現代インドのガンディー主義的環境思想

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* ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University 2006 ॷ 7 ೐ 31 ౗؝Њ, 2006 ॷ 11 ೐ 7 ౗؝ჿ

ჼБ˓Ͳ̝ɹˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᇕᄩޅਲ਼઎

㧙˽Ͳ̋͡͞ͻ͡͹̶̫˫̠ɹ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ᄩޅਲ਼઎㧙

ቄǵܮǵಅǵڈ*

Gandhian Environmental Thinking in Contemporary India:

Sunderlal Bahuguna’s Sarvodayist Environmental Thinking

Ishizaka Shinya*

This paper discusses how Gandhians in contemporary India started to grapple with the environmental problems and the nature of their environmental thinking.

Sunderlal Bahuguna, a famous Gandhian leader of the forest protection Chipko movement in the Himalayan region in north India, had until the 1960s been proposing the promotion of local forest industry as against the exploitation of forest resources by outsiders of the region. His claim was an outcome of one side of the Gandhian notion of svarāj: freedom from outside oppression. However, he changed his stance during the 1970s and started to advocate the ban of forest cutting and the promotion of agrofor-estry as he learned the situation of environmental degradation in the region, the global move towards forest protection and the aspirations of local people to protect trees. He started to make much of the other side of svarāj: autonomy though proper deeds in a given condition.

After the 1980s, Bahuguna articulated a philosophy of “sublimation of nature”: the role of human beings is to refi ne the ātman (true being) of all natural beings. In addi-tion, he cultivated a comprehensive environmental thinking as he committed to the anti Tehri dam movement. It can be called “Sarvodayist environmental thinking” because it was based on the Gandhian notion of sarvodaya (the welfare of all).

はじめに

ೣዣɹᇿᇕɻ⏋ჼБ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᇕᄩޅਲ਼઎ȵȦȴɴଁጓɌɛȴ⏋ɗɌɩ ɗɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ɹԒࢅɻȦȴɲʳʢɹȴˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴ⏋ჼБ˓Ͳ̝ˁ БᝠɐʳˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɫȡʳ˽Ͳ̋͡͞ͻ͡͹̶̫˫̠⏃1927 –⏆ɹਲ਼઎ɭࡸᤋɴ့ဣˁ

