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Acta Med. Nagasaki 37:183-186

Omentopexy

Masao Tomita, Hiroyoshi Ayabe, Katsunobu Kawahara, and Yutaka Tagawa The First Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine

The operative procedure of bronchial anastomosis is of great use to prevent major complication in relation to anastomosis insufficiency as well as to reduce the inci- dence of anastomosis insufficiency.

In particular, omentopexy is indispensable for tracheo- bronchial anastomosis in combination with esophagectomy, which means a loss of supporting tissue and a reduction of collateral blood flow through the wall of the trachea.

Furthermore, the application of omentopexy is limited in case of a history of abdominal surgery and the diseases of the spleen and/or the omentum.

Introduction

The omentum is well adaptable for tissue defect of various sizes and shapes and poses sufficient blood supply.

The use of the omentum offers some advantage that it has rich tissue volume and is able to preserve the long pedicle by gastroepiploid artery. Moreover, neovascularity

is facilitated, lymphedema is eliminated, providing rich fibroblast. As a consequence, wound healing is satisfied.

In addition, it is of great value to prevent spreading of infection and to wrap the infectious tissue by contracting the infected deadspace.

Mobilization of The Omentum

The omentum is nourished by supply of the blood from bilateral gastroepiploic arteries and their branches form the vascular arcade. The size of the omentum measured 14 to 36 cm long, 23 to 46 cm wide and it was possible to draw up to the level of the breast gland (Fig. 1) and to draw down to the site of the inguinal ligamentum. Furthermore, the addition of the procedure of mobilization by making free of the attachment of the stomach makes it possible to draw up to the neck in 88%, to the Axilla in 70%, to the upper arm in 25% and the middle of the thigh in 10%.

respectively.

Fig. 1. Mobilization of the omentum

A) a line between the omentum and the transverse colon

B) a line between the omentum and the stomach, preserving the gastroepiploic artery

C) mobilized by division of the middleo mental artery D) dividing between D, and D2 to make it elongation

Indication of Omentopexy

Omentopexy is usually applied for prevention of major complication when expecting the impairment of wound healing, for promotion of severely impaired wound healing when occurring complication and for supplement of tissue defect.

Validity of Omentopexy for tracheobronchial anastomosis

When occurring impairment of wound healing of tracheo-

bronchial anastomosis, respiratory function was severely

affected by spreading infection to the pleural cavity and the

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M.  Tomita et al:  Omentopexy 

Fig. 2. Microangiogram 

The bronchial arterial flow was interrupted at bronchial anastomosis on day 3 after bronchial anastomosis  The bronchial flow was appearently seen aross the bronchial anastomosis on day 14 

mediastinum. In consequence, it takes a rapid fatal course. 

It is indispensable that bronchial arteries are interrupted  at anastomosis so that nutritional blood flow should be  remarkable reduced. As a result, wound healing at anasto‑

mosis is impaired. 

After anastomosis of tracheobronchial tree, the time of  regeneration of the bronchial artery was investigated by the  grades of developing recannalization on microangiography. 

According to our study as shown in Fig. I , recannal‑

ization of the bronchial artery was initiated at day 5 to 7  and completed at day 10 to 14. When wrapping of the  omentum was applied, the start of regeneration was seen at  day 3 to 4 and the completion was observed at day 5 to 7 as  shown in Fig. 3. 

Grade 

Ill 

II 

1,0A  **M 

DI   D D *A A *a O 

Xlm *$ **  t  t 

aA AA* 

3 4 5 7 10 12 14day 

* Control:14dogs(Group‑1) 

a Omental wrapping:12dogs (Group‑II)  A Pericardial wrapping:13dogs(Group‑III) 

Fig. 3. The degree of the newly developmental bronchial arteries  around the anastomotic sites 

On day 14, it was corroborated that the blood from the  omentum was supplying to the bronchus‑reconstructed lung  aross at bronchial anastomosis by microangiography in  which the contrast medium was infused from the omental  artery as shown in Fig. 4. 

It is substantiated that omental wrapping plays a promot‑

ing role in recannalizaiton of interrupted bronchial artery. 

