EXTENDABLE GRAPHS AND INDUCED
SUBGRAPHS
TsuY6sHI NISHIMURA
(Received June 17,1994) Abstract. A graph G having a 1−factor is called n−extendable ifevery matching of size n extends to a 1−factor. It is shown that if G is a connected graph of order 2p, andαand n aエe positive integers withρ一α≧n十1,such that G\Ais n−extendable fbr any connected subgraph A of order 2α, then G is n−extendable・ AMS 1991 Mathematics 5μ句ed Classification. Primary O5C70. Keyωords andρ九τ「α8ε5. Induced subgraph, n−extendable,1−factor・ We consider only丘nite simple graphs. Let・ G be’ a graph with vertex set V(G)and edge set E(G). For A⊂V(G),σレ1】denotes the subgraph of G induced by/l and G\Ais the subgraph of G induced by V(G)\ノ1・If/1 and B are disjoint subsets of V(G), then E(A, B)denotes the set of edges with one end in、4 and the other in B. If H is a subgraph and v is a vertex, we may write E@, H)and G\Hinstead.of E({v},V(H))and G\V(H), respectivel)r. R)re∈E(G), V(e)is the set of endvertices ofε. Further, let M be a matching (aset of independent edges)of G. V(M)denotes Ue∈M V(e)・1・et n and p be positive integers with n≦p−1and G a graph with 2p vertices having a 1−factor(aperfect matching). Then G is said to be n−extendable if every matching of size n in G extends to a 1−factor. Further, if G has a 1−factor, we define that G is O−extendable. Other terminology on graphs can be fbund in l1]. In[6], Sumner proved that if every induced connected subgraph of order 2q in a connected graph G of order 2P(1<q<P)has a 1−factor, then G has a1−factor. This result has had a great in且uence upon some recent results fbr the existence of various factors in graphs([2】,{3】etc.). Further, this result stimulates our interest in n−extendable graphs. In[4], we proved the fbllowing七heorem. Theorem 1. Let・G・be・a c・皿nected graph・f・rder 2P(P≧3), and let q and n be j皿tegers such砒at・1≦n<q<P.’SupPose f()r some integer q, eve・’y induced co皿皿ected Subgraph・f・rder 2q is n−ex古endable. Then・G・is・n−extendable・ 129130
EXTENDABLE GRAPHS AND INDUCED SUBGRAPHS
Our purpose in this paper is to prove the following similar theorem. Main Theorem. Let G be a connected graph of order 2p. Let a and n bepositive i皿tegers suc血that p一α≧n+1. SupP・se・that・G\Ais n一磁endable
f・r any c・皿ected subgraph A・f・rder 2α. Then・G・is・alS・n−extendable・ We need two lemmas before proving this result.Lemma 1(Plummer【5D.(1) lf G is n−exte皿dable, then C is(n−1)−
extendabl・..血P繊∫・・1a・, eve・’y・set・f・k・ind・1・㎝d・nt edges(1≦k≦n)∫n G ∫scontained∫n a 1−factor of G. (ll)∬G」s c・nnected・and・n−exte皿dab1θ, the皿G」s(n+1)−c・nnected・ We use the following elementary facts.Lemma 2.ω1f G is a connected graph of order p(≧2)and v∈V(G)
(resp. e∈E(G)), then f・r any P・sitive・int〈)ger・q(≦P), there・exists・a・c・皿一nected subgraph H of G such that IHl=qand v∈V(H)(resp・e∈E(H))・
(II) lf G(≠K2)」s a c・nnected graph with a 1−fact・r F, then f・r any P・sitive integer 2q(<IGI), there(exists a submatching M・f F such that IMI=q and G【γ(M)]fs conn㏄εed・ Proof of Main Theorem. Let G, A,α, n be as in the statement of the theorem. We require two claims. Claim 1. G\.A is connected.Suppose that G\Ais not connected fbr some co皿ected s曲graph.4. Let
O1,_, Om(m≧2).be the distinct components of G\A. Then, fbr e㏄h
i(1≦i≦m),ICil is even because G\Amust have a 1−factor from the
hypothesis. Now, there exists an edge xy∈E(C1,A), where x∈V(01)and y∈γ(A)since G is connected. Let z(≠y)be any vertex such that z is not a cutvertex of A. Then B:=G[(、4\{z})U{x}]is a connected subgraph of(] of order 2α. If E(z, C1\{x})=の, then since O1\{x}induces a subgraph ofσ\B that has no 1−factor, G\Bhas also no 1−factor, which is a coqtradiction. Thus we may assume E(z,01\{x})≠0. Further, by a similar argument, fbr this z,we can easily show that E(z, Ci)≠の(2≦i≦m). Let e∈E(Z, Ul・II=, C,).Then G\Bhas no 1−factor containing e. Thus(D\Bis not n−extendable.
