The Climatic Adaptation of the Modern Architecture to the Tropics in the British Commonwealth (Its Early Stages of Scientific and Rational Approaches): University of the Ryukyus Repository

Title

The Climatic Adaptation of the Modern Architecture to the

Tropics in the British Commonwealth (Its Early Stages of

Scientific and Rational Approaches)

Author(s)

Ogura, Nobuyuki

Citation

琉球大学工学部紀要(32): 93-100

Issue Date

1986-10

URL

http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000/1210

Bull，FacultyofEngineering,Ｕｎｉｖ・oftheRyukyus，No3201986

”

ＴｈｅＣＩｉｍａｔｉｃＡｄａｐｔａｔｉｏｍｏｆｔｈｅＭｏｄｅrnArchitecturetotheTropicsinthe

BritishCommonwealth(ItsIEarlyStagesofScientificandRationalApproache8）

NobuyukiOGuRA＊

AＥＳＴＲＡＣＴ ThispaperdealswiLhtheearlystagesoftbedevelopmentofscientificandration‐ alapproachestotheconBideratioｎｏｆｃｌｉｍａｔｅｉｎｔｈＢｄｅｓｉｇｎｏｆｍｏｄｅｒｎａrchiLec-turefortropicalconditionsintheBritishCommonwealthduringandBLfterWorld Warn KeyWords:ModemArchitecture0Climate,Tropics Ｐ7,9ｈ座 ＭｏｓｔarchitecturalhistorianssofarintheWesthavepaidlittleattentiontothemodem aTchitectureint｢opicalcountries,probab1ybecauseithasneverbeenregardedaaanimpor‐ tantareafbrthedevelopmentofarchitectura1stylewhichwaspromotedmainlym上ｈｅWest‐ ernwor【dexceptingafewcasesinIndiaandBraziLHowever,itmaysti1lhaveasignificance

withregardtotheprocessofitsadaptationtotheextremeclimaticconditionsratherthan

justcon｢irmingtheevidenceofdirectcopyingfromEurope・InthisreBpecttheintereBtofthis

paperisinclarifyingtheearlystagesofscientificandrationalapproachostotheconsidera‐

tioliorclimatecarriedoutbyBritisharchitBctBandscientists・Ａｎｄｉｔｉｓｉｎｔｅｎｄｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａ－

Fig.２UniversityCollegeLibrarybyM･

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inAfricatheypublishedthefirsLpracticBLlroferencefortropicaltownplanningcalled`Vil-lageHousingintheTropics，（1947)．AtthattimetheTewerefewprofesBionalrefbrencesfor

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modernarchitecture・Ｆｒｙｓａｙｓ，‘ILwasm1lofintroductionsthaｔｈａｄａｌｏｔｏｆｉｎｆｂｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄ

ａｔｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆｅａｃｈｃｈａｐｔｅｒｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓａｐａｇｅｏｆｗｈａｔｔｏｄｏ－ｄｏｔｈｉｓ，ｄｏthat・Itwasimmensely

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experiment，butalsooncarefulobservationandintuition・Bungalowtypehouseswerebasic

rcferences『ｏｒｔｈｅｍｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏ『comfort，ｔｈａｔｉｓ：sunshade，protectionlTomheavｙｒａｉｎ，ｖｅ⑪

