Vol∴6，No小1（1954）
FUN‡）AMENTAL STUDIE＄ON THE UT軋IZATION
OF OLIVE FRU且TS
Ⅰ・ChangeOftheCrudeComponentsofFleshduring
the Growth of Olive Fruits
By KeniiXATÅKURA and TeiichiNARASAKI
（bbof・atOr・yofAg工・jcul餌でdPfOduc仁S Tecbnology）
（Received Apri128，1954）
ⅠⅣTRODUCT‡ON■
Theolive（OleaeurQ9aeaL・）isabroad−1eavedevergT・een，Sl加opicalarbortre9，anqthe 血uitisofthedrupaceoustype，withafleshymesocarpofhighoilcontent，a＄tOny endocarp†
and a＄kin・iike epicarp．
Itis the beginning of this centurythatthe olivetree wasintroducedintoJapan，andthe
historicaldescriptionofolivecultureinthiscountryispresented byProf．KhNORO，（1）Laboratory Of Subtropticaltbrticultur9，thisCollege，in QOnSiderabledetai1s．
Recently，M．OzAK［，く2）Chief ofSh6zuBIanCh，KagawaAgricdturalExperimentStation，has COntributedabriefrevi？W entitled“01iveCulturein Setouchi−District＼OfJapan，”in which坤．e
tedhnicaldifficultiesinvoIvedinitshorticulture and the utilization ofitsproducts are discussed
andits future coditions arealso referred．Stillanumber of pr〇blemsassociated withits culture
remainsalmost untouched，、Whilethe areaofits cukivationis steadilyincreaslngatanaCCelerated rateinthesefewyears．hthe mostpartof the areaolivesareharvestedmainlyfor・theproduction Ofpliveoil，and9nly・alittlea＄thepickling olives．These conditions，however，arenOtfavorable
to the economicalsituation of growers，nOtOnly because the price ofthepicklingoliveis higher
thanthatof the oilolive，but also because，aSM．OzAKIpointed outin the review above mentioned，the competitive condition w主thimportsisadvantageOuS tOthe production of pickling，
Inthis00untrIy，however，Onlyafewinterests are shownforthepidilingboth of green and ripe olives，and apprecid）1eresdtshavehardlybeenobtainedwithafew exceptions．（3）（4）As the COnditionsare such，itisprojectedin thislaboratory to study the olive fruit biochemical1y．
The growth of developing olive fruit was stulied by H．T．HARTMANN，（＄）1949，Who determinedthe diameter，VOlume，Oilcontent，and moisture cc．ntentofthe Missioil，此払nzanillo，
and Ascola？ZOVarieties attwo−WeekintervdsfromJllnetOJanuaryduringtheseasDn1947・1948，
butother oomponents such as sqgar，Crude protein，and ash were not studied．
He reported from his study，thatthegrowthof olive fruit appears to havethe same CyClic
behavior typicalofother fleshydrupaceolIS fruitswi1en the diameter，VOllIme，Or fresh・Weight
measurementsare used，andits growth periodis divide］．intothree stag■es，i．e．，theinitialperiod
Of rapid growth（fromJunetothe beginningof August），the second period of r・educed rateof
growth（fromthebeginningofAugusttomid−September），andthelastperiodofrapidincreasein growthrate（frommid・Septembertothe closeof November）．Fromhis report，itis clearthatit
