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THE CHALLENGE OF CYRUS AUGUSTUS BARTOL TO THE RELIGIOUS THOUGHT OF RALPH WALDO EMERSON 利用統計を見る

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Title

THE CHALLENGE OF CYRUS AUGUSTUS BARTOL TO THE RELIGIOUS THOUGHT OF RALPH WALDO EMERSON

Author(s) 森田, 美千代

Citation 聖学院大学総合研究所, No.31, 2005.1 : 84-103

URL http://serve.seigakuin-univ.ac.jp/reps/modules/xoonips/de tail.php?item_id=4273

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THE CHALLENGE OF CYRUS AUGUSTUS BARTOL  TOTHEREllGOUSTHOUGHT 

OF RAIPH WALDO EMERSON 

Michiyo Morita 

I. Inoduction

The purpose of this study is  to investigate how Cyrus Augustus  Bartol (18131900)nineteenthcentury Transcendentalist, viewed fellow  Transcendentalist, Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882).(1) It is  sometimes  said that Bartol was merely a disciple of Emerson, but that assertion is  in  question. In this study, will explore Bartol'religious positions and relate  them to those of Emerson, based on Bartol'transformational positions as a  Transcendentalist. 

In order to accomplish that goal, would like to define some terms to  establish a framework for this study. Thfirst set of definitions comes from  sociologist ames A. Beckford, who suggests that there are two categories  of religious movements. (2) The first includes new religio newreligious  movement, and cult without the framework of existing religious groups or  traditions.  The second  set  includes  revival  movement, revitαlization  movement, and reform movement within the form of existent religious  groups or traditions. Based on Beckford's categories, Transcendentalism  can be regarded as belonging to the latler classification. In other words,  nineteenthcentury N ew England Transcendentalism can be considered as a  revitalization or reform movement within the framework of nineteenth century New England Unitarianism. 

Another group of terms is  provided by sociologist Max Weber, who  divided Christian organizations into two categories: the church type and the  sect type. Weber explained that the former is  an institution which includes  bothejust and the unjust. (3)百四latleris a community of personal believers 

84 

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of the reborn. (4) Ernst Troeltsch, colleague of Max Weber, asserted that  both the churct type and the sect type could be contained within a single  institution, albeit in a state of tension. (5) From this tension, third religious  response emerges, which Troeltsch defined as mysticism. (6) 

Theologian Richard Niebuhr tried to  clarithetransition from a  sectarian group to a denomination. oachim Wach, sociologist, wrote about  two types of religious protest: secession and protest within." With secession,  an independent group is created, while  protest within" enables the devel opment of an "ecclesiola in ecclesiα[a small group existing within the body of  the larger church] ."(7) Based on the above, the Transcendentalism of the  nineteenthcentury New England generally can be understood to be a sect,  or a special aspect of nineteenthcentury New England Unitarianism. This is  because Transcendentalism was a protest within"

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ach)Unitarianism. It is  clear that Transcendentalism did not become a denomination (Niebuhr). (8)  Rather, Transcendentalism was the community of personal believers

の 恥

ber) with mystical elementsfroeltsch). 

This view is  supported by Conrad Wright, who notes scholars have  pointed  out  that the  older  rationalistic  Unitarianism  and  the  new  Transcendentalist U nitarianism" basically had  continuities" and were not  necessarily  antagonistic" toward each other. Creating a further connection  was the fact that the Transcendental Club members for the most part  maintained their position as Unitarian clergymen. (9) In addition, Wright  explains that it makes sense to understand Transcendentalism  as a phase of  changing and developing Unitarianism" when attempting to determine the  relationship between Transcendentalism and Unitarianism. (10) 

Another question that may be raised is whether Transcendentalism is a  religious movement, philosophical movement, or a literary movement.  Although philosophical and literary  aspects are  certainly included in  Transcendentalism, it  is  crucial to acknowledge that Transcendentalism is  mainly a religious movement.  This point is  made clear by William R.  Hutchison, who observes that seventeen clergymen belonged to the original  Transcendental Club. Eleven of these clergymen had lifelong ministerial  vocationsandteenof them spent ten or more years in the ministry. (11) 

On the basis of the larger, general framework outl 

THE CHALLENGE OF CYRUS AUGUSTUS BARTOL  85 

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