• 検索結果がありません。

鹿児島大学リポジトリ

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

シェア "鹿児島大学リポジトリ"

Copied!
9
0
0

読み込み中.... (全文を見る)

全文

(1)

Generalized Viviani's Solid

著者

ISOKAWA Yukinao

journal or

publication title

Bulletin of the Faculty of Education,

Kagoshima University. Natural science

volume

63

page range

45-52

(2)

(Received 25 October, 2011)

(3)

鹿児島大学教育学部研究紀要 自然科学編 第 63 巻 (2012) 46

2 S

e

v

e

r

a

l

geometrical c

h

a

r

a

c

t

e

r

i

s

t

i

c

s

abou

g

e

n

e

r

a

l

i

z

e

dV

i

-vian

i

'

s

s

o

l

i

d

s

Inも

m

l>舵叫on

0

(

'1')denote思acy linder of ra必US'1'thatpa鋭部 in~idea sphere of uniもr副 総 犯d which is tan嘉entto the surface of the spher札

2

.

1

S

u

r

f

a

c

e

a

r

e

a

LetS(

bethe surf,為cearea of主hesphere inside t取 cylinder.Itcanbe computed by

)

=

4

J

L

v

1

+

(

)

¥

(

r

ぬdy

where

=

{(x

y): (x-1十'1')2

+

y2 S; '1'2

宮ど

O

}

.

Since it leads to

(

r

(

r

z

81T}=4LT

吋 戸 口 市

By change of variable x = 1 r十'1't

we have 仲 ) 4''1

よイ日

Since it is elementary t冶showthat

d

x

円 け

)

U ﹀

及 。

﹀ α

(

b 叩 品 e m 回 ? ι

a

we have 二 arCSln arcsm where w>εwrite c =

(

2

-

r)Jれ Accordinglywe get

州立吋:…

j

dt

1)arctan

-

Y

'

2

(

C

8

(

ctanι..;;:

日)

Th合間五日rewe oba七ainthe followin詰lemma.

Lemma 1

(4)

2

.

2

Volume

Let V(r)be the volume ofもhesphere inside the cylinder. It can be con平 γ(r) 4

丘判

14j:Jzf21RFZh

By ch都 府ofvariable x以 1-r十rt

明 have

仰い吋

:

d

t

J

h

/

沖 Now it is elementary to show ぬるも fob

v

'

a2 .-x2 dx

~

(a2. arc

b

日 )

Accゅrdinglywe getV(r)二三九十12ラwhere

h

fl 1

f1

_

_

¥2

_

_

.

.

.

:

_

r2(1 t2) 12 加 γ2

I

(

1

(1 r

+

2)arcsin

1

一 一 一 一 一 一

J

-1 '

V

1 -(1 -r

+

rt)2 れ 国 :writing c日 (2-r)1γ剖 before

we have Hen開

い が 日 正

ο

t)

v

'

T

+

t

dt r3 災ext

since we have 12 ℃ 一 1

a

一 2 一 一 日 り 一 一 C 十

U v

t E V

a

, , L V ρ L V 一 絞 l f l

3 3 t

公 r i i j L

令 。

ア 吋 g Z 2 2 2 g a a a a , J ﹀ ︽ u u qd p u n u 炉 、 υ i T 伶 d w P し ︾ v h リ ー ー (

γ

(r)

日付与己主犯

l

広一平…ト

5

)

]

r3

;

)

時 2 ふ

{

(2)

(5)

鹿児島大学教育学部研究紀要 自然科学編 第 63 巻 (2012) 48 Therefore

noting that

J

:

1

r = arcsinvr

we obatain the following lemma. Lemma 2

附 )

=

~

[

invr-

(1-~) 山

2

.

3

Perimeter The intersection of七wo副lrfacesof sphere and cylinder forms a spatial curve like a lemniscate To speak precisely a leaf of the curve can be represented by y(B) 二

TM)

π)

(

z

(

8

)

)

(

l

-r+rcosB z(B) / ¥ J1 -x(B)2 官(B)2

Le七L(r)be the perimeter length of the curve. Then it can be computed by

) = fd F 2 f ds Since z(B? = 2r(1-r)(l -c倒的 and γ(1-r)sinB dx= γdBsinB

dy

=

rdBcosB

dz=一一一一一一一一一 dB

z(B) we have

=;{(1打 )+(1-r)ω

叫 が

的)=2'~17r~十 (1-

r)cos附 Thus we see Now it can be shown that

f

訂 同 必=2

目 的 ) ,

where E(・)denotes七hecomplete elliptic integral of七hesecond kind withk2 = 2b/(白十b).There -fore we ob七ainthe following lemma. Lemma 3 L(r)= 4

.E(yTて子).

2

.

