ྦྷݳ‬გઽঌ‫ྦྷݳ‬ક䌍㒧ᵘഎব‫ૂا‬ᆣȃᓵ䆎 ઽঌ䖬ଵ‫ݰ‬ఆȄଟ಍ᓚවକ໹എ೹ࣞȄဥᄠ૙຦გ֏಍༷࿂എ঑੄๤ਹ‫ࣛئ‬ၭȄ ি֓⭫༗࠲Ȃ࢐೒೒䆃ȂစФ‫֗ޗ‬໲‫ا‬໚ࡵ൝༷࿂എ঑੄๤ਹụఱၭȃह௖൳ා ӑၖȄ‫ݰ‬ఆ‫ྦྷݳ‬გઽঌ‫ྦྷݳ‬എ๤䕗࿟฽‫ד‬ၭະ൳ᓚවેᗕ‫ئ‬ક䌍঑੄㒧ᵘഎະ൳Ȅ ࣞᓚවഎઽঌ‫ྦྷݳ‬ဥᄠ֓⭫༗࠲Ȃ࢐೒೒䆃ȂစФ‫֗ޗ‬໲‫ا‬໚ࡵ൝༷࿂঑੄എ๤ ਹ䕗ఱȄ೩ᓚවഎ‫ݰ‬ఆ‫ྦྷݳ‬ဥᄠ૙຦გ֏಍༷࿂എ঑੄๤ਹ䕗ఱȃ๊֚ြ䇈֓⭫ ༗࠲Ȃ࢐೒೒䆃ȂစФ‫֗ޗ‬໲‫ا‬໚ࡵ൝എક䌍঑੄ဓଽຸ೹‫ރ‬എ࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ܖވ࢖ݞ‬ ⸔䆒ঔેᗕခ݇Ȅ㱑ட䖭⾡࢖‫ވ‬຦‫⸔ܖވ࢖ݞ‬䆒ঔह໦ືષນ⦄੄֚೰എ౷֖଻ ओᓖȄ๤ශ༊࢜ືޫᄠઽঌিະଵ‫ݰ‬ఆȄᄨি‫ג‬ડൢະ൳౷֖എ‫ྦྷݳ‬ᇍ௖ᑨဓ࢖ ‫ވ‬຦೹‫ރ‬ခ݇എક䌍঑੄ȄొଵِӀᄩடෝ໳ۭൢະ൳ᓚවକ໹‫ئ‬എ঑੄㒧ᵘओ ᓖȃ. 㸼 ǂЁ೑ජ䬛ሙ⇥ᆊᒁ⍜䌍ᬃߎⱘ⫼䗨㒧ᵘ˄ü ᑈ˅.

(16) . .

(17). 㸼 Ё೑‫ݰ‬ᴥሙ⇥ᆊᒁ⍜䌍ᬃߎⱘ⫼䗨㒧ᵘ˄ü ᑈ˅. ȁᘏൎ䌘ụ䭓䖛೾ಎഎ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘໐໦എᠽᓴଵဇᄠક䌍㒧ᵘ‫׵‬বᇐ౿എ㒧‫ض‬Ȅি ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ᠽᓴࢵఉ౷ջ䌪ᄠଽຸᓔ঑എᠽఱȄક䌍㒧ᵘ‫׵‬ব䖛೾ಎᇍ࢖‫ވ‬຦਑‫ݥ‬ എᠽఱȄụఱၭଽຸ঑੄ᇍᓚවụ䭓എᄙତᓝᑨȄဇِࣻӀۭൢ֦࢖‫ވ‬຦਑‫ݥ‬ụ 䭓ո‫ވ࢖ݞ‬ൎ䌘എᠽఱѻ୆ၭᇍ㒣⌢ụ䭓෨ࡼഎ༶ఱᓝᑨȃ ಯǃ݀݅કঞ‫݅݀ޚ‬કᦤկ䖛⿟Ёⱘᡩ䌘ᠽᓴĀᑇৄāᬜᑨ ȁဓজ૽໤຦ະ൳Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬຦ક䌍ంह๱ゲ௔଻අ଺Ȅ൳ᯊ࢖‫ވ‬຦എ೹‫ރ‬䖛೾ߓခ ະ‫خ‬໦‫଻ڬ‬Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬຦ైෝैЎ֚ᄒାఘЎક䌍৪೹‫ރ‬໚ࡵȄऩᄒક䌍৪‫ށ‬਋࢖‫ވ‬ ຦ᏺြഎᓝဥഎ൳ᯊȄ᎗ະෳੰఀఈક䌍৪൳ᯊ໦‫ށ‬䖭⾡࢖‫ވ‬຦ȄဇࣻȄ࢖‫ވ‬຦ ‫ރ‬㒭ụ䭓䖛೾ಎ‫خ‬ෝ੄⦄๱䖲㓁଻ụ䭓എȨ໹రȩඅ଺ȄِӀဥ೒ 1 ฽‫ވ࢖ד‬຦ ‫ރ‬㒭ụ䭓䖛೾എᯊ䯈Ⴙࠂȃह ‫ܢ‬Ȅᅟ೰࢖‫ވ‬຦೹‫ރ‬എତၾЎ Ȅဥ೒ಎഎ ത ນাȄह ‫ܢ‬Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬຦എ‫ރ‬㒭ତၾЎ Ȅဇ೒ಎഎ തນাȃᄨ തൢ തȄນ ⦄Ў࢖‫ވ‬຦೹‫ރ‬എụ䭓ȃొଵဇᄠ࢖‫ވ‬຦എະ‫خ‬໦‫଻ڬ‬ո‫ވ࢖ݞ‬຦ࠁ଼਑ါ䕗䭓 എਔ‫ܢ‬Ȅঀං䖭⾡ụ䭓ߓခ๱䖲㓁଻අ଺Ȅࠁ଼೒ࠁਫ਼াഎụ䭓䰊೺Ȅह ‫ܢ‬ඤȄ ࢖‫ވ‬຦എᅲ䰙‫ރ‬㒭೮⦄੄೒ࠁಎഎ ໹రȃ.

