g g g ? E li h i S hift i i d h d ri i

(1)

Str e s s shi ft r e visited: w h atdo e s str e s s v ari atio nin

E nglish s ugg^{e s}^t? ^*

N o ri ko Ha仕o ri

I^.Imtr odu ctio B

T his p^ap^{e r} ^s^t^udie s str e s s v ariatio n in p^{r e s e n}^t^‑day B ritish Engli^sh_, and dis c u s s e s its

impli^{c a}^tio n s fo r s oÎCal 1ed str e s s shi 丘 in Engli^sh.In my p^{r e v}io us w o rk(^Hâ^ttô^rⁱ 2 00 3a,b; 2 0 0 7),I de s cri bed the str e s s v aria nts ofadj^{e c}^tⁱv e s s u ch a sf^{o r m l}^'^{d h bZ}ê^,âz p lⁱ^{c a}ble,j^{u s}^t^Ljⁱâ^blê,

c o m m u n al,p^{r e m a}^t^{u r e}^, ^{c o m}p^{a r a}ble a nd p^{r e}f^{e r a}^blê^, âⁿ^d ^{s u}g g^{e s}^têd th atboth p h^{o n e}^tic an d

syⁿ^t^{a c}^ticfa cto rstri g g^{e r s}^t^{r e s s}^{v a}riatio n.T hispâp^{e r}p^{r o}p^{o s e s} â ^w ây^tôint_{e r}p^{r e}^t^{v a}riatio ndata

w

i th in th e fr am e w o rk of ^'bo un da ry ^m âpp iⁿg âⁿ d bo t mda ry dêletio n^', a the o ry ôf th e P F

inte rfa c e･ T his ap p^{r o a c}h op^{e n s} ûp â p^{o s s}ibility ôf n e w the o r etical inte zp^{r e}^tâ^tio n s of

e stablished fa cts o n str e s s cleLSh andstr e s s shi氏inEngli^sh.

2^.Eu rh y^thmyin Engli^sh 2^.I Rule s oEetl rhy thny

Str e s s shi 丘in Englⁱ^s^h^,â^l^{s o} ^câ^{l 1}ê^{d t}^h ê^{R h}y tlm Rule,isle氏w a rd m o v e m e ntof late^‑main^‑str e s s

to a v oid str e s scla sh･W ithin the 丘a m e w o rkof^m ^e^trical th e o ry,Hay^{e s}(1 9 8 4:4 4 4 5)^{s a}_y^{s :}

(¹) ^{T h}^e R h y^thm R ule ap pli^{e s} ^{m o r e} ^{r e a}dil y whe n a s a r e sult thete xtr e c eiv e s a m o r ehigh^ly

valu ed rhy th mic stru ctu r e･The v alu e ofa rhy thmic stru ctu r eis c o mp^uted 丘o mitsg ri d b_y

a s etofru1e sI wi llcal1 ruIe s ofed h_{y t}hmy^.

Eu rh ytlm y m e a n s

̀

eq^ual sp^{a c}in g ^of g ri d ^{m a r}ks atall 1e v els

'

P ^ay^{e s}1 9 $4:4 5), and th ethr e e r

ule sp^{r o}p^{o s e}d in Haye s(^{1 9 8 4})^{打 e a S}^f^o^ll^{o w s :}

(²) (ⁱ) Q^{u a}^{d r}ⁱ^syllab icR ul e

(ⁱⁱ)^{D i}^syllabic Rule

(iii)P hr a s al R ule

(2)

Letu s s e ethe s eru1e sindividu ally^.

(³) Q^{u a}^{d r}ⁱ^syllab icRule(^H^ay^{e s}1 9 8 4:4 6)

A g ri d is e u rh_{y t}lm ic whe n it c o ntain s a r o w who s e m a tks ar e sp^{a c e}d clo s eto fo u r syllable s ap^{a r}^t

m is r efe r sto ap^{a r}^tic ula r sp^{a c l n}g Ôfm a rks ats o m ele v elof g ri d^, âⁿd th isinte r val ^'ap p^{e a}^{r s}^tô

c e nter ar o un d fo u rsyllable s,wi th g^{r e a}^t^{e r}dy^{s r}hyth my ^a^tg^{r e a}^t^{e r}div e rg^{e n c e}(Hay^{e s}1 9 84:45)^.

(⁴) ^Di^syll^abicRule(^H^ay^{e s}1 9 84:4 8 4 9)

T hedo m ain sdelimitedo n th ele v elofs c an sio n sho ul d bedi vi dede v enl y b y ^a ^{m a r}k o nthe n e xtlo w e rg ri d le v el^.

T hu s,the str e s s cla sh in(5)(i)isd is s olv ed byQ^{u a}d risyllabic Rule(3), an d the n the rh_{y t} lm ic stru ctu r ein(5)(ⁱⁱ)g ai ns a m o r ehighly ^valu ed rhy tlm ic stru ct∬ e a sin(5)(iii) by D isyllabic

･Rule(⁴)^.

(⁵) (ⁱ) (ⁱⁱ)

X X

+x^‑^‑^‑^*x x^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑x

X X X X 冗 X

X 冗 X X 冗 X 冗 X 冗冗 X X

ahun dr edthirte e n m e n ⁾ ah undr ed th irte e nm e n

(ⁱⁱⁱ)

X

X X

X^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑X^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑^‑X

X X X X 冗 X

･^･⁺ ^a^h^uⁿ ^d^{r e}^d^t^hi^r^t^{e e n} ^{m e n}

(^b^{a s e}^d^{o n} ^H^ay^{e s}1 9 84:4 9)

W 旭 is c ru ci al to th is pâp^{e r}is thefollowi ng ôbs e rv atio n m adeb_y Hay^{e s}(¹9 8 4^:5 2) âⁿd its

fo rm ulatio n a s^'P hr a s al Rule/

(6) ^Alo ok atlo ng^{e r u}tte r an c e s,ho w e v e r,p^{r o}du c e s a s u rp risin g ^{r e s u}lt:theta rg^e^tis n otr eal l_ya

do ubling ^of the q^{u a}d risyllabicinte r val･In ste ad,the s e c o nd str o ng^{e s}^t ^s^t^{r e s s}ispl^{a c e}d a s e a rly a sp^{o s s}ib lein thep h^{r a s e},e v e n atthe e xp^{e n s e o}f bin a ryalte r n atio n.

(3)

(⁷)^{P h}^{r a s}â^{l R}û^lê(^Hây^{e s}1 9 84:5 2;origiⁿâl l y pôinted o utb y Bôling^{e r}1 9 6 5:[^{1 6 0}]^{1 5 7}^‑^{1 5 8}) A g ri d is m o r e e u rh y th mi ^cif its s e c o nd high ^{e s}^t^l^{e v e}^{l b}^{e a r s}^t^{w o} ^{m a r}^k^s^,^sp^{a c e}d a sfa r a s

p^{o s s}ible.

T hisis an e xp^{r e s s}io n of^'th e n e edtode m a r c atethebegi mi ng^s ^of p hr a s e s

'(^Hây^{e s}1 9 8 4:5 6)^. T hus _,thep h^{r a s e}^‑initi al syllablein thefollo w in g ^{e x} â^m ple r e c eiv e sth e s e c o nd high ^{e s}^t^l^{e v e}^lô^f

str e s s.

(⁸) ² ³ ³ ¹

Topi^{c s}in the m e o ry ^of Ge n e r ativ e Gr a m m a r(^H^ay^{e s}1 9 84:5 2)

2^･2 P ho n etic sp^{& cI B}g

T he rule s of e u rh_{y t}lm y(²) â^{r e}^b^{a s e}^d ^{o n} ^syllâble c o unt, while the r eis an alte r n ativ e to syllable c o unting^, ^which Haye s belie v e sde s e rv e s s erio u s c o n si de r atio n(^Hây^{e s},1 9 84:7 0)^. T hisin v olv e s theide a of p h^{o n e}^tic sp^{a c}ing(ê^･g^･L ibe r man & P rin c e1 9 7 7:3 20)^.^{T h}ê ^{m e a}ⁿⁱⁿg of ^'p h^{o n e}^tic^'sp^{a c l n}g ^{C a n} be ba s ed o n ei the ra ctual p hysical tim e,o r s o m e m o r e abstr a ct p h^{o n o}logi^cal timing m e a s u r e(Hay^{e s}^,1 9 84:7 0)^･Î^tⁱ^s pôint_ed o utthat ^'whe n spe âke r s ar e a sked to e n a ct te xtsthata r e eligible fo r the R h_ythm Rule wi tho uta ct_ual ly c a rryiⁿg th e ru1e o ut, their r e sp^{o n s e}is us ual ly ^tô le ng the n th einte rval betw e e n the tw o p rin cip al str e s s e s

,

(^Hây^{e s}19 84:7 0)^･^{T h}û^s ,the unde rlin edsyllâble sin(9)(ii)^{a n}^d(^{1 0})(ⁱⁱ) â^{r e}^{c o n s}îd^{er a}bl y lo nge r

t

h an they w o uld bein the Str e s s^‑Shi Aed v e r sio nin(9)(i)^aⁿ d(1 0)(i),r e sp^{e c}^tiv ely^.

