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Development of X-ray Detectors Using Gas Electron Multiplier Foil for Cultural Properties

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ガス電子増幅フォイルを用いた文化財調査用X線検 出器の開発

著者 犬塚 将英

雑誌名 保存科学

45

ページ 121‑132

発行年 2006‑03‑31

URL http://doi.org/10.18953/00003660

Creative Commons : 表示 ‑ 非営利 ‑ 改変禁止 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑nc‑nd/3.0/deed.ja

(2)

Ǭǹᩓ܇فࠢȕǩǤȫǛဇƍƨ ૨҄ᝠᛦ௹ဇ᳒ዴ౨Ј֥Ʒ᧏ႆ

ࡂ೓! ੿ם

ˍȅ͉̲͛ͅ

! ໲ا़༗ంشڠ͈ࡄݪ໦࿤͉́Ȅষ͈̠̈́͢ˎ͈̾ਹါ̈́ࡄݪهఴ̦̜ͥ͂࡞̢ͥȃ໲ا़

ͬࢹ଼̳ͥऺၳ͂ୋै༹ܿͬشڠഎٜͅྶ̳̭ͥ͂ȃ̷̱̀໲ا़ͬڰဥ̱Ȅ̯ͣͅষଲయ͒

ഥ̢̞̩̹͈̀͛ͤ͢ၻ̞༗ం۪ޏͬ೏ݥ̳̭̜ͥ͂́ͥȃͤ͢ၻ̞༗ం۪ޏͬ࠿൦̳ͥषͅ

͉Ȅచય͂̈́ͥ໲ا़ͬࢹ଼̳ͥ໤ৗ͈൳೰͉ຈါະخ̜̭̥ࠧ́ͥ͂ͣȄષ੆͈ˎത͉̤ࡽ

̞ͅྟ୪̈́۾߸̦̜̭͉ͥ͂࡞̠̞́̈́͘͜ȃ

! ̱̥̱໲ا़͈಺औ͉́Ȅদၳन̦৾ݺ̴̯ͦȄ๱෫ٟȆ๱୪૘ͬఱஜ೹̱̹͂਀༹ͬါݥ

̯ͦͥΉȜΑ̦ఉ̞̭̥͂ͣȄ˴஌ͬဥ̞̹಺औ༹༷͉༗ంشڠ͈Ⴄঃ͈ಎ́ਹါ̈́࿨ڬͬ

౜̧̹̽̀ˍȫȃ̷̱̀߃ා͉́˴஌˟˰ͬဥ̞̹࿐ऺ͈ාႊාయ௶೰̈́̓Ȅ૧̱̞಺औ༹༷͜

ٳอ̯ͦ̀ڰဥ̯̞ͦ̀ͥˎȫȃ༷֚Ȅ˴஌൫ًज़ג͞˴஌ٝ୬͈̠̈́͢ਲြ̥ͣ၌ဥ̧̯ͦ̀

༹̹༷̞͉̾̀ͅ٨ၻ͈ဒ౷̦ॼ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃ

! ˴஌൫ًज़גͥ͢ͅ಺औ͉Ȅ༗ంشڠ̴͈͙̈́ͣȄْٰ༹͈ܿ͞ಬ࣫Ȅࢥ͈ࠝࢹ௮̈́̓ͬྶ

̥̳̹ͣͥ͛ͅͅȄ๼੅ঃ͈̈́̓ఈ͈ࡄݪ໦࿤́͜ਹါ̈́࿨ڬͬض̧̹̱̹̀ȃ߃ා͈಺औম ႕͉́Ȅ႕̢͊ȄނസȆ൐঳۷౺֭ࡼఱݹߗ௬༨य़௨ˏȫ͞܊਀Ȇಎఄ঳߄૗൴੨௨ːȫ͈ࢹ௮Ȇ

༹ܿͬྶ̥̳̹͈ͣͥ͛ͅ಺औ̦ݷ̬ͣͦͥȃඅͅࢃ৪͉́Ȅਲြ߄૗൴ಎ؇͂ऒֲ໣౭ષͅ

հ౾̯̞̹ͦ̀੨໣͈֊൲̦ঐഊ̧̯̹̦ͦ̀Ȅ௨հ౾൚੝͈ழ̵͙ࣣ͈ͩఏ൚մͬݖ۷എͅ

೹া̧̳̭̦̹͈͉ͥ͂́Ȅ˴஌൫ًज़גͥ͢ͅ಺औࠫض̦ఱ̧̈́࿨ڬͬض̹̱̹ˑȫȃ̹͘Ȅ

͉ͤ͞˴஌൫ًज़ג̽̀͢ͅ௨ඤොව຦͈ంह̦ྶ̥̹̭̦ͣ̈́̽͂ͅȄ૧੄͈ఱ඾ශြ௨̦

׋ࠄ͈ै̜́ͥخෝ଻̦̞̭ࣞ͂ͬা଼̳̹͈͛ضͅࠒ̦̹̽˒ȫȃ

! ̭͈̠͢ͅȄ˴஌൫ًज़ג଼ͥ͢ͅض͉ͅཿݷͅص̦̞̦̈́Ȅ̯ͣͅ߃ා̈́̽̀ͅḘ̏ͦ͘

́৽֓ͅၷ໦࿤́၌ဥ̧̯̹ͦ̀ͼιȜΐϋΈȆίτȜΠͬঀဥ̱̹˴஌൫ًज़ג͜໲ا़಺

औ͒ഐဥ̧̯̠̹ͦͥ̈́̽̀͢ͅ˓ȫȃਲြ͈˴஌έͻσθͬঀ̹̽ज़ג͂๤ڛ̳ͥ͂Ȅࢩ̞Θ ͼ΢ηΛ·Ȇτϋΐͬခ̳̭ͥ͂ȄΟΐΗσاْ̯̹ͦ௨ΟȜΗͬං͈ͣͦͥ́༞ୃْ͞௨ੜ ၑ̦خෝ̜̭͈́ͥ͂̈́̓අಿͬ঵̞̽̀ͥȃͼιȜΐϋΈȆίτȜΠͬঀဥ̱̹಺औ̱͂̀Ȅ ࢺ࡫̥ͣྶহ̥̫̀ͅै̹ͣͦشڠܿ੅঩ၳ͈಺औ˔ȫ͞ၢݩ৕ܕ͈࡛౷಺औ˕ȫ͈ࠫض̦̈́̓༭