(18) ક䌍㒧ᵘ‫׵‬বȂ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓ဓ㒣⌢෨ࡼ. . ᅟ೰২ٛᄒఘంह಍ᇍ࢖‫ވ‬຦਑‫ݥ‬എ䖲㓁଻ụ䭓ȄඣМ‫ئ‬࿂എϸ⾡ᓝᑨਖٛѻ୆ȇ ల֚Ȅह࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭എབྷ֚໹రષȄ੝ই䰊౲എ࢖‫ވ‬຦਑‫઀ݥ‬ᄠ࢖‫ވ‬຦हᘏఘષ ෝ໳⒵௷എ਑‫ݥ‬କ໹Ȅࣻᯊ࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭䖛ᇀȄᄱ‫ڒ‬〇೰Ȅ௲ঀంहᄒఘ࣐Ў৪ᠽ ఱഎ࢖‫ވ‬຦਑‫ݥ‬Ȅहབྷ֚Ј‫ٮ‬ത੄⦄෗ஜȄ࿟ະ֦ٛᄱ‫ڒ‬೹ࣞѻ୆ᇍ૧࢖‫ވ‬຦ൎ 䌘എ֨౿ᓝᑨȪ೒ 1 ಎ਑‫ݥ‬㒓ᄨ ࢜ എ֊ࡼȫ ȈలඵȄࡔခഎ࢖‫ވ‬຦ࢗෝ๭ਰ ໦၌ဥ෗࢝Ȅ૧എ࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭໹ర཯ခ࠺ၛ෗ஜȄ࢖‫ވ‬຦਑‫ݥ‬എ䖲㓁଻ụ䭓ٛᏺ ြ࢖‫ވ‬຦ᄱ‫ڒ‬എ೹ࣞȪ೒ 1 ಎ਑‫ݥ‬㒓ᄨ ࢜ എ֊ࡼȫȃहࣻ䰊౲Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬຦਑‫ݥ‬ ѻ୆ᇍ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓എঁࠣȄ೒䖛ᠽఱၭഎᄙତᓝᑨȄࠁ଼ ụ䭓എཛྷ㚔଻අ ଺ȃ. ೒ ݀݅ᡩ䌘๲䭓ⱘᯊ䯈䏃ᕘ GI. P. SG I D3. B G I2. D2 p1. A. D1. 1. G I1. B. p0. T1. T2. T3. T GI. ȁ࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭ụ䭓എȨ໹రȩඅ଺Ȅঀං࢖‫ވ‬຦ક䌍ᠽᓴѻ୆ᇍ㒣⌢ụ䭓ဓ෨ࡼ എȨᛡ໹ȩგȨ༶ఱȩϸ⾡௖฽എᓝᑨȃශ‫ވ࢖ض‬຦എ‫ރ‬㒭໘ᄠ௖ᇍᄠ਑‫ݥ‬ြ䇈 എ䕗೩໹రષȄ࢖‫ވ‬຦਑‫ݥ‬എᠽఱѻ୆ၭᇍ GDP ụ䭓എ༶ఱᓝᑨȄ᎗‫ڶ‬䖬‫خ‬ෝ֦ ࢖‫ވ‬຦ᄱ‫ڒ‬೹ࣞѻ୆೒䋻ཛྷ㚔എय़ႁȈශ‫ވ࢖ض‬຦೹‫ރ‬໘ᄠ䕗ࣞ໹రષȄ࢖‫ވ‬໤ ຦ક䌍ᠽᓴఢయজ૽໤຦ક䌍Ȅొ‫ݕ‬᎗ະ֨ܳ࢖‫ވ‬໤຦എᄱ‫ڒ‬ષੵȄ࿟ະٛѻ୆ ᇍ࢖‫ވ‬຦ൎ䌘എঁࠣȄᄨিঀං㒣⌢ụ䭓੄⦄‫௸ޣ‬խ৪ଚపޫ࿂ȃ ȁह࣭‫֚ٸ‬ऍခ݇࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ᓝၚ䯂乬എࡄ‫ݪ‬ಎȄᇍ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘എѻ੄ᔍ଻ᄴ䅵ओ߿ ๱ુఱȄGlomn გ RavikumarȪ1997ȫᇍᎃခࡄ‫ݪ‬໲ࡃഎᘏ㒧ນྶȄఱ໐໦‫ڠ‬৪.