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ȡɩ⏋৳ɴȲȦɩˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɭᄩޅکᰍɭȵȦȴɴɌɩɦɲȵʱ⏋৳ȵɰɹʭȩɲᄩޅਲ਼ ઎ˁݛɤɩȷɛȴˁ౩ተɴɐʳ⏏1) ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ⴖጓ᧊֪ɹ୭ࢷᓔ M. K. ˤͲ̚ˑͻ⏃1869 – 1948⏆ɴᅓഀɐʳ ਲ਼઎͹ࡸᤋɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹਲ਼઎ᇕμ൒ɴɻ˽ͩ͞ͻ˻⏃svarāj⏆ɭ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋⏃sarvodaya⏆ ɭȦȩʈɛɦɹෙਥȵࡔܧɐʳ⏏Ʉɹȩɠʚɑ˽ͩ͞ͻ˻ɭɻ⏋ȋʛɑȴʰ⏃sva⏆ȍɹȋఌᨗ ⏃rāj⏆ȍˁઝ٢Ɍ⏋⏃a⏆Јᓔɴʭʳఌᨗȴʰɹᔵ׹ɭɌɩɹȋᕶጓȍɭ⏋⏃b⏆๙೚ɹըਉˁʠ Ɋɐڵȷ᝔Ȧ⏃sadācār⏆ɭɌɩɹȋᕶ৾ȍɭȦȩʈɛɦɹүᯆˁȡʼɓʢɤɛෙਥɫȡʳ⏏ ˓Ͳ̝Ⴖጓ᧊֪ɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ɹඨ຦ܩఌᨗȴʰɹక໠ᇕႶጓˁʠɊɐ ɹʛɲʰɑ⏋ϺǾɹᕶ৾ˁȩɲȵɌڵȷ᝔ȦɴʢɭɧȦɛ˓Ͳ̝య౩ɹ෯፷ˁʠɊɐ኏Цఒᯊ ᧊֪ɫʢȡɤɛ␩Parel 2000␭⏏ ๖ɴ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ɭɻ⏋ȋɐʏɩ⏃sarv⏆ȍɹȋΫ౥⏃uday⏆ȍˁઝ٢Ɍ⏋ᯃಮ֐ᇕ౅໬ɴ ʭɤɩ᝵ଵܦᓔɹៗఔɭ኏ЦԃкɹክኔɹكΫˁʠɊɐਲ਼઎ɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠɄʶɻፀΥɴ⏋ ֒գςᒶɹȋ೎߂޽ధɹ೎߂ॺክȍɭȦȩᓒȭ౅ɴࢪɌ⏋೎߂޽ధɰɄʸȴԃڊɹॺክˁʠ ɊɌࢹధᓔɹέॺˁ᠗ʠɲȦ਒ঈᇕɲ̜̓͌ˏ̺̒ɹਲ਼઎ɫȡʳ␩Gandhi 1954: 4␭⏏ፀϠɴ⏋ ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ෙਥɹݜᇻɴɻ⏋ᯃಮ֐⏃ahimsā⏆ɐɲʼɠ⏋ɐʏɩˁ׃ʛᦉʞડ⏃sarvodayapi prem⏆ɹ៎ਥȵȡʱ⏋Ɍɛȵɤɩಮ֐ᇕ౅໬ˁ౸᠗ɐʳ͇͡˪˽ςᒶɭɻᅵɲʱ⏋ȡȼʚɫ ʢᯃಮ֐ᇕɴϺǾɹਕˁԂʶ್ȭɇɓʳɄɭˁʠɊɐ␩Gandhi 1954: 159- 60␭⏏ɇʰɴ⏋៲ȭ ȴȿȵϺǾɹਕɴᯱȼʭȩɴɐʳɛʠɴ⏋༎֪ࢃɻʛɑȴʰᕶै፲ըɭᕶै႞႓ɹᏄኜɫϺǾ ɴߑЇɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ␩Gandhi 1954: 5␭⏏ჼБ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻధ޽ȼɹ NGO ɲɰɴʭɤɩ عܩɫ኏ЦክኔكΫɹɛʠɹ؜ʱᏼʛȵɲɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɹݭغɻ༎֪ࢃᕶ᤹ ɹᕶैᐏਉˁ೎ᩂឹែɌɩȦʳဣɫ⏋2) ޽ȼɹΥᖔᇕɲ೴ᘺᬖᇍ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹਲ਼઎ɭɻ߂ȷ ȼᅵɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ˤͲ̚ˑͻ໗৿ɹ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᇕ኏Цఒᯊ᧊֪ɻ⏋ʹˑ̨ͻ̫͹̫ͻʹ˙ ⏃1895 – 1982⏆ɴʭʳ̸ͻ̋ͻͲ⏃bhūdān⏆᧊֪⏃ܩςɴܤܩˁࢊᦽɇɓɗʶˁܤܩɲɌࣝɴ Օȿήȭɛ⏆ʦ⏋J. P. ̠ͻ͞ͻ͓Ͳ⏃1902 – 79⏆ɹԃᯆᯊ٨⏃sa ˙mpūrn krānti⏆᧊֪⏃˓Ͳ̚ˑ ͞͹ˤͲ̚ˑͻకณɹ৔ณక໠ɴࢪ଻Ɍɛ⏆ɲɰɹʓȴ⏋عܩɹ೴ᘺԗল᧊֪⏃ёȭɽˡͻ ̚ˑͻ⏃khādī⏋ଝᑩʱ॒⏆ᅊᅋɹߣ֜ɭɗɹ˹˽̘͌׋ɲɰ⏆⏋έخ៘຦ըঘᐓ᧊֪⏋˱͖͊ ̠͡⏃ࡱ༐ࢪጓ⏆ᜨٮɹɛʠɹ༎֪⏋ኧᨙ᧊֪⏋ߨਸɹܩеكΫ᧊֪ɲɰȵࣙᬖɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ 1) ೣዣɹᡴᠶɻ⏋ፆᓔȵჼܩᠭീɫԂଝɌɛᣂషˁʢɭɴɌɩȦʳ⏏ჼܩᠭീɻ⏋2003 ॷ 2 ೐⑯3 ೐⏋ؾॷ 8 ೐ ⑯9 ೐⏋2004 ॷ 7 ೐⑯9 ೐⏋ؾॷ 11 ೐⑯2005 ॷ 2 ೐⏋2006 ॷ 7 ೐⑯9 ೐ɴ᝔ɤɛ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋˽Ͳ̋͡͞ͻ ͡͹̶̫˫̠ȲʭʃٞᦇϺ႒ȴʰɹ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻˁ᝔Ȧ⏋̶̫˫̠ɹᘿсʦ̮Ͳ̶̜ͤ̒⏋̶̫˫̠ɴᬠɐʳయ ჉⏃Ш៨␩Dogra 1993␭ʦᘿсᮃ␩Rigzin 1997␭⏆ɲɰɹᬠᦹయ჉ˁԂଝɌɛ⏏ 2) ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɛɠɻ⏋ˏͻ˹͖͌͞⏃āśram⏋ʢɭʢɭ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻఠɴȲȿʳѹ᝔ɹɛʠɹ᭯ᧄଘ͹᧑ݭˁ୭ ɐ᠝⏆ɴଘࣚɌɩᎎᏬ͹ኧ๙ɹԊؾᅊ༎ˁᦢɤɩȦʳ⏏

