p p i t i b t J dN J g D iff f t t P ト lC y A Ob t i lS t d i t t h C t l l

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A n O b s e r v atio n al St^u d_y int^o th e C r o s s ^‑c ul_tu r al Diffe r e n c e s of P o st^{u r a}ト_g e st^{u r a}l

C o m m u nic atio n b et ^{w e e n} J ap ^{a n e s e} ^{a n} d N ^{o n} ^‑J ap ^{a n e s e}

S b^{o n a} G ^{o o}d^all_, M 主e M ats ui_, L o r r ain e H ^. S ak ka

A bstr a ct

N on ^‑verbal co m m unic atio n not onl_y utiliz e s o u rfacial e xp^{r e s s}io n s a nd s u ch mic r o s c op^l^C detail a s the rate of our eyê^‑blink a nd whether o u r s mile re a che s o u r eyê^s,but als o p^{o s}tu re s a nd _gestu r e s (pô^stu ral^‑_ge stu r al c u e s) ^. Î^t ⁱ^s ^t^hê^{s e} p^{o s}tu r al^‑_ge stu r al c u e s which a r e of pâ^rtic ula rinte r e stin this stud_y . Ca n o u r p^{o s}tu r e s alone elicit the s a m e e m otionalre spôⁿ^{s e s} from obse rvers a sfa cial exp^r^{e s s}ions? T his stud_y us e s stick fi_gu res to take a clo s e r lo ok at theinterp^{r e}tatio ns of Jap^{a n e s}^{e a}ⁿd nonJ apâⁿ^{e s}êp^{e o}ple o n em otion depicted b_ystick fi_gure s ,

If s o,do Jap^{a n}ê^{s e} âⁿd non^‑Japâⁿ^{e s}êinte rp^{r e}t the fi_gu r e sin the s a m e w ay? O u r a n al_ys i s Of

subj^{e c}^t^'^sⁱⁿ^t^{e r}p^rêtatio n s sho w s that th is m ay p^{r o}^vê to be a fruitful are a of inv e stlgâtion

for t he future.

Iⁿtr od^{u e}tio n

E veryday ^wê ^m êêt and talk with _pe ople. Du ring the s e d ay to day ^{e n c o}ûⁿte rs w e ar e subj^{e c}^{t t}ô ^di^{f f}^{e r e n}^t ê^m ô^ti^{o n}â^l ^{r e s}pô ^{n s}^{e s} from tho s e we 主ntera ct wi th. T he s e em otional

r esp^o^{n s e s} ^m ^ay be v e rbaliz ed

,

"

Ⅰ^'m e x cited abo ut y^{o u} ^r p^{r o}p^{o s a}l^'' but m o r e ofte n th a n n ot they tâke thefor m of n on^‑verbal c om m unic ation. T he s e non‑^vê^r^bâ^l ^sⁱgⁿâls are m onito red

a nd a s s e s sed througho ut o u rinte r a ction s. Su ch m o nito ring ^{a n}d a s s e s s m e nt of e m otion a r e ne c e ssary if oneis to g^l^{V e} âⁿ âp p^rÔp^{r l}âte e m otion al re spô^{n s}ê^.

"

Do e s sheli ke m y p^r^{e s e}ⁿt? A r e my ^stude nts g^et ting bo r ed of m y ^sp^{e e c}h ?^" a r e ex am ple s of _qu e stio n s w e m ay ^{a s}k

o urs elv e s.

T hisis n ot the o nl_y w ay ^{l n} ^Wh ich n o n ^‑v e rbal e m otio n al e xp^{r e s s}io n c a n be u s ed . It c a n als o lend itself to dis co vering the h id den m e aning behind ^what a p^e^r^{s o}ⁿ ^m ^ay be s aying^. A s a n e x am ple

, 1et^'s take a b_{y p}otbetic al situ atio n of a p^{e r s o n} (^w ê^'^ll ^{c a}ll Jôhn) ^w^hô ^h^{a s} be en in vi ted to di^{n n}er b_y his c olle ag^{u e}(^Dâvid) ^. ^D âvid w ants John to c o m e to di^{n n}er to gêt

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to kn o w him b et te r. John feels ob li_gated to a c c ep t thein vitation be c a u s e b oth of the m will begin w orking ^{o n} â p^{r o}j^{e c}^{t t}ôgêther s o on ･ H o w e v e rJ ohn fe els that be ha s sp^{e n}t to o m a ny

ni_ghts a w ayfr om hom e latel_y a nd w o uld like a q^ui_e_t _w _{e e}kend at hom e. W he n Da vid a sks

John , John q^uickl_y trie s to t h ink of _a _pla u sible r e a s o n wh_y be mi_ght de clin e t he offer of din n e r･ John a c c ep t^s the in vitatio n

, but b_y the exp^r^{e s}^sio n o n his fa ce and bod_y la ng^{u a}g^e,

David w o nde r sif John r e all_y w ants to co m e. T he im p^{o r}tant q^u^{e s}tio n is,ho w c an David tell that John do e s n ot r e all_y w ant to al_tho ug h John a c c ep t^ed the in vitatio n? T he a n s w e r is

be c au s e of the mix ed si_gnals D avid r e c eiv e s fr o m John . John is a c c ep ting ^{v e r}ball_y _,but he

le aned aw ayfr o m D a vid a s be replied,he sitating ^sli_ghtl_y before be sp^oke.John