4

A n example of generalized Viviani's solids

Let C(x)

C(y) be two cylinders such that they are externally tangent each other

their axes a問

paraliel

and their centers lie on a diameter of the uniもsphere. Make a solid that is a part of the sphere outside two cylinders

and letS be its surface area

V its volume

and L i七sperime七er

lengもh.Then we have S V L 4π -S(x) -S(y)

Z

-

V印削似例)一V

ω

(

L(x)+L(百ω)

'

(6)

where we need to note thatx

+

y = 1. Using Lemma 1 we have 均 )= 8 (ar

何日-

Jy(l-y))

arctan

J

1

:

x

川 コ

)

5

Accordingly

制 + ル

Now noもetha七 Hence it follows which implies Similarly we obtain and arctant十arctaI11=Efor any t >0. 2 S(x)

+

S(y)ニ 4πー16

y

I

x

百て奇,

S = 16

y

I

x

甘士

x). 128 . .,3 V

二三子

{x(l-x)}言

L

= 4 (y'X

E

(

ゾ戸五

)+VT

E

(

y'X))

Then it can be shown tha七allofS

V

L have their maximums when x =引

3 Generalized V

i

v

i

a

n

i

'

s

s

o

l

i

d

s

made by removal of three

c

y

l

i

n

d

e

r

s

Consider a cylinder of curvature ιthat is internallyもangent七othe surface οf the unit sphere. In this section we denote this cylinder by C(κ)

but sometimes admit to denote a section of the cy linder

that is

a circle

by the same notation.

3

.

1

Space of mutually tangent three c

i

r

c

l

e

s

Let C(l) be a五xedcircle. Inside it we consider three circles C(x)

C(y)

C(z) that are externally tangent each0もherand are intemally tangent to C(l).Then the classical Descartes's theorem shows thatx

y

z satisfy a quadratic equation Ql(X

y

Z):= 2(1+X2十官2

+

Z2)ー(ー1

+

x

+

y

+

Z)2= O. (3) We consider the space

which we denote by S

of all七hetriplets of mutually tangent circles C(x)

C(y)

C(z). Then

by (3)

the space S can be identi五edas the set {(x

y

z): x

>

1

y

>

1

z

>

1

Ql(X

払z)= O} In other words the space S is a part of a quadratic surface. To determine the shape of S precisely

we change七hecoordinates system(x

y

z)to a new system (u

V

凹)that are defined by

(~)九Pl 十 VP2

+

(加+ふ

)Pa (4)

(7)

鹿児島大学教育学部研究紀要 自然科学編 第 63 巻 (2012) 50 where

i

一万¥

2+03

Pl =

I

古 j

P2=1 -:16

P3二 │ 事 1

α二 一 方 一

¥ o

/ ¥ お / ¥ 方 /

Since vecもorsPl

P2

P3 are orthonormal

change of coordinates system leads to Ql(X

y

Z)= 2u2十2v2一(加

+2?

4

.

Therefore七hespace S is a leaf of a .hyperboloid (ω+ 2)2 u2 + v2 22

(

J

2

)2 (5)

Now we shall prove that却さO.Summing up componen七sov vectors in (4)

we have (6) Then

noti昭 thatX

>

1

y

>

1

z

>

1

v

J

e see ω十2

>

O.On the other hand

from (5) i七follows that x+y+z=

V

3

(

+v

α). ( 加

+2

j

2

一三

Tー と 1,that is,四(加+4)三O. Accordingly we get却さO. Therefore we obtain = {(川町)叫O.(w

~~

2)2

一 日

22

(

J

2

)2 (7)

R

e

s

t

r

i

c

t

i

o

n

of the space S

Since the space S is not compact

it is difficult to study maximum-minimum problems in the space. Thus we need restrict the space S. To speak precisely we consider only mutually七angent three circles C (x)

C (y

)

C (z)that are externally tangenもtoa fixed circle C (κ). Then

using Descartes's theorem again

we have

3

.

2

Q2(X

z):=2(κ2

+

x2

+

y2

+

z2)一(ι+x

+

Y

+

z)2二 O

In the below throughou七weonly consider this restricted space

{(x

y

z): X

>

1

y

>

1

z

>

1

Ql(X

y

Z)= 0

Q2(X

y

Z)= O}

which we denote by S(ι). SinceQl(X

y

Z)

=

0 and Q2(X

y

Z)

=

0

we can immediately derive (8) 1 4 ム 一 一 一 2 κ 一 一 一 z 十 M M

+

Z

Hence

combining (6) and (8)

we see

(9)

加+ゾ

E

α

=

i

2

3 u2十v2

=

b2

Thus

if,;ris五xed

a coordina七e町 isalso fixed. R凶hermore(5) implies that

(8)

where

b二

V

W(W

2+4)

Thus coordinates(u

v)lies on a circle of radius b

and they can be represented by a pararneter

u

=

bcosO

む=bsinO. In surnrnary we see the restricted space is a circle lying on S. Precioely it is d田cribed酪 (10)

1 1

BEJ ) 官

。 “

︿ A H V < 一 白 U ( I X ¥ S(目)ニ{(x

y

z):

I

y

I

=

(bCOSO)pl十(bsinO)p2+cP3 l

Z I b=

戸弓

E

,c=

where

Extremes of geometrical c

h

a

r

a

c

t

e

r

i

s

t

i

c

s

Consider generalized Vi討iv吋ii均an山 solidsrnade by rernoval of three cylindersC(x)

C(y)

C(z)with

(

x

y

z

)

εS(κ). By (10) curvatures

(

x

y

z

)

depend only on one pararneter 。目 Consequently any geornetrical characteristic also depends on 0 andもhusdefine a functionF(O).To write rnore precisely

by use of lernrnes in the section2

the functionF(O)is represented by

3

.