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ɌȴɌ 1970 ॷБГᭇ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɛɠɻ⏋Ϻᬚ኏ЦԒᨆɹఒᯊɹکᰍɴɭ ɰʚʰɑ⏋Ϻᬚ኏Цˁ؜ʱॎȼᄩޅɹکᰍɴʢዩෑᇕɴ؜ʱᏼʛࠃʠʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ␩Nandy 2000; Hardiman 2003␭⏏ɗʶʪȭ⏋ჼܧ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎͹ᄩޅ᧊֪ɴɦȦɩᠶɍʳ᭬ɴ ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɹ৯ᯱɴɦȦɩ៘ʶɲȦʼȿɴɻȦȴɲȦɭȦɤɩʢ᧌ៜɫɻɲȦ␩Gadgil and Guha 1995␭⏏ɌȴɌӴ᝔቉ድɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɛɠȵ⏋ɲɕ⏋ȦȴɴɌɩ ᄩޅکᰍɴ؜ʱᏼʛࠃʠʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹȴ⏋ɗɌɩ⏋৳⏒৳ߨʰȵԍкᇕɴɰɹʭȩɲᄩޅ ਲ਼઎ˁʢɤɩȦʳɹȴɴɦȦɩ⏋ԍкᇕɴ౩ʰȴɴɇʶɩɻɄɲȴɤɛ⏏ ೣዣɫɻʚɑ⏋˽Ͳ̋͡͞ͻ͡͹̶̫˫̠ȵ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɭɌɩܩӯз຦ɹᅊ༎كΫ ˁʠɊɌɩ༎֪ɌɩȦȼɲȴɫ 1970 ॷБГᭇ̯͇͓͞ɹගകѳᡸˁς৓ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛᐁ ᑅˁ౩ʰȴɴɌ⏋৳ɹගകѳᡸᠶɹԒࢅˁՕഓɐʳ⏃ፀ 1 ፲⏆⏏๖ɴ⏋̶̫˫̠ȵ 1980 ॷБ ৿ץГᭇ⏋ʛɑȴʰɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ˁគଠɠɐʳȋᕶးɹ౥ᘠȍɭȦȩڒ࡝ˁࡴጓɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ ගകکᰍɴɭɰʚʰɑʭʱঃȼᄩޅکᰍԃᖔɴᬠਕˁʢɠࠃʠɩႶᕶɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ˁݛɤɩȦɤ ɛɄɭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌ⏋ɗɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ȵˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɹȋ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ᄩޅਲ਼઎ȍɫȡʱ⏋ ̚ˑͻ̺͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɲɰɹᭉᅠˁʢᣳȭȩʳخᔨਸˁʢɤɛȋᕶै޴ࢅɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ȍɫȡʳ Ʉɭˁ౩ተɴɐʳ⏃ፀ 2 ፲⏆⏏

1．スンダルラール・バフグナにおける森林保護論の成立

1.1 地元住民の生活向上をめざして―スンダルラール・バフグナの前半生 ˽Ͳ̋͡͞ͻ͡͹̶̫˫̠ɻ 1927 ॷ⏋˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅ɹ̘ͻ͠ͻᦏ᧿ɹ೴ɴᅊʚʶ ɛ⏏̶̫˫̠ɻ 1940 ॷГᭇ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻʦʹˑ̨ͻ̫͹̫ͻʹ˙ʰɭɹՏЦȦˁᦲɌɩˤͲ 図 1 ウッタラーカンド地方地図 0 100km N