'

s s milelooks

f_{o r}c ed a nd one ar m is c ros s ed o v e r his bod_yin a defe n siv e g^{e s}tur e. Da vid_,or m or e g^{e n e r a}ll_y

a n obs e r v e r, whe n inte r a ctl ng ^Wi t h som e o n e will m o nito r bot h for m s of c o m m u nic atio n : v e rbal and non‑^vê^r^bâ^l^. ^{T h}ê ^lâ^{t t}^{e r} ^{c o} ^m p^rised of bot hfacial a nd _postu r al_gesturalexp^{r e}^{s s}io ns.

(In this stud_y w e will be u sing the te r m p^{o s}tn r al _ge stu ral exp^{r e}^{s s}io n to m e a n a ny for m of

non‑^v^{e r}^bâ^l ^{e x}^p^{r e s s}ⁱ^{o n} ^{e x c e}p tfa cial, a s p^rôp^{o s e}d b_y Ro s e nbe rg ^{a n}d Langê^r,1 9 65)^.

W ben the verb al _pr os e a nd the n o n^‑verbal slgⁿ^als c om e into c o nfict, like in o u r

h_{y p}othetic al e x a m ple above

, the n the n o n‑^{v e r}^b^a^l ^{e x}p^{r e s}^sion _,

"

h a s nor m ativ e p^{r e e} ^min e n ce

"

(^Câ^{r r o}^{ll &} ^R ^{u s s e}^ll,1 9 96)^. ^T^hê ^w ô^r^d^s ô^r ^sⁱ^t^{u a}^tⁱ^{o n} ⁱ^s â gûide abo ut the t y pê ôf em otio n al

e xp^{r e s s}io n w e exp^{e c}t,but t hey ^{a r e} ^{n o}t a g^{u a r a n}te e. T hatis,if a p^{e r s o n}isin vited to din ner a nd he o r she a c c ep t^s, o n e w o uld exp^{e c}t t hat p^{e r s o n} to sho w h ap pine s s or eve n su rp^ris e.

H o wev e r there is n o g^{u a r a n}te e that the p^e^{r s}^oⁿ is hap p y ^. T he w o rds o r situ atio n onl_y

s ug g^{e s}t ho w a p^{e r s o n} ^migh ^t ^r^{e a c}^t ^{o r}ⁱ^{s r}^{e a c}^tⁱⁿg, but the facial and _ge stu ral r e a ctio nis the r e al re a ction to bejû^dgêd b_y the obs e r v e r (^Câ^{r r}ô^l^{l &} ^R^{u s}^{s e}^ll^, ^{1 99 6}) ^. ^{T hi}^s ^d^{e e}p^{e r} is sue of the m e s s agê ^{c o n}tained in the no n‑^v^{e r}^bâ^l ^{e x}p^{r e s s}io n is inte re sting^. Fa cial e xp^{r e s s}io n ha s a

long histo ry ^{a n}d ha s be e n r e s e a rched extensivel y (^D â^{r w}ⁱⁿ ^, ^{1 92 7}^, ^{1 96 5}; A ristotle, 19 1 3_; E k m a n_,19 6⁴) ^･ Âc c ording to Oatel_y a nd Je nkin s (¹^{9 92}) ^, ^f^{a c}ⁱâ^l ê^xp^{r e s s}io n ha s b_y fa r the m o st exte nsiv e bod_y of data in the field of hum an em otio n. Co m m o n s e n s e tells us that fa cial e xp^rê^{s s}ions are e a sil_y r e c ogÎliz ed si_gn als of sp^{e c}ific e m otions. This e as e of r e c og^{n l}tio n

p^{r o v}ides m o r e s up p^{o r}t fo r the univers al_{i t y t h}e o rists. De spite a rgû ^m ^{e n}ts to t he c ontrary that there is no univers al s et of e m otio n s (^W ^{o o}^d^w ô ^r^t^h^, ¹^{93 8}; O rto叩 & T u rne r,1 9 90_; Ru s s ell,1 9 94) ^, ^t^hê ^li^tê^râ^tû^rêⁱⁿ^{d i}^{c a}^tⁱⁿg that the r e is u niv e r sali_{t y} in o u r fa cial exp^r^{e s s}ion

(^E^k ^m ^{a n}^,^{1 9 94}) ⁱ^sⁱ^m p^{r e s s}iv e.

Ge stu r e s and _po stu r e s, ho w e v e r c a n als o p^{r o v}ide ad ditio nal 主nfor m atio n wi t h in a c o m m u nicatio n situ atio n . To illu strate, s up p^{o s e} y^o^u ^{a r e} in a fo r e igⁿ ^{C u}ltu r e w h_{e r e} _y_{o u}

c a n not sp^{e a}k thelangûâgê^. You n e ed to buy ⁿ ^{e w} fu r ni_ture for y^{o u}^r âp^{a r}tm e nt. Yo u (try to c o m m u nic ate to a lo c al _pers o n b_y u sing â phr a s e bo ok _t_o) a sk her where the ne are st