̯̞࣬ͦ̀ͥȃ

! ˴஌ٝ୬ͬ၌ဥ̱̹ࠫએࢹ௮͈ٜଢ଼͜Ȅ໲ا़಺औ̤̞̀ͅਹါ̈́պ౾ͬ୸̧̹͛̀ȃȸ༗

ంشڠలˍ࣢ȹ͉́ܡͅࢺུ݅ၑ୶୆̷͈ͤ͢ͅ಺औ਀༹̦ત̯̤ٚͦ̀ͤ10ȫȄ̷͈ࢃ͜໲ا

़ͬࢹ଼̳ͥऺৗȄແ૙୆଼໤Ȅْٰ͈܏ၳ͈අ೰̈́̓ͅ۾̳ͥအș̈́༭̦࣬อນ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ

11-13ȫ

ȃ̯ͣͅड߃͉́ȄεȜΗήσ̈́˴஌ٝ୬௡౾͈ٳอ̷ͦͣͬ͞ঀ̹࡛̽౷಺औ͈༭࣬͜

࡛͉̲̞ͦ͛̀ͥ14,15ȫȃ

! ոષ͈̠͢ͅȄX஌൫ًज़ג͂X஌ٝ୬ͬဥ̞̹಺औ͉༗ంشڠ͞๼੅ঃ͈໦࿤́ఉ̩͈ުୡ

ͬॼ̱̞̀ͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅ࡛౷಺औͬဒܻ̩̯̈́ͦͥ໲ا़͜ఉ̞̭̥͂ͣȄخเ̈́௶೰௡౾͈

ຈါ଻͉ࣽࢃ̯̞̩̺̠ͣࣞ̽̀ͧ͘ͅȃ̭͈̠̈́͢ેޙ̥ͣȄ໲ا़͈಺औͅࠈͩͥࡄݪ৪

(3)

̦಺औ࿒എࣣͅ౿̱̹૧̱̞࠿੄ܕͬඊু́ٳอ̳̭ͥ͂ͅփ̦̜݅ͥ͂ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃ̷̱̀

૧̱̞࠿੄ܕ͉ͅȄ൲ैࡔၑ͞ঀဥ༹༷̦Ώϋίσ̜̭̦́ͥ͂ါݥ̯ͦȄ̯ͣͅհث̜́ͥ

̭̦͂བ̱̞͘ȃ

! ̭̭ତා́ளၥঊȆࡔঊړ໤ၑ͈໦࿤̈́̓ͬಎ૤ͅٳอࡄݪ̦ૺ̞ͭ́ͥ΄Αഩঊ௩໙έ΁

ͼσͬ၌ဥ̳̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅȄ۰༒Ȅհث̥̾εȜΗήσ̈́X஌࠿੄ܕͬୋै̧́ͥخෝ଻̦̜

ͥȃུ༭͉࣬́Ȅ΄Αഩঊ௩໙έ΁ͼσͬဥ̞̹X஌࠿੄ܕ͈໲ا़ࡄݪ͈͒ഐဥ͈خෝ଻ͅ

̞̾̀࠿൦̱̹ࠫض̞̾̀ͅ੆͓ͥȃड੝ͅ΄Αഩঊ௩໙έ΁ͼσ͈൲ैࡔၑȄ࣭ඤ̤̫ͥͅ

ٳอેޙ̹̈́̓ͬ͂͛͘ࢃͅȄ΄Αഩঊ௩໙έ΁ͼσͬဥ̞̹ˎਅ႒͈࠿੄ܕͬત̳ٚͥȃ̭

͈ͦͣ࠿੄ܕ͉ܡͅ୭̦ࠗਞၭ̱Ȅ࡛ह(2005ා12࠮)͉ୋै౲ٴ̜ͥͅȃ̷̱̀2006ාˍ࠮ͅ

ίυΠΗͼί࠿੄ܕ଼̦̳ۖͥထ೰̜́ͥȃ

ˎȅ΄Αഩঊ௩໙έ΁ͼσȪ)'/ȫ

ˎȽˍȅ΄Αഩঊ௩໙έ΁ͼσ͉͂!

! ΄Αഩঊ௩໙έ΁ͼσ(Gas Electron Multiplier foilȄոئGEM͂ၞ̳)͉ȄπȜυΛΩࡔঊړ ࡄݪܥࢹ(CERN)́อྶ̯̹ͦഩঊ௩໙ܕ̜́ͥ16ȫȃ଎ˍऒ͈ࡐ๷ޢৢ૯̜̠ͥ͢ͅͅȄGEM

͉̞͂ࣞఛ෎଻͂ܥ٫ޑഽȄ೩̞ညഩၚͬခ̳ͥࣞ໦ঊέͻσθ̜́ͥεςͼηΡȆέͻσθ

͈ၰ࿂ͬൾ́๭ໞ̱ȄЋ50Ђm೾ഽ͈ࢢ̦100Ђm೾ഽ͈άΛΊٳ̫̞ͣͦ̀ͥࢹ௮̱̞ͬ̀

ͥȃ௩໙΄Αಎͅ୭౾̱̹GEM͈ၰൾഩޭͅତຐV೾ഽ͈ഩգ̥̫ͬͥ͂Ȅ଎ˍֲ͈̠͢ͅȄ ࢢ͈ಎ͉ͅݢ࢙෻͈ഩા̦୆̲Ḙ̭̏ͬഩঊ̦೒ً̧̳ͥ͂ͅഩঊ͈ୱ༲̦อ୆̱̀૞࣢̦௩ ໙̯ͦͥȄ̞̠͈̦͂GEM͈൲ैࡔၑ̜́ͥȃ૞࣢௩໙ܕ̱͂̀GEMͬဥ̞ͥ৽̈́၌ത͉ոئ

͈೒̜ͤ́ͥȇ

Ȇ໤ৗၾ̦ઁ̞̈́࠿੄ܕ͈ୋै̦خෝ̜́ͥȃ

Ȇ௩໙͂૞࣢උ͙੄̱࣐̠ͬ̈́໐໦ͬ໦ၗ̱̀Ȅ࠿੄ܕ͈ΟΎͼϋ̦خෝ̜́ͥȃ

Ȇఉ௄ࢹ௮́૞࣢ͬ௩໙̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥ17ȫȃ̭͈̹͛χͼμȜͬဥ̞̹΄Α࠿੄ܕ͂๤ڛ