This contradicts the assumptioll of the theorem(see Fig.1). From the proof of Claim 1, we get the following fact:.A\{z}
Fig
C1\{x} (1)EverSt vertex in A that is not a cutvertex of A mμ5‡beα輌ceη舌‡0 5・me・vertex・in(D\A. Claim 2. If G\Ahas fewer vertices than A, then A is(n十1)−connected. Since.A is connected, by Lemma 2(1), we can find a connected subgraph H of.4 sa七isfying I H I=2p−2α. Each component of、A\H contains a七leas七〇ne vertex which is not a cutvertex of A. By(1), such a component has a ver七ex which is adjacent to some vertex of V(G\A). Thus there exists a connectedsubgraph H(IHI= 2(p一α))of.4 such that G\His connected. By the
hypothesis and Lemma 1(II), H is n−extendable and(n十1)−connected. Now we let Ho:=Hand Ao:=A\H(). For i≧0, since A is connected and since I G\AI< I A I,we can choose two sets Xi⊂V(Hi)and}Yi⊂V(Ai) satisfying (i)G[Xi U Yi]is connected and (ii)lH’1 > 1Xi l ≧ n十1 and lXi 1十匿1=2(p一α). Now, each componen七〇f、4\(Xi U}Yi)has a vertex which is a(lj acent to some vertex of V(G\A)by the same reasoning as in the previous paragraph. Then G\(Xi U yi)is also connected. Thus G[Xi U Yi] is n−extendable and(n十1)−connected. We define Hi+1:=(][Hi U Yi]and Ai+1:ニA\Hi+1 if.Ai+1≠の. If.4」=のbut Aj_1≠の,七hen we stop theseprocedures.
Now we show that Hi+1(0≦i≦ゴー1)is(n十1)−connected. We use
induction on i. Suppose that Hi is(n十1)−connected. Let x and y be any two distinct vertices in V(Hi+1). If x and y are contained in V(Hi)(resp. V(G[Xi U}7D), then since Hi(resp. G[Xz U}7D is(n十1)−connec七ed, there exist n十1internal disjoin七(x, y)−paths in Hi+1. We let xi,x2,_.,xn+1 be distinct ver七ices in Xi. If x∈V(Hi)\Xi and y∈Yi,七hen we can find an (x,xk)−path Pk (resp. (y, xk)−path Qk) (1 ≦ k ≦ n十1 )in Hi(resp. G[Xi U Yi])such七hat Pl\{x}, P2\{x},...,Pn+1\{x} (resp・ Qi\{y},132
EXTENDABLE GRAPHS AND INDUCED SUBGRAPHS
Q2\{y},...,Qn+1\{y})are disjoint. Hlence, there exist n十1internal disj oint (x,y)−paths in Hi+1. Thus, Hi+l is(n十1)−connected by Menger’s theorem. Since耳i≡A, this completeS the proof. By(1)and Claim 2, we have the following: (2) ij G\A has fewer vertices thαn A, then・ev¢ry vertex in A is ad」’acent鋤tl・α・t・n・励・X・ in・G\A輌硫・μ励妙卿・吻raph・B
of A, G\BiS C・nnected. Moreover, by Claim 1 and the hypothesis, (3) 亙IG\Al<レll and B is a subgraph《)f A sαtisiVing IBI=2(ρ一α), £九εη吻ce G\Bis connected, B・is・connected・and・n−e庇n6αble・ In the rest of this paper, we give a proof of the main part of theorem. LetM:={e1,_,en}⊂E(G)be an arbitrary matching of size n and let
妬妬妬
{el,_,e九}=E(・4, G\・4)∩M, {e九+1,...,ek}=E(A)∩ハイ, and:ニ{e★+1,...,eπ}=E(G\・4)∩M (1≦九≦k≦ n)・
Let ei=xiyi∈Ml, where xi∈γ(G\.4)and yi∈γ(A)(1≦i≦ん). Since
G\.A is n−extendable, by Lemma 1(II), C\Ahas a 1−factor F* which contains M3. We de丘ne three disjoint subsets of F* as follows: = = =司躍躍
{XaXb∈F. I Xa 7 Xb∈V(Ml)},{XcZc∈F. I Xc∈V(M1)and Zc∈V(G\A)\V(Ml)}, and
F.\(理u躍).
Further, we let Z:=V(F.2)\y(M1)and 1) := G\(A U V(瓦})UV(F.2))=. G【V(蹄)].Note IZI=11田1≦lMI l≦IMl=n. Since G\ノ1 is(n十1)−connected, (4)G\(AUVのi8 C・nnected∫for any subset W(ヅZ.
qASE 1.凶≦IDI+21M,1+IZI.