tilation，orienLationtotheprevailingwinｄａｎｄｓｏｏｎ，Theｓｅｈ･uitBbecameacceptedasbasic

rulesfortheirownandotherarchitects,designsAIgoitprovidGdthebaBisfｏｒｔｈｅｉｒｔｗｏＢｕｂ‐ soquentbooks;`TropicalArchitectureinthoHumidZone！（1956）ａｎｄ‘TropicalArchitecture intheDryandHumidZones,（1964）whichbecamestandardtextsfOrtropicalarchitects.B)Ａｔ ｔｈａｔｔｉｍｅｓｅｖｅｒａｌｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔａｎｄｐopularbookswBrGpublishedsuchasJTropicalHouBB8， (1961）byDeLvidOakley，ⅢGrammerofArchitecturalDoBignｗｉｔｈSpecialRefelPencetothe TTopics，（1963）byMilesDanby､9〕】o） 3.ＣＯ､『erenceattheUniversityCollegeLo､do、 ｌｎＭａｒｃｈｌ９５３ａｎｅｐｏｃｈ－ｍａｋｉｎｇｅｖｅｎLtookplace8aConferencoonTropicalArchitecture atUniversityCollegeLondon（ＵＣ.Ｌ､)．Itwasofgreatmteresttoallinthetropicalbuilding fieldtoseethegeneralbackgroundofdesignandplanning，scientificresearchintothecli‐ ｍａｔｅ，problemBofarchitecturalstylBBtc.，broughttogetherforseriouscomparativediBcuB-sion・ｌ１ｌＴｈｅｍａｉｎｒｅｅＬｓｏｎｗｈｙｔｈisconfeTencewaBheldwaBtodemonstrateclearlytheneed 『orsomestandingorganizationwhichwouldbeconcemedwitbaTchitectureandplanningin theTropics，andthedirectreBultoftheeventwastheestabliBhmentoftheDepartmentor TropicaIArchitectureattheArchitecturalAssociation（ＡＡ.)，ｔｈｅfirgtheadofwhichwag MaxFry、Laterthedepartmentwastrans化ｒｅｄｔｏＵ.Ｃ､Ｌ、astheDevo1opmentPlanningUnit (Ｄ・ＰＵ.）ml971，runbyOttoKoenigsbergerwhowaBthechiefpromoterortheconference andalsocontributedmuchtotheestablishmentofthedepartmenｔａｔｔｈｅＡ.Ａ､､12） AlthoughitisnoteworｔｈｙｔｏｓｅｅｔｈｅｗｏｒｋａｎｄｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆCharlesWebbwhowasa physicistanddidresearchinSingBLporeoncomfortinbattleshipboilerroomsetc・OBcientific resea1℃hforde8ignersproperohardlyseemedtobedevB1opedwell、AttheconferenceG・Ｐ・ ＣｒｏｗｄｏｎａｎｄＴＣ､Angu8oftheLondonSchoolofHygienｅａｎｄＴｒopicalMedicmereported

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newbuiIdingmaterials・ＡＩｓｏＬｈｅＢ.Ｒ､Ｓ、ｈａｓｂｅenmfluentialthroughi↓sinspirationandor‐

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problemsoftropicalbuildingsanddosign，backedbyofficialbodiessuchastheBeaureau

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Bull.，FacultyofEngineering，Ｕｎｉｖ．ｏ『theRyukyus，Ｎｏ３２Ｄ１９８６ 師 AprinciplewaytodisseminnteinfoTmationwasthroughtheirperiodicalcaned1Colonial BuildmgNoteso・FRpoml950theyissuedtheperiodical，whichcontainsdigestsofpublication，

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phasisisontheexclusionofdirectｓｕｎｌｉｇｈｔｉｎｔｏｒｏｏｍｓａｎｄｏｎｔｈｅｕｓｅofproperbuildmg

mGLterialBBpeciallyconcemedwithitsconductivitｙａｎｄｔｈｅｒｍａｌｓｔｏｒａｇｅ・AsaConsequBnce，

ｔｂｅｓｈａｐｅｏｆｂｕｉ１ｄｉｎｇｓｔｅｎｄｔｏｂｅｍaBsive、

２.Inahot-humidclimate,wbichcoversmanymajortownsalongandnearcoastalare‐

ａｓ，hDBuggesbedthatfreeairmovementIprotectionagain8tsquallanddrivingrain，sun

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turequickly、Severalmeansweresuggestedascounterplanssuchascross-ventilaIionwhich

tondstoBhapeoneroomthickbuildings0facingaprevailingwinddirectionwhichshouldbe

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ｋｅｐｔｏｐｅｎｆｏｒventilationwhenitisraining，ｓｕｎｓｈａｄｅｓｗｈｉｃｈｗｅｒｅｐｏｐｕｌａｒｉｎｔｈｅformof

brisesoleilcolouredwhiteoandthinwallsandroofpforthickconstructiongiveslittlebeneｆｉｔ

ｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｄａｙａｎｄｉｓｏｆＢｏｍｅdiBadvantageatnight、