̳ͥ͂Ȅ௶೰͈ૄ࠯̜̹̽ͅΘͼ΢ηΛ·Ȇτϋΐͅ਴඲ͅచ؊̧́Ȅ೩ഩգ́ঀဥخෝ

͂̈́ͤȄ༶ഩ͈ږၚͬ೩̩ဲ̢̧̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ

Ȇ฼൵ఘ࠿੄ܕ͂๤ڛ̳ͥ͂Ȅհث̜́ͤȄఱ࿂ୟ͈͒ڐಫ̦ယօ̜́ͥȃ

଎ˍ! GEM͈ࡐ๷ޢৢ૯Ȫऒȫ͂ഩգ̧̥̫̹͈ͬ͂ഩܨႁ஌Ȫֲȫ

(4)

! ड߃͈GEMͅ۾̳ͥٳอ͈ેޙ͂ഐဥ႕͉४ࣉ໲ࡃ18ȫ̞͂͛ͣͦ̀ͥ͘ͅȃഐဥ႕̱͉͂̀Ȅ ளၥঊȆࡔঊړ৘ࡑ̤̫ͥͅكഩၥঊ๲୥࠿੄ܕ19ȫȄഩঊে༆௡౾20ȫ̦̈́̓ݷ̬ͣͦȄֳಐ໤

ၑ͈໦࿤͉́GEMͬဥ̞̹X஌͈༊࢕͈ࠗٳอ̦࣐̞̈́̓̈́ͩͦ̀ͥ21ȫȃ̯ͣͅȄ໤ၑ͈ࡄݪ

໦࿤̴͈͙̈́ͣȄΑ;ͿȜΟϋ͈֓ၷܥ۾͉́༶ৣ஌হၷဥ͈ΫȜθκΣΗȜ͈͒؊ဥ͜ૺ͛

̞ͣͦ̀ͥ22ȫȃ

! ̭͈̠͢ͅȄGEMͬဥ̞̹࠿੄ܕٳอ͉အș̈́໦࿤́ૺ̞͛ͣͦ̀ͥȃ̭̦͂ͧȄGEM͈ࢹ ௮ুఘ͉ޭ͛̀Ώϋίσ̴̜̥̥́ͥͩͣ͜ͅḘ̏ͦ́͘CERNͬੰ̩͂ȄGEMͬୋै̱̠͢

̞̠͂দ͙͉͕࣐̭̥̹͂ͭ̓̈́ͩͦ̀̈́̽ȃ̱̥̱Ȅ൐ނఱڠఱڠ֭ၑڠࠏࡄݪش້௺ࡔঊ ړشڠࡄݪΓϋΗȜ(൐ఱCNS)͈ΈσȜί͉ᙎષη·υԺ͈͂ވ൳ࡄݪͤ͢ͅȄίρΒζȆ΀Λ ΙϋΈͬဥ̞̹࣭ඤ͈́GEM͈ୋै଼̱̹ࢗͅ23ȫȃ଎ˎ͈౯࿂ৢ૯ͅࡉ̠ͣͦͥ͢ͅȄίρΒ ζȆ΀ΛΙϋΈͬဥ̞̀ୋै̳ͥ͂ȄGEM͈ࢢ͉׫ൟે͈ΑΠτȜΠ̈́ࠁે͂̈́ͤȄ̞ࣞഩঊ ਓਬၚ͂ΙλȜΐͺΛί͈ږၚ͈ࡘઁ̦ܢఞ̧́ͥȃ̯ͣͅȄၑاڠࡄݪਫ਼͈ΈσȜί̦ٳอ

̱̹τȜΎȜȆ΀ΛΙϋΈͬ၌ဥ̱̹ୋै࣐̞̈́ͩͦ̀ͥ͜24ȫȃ

଎ˎ! ίρΒζȆ΀ΛΙϋΈͬဥ̞̀ୋै̱̹GEM͈౯࿂ৢ૯

ˎȽˎȅHFNͬဥ̞̹˴஌࠿੄ܕ͈႕!

! ̭̭͉́Ȅ൐ఱCNŚୋै̯̹ͦ˴஌࠿੄ܕ͈႕ͬત̳ٚͥ23ȫȃࢢ͈ࠂ͉70ЂḿάΛΙ͉

140Ђḿ̜ͤȄ10cm*10cm͈࿂ୟͬ঵̾GEMͬঀဥ̱̹ȃ଎ˏ͈࠿੄ܕ͈ٽැ଎ͅຝ̥ͦ̀

̞̠ͥ͢ͅȄΙλϋΨȜඤͅGEMͬۼڞ̦ˎmm̠̈́ͥ͢ͅͅˎ̹͉͘ˏ౲ͅਹ͇̀୭౾̱̹ȃ GEM͈͒ഩգ͉଎ˏಎ͈HV2̥ͣ೷ࢯ໦ڬ̱ͬ̀ރݯ̱̹ȃडષ౲͈GEM͈3mmષၠ͉ͅες ͼηΡȆέ΁ͼσ͈༌࿂ͬൾ́๭ໞ̱̹

έ΁ͼσȪΡςέΠโȫͬ෻౾̱ȄHV1̥

ͣഩգͬރݯ̱̹ȃHV2͈ഩպ͉HV1͈ഩ պͤ͢͜600V̧̩̱̤ࣞ̀ȄGEM͂Ρςέ Πโ͈ۼ͈ΡςέΠႀ֖́อ୆̱̹ഩঊ̦

GEM͈༷͒֊൲̧̠̱̹́ͥ͢ͅȃˎ̹͘

͉ˏ౲͈GEMͤ͢ͅୱ༲࡛ય̭̱̹ͬܳ

ഩঊ͉Ȅ15mm*15mm͈උ͙੄̱ΩΛΡͅ

ൢో̳ͥȃඋ͙੄̱ΩΛΡͅည̯̹ܳͦഩ ك͉ஜ౲௩໙ٝႹͬࠐ̹ࢃ́CAMACΏΑ Ξθ͈ADCκΐνȜσͤ͢ͅΟΐΗσ་

̯۟ͦ̀Ȅ΋ϋάνȜΗȜષܱͅ჏̯̹ͦȃ ଎ˏ! HFNͬဥ̞̹࠿੄ܕ͈႕34ȫ!