By(4), since G\(A U Z)is connected, GID U y(ハぜ1)1(=G[V(醇U.M1)D is connected・Ifレ11≦11)1十21Mi 1, then since I G[D u v(Ml)]1=11)1十21M111≧ レ41r2a, we can find a submatching NI of増UMI such that l NI l’=αandG[V(Nl)]is co皿ected by Lernnpa 2(II). Then G\V(N1)is n−extendable and
hence G\γ(Nl)has a 1−factor N2 which contains(Ml\」V1)UM2 U(M3\
Nl). Then」VI Uハr2 is a required 1−factor of G. We may assume Z≠ψa皿dIDI十21MII十lzl≧IAI>IDI十’21Mi1. By(4), we can choose a subset
Zl of Z such that Gl:=(D{V(F.3 Uバグ1)UZ1]is connected and lGll=2α. By the hypothesis of the theorem, G\V(Gl)is connected and n−extendable. Therefbre, by. temma 1(1);G「\V(G1)h誌a1−factor F which cOntains M2. Since G[V(躍UMI U F)1(=『G\、.Z1)is connected and IG\Zil> 2α, by Lemma 2(II), there exists a subset Nl of増UMI U F satisfying INi 1=α and G[V(Nl)]is connected. Then G\V(ハri)is connected and n−extendable. Therefbre, G\V(」V1)has a 1−factorハr2 which contains M\Nl.1VI Uハr2 is a desired 1_factor.CAsE 2. レll>IDI十21Mi1十IZI・
1・et Ao:=・4\γ(Ml). In this case, since l・41=1/101十IMi l, we have IAo l>IDI十1Mi 1十IZi=IG\、41. Now, we let r and q be nonnegative integerssatisfying IAI=lG\.Al(r十1)十qand O≦σ<lG\Ai. We decompose
Ao as follows: rV(A。)=(V(M2)UR・)’U(URZ)U Rr+・,
i=1 where」R,;satisfies (i) V(M…2) ∩瑠 :::@ Ri ∩Rゴ = の ( 0 ≦ i ≦ ゴ ≦ 7令 十 1, i ≠ ゴ ︶, (ii) 1Ro U V(M2)1= iRi 1= 2(p一α) and l.Rr+11= q (1≦i≦r). Note that since l V(M,)1≦2n<2(p一α),we can take Ro satisf河ng the above equality. Now we can choose,Ri satisfying E(,R(}UV(M2),γ(M1)) ≠ のif Ml ≠ψand G\(U書=o Rr+1_i)are connected fbr allゴ (0 ≦ゴ ≦r)・ Wenote that G\(.R()UV(M2))and G\,Ri(1 ≦i≦r十1)are connected by
(2).By(3), C[,R{)UV(M2)]has a 1−factor Fo whiρh containsハ42, and G[Ri] has a 1−factor Fi fbr all i(1≦i≦r). Further, since Glγ(Ml u F.3)l is connected,」τ:=ハイ1 u増U(U;=o Fi)induces a connected subgraph qf. G, that is, G\(Z U Rr+1)is connected. NOte that if Mi=0, then since蹄=具and レll>IG\Al,G[v(F.u(U:=o Fi))】is connected by(2)・If 1島+1uzl< 2(P一α),. then we can take a submatching」V1 ⊂ .1’of size(p一α)−IRr+1 U Zl/2 such that G\(V(Nl)URr+1 U Z)is co皿㏄ted by Lemma 2(1正). Then since G[(V(Nl)∪.R,・+1 U Z)】is connected by Claim l and n−extendable by the hypotheSis, it has a 1‘factor Fr+1 which contains N1∩Mby Lemma 1(1).134
EXTENDABLE GRAPHS AND INDUCED SUBGRAPHS
G\A
G\v(Nl)
Rr+1 lv(M、) Fig.2 Thus G has a 1−factor(ア\Nl)U耳+1, which contains M(see Fig.2). Wemay assume IRr+1 U ZI≧ 2(p一α). Hence, Ml≠Oand Z≠の. Since
lRr+11<2(p一α)and IZI≦n(<2(p一α)), then we can decompose Z into Zl and Z2 such that I品+1UZI l=2(p一α). Then G[1ノ(ア)UZ21(=Gへ(Z1∪.R,・+1)) is connected by(4). By the hypothesis and Claim 1, G[.R r“+1UZ1]is connected and n−extendable. Thus this induced subgraph of G has a 1−factor耳+1. Of course, V(∫U」Fr+1)induces a connected subgraph of G. Thus, by Lemma 2 (II), there exists a submatching NI of Je U Fr+10f sizeαsuch that G[V(」V1)l is connected. By the hypothesis and Claim 1, G[Z2∪(V(アU耳+1)\V(1V1))] is connected and n−extendable. Therefbre it has a 1−factor N2 which contains ((アU耳+1)\N1)∩M. Now, NI U∧r2 is a 1−factor of G which containsハ4. This completes the proof of the theorem.□Re ferences
[11G.Chartrand and LLesniak, Grapんs 8 Digrαphs,2nd ed., Wadsworth. {2j Y.Egawa, H Enomoto, and A.Saito, Factors and induced subgrapん5.Discrete Math.68 (1988) 179−189. [31Y.Egawa, H.Enomoto, and A.Saito, On comρonent∫factors.Graphs and Combinat.2 (1986)223−225. [4]T.Nishimura,、4 theorem oπη一extendαbte graphs.Ars Combinat.(to appear). [5]MD.Plummer, On n−extendable graphs. Discrete Math.31(1980)201−210. [6]D.P.Sumner, Grapん8ω拗1−factors. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.42(1974)8−12.Tsuyoshi Nishimura Department of Mathematics
Shibaura Institute of Tecknology Fukasaku, Omiya 330, JAPAN