3

F(O)= f(x(O))+ f(引(0))+ f(z(O))+ C

where f(x)stands for-S(x)and C

=

411'in case of Surfl抑 area;f(x)for-V(x) and C

=

1

3

in case of volurne; and f(x)おrL(x)and C = 0 in case of perirneter length. Lemma 3 F(O)isαperiodic function間 thperiod 211'/3. (Proof) First we show x

(

0

+

)

=

b

cos

(

0

+

2

;

)

.

(

)

+

b

s

咋+2

;

)

.

(

)

c

b

(S山 S

S山 n 4

2

)

.

(

)

十什

4

b

巾巾(千←s討山山いi日n b

S泊

irn Sirnilarly we can show Y

(

0

+

)

=

x(O)

z

(

0

+

)

=

y(O) Therefore. since F is syrnrnetric with respect

ω

(x

y

z)

F is periodic. (Q.E.D.)

、 、

2 1 1 2 1 ノ ) ) ) AHVAHυAHV

(

(

(

Z 匂 υ Z / , s g t t t E

d 一 順 一 一 一

B E 1 2 F ノ zuz J F I f -1 、 一 r To sirnplify noもationswe write

r

:

=

(

j

)

=

(

j

j

j

)

F'(O)=

F(O)=

f

'

(x)x'

+

J'(y)y'

+

z' Then we have

(9)

鹿児島大学教育学部研究紀要 自然科学編 第 63 巻 (2012) 52 Lemma 4 In theinte門地10~11~

the

i

f

u即 肌nct“伽2叩O叩η7lF(伊(1)

μ

Z

臼s mω仰imιal晶

ω

t11= ~ αnd mi叩n叩

Z

11= ~. (Proof) Since r = (bCOS1I)Pl十(bsin(1)P2 + cP3

we see r'二 (bsinl1)pl+ (bCOSI1)P2 Accordingly

if 11= ~, we havex = y

x'= -y'

z'= 0

which impliesF'二 O.Similarly

if 11= ~, we have y = z

x'= 0

y'= -z'

which also implies F' = O.Therefore we get the conclusion. (Q.E.D.) Accordingly we obtain the following theorem.

Theorem Among αII solids (x

y

z)εS(κ)

geometricα1 chαrcαteristics such αs surfaceα何α

volume

and pe門meterlength aremαX!mα1 when

and are minimal when

References

x= 1J =-~κ2

一引一一ー一一一-t-- . . ー ' . -+ S--κ--'-=. Z 一一一一一十2b(κ2 + Sι) M

(

3

, y'3' ~

v'6'ゾ

3

'

x = _ 2b(κ2+ -t-----'-=. b(κ? + Sκ) 1J=Z= 十ー一一一

v

信 ι y'3' " ~

v

'

6

'

y'3'

[1]Struik

D.J. Lectures on Clαssical DiJJere凶alGeometry. New York Dover

1988. [2]Kenison

E. and Bradley

H.C.Descriptive Geometr官.New York:M乱cmillan

1935.

参照

関連したドキュメント

Answering a question of de la Harpe and Bridson in the Kourovka Notebook, we build the explicit embeddings of the additive group of rational numbers Q in a finitely generated group

In our previous paper [Ban1], we explicitly calculated the p-adic polylogarithm sheaf on the projective line minus three points, and calculated its specializa- tions to the d-th

Applications of msets in Logic Programming languages is found to over- come “computational inefficiency” inherent in otherwise situation, especially in solving a sweep of

Our method of proof can also be used to recover the rational homotopy of L K(2) S 0 as well as the chromatic splitting conjecture at primes p &gt; 3 [16]; we only need to use the

Shi, “The essential norm of a composition operator on the Bloch space in polydiscs,” Chinese Journal of Contemporary Mathematics, vol. Chen, “Weighted composition operators from Fp,

To be specic, let us henceforth suppose that the quasifuchsian surface S con- tains two boundary components, the case of a single boundary component hav- ing been dealt with in [5]

Seventy young mathematicians from developing countries (their names are below) traveled to Beijing, China, with their travel paid by the International Mathematical Union and

Following a recommendation of the Ad Hoc Sub-Committee on “Supporting Mathematics in Developing Countries” appointed in 2003 (see the Report on ICMI Activities in 2000-2004,