Tech．Bull一∴Kagawa Agr．−Cbll． isinthelastperiod of growththatthe olivefruitdevelopsits me甲Carpand accurnulatestheoil・
It′dhol迫d be ofinterestto studythegrowthbehavior of olive fruit’inmore details，
theolive主s the onlyOne Of the commer’Ciallygrownd叩paCeOuSfruits w壬1ich accum止Iatesoilin ぬe mesocarp．
Thusthe authorsdetermined the crude componentsofoIive fleshin theIastperiod of growth withthe Mission，Manzaチ；illo，and Lucca＊ari6ties during the1953season．
This paper consistsinthe firstf・epOrtOfthis seIiesofinvestigation and represents the results Obtained from the growth studies mentiond above．
】値A甘ERIAIノAN初仁M：E甘拡（〉甘）
TheA4ission，肋n之aクdllo，andLuccavarieties，
WereuSedinthepr9SentStudies・AllsampleswereobtainedfrommaturetreesgrowlngatSh6zu
‡slandthroughthecbur・teSyOfM．OzAKI．Collection＄Wet壷midefr6品S如e血b壷i・18toD岳cember
15atapproximatelytwo−Weekintervals。Twenty・：fiv畠fruitsof■eachvari′etywere obtainedat8t30
a．m．on every sampling date．
Thefresh−1壷ightmeasurementwasimmediately血ad占for eachvariety，thesanpleswerethen
s6nttb、tbeal血or岳，1aboratoryand、sl巾ラecteatofurtheiIanalyses．They＊eredlovぬd tostaiidIin thelaborator・yaboutone week，hndtheair−dried鉦uits weret舷en fdr：analyses．
Thean和tic畠11〕rOCeSSis summarizedin Fig．1．T血あtY−fi∀efrdts of′each万ariety were grouわed atramdomintofourlots，i．e…，5，5，7，and8’frdts，士由pedi寸elす．；Two dfthe5−fr血t lots wer・e tlSed for・thedeter・mination of oil，andノthe de董如t占d residues bier6 f血ther examined
Yortotal−Sugaru The7−∂nd8−fruitlotswereusedforthed占te壷inationbfmoist血e，andthenthe
dried fleぬsamples weresubjectedtothe detらrminatidns of／Ctdde protei止血d adl．t
嘩e，theseed岳′wereremovedbeforeanalyses，andth占resilltsareb畠占edonthe＜fledl・ Cr・ude、oil、cbntent：The flesh of5fruits雨占coll畠ctedinapaper cylind畠r，血iedi血avacuum de畠iccatorwithconc．打2SO4＝OVernight，a11d then ex奴竃Cted而eh・etheri孟theSoXHLETappaねtus
foI・20壬IfS．
Totalsugar COntent：Thedefatted resid11e WaShydrolyzedwith20ml・’5％HCl王na50血1： flaskconnectedwith areflux cooler・Orlaboiling−Water bath for 3hrs，the hydr61yzater was neutrali写edwithNdCO8，filteredintoalOOml．VOlumetricflask，Wdshedand filledbpto ml小 withdistilled、water，and the filtrate wasanalすZedfori・6ducingSugarbyth占
metbod．
Moisture content：The fleshhwas separated fromthe seed；Cutiht6Smal1sedionson畠 weighedfilterpaper oveiIaWatdl−g1ass，anddriedinanelectt三covenat900C・
Cruqeproteincontent：Thedriedflesh（1−2gl）wasanalyzbdfornitrogenbyth6KTEi，DAHL
metbod，
A殖
Vd．ノ 6，No．1（1954） ぎig．1ExpeI−imentalPヱOCeSSeS COllecting鉦omt∑・eeSat8：30乱mて ‡（25妄‡画 定easur・ementOf totalfresh・Weight ↓
air−dryingabc＞ut One Week
moist闇e （7十8Jfrさユits） ←′T⊥．1 C 0 detn．of由ude oiト J e触extn・い5二十5摘？） hy血01ysis wi払5％HCl ↓ de叫・ （鮎RT箪AND） detn． 血ying at900
detn．0董 crude detn…Of asb
pI■Otein
（K膵LDAHL）
R翳SUI．TS 上ゝNIJ‡）ISくご【1SSlく〉‡寸