(5)

! ૞࣢࡙̱͉͂̀଎ˏ̜̠ͥ͢ͅͅȄ5.9keV͈X஌ͬચৣ̳ͥ༶ৣ஌࡙(55Fe)ͬဥ̞̹ȃΙλϋ ΨȜඤ͉50cc/min͈ၠ௸́ͺσΌϋ͈ईࣣ΄Α(Ar(90%)-CH4(10%)̹͉͘AR(70%-CO2(30%))

ͬ੏̵۪̯̹ȃΡςέΠႀ֖ಎ́࢕ഩ࢘ض̦̭̹ܳ̽ાࣣȄ८၄̯̹ͦഩঊ͈ඵষ८၄ͤ͢ͅȄ 30eV೾ഽ͈ഩঊ̦࿩200ࡢอ୆̳ͥ25ȫȃ̭͈ͦͣഩঊ̦GEM͒֊൲̱Ȅˎ̹͉͘ˏ౲͈GEMͅ

ͤ͢௩໙̯ͦͥȃ଎ːͅˎਅ႒͈ͺσΌϋईࣣ΄Αͬဥ̞̹শ͈૞࣢͈໦ືͬা̳ȃ̴̞͈ͦ

ાࣣ͜5.9keVͅ௖൚̳ͥנ̞άȜ·͂΀ΑΉȜίȆάȜ·Ȫ࢕ഩ࢘ض̦̭̹ܳ̽শȄLڔഩঊ

̦Kڔ͒֊࣐̳ͥषͅ୆̲ͥ࢕ঊ̦۷௶̴̥̥ͣͅḘ͈̏΀ΥσΆȜ੔պओ͈໦̺̫΀Υσ ΆȜ̦઀̯̩௶೰̯̹ͦાࣣ͈άȜ·ȫ̦۷௶̯̤ͦ̀ͤȄ࠿੄ܕ̦ୃ̱̩൲ै̱̞̹̭̀͂

̦ږ෇̯̹ͦȃ̭͈ͦͣࠫض̥ͣȄ࠿੄ܕ͈௩໙ၚͅ་̳۟ͥ͂଎ˑ͈̠̹̈́̽͢ͅȃ଎ˑ́

͉Ȅ֚ཿ̜̹͈ͤGEMͅރݯ̳ͥഩգ͈ఱ̧̯ͅచ̱̀Ȅ௩໙ၚ̦͈̠̓͢ͅ་ا̳͈̥ͥͬ

া̱̜̀ͥȃͺσΌϋ΄Αಎ́GEMͬˏ౲ͅਹ͇̀ঀဥ̱̹ાࣣ͉ͅȄࡢș͈GEMͅ300̥ͣ

400V೾ഽ͈ഩգͬރݯ̳̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅ࿩10000෼͈௩໙ၚͬං̭̦̥̹ͣͦͥ͂ͩ̽ȃ

଎ː! GEM࠿੄ܕ̥ͣං̹ͣͦ૞࣢໦ື23ȫ

ऒ̦Ar(90%)-CH4(10%)Ȅֲ̦Ar(70%)-CO2(30%)ͬ੏̵۪̯̹ાࣣ͈ࠫض̜́ͥȃ

଎ˑ! HFNͅރݯ̱̹ഩգͅచ̳ͥ௩໙ၚ͈௶೰ࠫض!

(6)

ˏȅ໲ا़಺औ͈̹͈͛࠿੄ܕ͈୭ࠗ

! ˎȽˎ͉́GEMͬ၌ဥ̱̹۰ౙ̈́࠿੄ܕ(଎ˏ)͈႕ͬત̱̹ٚȃ̭͈࠿੄ܕͬ੄อത̱͂Ȅ ոئͅা̳̠̯ͣ͢ͅͅ٨ၻͬح̢̀Ȅ໲ا़಺औ͈̹͈͛˴஌൫ًज़גဥ࠿੄ܕ͂˴஌ٝ୬ ဥ࠿੄ܕͬ୭̱̹ࠗȃ

ˏȽˍȅ˴஌൫ًज़גဥ࠿੄ܕ!

! ଎ˏ́ત̱̹ٚ࠿੄ܕ́ဥ̞̹ͣͦ࠿੄ܕ͈උ͙੄̱ΩΛΡ̯ͬͣͅ઀̯̩̱̀໼͓ͦ͊Ȅ ˎষࡓ͈ͼιȜΐϋΈ̦خෝ̈́࠿੄ܕ̦৘̧࡛́ͥخෝ଻̦̜ͥȃ৘षͅCERŃ͉Ȅ8.0keV

͈˴஌࡙ͬဥ̞̀΋;κς͈൫ًज़ג଼̱̞ࢗ̀ͥͅ26ȫȃ

! ̱̥̱Ȅ֓ၷܥ۾́ঀဥ̯̞ͦ̀ͥτϋΠΊϋज़ג͂൳အͅȄ໲ا़͈ાࣣ͜൫ًज़ג͢ͅ

ͤ಺औ࣐̠ͬ̈́ાࣣȄങ߿എ͉ͅ100kV೾ഽ͈˴஌ۯݩ̦ঀဥ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ7-9ȫȃ