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̚ˑͻςᒶɴԊᴡɌ⏋˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅ɴȲȦɩ⏋έخ៘຦ըঘᐓ᧊֪3) ʦኧᨙ᧊֪4) ɲ ɰɴਃϟɌɩȷɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛ̶̫˫̠ɹ༎֪ɻ⏋̜̓͌ˏ̺̒ɹ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ਲ਼઎ɴጩˁᇍ ɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɲȲ̶̫˫̠ɻ⏋ԃ˓Ͳ̝ɹˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔȵؒᮃɐʳॷ๖߂ЦɴȲȦ ɩᡴᬏˁ֭ʠʳ⏃1989 ॷ⏆ɲɰ⏋ჼܧ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩʢɤɭʢ೑ؿɲˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɹΥ Ϻɫȡʳ⏏ ɇɩ⏋̶̫˫̠ɹ՟ೝɹᘿсˁʛʳɭ⏃ёȭɽ ␩Bahuguna 1969␭⏆⏋̶̫˫̠ɴɭɤɩගക ȵᩂ߂ɲᬠਕϟɞɤɛɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅ɹϺǾɹ኏Цᅊ༎ɴȲȦ ɩɻගകȵᩂឹɲеᒞˁװʠɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɄɹܩ౅ɹගകɹ߂ᨆՕɻ˓˧͠˽ඨ ຦ܩೝГഀගക࣌ɹ፬ჿάɴȡʱ⏋ܩӯз຦ɹගകʍɹˏ˪́˽ณɻᭉʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ɄɹႥ໥ ɴࢪɌ̶̫˫̠ɻ⏋ܩӯН෌ɴʭʳගക⏃ೳೠ͹ปᔩ⏆ᅋ෌ˁ୷ᖂɇɓʳʏȷɞɭᓒȭɩȦ ɛ⏏ɗʶɴʭɤɩܩӯз຦ȵගകᣂ྇ɹ༎ᅎɭѳԃɴᬠਕˁ୫ɦɄɭˁᰔɤɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ ␩Bahuguna 1969: 89-93␭⏏ ̶̫˫̠ɹɄɹܩӯз຦ӦӴɹጓݭɹᔘಕɴɻ⏋ܩݖɹȋᕶጓȍˁਚكɐʳ˽ͩ͞ͻ˻ɹෙ ਥȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ගക࣌ɹ̶˝ͤ˽̊ͻɴʭʳႶװᇕɲගക፬ჿɴؙࢪɌܩӯз຦ɹගകʍɹ ˏ˪́˽ณɹୟ߂ˁິʠʳ৳ɹɄɹጓݭɻ⏋৿ॷ⏋ˏ˻ˏعܕɹගകɹ፬ჿ͹᧊ۊˁʠȽɤɩ ɌɽɌɽᝠ౩ɇʶʳɄɭɴɲʳȦʼʪʳȋගകܩݖз຦ɹែএȍˁӴ؜ʱɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏5) 1.2 森林産業振興から森林伐採禁止へ―スンダルラール・バフグナの主張の転換 1960 ॷБೢʚɫɻܩӯН෌ɴʭʳගകᅋ෌ɹ୷ᖂˁ៲ȭɩȦɛ̶̫˫̠ɻ⏋1970 ॷБˁɦ ȩɍɩ਀Ǿɴʛɑȴʰɹጓݭˁ᥊ழɌ⏋1980 ॷБ՟ᰄɴɻ˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅ɹගകФ஛ ԃᯆኧ๬ˁς৓ɐʳʚɫɴɲɤɛ⏏৳ɹɄɹጓݭ᥊ழɹᔘಕɭɌɩ⏋ГάɹΪဣˁ୭௎ɐʳɄ ɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ፀΥɴ⏋̶̫˫̠ɻ˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅عܩˁ᝔ᔰɐʳɲȴɫ⏋ගക༥߉ɴʭɤɩ೴ᘺ኏ Цȵཉխɲ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿɩȦʳɄɭˁឿՏɌɛ⏏̶̫˫̠ɻ 1960 ॷБ৿ץȴʰ⏋˗̒̊͞ͻˡ Ͳ̝ܩ౅عܩˁ᝔ᔰɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ᕶᐌᕶ᣸ɹ೴ᘺɭȦȩˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɹ͍̒́ͻ ˻ˁঃȼШȭʳɭɭʢɴ⏋عܩɫέخ៘຦ըঘᐓʦኧᨙˁ៲ȭʳɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛ᝔ᔰɹ ᧌ዐɫ৳ȵ៘ʶɛ೴ᘺ኏Цɹࡸ઴ɻੳઊɲʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ 3) ԍкᇕɴɻ⏋ȡʰʪʳˡͻ˽̜ɹࡎ৉ɴࢪɌɩᬖȴʶɛ࡝ࢣˁᬖ៯ɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋έخ៘຦ɴࢪɐʳ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ ࢩ᭏ᬖఔ᧊֪ˁ஠ᦽɌɛ⏏ 4) ኧᨙ᧊֪ɴɦȦɩɻ␩Pathak 1985␭ˁؒ၇ɹɄɭ⏏ 5) ϥΫɴʭʳɭ⏋ˏ˻ˏᡉܕɴȲȿʳගകɹ፬ჿ͹᧊ۊˁʠȽɤɩɄɹȋගകܩݖз຦ɹែএȍɭȋ̶˝ͤ˽̊ͻ ɹែএȍɭȦȩሂؙɐʳʈɛɦɹែএȵࡔܧɌɩȷɛ⏏ȋ̶˝ͤ˽̊ͻ⏃ගകࡲ⏋ക෌ଯ᝗ᓔ⏆ɹែএȍɻȋƦග കɹɄɭˁፀΥɴᓒȭ⏋Ƨܩݖз຦ˁගക፬ჿɹըᏝ؅܍ɭឿɲɌ⏋ƨଯ᝗ɹఒڵ⏃ɦʚʱᦏБᇕଯ᝗ɹࢷԂ⏆ ɭϺǾʍɹఠᔒȵکᰍៗໆɴ৲ጓɦɭᓒȭɩȦʳɄɭȍ␩ϥΫ 2003: 5␭ɫȡʳ⏏