The res111tsobtahed areexprpssedinFigs・・2to8gr■卑PhicaliYt As showninFigs・2，6，7， and8the叩Oi＄tureLCOn鱒ntWaS血cr9aSingwhen甲p三‘■？Sβedinpercentage，butitwascontinuously
桓q−鱒＄ipg∴in tbe actual′amount pe工One f‡−uit．
A去s甲nfromFig．2，theMi’ssi0；2andMan？dilillovarietiesindic去短d恥eclear andconsi・
derablyparalleltenden？y′inthegrowingCurVe苧，b叫儀eLuccavarietyexhibitedanOther cyclic
CurVe・Theminimumvaluesbc・thinthe perc苧ntag琴aてlまtheactualamouユt Wer．寧glVen atmid−
Octoberin＿allthev即ieties．耳naddi如n，itw亘垂shovnihFig12thatthesig？ifi6ant differ？nCeS
were observed forthe moisture contentamon岳th占varieties
甘一・・・−ニト・・ 、・ メ ■、敏． 5 0 6 6 曾凛眉じ巴鳶届き ＼ ＼ ＼・てト■一・一− qヽ ＼ ＼ ′′′一・軋叫√ぺ
一■ニー、・
二．一・一′￣
C／Ⅵ（ね乃りrどま紹 ￣一・・−・0＿．．．−−0−、−・、 受ニニューこ紅二・一‘′ ーー■ ぷ・−−・・＝■〉ミーー・−・−一一X 心・・−−・ −》−−−叫ヰー−・−・・−㊥ 餌れ 」一旬ノ 5α〝ゆ桁響かαお 45 5密f Oct. Aね SαククゆJよク智∂αfβFig．2・Changeof the Mo享Stur・e Contentof O】ive Flesh， pe工Cent Of fresh flesh，based on average of15fru享t＄ −−．一一 皿幻sSよ0〝；−−◇… 肋形gα泥ま肋；× エ糀・Cα；
Fjg3Char：．ge Of the Crude PIOtein and Ash Coni：er）tS Of O呈ive Flesh
per・Cent Of fresh f王esh，based on average
o壬■］．5fIu托s一−−。脚風禿s．Sグ∂花；…○… 肋−
Tech．Bullル Kagawa Agr．Coll．
4
In Fig．3，the results aregiven forthe determinationsof crude protein and ash．From the CurVeS Of crude protei王ICOntent 王1O Significant results were observed．In the vdues for ash
COntent remarkable differences were shownamOng the varIieties，but no considerable growing
tendencywas obtained．As clearlyshowninFig．3，theL，uCCa varietyhas amuch higherash
content than the othel・・twO Varieties．
The resdts for the determination of totalsugar・Were eXPreSSed as O．9 × glucose as
usual1yandgivenin Figs．4；6小 7and8。Allthethreevarieties exhibit寧d the high1y parallel decr・easingbehavior bothinthe per・CentageSand the actualamountsperone′fruitin opposition
tothose of oilcontent（inFigS．5，6，7，and8）．The minimumlevels of sugar COntent Were shownaboutNovember・15to30，andthis wastheperiodof reachingthemaxim11mlevelsof oil COntent．B鴫in the actualamounts，the sugar was far・1ower than the oil．
The resultsfor thedeterminationof oilwereexpressedas percentof freshand dry flesh，
andgivenin Fig．5．TheactlユalamoumtS Were repreSentedin Figs．6，7，and8，Separateiyforeach variety．The oilwas accumulated atafairlyⅦ1iformrate11ntilabo血the end of Novemberin tlle aCtualamountperonefruitinal1the varieti由．As showninFig・小5，the curveSOf oilcontent exわressedin percentageindicatedthetypicalS・1etterform，anditsmaximdmvalueswere17−20％ OPfreshbasis，and41∼44％on drybasis，reSPeCtively．TheLuccavarietyshowed asignificantlす higher vall把Of oilcontent than the other two varieties on fresh basis，bl王t nO Significant
differenceon drybasis，Thisresultseemedto correspond with thelower value of moistliie
COntentin the．Lucca variety，aS Shownin Fig．2．