! ௩໙΄Αಎ̤̫ͥͅ˴஌͈ݟਓಿ͈΀ΥσΆȜջం଻͉଎˒͈̠̈́ͥ͢ͅȃ଎˒̥̥ͣͩͥ

೒ͤȄͺσΌϋͬဥ̞̹ાࣣ͈100keV̤̫ͥͅݟਓಿ͉30m͜ͅో̱̱̞̀͘Ȅ࡛৘എ̈́ఱ̧

̯͈࠿੄ܕͬୋै̳͈͉ͥະخෝ̜́ͥȃ༷֚Ȅͤ͢ਹ̞ܛ΄Ά̜ͥ·ςίΠϋ͞΅ΓΦϋ

͈ાࣣ͉ͅȄ100keV̤̫ͥͅݟਓಿ̷̸͉ͦͦˑm͂ˍḿ̜ͥȃ·ςίΠῧ΅ΓΦῧ͉

͜ͅGEM࠿੄ܕ͈௩໙΄Α̱͂̀ܡ̷͈ͅ৘ࡑࠫض̦༭̯̞̦࣬ͦ̀ͥ27,28ȫȄثڒ̦ͤ͢հث

̜́ͤȄ̱̥͜100keV೾ഽ͈˴஌ͬ࢕ഩ࢘ض̽̀͢ͅݟਓ̳ͥෝႁ̦̞ࣞ΅ΓΦϋͬঀဥ̳ͥ

̭̱̹͂ͅ(·ͿϋΙλȜȆ΄Α̱͂̀CO2ͬ10%ई̵ࣣ̯ͥ)ȃࠗॳͥ͂͢ͅ΅ΓΦϋͬဥ̞̹

ાࣣ͉ͅȄˑcm͈ΡςέΠႀ֖̦̜ͦ͊100keV͈˴஌͈࿩ˑ%ͬ࠿੄̧̳̭̦͈ͥ͂́ͥ́Ȅ خเ̈́ఱ̧̯͈˴஌൫ًज़גဥ࠿੄ܕͬୋै̳̭̦ͥ͂خෝ͂̈́ͥȃ

଎˒! ௩໙΄Αಎ̤̫ͥͅ˴஌͈ݟਓಿ͈΀ΥσΆȜջం଻

! ̱̥̱Ȅ଎ˏ͂൳အ̱̹͘͘ͅΡςέΠโͬGEM̥ͣˑcmၗ̳ࢹ௮̳̺̫͉ͥ́ͅ࿚ఴ̦୆

̲ͥȃΡςέΠโ̥ͣGEḾ͈͘൝ഩպ࿂̦໹࣐̞̹̈́ͣ̈́͛ͅȄංͣͦͥˎষࡓْ௨̦ეͭ

̺͈̈́ͥ͜ͅޔ̦̜̥̜ͦͥͣ́ͥȃ̭͈࿚ఴͬٝ๰̳̹ͥ͛ͅȄܡͅఈ͈৘ࡑ́৘ୡ̦̜ͥ

̠͢ͅ29ȫȄഩા͈ାࠁͬ࿒എ̱̹͂ܖโ(έͻȜσΡȆΉȜΐ)ͬΡςέΠႀ֖͈௰࿂ͅ୭౾̳

ͥȃ

! ոષ͈̭̦͂ͣͬࣉၪ̱̹ષ́Ȅ଎˓͈ٽැ଎ͅা̱̹̠̈́͢˴஌࠿੄ܕͬୋै̳̭ͥ͂ͅ

̱̹ȃܡͅ୭͉ࠗਞၭ̱̤̀ͤȄႅוୈܕԺ̤̞̀ͅୋै̦࣐̞̈́ͩͦ̀ͥȃඋ͙੄̱ΩΛΡ

(7)

ͅ۾̱͉̀Ȅ10mm*10mmȄ1.1mm*1.1mmȄ0.6mm*0.6mm͈ˏ೒͈ͤఱ̧̯ͬΞΑΠ̧́ͥܖ โͬୋै̱ບث࣐̠ͬ̈́ထ೰̜́ͥȃ

଎˓! ˴஌൫ًज़גဥ࠿੄ܕ͈ٽැ଎

ˏȽˎȅ˴஌ٝ୬ဥ࠿੄ܕ!

! ໲ا़ͬࢹ଼̳ͥऺৗȄແ૙୆଼໤Ȅْٰ͈܏ၳ͈අ೰̈́̓ͬ࿒എ̱͂̀Ȅ˴஌ٝ୬ͬ၌ဥ

̱̹ࠫએࢹ௮͈ٜଢ଼͉໲ا़಺औ༹͈ಎ́͜ਹါ̈́࿨ڬͬ౜̧̹̽̀ȃদၳ͈ࠫએ࿂͈ۼڞͬ

d̳͂ͥ͂Ȅ෨ಿЁ͈˴஌ͬවৣڙϾ́ચৣ̱̹ાࣣȄոئ͈Bragg͈ૄ࠯৆ͬྖ̹̱̹শͅ८ ၄ڙ̦Ͼ༷࢜́˴஌͉ޑࣣ̠͛30ȫȇ

nЁ=2dȆsinϾ

! ˴஌ٝ୬ͬ၌ဥ̱̹಺औ༹༷͉ͅఱ̧̩໦̫̀ˎਅ႒ంह̳ͥȃ͌͂̾࿒͉Ȅࠨ̹̽͘պ౾ (८၄ڙϾͬࡥ೰)ͅ࠿੄ܕͬ୭౾̱Ȅฒ૗˴஌ͬચৣ̱̀΀ΥσΆȜȆΑβ·Πσٜଢ଼࣐ͬ̈́

༹̠༷̜́ͥ15ȫȃ̱̥̱GEM࠿੄ܕ͉́Ȅ଎ː́া̱̹΀ΥσΆȜ໦ື̥̥̠ͣͩͥ͜͢ͅȄ 5.9keV͈́΀ΥσΆȜ໦ٜෝ̦20%೾ഽ̜̭̥́ͥ͂ͣȄ΀ΥσΆȜ໦८߿͈˴஌ٝ୬ဥ࠿੄

ܕ̱͂̀ဥ̞͈͉ͥഐ൚͉̞́̈́ȃ̽̀͢Ȅུ༭͉́Ȅౙ૗˴஌࡙(Ёͬࡥ೰)͈වৣڙͬ་ا

̵̯̀Ȅ८၄˴஌̦ޑࣣ̠͛ڙഽͬ಺͓ͥϾȽˎϾΑ΅λϋ༹͈̹͈͛࠿੄ܕٳอͬࣉ̢̞̀

̩ȃ

! ϾȽˎϾΑ΅λΰ༹͉Ȅ˴஌͈වৣڙ͂Si-PIN࠿੄ܕ͈̈́̓८၄˴஌ͬ࠿੄̳ͥ௶೰ܕ͈

༷࢜ͬ൝̱̩̳̠ͥ͢ͅଷࢄ̱̫̞̹̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͛Ȅܥ٫എ̈́ࢹ௮̦ໝॠ̰̈́ͣͥͬͅං̈́

̞ȃ̱̥̱ȄGEMͬဥ̞ͥ͂ܜةڠഎ̈́࠿੄ႀ֖͈ࢩ̞࠿੄ܕ͈͒ڐಫ̦ယօ̜̭̥́ͥ͂ͣȄ

࠿੄ܕ໐ͬࡥ೰̳̭̦ͥ͂خෝ͂̈́ͥȃ̽̀͢ߐ൲໐໦ͬࡘ̧̳̭̦͈ͣ͂́ͥ́ܥ٫എ̈́ࢹ ௮̦۰ၞا̯ͦȄ̯ͣͅ಺औ͈చય͂̈́ͥ໲ا़ͬఅੱ̱̱̠͈̀̈́̓͘ম࡬̦อ୆̳ͥږၚ

ͬࠚࡘ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ

(8)

଎˔! HFNͬဥ̞̹˴஌ٝ୬ဥ࠿੄ܕ!