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࠲ԂʱɌɛᗐȦࠗɻ⏋ࡸࢃȴʰɹؾ੻ˁᰉʱɴɌɩȦʳʢɹɞ⏏ᦲ।⏋ࡸࢃɹທɻᕶՕɹ ࠗɴࢪɌ⏋৳ߨɛɠȵࠦࢃɴଖʳ᭬ɴɻȲᘘࡎˁ୫ɛɓɩʦʳʢɹɲɹɞȵ⏋ᦏॷɫɻ⏋Ȳ ᘘࡎɹБʼʱɴᚩˁ୫ؒɇɓʳɹȵ߫ʚʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ᚩˁ୫ɛɓʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ࢹ ɲȼɭʢధ౗ᬚɻ৳ߨɛɠɹکᰍȵៗໆɇʶʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ ʭȼᗛɤɛᐶɹගകɹ੻ಕˁៅȭɩȦʳࠅɛɠɻ⏋ᒶჿɹࠗˁ๖ɹʭȩɴɌȴʳ⏏ȋȲʚ ȭɻΥ౗μ࢖ɩɫʢȦɛɹȴ⏱ǵɲɕȲʚȭɻɄʶɤʗɤɠɹᗳɌȴᮃʠɩɄɲȦɹȴ⏱ȍ ᓚܩȴʰɹᔋ໋ɲܤޚɹ༑Տɴʭʱ⏋ᅖɛɠɻᓷˁິʠɩ̓Ͳ̾˓ʦ̚͠ͻɭȦɤɛ߂ᨊ॑ ɴՏɩɌʚɤɩȦʳ⏏ᗑᮑɹႥ໥ɴᓘȭՖʶɑ⏋ᗐȦߨਸɛɠɻɌɽɌɽाɴ᤹ˁହɁɩᕶ ຏˁܒʳ⏏ȡʳॷɴɻ 7 Ϻɹߨਸȵ⏋˵͠ͻʦͦͻ̺ɫϣȦɹ᤹кˁᐄʃɦȿ⏋ाɴᰧʃ ᦉ˃ɫᮃ܎ᕶຏˁɌɛɭȦȩ᠌ʢᓬȦɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛߨਸɛɠɻʛɲ 18 ๳ȴʰ 22 ๳ɹȡȦ ɞɫȡʳ⏏೴ɴɻອʢᰲᘽʢၚషʢέ᣸ɌɩȦʳ␩Bahuguna 1991 (1984): 151␭⏏ ೴ᘺɹϺǾɹɄȩɌɛੳઊɲႥ໥ɹӯՌɻ⏋ගക༥߉ɴȡʳɭ̶̫˫̠ɻᓒȭɛ⏏ၚషᅎɹ ᚩʦᰲᘽɹέ᣸⏋ܤޚ༑Տ⏋ອέ᣸ɭȦɤɛ೴ᘺɹႥ໥ɻ⏋߂ៀฐɲගകФ஛ɴʭɤɩৄȷᣱ ɄɇʶɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏৳ɻ⏋ϺǾɹᅊ༎ˁఒڵɐʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ɗɹݜᇻɭɲɤɩȦʳගക ˁФ஛ȴʰࡪʳਖឹȵȡʳɭᓒȭʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ ፀϠɴ̶̫˫̠ɻ 1980 ॷБГᭇ⏋γᅠᇕɲᄩޅѳᡸ͹ගകѳᡸɹ࿈༑ɴ៘ʶʳʭȩɴɲɤ ɛ⏏ɭʱʼȿ⏋Ȧʼʪʳ᧟๭ଯ᝗ɹᓒȭ౅ˁγᅠɴঃʠʳȷɤȴȿɭɲɤɛ E. F. ˹͖ͻ͇̒ ̩ͻɹȏ˽͐ͻ͡͹˓̀͹̲͖ͻ̘ˑ̶͡ȑɭ⏋γᅠᇕɲගകѳᡸɹ࿈༑ˁɦȼʱȡɁʳɹɴ ᢨ჉ɌɛᩂឹϺ႒̍͑͠ͻ̝͹ᓩ̫ͻʏ͹̾˓ˡͻ⏃1889 – 1982⏆ɭɹՏЦȦɻ߂ȷȴɤɛ⏏ 1973 ॷɴՏႆɇʶɛȏ˽͐ͻ͡͹˓̀͹̲͖ͻ̘ˑ̶͡ȑˁ̶̫˫̠ɻ 1974 ॷɴɻɐɫɴ ᠧ˃ɫȲʱ⏋ɗʶГഀ⏋ჼܧɫʢ৳ɻɌȷʱɴɄɹсڃɹઝᒶˁ৔ᠭɌɩȦʳ⏏6)_{ʚɛ⏋“Man} of the Trees” ɭɌɩγᅠᇕɴ೑ؿɲ̾˓ˡͻȵ 1977 ॷɴ˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅ˁ៮ʶ⏋̶̫ ˫̠ɴʢᯆЦɌɛ⏏̶̫˫̠ɻɄɹಁೝГᭇ⏋ɄȩɌɛγᅠᇕɲᄩޅѳᡸ͹ගകѳᡸɹ࿈༑ˁ ʛɑȴʰɹς৓ɹ൓୞ɹʁɭɦɭɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ ፀΪɴ̶̫˫̠ɻ⏋˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅ɫ 1973 ॷɴࠃʚɤɛගകѳᡸɹ̺̍˱⏃cipko⏆ ᧊֪ɹࣙᬖɹ᧌ዐɫ 1978 ॷГᭇ⏋ܩӯз຦ɹɲȴȴʰ⏋ගകᣂ྇ɹܩӯɫɹ༎ᅎɫɻɲȼග കФ஛ኧ๬ˁິʠʳުȵՏɩȷɛɄɭˁȩȿ⏋ɗɹ৿ගകФ஛ኧ๬ˁʭʱ৔ȼς৓ɐʳʭȩɴ ɲɤɛ⏏ ̺̍˱᧊֪ɻ 1973 ॷɴ˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅ɹ͇Ͳ̋͡೴ɫࠃʚɤɛ⏏Јܩݖȴʰʦɤɩ 6) ɲȲ˹͖ͻ͇̩̒ͻᕶ᤹⏋৳ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ˁ፷ȷȡɁʳȩȭɫˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶਲ਼઎ȴʰɹ޽߂ɲ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿɩȦʳ ␩Weber 2004: 218-231␭⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋̶̫˫̠ɴʭʳ˹͖ͻ͇̩̒ͻਲ਼઎ɹ؝ࢅɻ⏋ȋˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶਲ਼઎ɹᦥ ᥥԂȍჼᢒɫȡʳ⏏