３．Ａ、ｌntermediateclimatecanbe8eenmtheinterioroflargelandmeLBsandconsistsof

dryandwetseasonscharacterizedbySeGL8onalmonsoon・DryseasonresembleBBLhot-dry

cliｍａｔｏａｎｄｗｅｔｓｅａｓｏｎｉｓｓｉｍｉｌＢＬｒｔｏａｈot-humidclimate・Asaconsequencedesignstrategy

fｏｒｔｈｉｓｃｌｉｍａｔｅｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｏｎｅａｃｈｐｒｅdominantseasonBlnditisidealtocombinelightweight

structurewithheavystructuremtoawhole、

４．ＩｎａｎｕＰｌａｎｄｃｌｉｍａｔｅｗｈｉｃｈｃａｎｂｅｓｅｅｎｉｎＵｇａｎｄａａｎｄＫｅｎｙａ，particularlyinNajrobi

whereclimａｔｅｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｄｉｆｆｂｒｖｅｒｙｍｕｃｈｆｒｏｍｔｈｏｓｅｔｏｂｅｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｔｈｅｗａｒｍｏｒａreasofthe

Britishisles，hiBrecommemdationwasthatcomparativelythickwaUsisomeceilingmsulzL-tion，moderatewindowopeningswhichcanｂｅｓｈａｄｅｄ，verandahBandBomeformofheatingI

usuallyanopenfire，ＢｅｃａｕＢｅｏｆｌａｒｇｅｄａｉｌｙｒａｎｇｅｏｆｔｅｍporatureotime-1agoIFstructureｓｉｓ

IBulL，FficulLyofEngineering，Ｕｎｉｖ、ｏｆｔｈｅＲｙｕｋｙｕｓ，ＮＣ32,1986 9９ useful，ＳｏｌｔｉｓａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｔｏｕＨｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌswhichhavelargeLhermalcapacitieslikestone， concreteandsoon、Gonerallythisclimateisfairlycomfortableforwhitesettlerswiththe

exceptionofthcstrongsunligｈｔｄｕｒｉｎｇｄａｙｔｉｍｅｗｈｉｃｈｃａｎｂｅｒｅｄｕｃｅｄｂｙｍｅａｎｓｏｆＢｃｒｅｅｎｅｄ

ｏｐｅｎｉｎｇｓ． CmlcluHioru

ＩｎｔｈｅＢａｒｌｙｓｔａｇｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｒｎａｒｃhitectureinex-Britishterritories，thescientificap-proachtotropicalarchitecturewascarriedoutmaｉｎｌｙｂｙｔｈｅＢ.Ｒ､Ｓ、anditsTropicalBuild‐

ingSGction，ｂｏｔｈｏｆｗｈｉｃｈｐｌａｙｅｄａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏleinprovidmginformationrangingover

manytopicsforarchitectswhodesignedfortropicalcountries、Atthatmomentarchitectsi

whoworkedintheseregions，werepioneersliterallystrugglingwiththeclimaticproblems，

Andtheydevelopedtheirdesignswiththecooperationofthesegovernmentbodieswhilst

drawingontheix･ownexperienceintheTropics・Ａｔｔhattimeproperfacilitiesforeducating

architects，especiallyfortropicalcountries，wereestablishedinLondon．

Ａｃｋｍ⑪wledgCment

TheauthorispleasedtoacknowledgetheconsiderableassistanceofMr･PatrickLWake‐

ｌｙ，SeniorLecturerofDevelopmentP1anningUnitDUniversityCollegeLondonjandtheBrit-ishCouncil． ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ (neferenceB）