! ଎˔ͬဥ̞̀Ȅ࠿੄ܕͅݥ͛ͣͦͥॽအͬ࠿൦̱͙̹̀ȇ Ȇࠫએࢹ௮͈අ೰ͅຈଌ̜́ͥ20°̥ͣ50°͈ႀ֖ͬ΃ΨȜ̳ͥȃ

Ȇخเ߿࠿੄ܕٳอͬැ൮ͅ౾̞̞̹̀ͥ͛Ȅ௶೰ࠏ஠ఘ̦ఱ̧̨̳̞̠̱̹̞̈́͢ͅȃ̽͢

̀দၳ̥ͣ࠿੄ܕ͈́͘ݻၗͬ20cm̳͂ͥȃ

Ȇࠫએࢹ௮ͬඅ೰̳̹͉ͥ͛ͅȄϾ͈໦ٜෝͬ0.01°೾ഽ̳ͥͅຈါ̦̜ͥȃ࠿੄ܕ͈́͘ݻ

ၗͬ20cm̱̹͂ાࣣͅȄ࠿੄ܕͅݥ͛ͣͦͥպ౾໦ٜෝ͉࿩35Ђḿ̜ͥȃ̭͈̹͛Ȅඋ

͙੄̱໐໦͈ΑΠςΛίȄΩΛΡ̹͉͘ά·Γσ͈΍ͼΒ̱͂̀100Ђm೾ഽ͈ܖโ̦ຈါ

͂̈́ͥȃ

Ȇවৣ˴஌͈෨ಿ͉ങ߿എ̈́ࠫએ࿂͈ۼڞ͂൳೾ഽ̦བ̱̞͘ȃ΀ΥσΆȜ۟ͅॳ̳ͥ͂࿩

ˑkeV೾ഽ̜̭̥́ͥ͂ͣȄဥ̞ͥ௩໙΄Α͉ͺσΌϋ̦ഐ൚̜́ͥȃ

ոષːതͬࣉၪ̱̹ࠫضȄඋ͙੄̱໐໦ͬੰ̞̹࠿੄ܕ͈ܖུഎ̈́ࢹ௮͉଎ˏ͂൳အ͈̈́͂͜

̳̭̱̹ͥ͂ͅȃ̹̺̱ȄϾ༷͈࢜௶೰̦ਹါ̜̭̥́ͥ͂ͣȄGEM͈࿂ୟ͉10cm*10cḿ͉

̩̈́Ȅ10cm*ˏcm̳̭͂ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅ࠿੄ܕ஠ఘ͈ఱ̧̯ͬͤ͢΋ϋΩ·Π̳ͥͅȃ̭͈̠̈́͢

ΙλϋΨȜͬ΍ͼ΀΢ΐȜԺ࡛̀ͅहୋैಎ̜́ͥȃ

! උ͙੄̱໐໦̞͉̾̀ͅȄ࡛ह͈̭͂ͧոئ͈ˎ༹͈༷̾ͬ࠿൦ಎ̜́ͥȇ

ȆAJAT২͈ୋ຦̜́ͥCd-Te CMOSΓϋ΍Ȝ͉˴஌͈ˎষࡓْ௨ͬ100Ђm೾ഽ͈໦ٜෝ́༛

̢̧̭̦ͣͥ͂́ͥȃ̹͘Windowsဥ͈ΕέΠ;Ϳͺ͜ୋ຦ͅ܄̤ͦ̀ͤ͘ȄPCષ́ςͺ σΗͼθ͈ˎষࡓْ௨ͬ۰ౙͅංͣͦͥ၌ത̜ͥ͜ȃ̭͈Γϋ΍Ȝͬඋ͙੄̱໐໦̱͂̀

࠿੄ܕͅ୭౾̳ͦ͊௲जͅ಺औͅຈါ̈́ΟȜΗ̦ං̺̠ͣͦͥͧȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̏Γϋ΍Ȝ

͉๱ુࣞͅڣ̜̹́ͥ͛Ȅड੝ͅষ༹͈༷ͬদ̱͙̭̱̹̀ͥ͂ͅȃ

Ȇ10cm*ˏcm͈උ͙੄̱ܖโͅ଎˕͈̠̈́͢ΑΠςΛίે͈ΩΛΡ֣ͬक़̳ͥȃڎΑΠςΛ ί͈ၰ౤͉ႋ୪̳ͥΑΠςΛί͂ΙΛίે͈೷ࢯளঊ́୪௽̳ͥȃܖโಎ͈ၰ౤̜ͥͅΑ ΠςΛί͉ͅඋ͙੄̱ဥ͈άϋ̹ͬ̀̀Ȅၰ௰́۷௶̯ͦͥഩك͈๱చઠ଻̥ͣ˴஌͈ව

ৣպ౾ͬඅ೰̳ͥȃΙΛί೷ࢯ́୪௽̳̭ͥ͂ͥ͢ͅଷࡠ̥ͣȄΑΠςΛί͈άΛΙ͉

0.7mm̱̹͂ȃ

ड੝ͅˎ๔࿒༹͈༷ͅܖ̞̿̀ܖโ͈ै଼̱̹ͬࢃ́Ȅ΋ςιȜΗȜ́ਰ໦઀̯̩ࣆ̹̽55Fe

̥͈ͣ˴஌ͬဥ̞̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅḘ͈̏උ͙੄༹̱༷͈ບث࣐̠ͬ̈́ထ೰̜́ͥȃ