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ȷɛФ஛ᠱᢦϺɴʭʳගകФ஛ˁ୕وɐʳɛʠɴ೴ɹߨਸɛɠȵμਕɭɲɤɩปɴୃȷɦȼ ⏃cipkonā⏆ɭȦȩ଍᝗ȵ⏋ɄɄɫ՟ʠɩᅎȦʰʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ৿̺̍˱᧊֪ɻ⏋̶̫˫̠ ʰɴʭʳ୭ࢷʦܩӯз຦⏋႕ɴߨਸɹዩෑᇕɲؒ֓ɴʭɤɩ˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅عܩɫ߂ȷ ɲᇵʱΫȵʱˁʛɓɛȵ⏋1978 ॷɴృɛɲࣙᬖˁᦎȭʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏য়՟Ʉɹ᧊֪ɻݜೣ ᇕɴ⏋˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅ɹගകᣂ྇ȵܩݖ޺ɹН෌ɴʭɤɩؚߥɇʶʳɄɭɴؙࢪɌ⏋ܩ ӯɴȲȿʳගകᣂ྇⏃ೳೠ͹ปᔩ⏆ɹ༎ᅎˁິʠʳʢɹɫȡɤɛȵ⏋1978 ॷГᭇ⏋᧌঎ɹග കФ஛ɴʭʳᚩʦᰲᘽɹέ᣸ʦܩݖɹԃкᇕɲᄩޅႥ໥ɹੲ׋ɲɰɴࢪɐʳ׶ลઢˁᔘಕɭɌ ɩ⏋з຦ɹɲȴȴʰගകФ஛ኧ๬ˁິʠʳުȵՏࠃʠɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹဣɴɦȦɩ̶̫˫̠ɻ ГάɹʭȩɴᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ ̺̍˱᧊֪ɻ⏋1978 ॷ᯴ɴృɛɲຍ᭥ɴԂɤɛ⏏ɗʶʚɫ̺̍˱ɹ༎֪ࢃɛɠɻගകᣂ ྇ȴʰଝɤ؜ʱ౛Ȧᐁཕᇕգᇰˁ਄ʳɄɭˁᇿ୭ɌɩȲʱ⏋ȋගകɹਜ਼ʛɭɻлɞʸȩ⏏ɗ ʶɻ⏋ปᔩ⏋ೳೠ⏋̲˻̦˽ɞ⏃Kyā hai jangal ke upkār. Lisa, lakžī aur vyāpār.⏆ȍɭȦȩ˽ ͦͻˤͲɴؾᠭɌɩȦɛȵ⏋ܩӯߨਸɛɠȵμਕɭɲɤɩ᬴ɤɛˏ̝ʹˎ̢೴ɹගകѳᡸ᧊