(19) . .

(20). ؒ࢜ᄠ䅸Ў࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘എѻ੄ᔍ଻໘ᄠ 0.05-0.15 ෗䯈ȃP.-D.G.Sarte გ J.SoaresȪ2003ȫ ໦ଢ଼ၭ๼࣭ඵ៬෗࢝࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘എụ䭓Ȅह៬࢝੝‫ܢ‬Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘୸ GDP എ๤ਹ௖ᇍ 䕗ࣞȄিहո࢝എఱ໐໦ාӑၖȄ䖭֚๤ਹ‫ུܖ‬༗঵〇೰Ȅఱ㑺ह 0.2-0.25 ෗䯈Ȅ ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘୸জ૽ൎ䌘എ๤ਹहᑧੰᒘ‫ݯ‬䌍ᓔ঑࢝࿟‫ུܖ‬༗঵〇೰ȃఱ໐໦থ䖒࣭ ‫ز‬എ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓㉏যᄠ๼࣭Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬຦ంၾ໘ᄠ֚ᄒ䕗ࣞഎ‫ރ‬㒭໹రષȄᄨিጤ എụ䭓ଵ㓧ྕഎȄᇍ GDP ෨ࡼഎ༶ఱᓝᑨະྶᰒȃ ȁဓ๼࣭൝থ䖒࣭‫ز‬ంह௖ᇍ〇೰എ࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭କ໹ະ൳Ȅ٨‫ڟ‬ᓔ༶ո࢝Ȅಎ࣭ 㒣⌢ᘏၾഎụ䭓ո‫޳૽ݞ‬ᓚවକ໹എະ౯೹ࣞȄᇍ࢖‫ވ‬຦എ਑‫ݥ‬ᰒಠụ䭓Ȅहࣻ ෗ஜȄ࢖‫ވ‬຦എ႑⿃ଵခࡠഎȄ֦ࣻຈடٛ੄⦄࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭എ١௸ụ䭓Ȅࣞ௸࢖ႹȂ ‫ܟ‬എგࢽ࢛࠺䆒Ȃ‫֗ޗ‬ո‫⭫֓ݞ‬༗࠲Ȃ⬉ႁ‫ރ‬㒭ո‫ݞ‬೒䆃䆒ঔȂઽঌ‫⸔ܖ‬䆒ঔ࠺ 䆒൝࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭ᰒಠụ‫ح‬Ȅ䖭⾡࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘എ١௸ụ䭓‫࠻ح‬ၭ GDP ụ䭓䖛೾ಎഎཛྷ 㚔଻අ଺ȃ Ѩǃ㒧䆎 ȁ2002 ාոြѻ୆എ㒣⌢ཛྷ㚔Ȅ֚ᄒਹါࡔ֦हᄠࡥ೰䌘ѻൎ䌘എ١௸ụ䭓Ȅఀ ಎ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓ߓခ‫࠻ح‬㒣⌢෨ࡼഎࢗෝȃ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘എụ䭓㱑டहথ䖒࣭‫ز‬ఘ⦄ Ў௖ᇍ໹〇എụ䭓䖛೾Ȅొଵहಎ࣭‫⦄੄ݕ‬ၭ௖ᇍ䕗١എụ䭓Ȅఀ෸࢝എࡔ֦ह ᄠȄ‫ྦྷݳ‬ક䌍ụ䭓䖛೾ಎȄ௖ᇍᄠজ૽໤຦ક䌍਑‫ݥ‬ụ䭓Ȅ࢖‫ވ‬຦ક䌍਑‫ݥ‬ခࢵ ࣞഎụ䭓ၚȄह࢖‫ވ‬຦ంၾ䖒ൢབྷ֚໹ర෗ஜȄ֦࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭ౣᤢѻ୆എൎ䌘ཛྷ 㚔य़ႁະٛક৐ȄࣻᯊЎࢱଷ㒣⌢ཛྷ㚔িࡠଷൎ䌘ụ䭓എࢤ㾖㋻㓽ଽॐȄຈடါ ոࡠଷ࢖‫ވ‬຦‫ރ‬㒭ụ䭓ЎయᄱȄශ‫ྦྷݳض‬ક䌍㒧ᵘഎ‫׵‬ব໘ᄠ࢖‫ވ‬຦ક䌍਑‫ݥ‬ụ 䭓䕗١িজ૽໤຦ụ䭓㓧ྕഎ䰊౲Ȅ‫ྦྷݳ‬ક䌍਑‫ݥ‬ụ䭓ైٛ㓈঵ह௖ᇍ೩ྸഎે ᗕȄ1998 ාոြன㒣੄⦄എ֦ᘏ਑‫ݥ‬ະ௷ᇐ౿㒣⌢ụ䭓ཋႁഎછ㒧ᄩடంहȃ ȁ֦ࣻȄ‫ྦྷݳ‬ᇍ࢖‫ވ‬຦਑‫ݥ‬എụ䭓ո‫ݞ‬ဇࣻ֨౿എ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓ѻ୆ၭᇍ㒣⌢෨ ࡼഎ༶ఱᓝᑨȄශ‫ض‬ᇍࡥ೰䌘ѻൎ䌘ᠽᓴഎࡠଷ䖛໦෨‫ވ࢖ݞ‬ൎ䌘ᠽᓴȄ㱑டٛ ‫ޣ‬㓧㒣⌢എཛྷ㚔य़ႁȄ‫خݕ‬ෝ‫֦࠻ح‬ક䌍ະ௷ѻ୆㒣⌢֎㓽എ‫خ‬ෝ଻ȃ.