The changesof pr・incipalcomponentsofthe Mission，Manzanillo，andLuccavarieties were
故 ■登藍こす宍二項占 2 ぜ蔓長∵邑ぎご凛だ ∧b〝 β∼C・ 箪♪ム． OcJ 5β，，ゆ猿轡加ゎ
Fig．4 CharlgeO董theTotalSugar Contentof Olive Flesll，perCent Of fresh flesh，based on average of
lO fI・uits
−−・・−・一一 腰ぶ．由一〃乃；−・小一肋〝Zα〝∠〝￠；×エ〝CC〃；
5α，噸彪短かαね
Fig．5 Change of the CrudeOilContent of Olive
Flesh，perCent Of fresh and dry flesh，based on aveI−age OflO董ru手短
Vol．6，No．．1（1954） 5
giveninFigs・6，7，and8，reSpeCtively．Asseenfromthesefigures，thesame cyclicgrowth behavior wasshownbyal1thethree varieties・Thedifferencesamongthevarietieswereshown 0I11yinthepr・aCticalvall肥SOf fresh，・Weightandmoisture・p Thecrudeoilandtotalsugarcontents
Weregiven similarlyfor allthevarietiesboththe growing curves and the actual amount＄．耽
m町besug琴eStedthatthe seedofsuchadrupaceousfruitasolivefruitdoesnot growin the laststageofgrow血process，fromtheperfect、paral1elismbetweenthefresh−Weightsoftotalfruit
andflesh・AccordingtoHARTMANN，（5）thepitsofolivefruitshardenedabol止mid−AuguSt，and
SO．inthepresent studiesthe pitsseemedtobe completedbeforetheopenlngOfexamination and
thegrow払ofseeds did notappe鱒∴The unusuallyhighvalues shownatthe endof Ndvember in thefresh・Weight werenotfo11ndinthe report of HARTMANN，1949．hfact，the moisture COntentOffruitsiseffectedby weatherconditons，buttherehad beenno appreciable rain about
thattime・Moreover，aSSeenfromFig・2，the moisture content expressedin percentage WaS not unu印al1y highatthattime a七all‖Therefore，itmight be concludedthat this highvalue
inthefresh・rWeight wasnever・attributd）1etothe dbnormalityoffruits．Theauthorswould study Whether thisbehavior’has anyphysiologicalmeanlng．Theremighthave been somemistakesin
t，he collection of fIuits
The￣oilcontent was continuouslyincreasingduringthese seasonequal1yinal1thevarieties Studied，andthe totalsugar contentwas decreasingbutalittleintheqttantity・
蔓ぶ二萱草鼓¶古窯喜§ミU鳶ぎ凸 箋長ご喜†鼓∵古層屡ぎ書こ項薫
S（Z〝ゆ彪7好かαgβ
Fig．6 Fresh Weight，Moisture，Crude Oil，and Total SugaIOftheMtsISion Olive during theG工OWingSeason，
gIamS per One fruit，based on average of25fruits
−−・− tOtalweight of fresh fruit；−−・‥Weight of fresh flesh；一O∼mOisture；−−O−−Crude oil；−・×−
to也1suga工’．
5α〝砂J査ク響かαね
Figl・7 Fresh Weight，Moistur，Crude Oil，and TotalSugarof theManzaniHoOlived即・jng the Growing Season，gramS per One fruit，based
on average of 25 fruits
−・−tOtalweight of freshfIuit；−−・‥Weight
Of fresh flesh；−。−mOisture；…0−−Crude oil；
Tech．Bul1u XagaWaAgr．C611ニ 甘he guantitativerelationbetwee血theoildnd鮎 sugarduringthe裏OWthappearedtosuggestt旭’the carbohydr離emぬbblisimparticipatedinthe oiiac己tl− ぬula七ibniぬthe01童．ve fr・uits． U§udily払eh畠‡VeStisrnadeforthegreehpickli墟 d貼e■hSe加Cb互 前stIic亡君IOm mid−0虎めeI・tO血id−− Nbve血ber depending dpon the varieties and ripeni地 degr由占L Theiefdte，the gieen f）icklihg olive畠●由も developi鴫bothinthefrIeSh−Weightahd theoilcontent b血 n彿 appa‡entlyin 払e mois血re 七ontent，md
