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Table 1. RT-PCR primer sequences.
Gene 5'-Primer (5'-3') 3'-Primer (5'-3')
Abcc2 CACAGGTTTGCCCATTATCC ATATTGAGGGCGTTGGACAG
Slc10a1 AGGCATGATCATCACCTTCC AAGTGGCCCAATGACTTCAG
Slco1a1 TACATGTCAGCTTGCCTTGC GCGGGAATACCAGCAAATAC
Slco1a2 CAATTCGGTATCCCCACATC GTTTGAGGACACGTTGCTTG
Rrm2 GCACTGGGAAGCTCTGAAAC GGCAATTTGGAAGCCATAGA Pcna GGTGAAGTTTTCTGCGAGTG CTCAGAAGCGATCGTCAAAG
Cxcl9 TCGAGGAACCCTAGTGATAAGGAATCAG TTTGCTTTTTCTTTTGGCTGATCTTTTTC
Table 2. The results of microarray analysis.
Cellular function and gene name (gene symbol)
control (0 h) 24 h 72 h 168h 24 h 72 h 168h 24 h 72 h 168h 24 h 72 h 168h
DNA replication
䚷ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (Rrm2) 450 40 30 70 70 420 120 2290* 660 270 470 860 40
䚷topoisomerase(DNA)䊡 alpha (Top2a) 250 30 40 70 70 190 70 750* 260 120 190 390 30
䚷proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Pcna) 240 120 160 130 170 200 130 540* 250 170 240 300 190
䚷DNA ligase 䊠 (Lig1) 60 30 40 60 50 70 60 120* 80 50 60 110 40
Kupffer cells
䚷Cd68 molecule (Cd68) 240 280 240 260 260 230 210 170 300 360 260 300 450
䚷Cd163 molecule (Cd163) 260 320 250 260 200 270 250 230 310 350 270 300 380
䚷mannose receptor, C type 1 (Mrc1) 450 550 440 490 420 580 490 400 510 520 370 570 570
䚷chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl1) 50 110 120 70 120 50 60 470* 250* 230* 260* 210* 270*
䚷chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (Cxcl9) 120 80 80 140 4770* 280* 130 100 160 140 4140* 310* 110
䚷chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (Cxcr3) 40 30 40 40 30 30 30 30 40 20 30 30 40
Stellate cells
Collagen, type䊠, α1 (Col1a1) 110 90 470 120 130 190 160 110 250 210 150 350 220
Desmin (Des) 50 40 60 50 60 60 40 50 60 50 60 60 60
Liver progenitor cells
Cytokeratin 19 (Krt19) 30 40 50 30 20 40 40 30 30 30 30 30 30
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Epcam) 80 80 100 70 90 80 90 50 70 90 60 70 90
Sinusoid transporter
䚷ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1 [Abcc1(Mrp1)] 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 30 30 30 40 30
䚷ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 3 [Abcc3(Mrp3)] 110 150 220 100 130 110 70 70 140 80 90 200 90 䚷solute carrier family 10 member 1 [Slc10a1 (Ntcp)] 3650 3620 2880 3170 2850 3490 3370 1090** 3090 2930 740** 3120 3320 䚷solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1a1 [Slc21a1(Oatp1)] 1170 1150 840 830 680 880 850 530** 610 730 380** 770 770 䚷solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1a2 [Slc21a2(Oatp2)] 950 480 520 570 220** 1060 730 140** 820 310 90** 900 320 Bile canaliculus transporter
䚷ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 2 [Abcc2(Mrp2)] 1870 1510 1880 2740 1510 2570 2910 1030 1860 2640 760** 2000 2690 䚷ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11 [Abcb11(Bsep)] 2190 2260 2030 2190 1610 2260 2450 1630 2310 2290 1470 2260 2480 䚷ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5 (Abcg5) 340 240 260 230 190 290 190 . 100** 120** 40** 130** 160** 80**
䚷ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 8 (Abcg8) 170 100 110 110 70 110 70 50** 50** 30** 70** 60** 40**
䚷ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1A [Abcb1a(Mdr1a)] 140 130 140 90 110 140 100 60 130 90 80 170 80 䚷ATP binding cassette subfamily B (MDR/TAP) member 1B [Abcb1b(Mdr1|Pgy1)] 140 30 180 60 60 130 40 820* 280* 120* 160 500* 60 䚷ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 4 [Abcb4(Mdr2|Pgy3)] 670 750 620 560 880 680 650 710 950 580 1030 940 530
* means more than twofold higher signal than control or sham group. ** means less than half the signal than control or sham group.
Signal
Sham LPS 70% PH LPS + 70% PH