(21) ક䌍㒧ᵘ‫׵‬বȂ࢖‫ވ‬ൎ䌘ụ䭓ဓ㒣⌢෨ࡼ. . ४ࣉ໲ࡃ Buchanan, J., and G. Tullock, 1962, The Calculus of Consent, Logical Foundations of Consititutional Democracy, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Chari, V., and H. Cole, 1993, A Contribution to the Theor y Pork Barrel Spending, Research Department Staff Report 156, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Glomm, G., and B. Ravikumar, 1997, Productive Government Expenditures and Long-Run Growth, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,21(January),pp183-204. Olsen,E.1965,The Logic of Collective Action, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Pierre-Daniel G. Sarte and Jorge Soares, 2003, Efficient Public Investment in Model with Transition Dynamics, Economic Quarterly-- Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Winter, Volume 89/1, pp33-50. Shepsle,K. and B.Weingast, 1981, Political Preferences for the Pork Bar rel: A Generalization, American Journal of Political Science 25,pp96-112. _____________, 1984, Political Solutions to Market Problems, American Political Science Review 78,pp417-434. Weingast,B.,K. Shepsle, and C. Johnson, 1981, The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics, Journal of Political Economy 89,pp642-664. ᓴ‫ݯ‬Ȅ䌘ུࠁ଼ȂࢥϮ‫ا‬ဓ㒣⌢ụ䭓ȇಎ࣭എ䕀䔼අ଺Ȅȴ㒣⌢ࡄ‫ݪ‬ȵ Ȅ2002 ාల 6 ‫ܢ‬ȃ ࣭߬ၮȄ㒣⌢ụ䭓䖛೾ಎഎଽຸ࢖‫଻ވ‬䋶ଽ঑੄༊ࢡȄ ȴ५ϰ২ٛ‫ڠش‬ȵȄ2004 ාల 8 ‫ܢ‬Ǆ.

(22)