Fig. 4. Angiogram: contrast medium was infused from the  omental artery, showing a perfused lung via the communicating  blood vessels across the bronchial anstomosis 

When carcinoma of the esophagus is invading the tra‑

chea, a combined resection with the trachea is mandated. 

However, it offers a detrimental effect of bronchial anasto‑

mosis on wound healing. 

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M. Tomita et al: Omentopexy 

Esophagectomy directly causes the impairment of  wound healing of tracheo‑bronchial anastomosis because  of removal of support of the trachea and damage to a  collateral blood flow via the esophagus. An experimental  result shows that recannalization of interrupted bronchial  arteries is delayed on day 7 to 10 in its initiation and on day  14 at the time of development of vascular net formation. 

On the contrary, when applying omental wrapping recan‑

nalization is fastened on day 5 to 7 in its initiation and on  day 10 at vascular net formation. This shows that ornen‑

topexy play an important role in development of recannal‑

ization of interrupted bronchial artery. 

The indications of omentopexy are either in case of  expected impairment of wound healing or in case of risk of  occurring bronchovascular fistula. 

The former indicates a tension at anastomosis and de‑

nuded adventitia off the wall of the tracheobronchus by  node dissection. The latter included prevention of mechan‑

ical injury to the wall of the pulmonary artery by tracheo‑

bronchial anastomosis. 

Discussion 

It has long been recognized that the omentum is of great  use to wrap the tissue and plombage for the dead space,  Williams*) reported that the omentum has an excellent  ability of wrapping, that is, 1) wide surface 2) excellent  capacity of recanalization 3) immunoresistance to infection  4). absorption of blood and lymphatic fluid 5) Iarge volume  6) flexibility 7) hemostatic ability. 

The preparation of the omentum has been reported in  detail by Alday') and Kitano.') It is reported') that sufficient  volume and flexibility of the omentum is for wrapping of  the tissue and packing of dead space. 

It is accepted that wrapping of the omentum prevent  grave and fatal postoperative complications, in particular,  tracheo‑bronchial anastomosis provides a detrimental situa‑

tion of wound healing by interrupted bronchial arteries. 

It is reported by Maeda5) that the incidence of anasto‑

mosis insufficiency is 33.3% and the mortality rates are  47.79; o. Morgan also emphasized that wrapping procedure  by pedicled omentum is of great value for the experimental  result of hepatic transplnatation as well as lung transplan‑

tation with the use of the immunodepressive drugs." ')  It is reasoned that omentopexy is attributable to neovas‑

cularity at anastomosis.') And also metastasis into mobi‑

lized omentum from intraabdominal malignancy is very  rare. The occurrence of pyothorax with bronchial fistula is  one of the most ominous complications of post‑pulmonary  resection. Therefore, satisfact,ory treatments have been  devised such as thoracic drainage, resuturing and suple‑

ment of bronchial stump and thoracoplasty to improve the  surgical outcome by eliminating the occurrence of postop‑

erative bronchial fistula.') 

185 

The use of the omentum for bronchial fistula makes it  possible to ensure closure of the fistula with less operative  stress regardless the presence and/or the amount of myco‑

bacterium tuberculosis. However, surgeons should be  aware that in case of positive mycobacterium tuberculosis,  even application of omentupexy fail to yield satisfactory  surgical outcome. 

When perforating the esophagus, omentopexy should be  applied for a repair. The omentum is characteristic of  eliminating inflammatory process under existing infection  and of promoting wound healing process under unfavor‑

able conditions. 

lversonrs) reported the validity of omentopexy that the  use of the omentum is effective to have bronchial fistulas  closed in eight out of nine patients with infection of various  drug resistance. 

When using artificial material in infectious lesion, it is  recommended that artificial organ should be wrapped by  the omentum. It is beneficial to expect absorption of exsu‑

date, adaptation to any sizes and forms. 