壷do血始dlyit融通d、be to the growei・畠，benefit
d畠1ay壬1a‡「VeSt u¶tilthe ffuitslうegintocdloI’・
払tbe o血er・b血d，the o画血lユm time to h嶽ve岳t
仇e f工uits must b岳d融e血inedin co王ISide‡・癒ion of tIle
factors havldgthe effectupoh the 如ality ofpidこ1ing・ 払addition，itwasin七erestingto findthムtthemdi畠ture
coritent eXhibitedth畠hinimum vaihein、this pidこ1ing
pe‡・iddin‘all独占vaI■ieties・
Sこ＝明1覗ÅRY
Thegr0wingbehavioro宣 01ive fruit was studied 触・亘ng払elast stage of grOWthinthe1953season
膏さご眉＼．誌．蔦荒屋鼠首尺︶鳶薫香 一か・−叩一山ぺトーー′′■ ／〆 ′●■￣ 一一一−一一′￣−−・− 、一一一 ル叫・・・ ′一 −・・0 一・一dユー￣ ＿か一・一・べ′’ ＿ ニ＝＝＝＝㈹」 5抄f Od ∧加 ∠おC 5（川J〆ノJ∫g上）‘J′し・ Eig。8 FIeShWeえght，Mo5stdre，CrudeO3i，
and to七alSugar o董the Lucca Oljve dur；ng theGrowing Seasor），gIamSpe工One董rujt， based on ave工age O董25董Iu享七S
−．】tOtalwe】gbt of fIeSb董王uj七；
weigh七OfiⅠeSbfl∈Sb；一一つ−−ぺて0如u｝■∈、；＝0・−
crude oil；−×−tOtalstlgaI；
asapartofthegeneral‡・eSearChpro画Onthe血1ization of oiive fruitsin thislaboratory・
Thefresh，・Weight，mOisture，C用deoil，わ乞alsほ望ar，Crudep‡Otein，andashcontentsoftheflesh
offrtlitswer・edetermi長edfromSeptember・38to December15atabol止two−Weekintervals，and
theresultsobねinedwereexpressedgraphまcallyin7figures Tbe封ndi喝SOftbiss地点ymaybeJS㍊汀1ma‡・まzed as紬noⅥrS： 1．Allthevarietiesexhibited払esarnecyclicgrowthbehaviortypicalofthecommondrupaceous 如i晦asrepOI・tedbす王払RTMÅN軋（52．Thecleargrowthbehaviorwasseeninthemoisture，C；・ude oil，and total由garCOnte叫S，
bl止notin th．e cru∃e protein and ash c〇ntentS
3巾There seemed to be s〇me COrrelation betweenthe oilaccumulation and the carbDhydrate metabolismin班1e Ohve f‡■扇ts
4Themaxim血製如elofoilco雨enとWaSぬow■nabouttheend ofNovember小
5・AttheendofNov？mbeitheノeXt‡emelyhi望hvaluein freshl・Weight wa・SShown，・butitsbio− chemitalmeaninglS nOt37金tclear
AC鼠N￠W‡JEむG了櫨賞罰■T 舎
The authorswishto e叩reSS their sincerethanksfor the kindness of M・OzAK‡and N・
KASA王，Sh6zu駄anch，KagaWa AgriculturalExperiment Station，Who collected andsentthe
samples11Sedin til呈ssもu己y
Vol．6，N￠∴トで1鮎4） College，for．hishelpfulsuggestion声andhisqarefulreviewofthismanuSCript． ‡ノIT景RATURE CITED （力 KNoRO：r如カい β〟JJ物α紺αAgシ：C∂〝い 5，64−78（1953） （2）M・OzAEI：〃吻．γ￠A√Sαゐ∠9パ科55、（1954） （3）ZSAWAYAMAandEYASUDA：Tbch．Bull‖ 7あ6canningSchool，1，52−57（1950） （4）MOzAKIand NいKASAI‥BuH・？h品沈BranchKagau，aAgrE4i・Sta69−89（1951） （5）H… THART丸仏N王1：タグ仇∴．A刑・β♂‘助㌢ヂ・ふ浸・54，86−94（1949） 了 オ 1成熟期疫於ける果肉成分の変化 片倉健二楢崎丁市 近軌瀬戸内海沿岸地方紅於け右・オニリ・ニプ栽培ほ．，次第に偏に．なって釆つゝあるが，その生産東夷 め利卿犬況ほ，決して望ましいものとほ云い得ないl・又，研究資料の特異性の故に，オジ1⊥プ油に関 する〝もの■を除けば，化学的研究も殆ど行われて居ない様である・ そこで筆者等峰，オ リ十プ軍兵利用の基礎的研究を計虚し，その一部と・して，成熟期間中に於ける 果肉成分の変化を研究した・ オリーブは，果肉中に油を多盈に蓄積するために栽培される唯・−・の核果樹であるので，その油の蓄 積過程に．興味ある事案が期待されたのであるが，余り興味ある結果は得られなかったu 研究結果ほ，次の様に要約し得るだろう・