(⁹) (ⁱ)^F^{o u r}^t^{e e n} ^w⁶^{m e n} (ⁱⁱ)^f^{o u r} & ^w⁶^{m e n} (1 0) (i)^Mis sis sip pi li gi^slatu r e (ⁱⁱ) ^{M i}^{s s}ⁱ^s真如pi le gi^slatu r e

2^.3 Ea rl_yP itchAc c e ntPla c e m e ntintheP hr & s c

Behind theP hr a sal Rule(⁷)ⁱ^s ^t^hêîd^{e a} ô^f^̀Ê^{a q}^lyP itch Ac c e ntP la c e m e ntin theP hr a s e^',fir st pr op^{o s e}d in Boling^{e r}(¹⁹⁶⁵^,^{1 9 86}) âⁿ^{d d}^{e v e}loped byS hattu ck^‑Huhagêl, Oste ndo rf & Ro s s

(4)

(1 9 9 4) ^{a n}d S hattu ck^‑Hufn agêl(^{2 0 0 0})^･Â^{c c o r}^diⁿg^tô thep^{r o}p^{o n e n}^t^s ôf th is the o ry,th e r eis a te nde n cy^tôlo c atethêrlr Sta c c e ntOfa n e w p h^{r a s e} ^{a s e a r}ly ^{a s}p^{o s s}ible;e a rly ^{a c c e n}^tisto m a rk

p hr a s e o n s et ^while n u cle a r a c c e ntis o n the main^‑str e s s syll^able･T heirthe o rydo e s n otr ely^{o n} t

he shi 允ofrhy th mi c st^{r e s s}in r e sp^{o n s e}to rh y^tlm ic str e

苧^s ^c^l^{a s}^h^･^{T h}^a^tⁱ^s^,^r^h^{y t}^{h m}ⁱ ^c ^s^t^{r e s s} ^c^l^{a s}^h

a

nd shi 免 ar en ota p^{r e r e}q^uisiteto e a rl_{y p}itch a c c e ntpla c e m e nt･T his ^̀p h^{r a s e} ^{o n s e}^t ^{m a r}ke r^'

t

he o ry ^m ^ake sitp^{o s s}ibleto e xp l ain e arly p^{r o m}in e n c e witho utcla sh･T his wi ll bedis c us s ed in

detai l late rin s e ctio n7.

3^.Pr e vio u s stud ie s a ndAim softhisp 叩^{e r}

A

n alysis of the r e c o rded data oftw e nty^‑^{o n e} ^{n a}^tiv e sp^{e a}ke r s of B ritish Engli^sh sho w s an

inte r e sting inte r^‑ a nd intr a^‑sp^{e a}ke r v ariatio n(^Hâ^ttô^r^{i 2 00 3}â^,^b^;^{20 0 5}^;^{2 0 0 7}) âⁿd le ads to a

p^{r o}p^{o s}al thatrigh^t^b^{r a}ⁿ ^c^hiⁿg ^s^t^rû ^c^t^{u r e s} ^{c a n} be atri g gêr ôfstr e s s v ariatio n (^c^f^･ ^Kû^b^{o z o n o} 1 9 9 5, o n the u niv e r sal ly ^m ^{a r}ked n atu r e of righ^t^b^{r a n c}^hiⁿg ^s^t^rû ^c^t^{t q e s})^･ ^{T 也}^s pâp^{e r} âim sto

de m o n str ate ho w to interp^{r e}^tdata o n str e s s v ariatio n･ e sp^{e c}i al ly ^t^o ^sho w that a stud y of

intr a^‑sp^{e a}ke rv ariatio n ofstr e s sc a n c a stn e w li ghto n s o^‑cal led str e s s shi免i fc o mbin ed wi th t

he 触n e w o rk of ^･bo unda ry ^{m a}p piⁿg ^{a n}d bo unda ry d^eletio n,

' a the o ry ^of the P F inte rfa c e

p^{r o}p^{o s e}d b y Tôkiz aki(2 0 0 5â,b)Î

T he dâ^tâ dealt wi th in th is pâpe^r is p^{a r}^t ôfthe distri butio n ofstr e s s v aria nts of

p^{r e m a}⁽^{u r e}in p^{r e s e n}^t^‑day B ritish Engli^sh(^Hâ^ttô^r^{i 2 0 0 5}^;^{2 0 0 7})Î^{T h}êⁱ^t^{e m s}ⁱⁿ(^{l l})^bê^l^{o w} ^{a r e}

th^{r e e} ôf th e eigh ^tⁱ^t^{e m s} ^p^{r e s e n}^tê^d ^tô ^t^h ê ^t^{w e n}^t^y^‑^{o n e} ^{s u}^bj^{e c}^t^sⁱⁿ ^t^h ê ^{e x}pêrim e nt･ and the

distri butio n of theinte r^‑ a nd intr a^‑spe ^ake r v ariatio nisillu str ated in Table1･Her e the o v e r ai呈

pi^c^t^{t u e} ôf distri butio nis o mitted in o rde rto fo c us o n thê ^{r e}p^{r e s e n}^tâ^tiv e c a s e s ‥(i) âmi butiv e u s e of the adj^{e c}^tⁱ^{v e},(ⁱⁱ) â^tt^r^{i b}û^tⁱ^{v e} ^{u s e}ô^{f t}^hê â^dj^{e c}^tⁱ^{v e} ^w^{i t}^h â ^rⁱgh ^t^b^{r a}ⁿ ^c^hiⁿ^g^s^t^r^{u c}^t^{u r e}^, âⁿ ^d (iii)p^{r e}dic ativ e u s e of the adj^{e c}^tⁱ^{v e}^･