ＪＥＦＦＲｌＥＳ，Ｃ，‘AReviewofColonialResearchl940-60,,1964,ｐｐ､70-73

ＷＡＫＥＬＹ,ＳＣＨＭＥＴＺＥＲ＆ＭＵＭＴＡＺ，IUrbanHousingStrategies'’1976ｊｐｐ､９－１１

ＢＥＩ〕ＦＯＲＤ,Ｔ､，‘Mode｢nPrinciplesofVentilaUonandHeatｉｎｇｊ，ｌ９３７

ＢＥＤＦＯＲＤ，Ｔ､，EnvironmentalWarmthanditsMeasurement0，ＷａｒＭｅｍｏｒａｎｄｕｍｌ７，

ｌ９４６

ＷＥＢＢ,Ｃ・Ｇ.，‘TheSingaporelndexo，Ｒ､ＬＢ.Ａ・Journal,Sept、1959,ｐｐ,382-383

ＤＲＥＷ,』．＆ＦＲＹＩＭ.，‘VinageHousingintheTropics１，１９４７

ＭＯＲＲＩＳ，ＡＥ.』,，＆ＭＵＲＰＨＹ，Ｌ・ＤＩＭＢＬｘＦｒｙ，，BuildingI310ct、1975,ｐ－５６

ＦＲＹ，Ｍ、＆ＤＲＥＷ，』.，‘TropicalArchtectureintheDryandＨｕｍｉｄＺｏｎｅｓ，，１９６４

ＯＡＫＬＥＹ５Ｄ.，TropicBLlHouses'１１９６１

ＤＡＮＢＹ，Ｍ､，lGrammerofArchitecturalDesignｗｉｔｈSpecialReferBncetotheTropics,，

ｌ９６３

ＦＯＹＬＥ１Ａ.Ｍ､，‘ConrerBnceonTropicalArchiteｃｔｕｒｅｌ９５３１１１９５４

ＷＡＫＥＬＹ，Ｐ」.，`TheDevelopmenLofaschool'，HabitatlntLDvo1.7,0.5/６，１９８３，ｐｐ､３３７

－３３８ ＦＯＹＬＥ，‘Conference，，ｏｐ・Cit.，ｐｐ､２７－４０ １ｂｉｄ.，ｐ、１８ ｊｊｊｊ １２３４ ｊｊＪＪＪｊ ５６７８９ｍ 11） 12） 13） 14）

ＴｈｃＣｌｉｍａｔｉｃＡｄａｐｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＭｏｄｅｒｎＡｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅｔｏｔｈｅＴｒｏｐｌｃｓｉｎＩｈ(P BritishCommonwealth：ＯＧＵＲＡ 100 15） _{ＫＯＥＮｌＧＳＢＥＲＧＥＲ，ＩＮＧＥＲＳＯＬＬ，ＭＡＹＨＥＷ＆ＳＺＯＫＯＬＡＹ，、MBLnualo「Tropical} HousingandBuildingpartlCllmaticDeslgn，１９７４ Ａ、０，．１EffectoftheSecondWOrldWaronBuildingDevelopment，，ColonialBuilding Notes,ｎ０．３１Ｊｕｌｙｌ９５５０ｐＢ ＦＩＴＺＭＡＵＲＩＣＥ，Ｒ,，PrinciplesofModernBuildingo，ｌ９３８ ＦＯＹＬＥ，Ａ､Ｍ､，‘ＴｈｅDevelopmentofArchitectureinWestAfrica､，１９５９（Ｐｈ・DThesls・ LondonUniv.）ｐｌ８９ Ａｎｏｎ.，‘ReviewofOrganizationsforResearchandTechnicallnformationonBuilding andHousinginLessTechnicallyDevelopmentAreaslncludingtｈｅＣｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈ,， ColonialBuildingNotes，ｎｏ､321955,ｐｐ､５－６ Ａnon.，ＣｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈCountrieswithWarmClimates：ResearchmtoWarmClimate BuildingProblems1，Colonia1BuildingNotes，ｎｏ､31,1955,ｐ､８ Ａnon・l0ColonialBuildmgNotes，DColonialBuildingNotes,ｎｏ､1,1950,ｐ､１ Ａｎｏｎ.，`TowardsaTropicalArchitecturej，ArchitecturalDesign，Aprill959，ｐｌ２８

Ａｎｏｎ.，１untitled，，WestAfricaBuildingResearchlnsｔｉｔｕｔｅＡｎｎｕａｌＲｅｐｏｒｔ，1961,ｐｐ、ｌ－２

ＡＴＫＩＮＳＯＮ．Ｇ､Ａ､，‘BuildmgintheTropics,，Ｒ・ＬＢ.Ａ､Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ１Ｊｕｎｅｌ９５０，ｐｐ、３１３－３２０

ＡＴＫＩＮＳＯＮ，Ｇ､Ａ､，‘BuildingintheTroplcs：ＴｈｅＤｅｓｉｇｎｏ『BuildingsforComfort'， Builder,Ｊｕｎｅ1950,ｐｐ８４６－８４９

ＷＡＫＥＬＹ，Ｐ,1.,0DesignforThermgL1ComfortBinHotC1imatoProgrammedfbrLeam‐

ingText，，ｍｉｍｅｏＬｏｎｄｏｎ

ＡＴＫＩＮＳＯＮ，Ｇ､Ａ､，`TropicalArchitecture,，ArchitecturalDesign,ＯＣＬ1953,ｐｐ２６８－２９４

ＡＴＫＩＮＳＯＮ，Ｇ,Ａ､，,PrinciplesofTropicalDesign，，ArchitccluralReview･Ｊｕｌｙ1960,

ｐｐ､８１－８３ 16） 17） 18） 19） 20） 21） 22） 23） 24） 25） 26） 27） 28）