! ̹͘Ȅհث̥̾ਰ໦̈́պ౾໦ٜෝ̦ංͣͦͥఈ͈උ͙੄༹̱༷͈خෝ଻̞̾̀͜ͅ൳শͅ࠿

൦̧̱̞̹̞̀͂ࣉ̢̞̀ͥȃ

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଎˕! ˴஌ٝ୬ဥ࠿੄ܕ͈૞࣢උ͙੄̱͈̹͈͛ΞΑΠܖโ

ːȅ͂͛͘

! ໲ا़͈಺औ͉́Ȅদၳन̦৾ݺ̴̯ͦȄ๱෫ٟȆ๱୪૘ͬఱஜ೹̱̹͂਀༹ͬါݥ̯ͦͥ

ΉȜΑ̦ఉ̞̭̥͂ͣȄ˴஌൫ًज़ג͞˴஌ٝ୬͈̈́̓಺औ༹༷͉༗ంشڠ͈Ⴄঃ͈ಎ́ਹါ

̈́࿨ڬͬ౜̧̹̽̀ȃ̱̥̱Ȅ࡛౷಺औͬဒܻ̩̯̈́ͦͥ໲ا़͜ఉ̞̭̥͂ͣȄخเ̈́௶೰

௡౾͈ຈါ଻͉ࣽࢃ̯̞̩ͣࣞ̽̀͂͘ͅࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃ

! ຊ৪͉΄Αഩঊ௩໙έ΁ͼσ(GEM)ͬ၌ဥ̳ͥ͂Ȅ۰༒Ȅհث̥̾εȜΗήσ̈́˴஌࠿੄ܕ

ͬඊু́ୋै̧́ͥخෝ଻ͅ಍࿒̱̹ȃུ༭͉́ȄGEMͬဥ̞̹˴஌൫ًज़גဥ࠿੄ܕ͂˴஌

ٝ୬ဥ࠿੄ܕ̞̾̀ͅ୰ྶ̱̹ͬȃ̭͈ͦͣ࠿੄ܕ͉ܡͅ୭̦ࠗਞၭ̱Ȅ࡛ह(2005ා12࠮)͉

ୋै౲ٴ̜ͥͅȃ2006ාˍ࠮ͬထ೰̱̞̀ͥίυΠΗͼί͈࠿੄ܕ଼̦ۖࢃͅḘ͈̏ͦͣ࠿੄

ܕ͈଻ෝບث࣐̠ͬ̈́ထ೰̜́ͥȃ

৫ৃ

! ུࡄݪ͉໹଼17ාഽ໲໐شڠજشڠࡄݪ๯༞੩߄৹਀ࡄݪ(A)ȶ໲ا़͈൫ًज़ג̤͍͢ऺ

ৗ಺औͬ࿒എ̱̹͂૧̱̞˴஌࠿੄ܕ͈ٳอȷ͈̳ͥ́͢͜ͅȃ

! ൐ނ໲ا़ࡄݪਫ਼ފႁ಺ାۗȆ२׆೰ੇঙ͉̲̱ͬ͛͂̀Ȅ༗ంشڠ໐Ȇ்୼ణࢬঙȄ࣭ष

໲ا़༗ంਘ໘ފႁΓϋΗȜȆݤೋ૞ྶঙȄૂ༭಺ା৒Ȇ०֔ໍঙȄ̷̱̀൐ނࠝ੅ఱڠȆઐ

ോಱਜঙ͉ͅ˴஌ͬဥ̞̹໲ا़಺औͅ۾̱̱̀͘Ȅఱ་ခף̮̈́੩࡞͂ૂ༭̧̞̹̺̱ͬ͘

̹ȃ

! ུࡄݪ͈ܿ੅࿂͈आ଼̳ۚͬGEM࠿੄ܕٳอ͈ఉ̩͈໐໦͉Ȅஜ૖͈൐ఱCNSȆຩڈࡄݪ৒

ͅਫ਼௺̱̞̹̀শͅਠං̱̹͈̳́͜ȃ̹͘Ȅၑاڠࡄݪਫ਼Ȇࡄݪ֥͈ޮ୼ഔঙ̥͉ͣခף̈́

ૂ༭̈́̓ͬං̧̭̦̱̹ͥ͂́͘ȃ

! ႅוୈܕԺ͈ा֔გ຃ঙȄିؚฎ֚ঙȄ߃࿤გຳঙȄ̷̱̀΍ͼ΀΢ΐȜԺ͈ࡓനၻ֚ঙȄ קྫྷന௛ঙȄఱೋޕ౳ঙ͉ͅȄ࠿੄ܕ͈୭ࠗ͂ୋै౲ٴ̮́ފႁ̧̞̹̺̱̹͘ȃ

̹͘Ȅ൐ނസၛఱڠȆ၏וඈঙ͉ͅ৘ࡑ͈੔๵౲ٴ̤̞̀ͅఉఱ̮̈́ފႁ̧̞̹̺̱̹ͬ͘ȃ

! ̭̭ܱ̱̀ۜͅ৫౿̱̳͘ȃ

४ࣉ໲ࡃ!

ˍȫ२׆೰ੇȇȸࡣ๼੅ͬشڠ̳ͥȹȄᎢफ൴੄ๅ(2001)

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ˎȫȸ໲ا֒ॲ͈ଲٮ! Volume 16 අਬȆාႊාయ༹ȹȄ࣭ष࣎ުڼ৆ٛ২(2005) ˏȫȸਹါ๼੅຦঩ၳਬ଼ͅ۾̳ͥࡄݪȹȄ൐ނ໲ا़ࡄݪਫ਼๼੅໐༭࣬੥(2002)

ːȫခٖટၦȇಎఄ঳ͬಎ૤̳͂ͥ؈ਗ൥ࡔ໲ا࠷͈ਕޗಬ௨ͅ۾̳ͥ಺औࡄݪȄشࡄ๯༭࣬੥(2003) ˑȫஃ֔გ੉ȇಎఄ঳ಬ௨ࡄݪ͈࡛हȄᄵޗᩖ੅Ȅ277Ȅ13-24(2004).