A few side effects have been reported that there is a  slight degree of ileus and a loss of appetite. On the other  hand, Lieb‑ermann‑Meffert20) reported that contra‑

indications of omentopexy are as follows, malacia, portal  hypertension, Iiver cirrhosis, active gastric ulcer, splenic  abnormality such as Hodgkin' disease, history of abdom‑

inal surgery and diseases of the omentum. 

Attention should be paid that poridoneiodine, potent  cytocydal effect of desinfection, is usually used for wash‑

ing of infectious sites. However, it is needless to say that  when jod‑containing detergent is absorbed into the blood,  an ill‑events would be reported, for example, Iiver dysfunc‑

tion* ) renal failurel2) suppression of thyroid function. 3)  metabolic acidosis*') hypernatremial5) and hyperchloremia.16) 

Ref erences 

l) Williams R et al: The great omentum: Its applicability to cancer  therapy. Current problems in surgery pp. 789‑865, YeaR Book. 

Medical P Ublishers Inc. Chicago 1986. 

2) Alday Es et al: surgical technique for omental lengthening based on  arterial anatomy. Surg Gynecol obset 135: 103‑107, 1972. 

3) Kitano T. Tatsumi A, Matsui T et al: Clinical significance of pedicled  omental plombage for fistulous pyothorax. Jap J Ass Thorac Surg  36:1225‑1263, 1988. 

4) Iverson LIG et al: Closure of bronchopleural fistulas by an omental  pedcle flap. Am J Surg 152: 40‑42, 1986. 

5) Maeda M, Nanjo S, Nakamura K et al: Nationwide analysis of  tracheo‑bronchoplasty. Broncholog 8:346‑355, 1986. 

6) Morgan E et al: Successful revascularization of totally ischemic  bronchial autografts with omental pedicle flaps in dogs. J Thorac  Cardiovasc surg 84:204‑210, 1982. 

7) Dubois P et al: Bronchial omentopexy in canine lung transplantation. J  Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 83:418‑421, 1982. 

8) Silverrnan K. J. et al: Fat angiogenesis; A possible link to coronary  atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Washington DC: American Heart  Association 1985. 

9) Lyman A et al: Bronchopleurc1 fistula: Management major challengcs 

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186  M. Tomita et al:  Omentopexy 

for the thoracic surgeon (International trends in general thoracic  surgeyr V2) Grillo HC Eschapasse H, p. 398‑406, WB Saunders,  Philladelphia, 1987. 

10) Inverson LI et al: Closure of bronchopleural fistulas by an omental  pedcle flap. Am J Surg 152:40‑42, 1986. 

1 l) Pietsch J et al: Complications of poridoneiodine absorption in topi‑

cally treated burn patients. Lancet I :280‑281, 1976. 

12) Danziger Y et al: Transient congenital hypothyroidism after topical  iodine in pregnancy and location. Arch Dis Child 62:25‑296, 1987. 

13) Glick PL et al: Iodine toxicity in a patient treated by continuous  providone‑iodine mediastinal irrigation. Ann Surg 39:478‑480, 1 985. 

14) Scoggin CM et al: Hypematremia and acidosis in association with  topical treatment of burns. Lancet 1:959, 1977. 

15) Dupont C et al: Transposition of the greater omentum for recon‑

struction of the chest wall. Plast Reconstr Surg 49:263‑267, 1972. 

16) Jurkiewicz et al: The omentum: an acount of its use in the recon‑

struction of the chest wall. Ann Surg 185:548‑554, 1977. 

17) Eschapass H et al: Repair of large chest wall defects: Experience with  23 patients. Ann Throac Surg 32:329‑336, 1981. 

18) McCorrrrack P et al: New trends in skeletal reconstruction after  resection of chest wall tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 31 :45‑52, 1981. 

19) Nanjo s, Nakamoto T, Nakamura K: Application of tracheorecon‑

struction surgery. Jap J Ass Thorac Surg 35:641‑643, 1987. 

20) Liebermann‑Meffert D et al: The greater omentum anatomy, physi‑

ology, pathology, surgery with an historical surgery, Springer‑Verlag 

Belin. Heidelberg New york, 1983. 

Fig. 1.  Mobilization  of the omentum

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