˒ȫ५ུ༓ȇ૧੄͈ఱ඾ශြ௨͂׋ࠄȄ൐ނ࣭ၛฎ໤܁MUSEUMȄNo.589(2004)

˓ȫઐോಱਜȄ२׆೰ੇȇ൫ً˴஌ज़ג̤̫ͥͅˢ˟ˮ͂έͻσθ͈ෛഽඅ଻͈๤ڛȄ༗ంشڠȄ43Ȅ 17-24(2003)

! ! ઐോಱਜȄ२׆೰ੇȇ֣क़ဥୋๅ΂σΕέͻσθRO-100͂HS͈΀ηΏ΂Έρέͻज़גဥέͻσθ

̱͈͂̀අ଻Ȅ༗ంشڠȄ44Ȅ35-43(2004)

˔ȫ२׆೰ੇȄઐോಱਜȇˢ˟ˮͥ͢ͅΠπΗ΋τ·Ώοϋ͈಺औȄ༗ంشڠȄ44Ȅ25-3(2004)

˕ȫ৒ଳგ๼ȇ׆ഞঌ๼੅܁ਓ௬৕ܕ঩ၳ͈شڠ಺औݞ͍ܿ੅ऺၳ໦ଢ଼Ȅ͈̼̾͢׆ഞঌ໲ا໐ܮါ!

஻ۏ࣢Ȅ124-138(2005).

10ȫࢺུ݅ၑȇ˴஌໦ଢ଼༹ͥ͢ͅ໲ا़͈ऺৗࡄݪȄ༗ంشڠȄ1Ȅ34-39(1964)

11ȫऎ࿤୷ٰȄݤೋ૞ྶȄ෯ᙎݛຳȇ൐ఱ঳ධఱ࿝૾ؐ௨ሉࠁ͈ਘ໘ऺၳ஖೰ͅ۾̳ͥܖயΟȜΗȽ࿐

ፁ৕ಎ͈࿐ፁ͈಺औ̤͍͢।৕ಎ͈।͈಺औȽȄ༗ంشڠȄ33Ȅ35-46Ȅ(1995)

12ȫઐനঃ჊Ȅ୒࿐้ຳȇࣞඃ࣭֭༯ൾ௮Ւ࿥కශြछ௨͈ນ࿂ͅ୆଼̳ͥແ૙୆଼໤͈ٜଢ଼Ȅ༗ంش ڠȄ35Ȅ1-20Ȅ(1997)

13ȫਝ५੗ঊȄ෯ಱၨȄ்୼ణࢬȇၨ࿝୞ߢ͈द૗̤͍͢໓ا୆଼໤ͅ۾̳ͥࡄݪȄ༗ంشڠȄ41Ȅ 131-138Ȅ(2001)

14ȫݤೋ૞ྶȇࡣయ౷༷঳֭́ဥ̞̹ͣͦद૗͈අಭ̞̾̀ͅȄల27ٝ໲ا़༗ంਘ໘ڠٛါকਬȄ 19-20Ȅ(2005)

15ȫM.Uda: In situ characterization of ancient plaster and pigments on tomb walls in Egypt using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction and fluorescence, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 226Ȅ75-82Ȅ(2004).

16ȫF.Sauli: GEM: A new concept for electron amplification in gas detectors, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 386, 531-534 (1997).

17ȫS.Bachmann, et al.: Charge amplification and transfer processes in the gas electron multiplier, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 438, 376-408 (1999).

18ȫF.Sauli: Development and applications of gas electron multiplier detectors, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 505, 195-198 (2003).

19ȫB.Ketzer: Micropattern gaseous detectors in the COMPASS TRACKER, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 494, 142-147 (2002).

20ȫA.Kozlov, et al.: Development of a triple GEM UV-photon detector operated in pure CF4 for the PHENIX experiment, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 523 (2004) 345-354.

21ȫE.Costa, et al.: An efficient photoelectric X-ray polarimeter for the study of black holes and neutron stars, Nature 411, 662-665 (2001).

22ȫA.Brahme, et al.: Evaluation of a EM and CAT-based detector for radiation therapy beam monitoring, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 454, 136-141 (2000).

23ȫM.Inuzuka, et al.: Gas electron multiplier produced with the plasma etching method, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 525 (2004) 529-534.

24ȫT.Tamagawa, et al.: Development of Gas Electron Multiplier Foil with Laser Etching Technique, submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A.

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25ȫF.Sauli: Principles of Operation of Multiwire Proportoinal and Drift Chambers, CERN 77-09 (1977).

26ȫS.Bachmann, et al.: High rate X-ray imaging using multi-GEM detectors with a novel readout design, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 478, 104-108 (2002).

27ȫA.Orthen, et al.: Gas gain and signal length measurements with a triple-GEM at different pressures of Ar-, Kr- and Xe-based gas mixtures, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 512 (2003) 476-487.

28ȫM.Li, et al.: Photon-counting digital radiography using high-pressure xenon filled detectors, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 471 (2991) 215-221.

29ȫTransition Radiation Detector, ALICE Technical Design Report, (2001).

30ȫ΃ςΞͻȇȸ૧ๅȆ˴஌ٝ୬ါაȹȄઐఆ࡙ఊ჊࿫ȄͺΈΥઇ໓২Ȅ(1980).

΅ȜχȜΡȇ΄Αഩঊ௩໙έ΁ͼσ(Gas Electron Multiplier foil, GEM)Ȅ˴஌൫ًज़ג(X-ray radiography)Ȅ˴஌ٝ୬(X-ray diffraction)

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Development of X-ray Detectors Using Gas Electron Multiplier Foil for Cultural Properties

Masahide INUZUKA

For investigation into cultural properties, X-ray radiography and material analysis using X-ray diffraction have played important roles in the field of conservation science of cultural properties. Moreover, the demand for in situ analysis will increase further. In this situation, it is valuable for conservation scientists to develop new X-ray detectors that are suitable for their own studies.

Gas Electron Multiplier foil (GEM) can be one of the powerful tools to develop a simple and portable detector at less cost. This article provides basic ideas about new X-ray detectors using GEMs for X-ray radiography filled with Xe-based mixture gas and for X-ray diffraction filled with Ar-based mixture gas.

The design and specifications for these detectors have already been fixed and these detectors are now under construction. After finishing the construction, the author plans to evaluate these detectors using a radio-isotope.

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