֪7) ɹ᯴ȴʰ⏋̺̍˱᧊֪ɹ˽ͦͻˤͲɻɻɤȷʱɭȋගകɹਜ਼ʛɭɻлɞʸȩ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋

߂ܩ⏋ອ⏋ృ᳞ɲዷຩɞ⏃Kyā hai jangal ke upkār. Mittī, pānī aur bayār.⏆ȍɭȦȩʢɹɴɲɤ ɛɹɫȡʳ␩Bahuguna 1983: 5␭⏏ ̶̫˫̠ɻ⏋1978 ॷɹˏ̝ʹˎ̢೴ɹගകѳᡸ᧊֪ɴȲȦɩ⏋ܩӯз຦ᕶ᤹ȵගകѳᡸɹ ᩂឹਸɭਖឹਸˁ᠗ᡫɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛʢɹɭჿៗɌ⏋ගകѳᡸˁ៲ȭʳɄɭɄɗȵܩӯз຦ ɹᰔȦˁБষɐʳɄɭɴɲʳɭᓒȭʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏8) ̶̫˫̠ɻ⏋ගകФ஛ኧ๬ˁິʠʳܩ ӯз຦ɛɠɹުɭࡸᤋɴ৔ȼ৿େɌɇʶ⏋ɗʶʚɫГΫɴዩෑᇕɴගകФ஛ኧ๬ˁິʠʳʭȩ 7) য়ಁࡸ᭬ɴˏ̝ʹˎ̢೴ɴȲȿʳ̺̍˱᧊֪ˁᇿ௖Ɍɛ˻͑ͻ̠͠˽̜⏋̫ͻ̜͞͹̝˫͞ɴʭʳ៨᪼␩Dogra n. d.␭ɴʭʳɭ⏋ˏ̝ʹˎ̢೴ɹගകɹФ஛ณˁ਄ɩȦɛФ஛ᠱᢦϺɹ֝ӈᓔɛɠɭ⏋Ф஛ᠱᢦϺɴឹᠱɇʶɩ̜ ̒͞˪ 2 دɴՕώɌɩՏ֪Ɍɛᡰࡲ᭢ɭɴࢪɌ⏋Ꮭ 500 Ϻɹ೴Ϻȵ⏋ɗʶəʶ 3–4 ϺΥᏼɴɲɤɩೠɹٞʱˁܑ ʛ⏋ೠɴୃȷɦȦɩФ஛ˁᭀ๬Ɍɛ⏏ʚɛˏ̝ʹˎ̢೴ɫɻ⏋Ф஛ᠱᢦϺɹʢɭɫӈȦɩȦɛၼ៊ɹਖ਼ࡎȵ⏋ၼ ៊ȵɗɹЇϟˁʦʠʳʚɫΥՖᰩʏ႒ɻؤɴɌɲȦɭៜɤɩుᰩˁࠃʠʳɭȦɤɛϟёʢʛʰʶɛ⏏ 8) ̺̍˱᧊֪ԃкɹݜೣᇕਸൔɴɦȦɩ⏋˹ʹˎɭ̫Ͳ̝̮̒̚ˑ͓ͻ˛ȵ̶̫˫̠ɭؾ෵ɴ⏋1978 ॷ᯴ˁޅɴᄩ ޅ᧊֪ɭɌɩɹүᯆˁʢɦʭȩɴɲɤɛɭȦȩឿៗˁኍɌɩȦʳ␩Shiva and Bandyopadhyay 1986␭⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌ⏋ ̺̍˱᧊֪ɹೣᣒɻШᐏᇕɲᦅ຦ؙϕ᧊֪ɞɭɐʳ͞ͻ͇̍͑Ͳ̝͞͹˫̩ȵؙᠶˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳ␩Guha 1987a, 1987b␭⏏˫̩ɴʭʳɭ⏋ፀΥɴ⏋˹ʹˎɭ̫Ͳ̝̮̒̚ˑ͓ͻ˛ɻ̺̍˱᧊֪ɴȲȿʳ̶̫˫̠ɹ৲ւɹʛˁ᧌ ߂៿ѝɌɩȲʱ⏋ፀϠɴ⏋̶̫˫̠ɻɐɫɴ 1974 ॷɹಁဣɫȋ̺̍˱᧊֪ɻᄩޅ᧊֪ɫȡʳȍɭȦȩ᣶ౚɹᇍៜ ˁɌɩȦʳ⏋ɭȦȩ⏏ɌȴɌ̶̫˫̠ɻ 1974 ॷಁဣɫ̺̍˱᧊֪ˁᄩޅ᧊֪ʍɭȋ޴ழɇɓʭȩɭɌɩȦɛȍɹ ɫȡɤɩ⏋̶̫˫̠ᕶ᤹ɹჿៗɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ʚɛࡹ៎ᇕϟࡸɭɌɩʢ⏋᧊֪ɗɹʢɹȵృɛɲຍ᭥ɴԂɤɛɹɻ 1978 ॷГᭇɭɐʳɹȵ߹য়ɫȡʳ⏏ɲȲ⏋̺̍˱᧊֪ɴɦȦɩɻᢌ࢏ɲ቉ድᙢዩȵȡʳ⏏Ϋ៨ɹʓȴɴ๖ɹయ჉ ɲɰʢؒ၇ɹɄɭ␩Guha 1999 (1989); ˹ʹˎ 1994 (1988); Mawdslay 1998␭⏏

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ɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɲȲ⏋ɗɹ৿̺̍˱᧊֪ɻ⏋1981 ॷ⏋ȋ˗̒̊͡͹̺̚͞ͻ˹͖िɴȲȿ ʳᲞ঎ 1,000 m ГΫɴᅊȭɩȦʳปೠɹڧ෌ᇿᇕɹФ஛ԃᯆኧ๬ȍɭȦȩ̶̫˫̠ʰɹς৓ȵ ؝ȿԂʶʰʶɛɄɭɫΥਝɹໆመˁʛɛ⏏ 1.3 スンダルラール・バフグナの森林保護論 ̶̫˫̠ɹගകѳᡸᠶɻȋ̺̍˱ɹ͍̒́ͻ˻ɭɭʢɴ๰ȼȍɭᰍɇʶɛࢸԕࡎ␩Bahuguna 1983␭ɴ౩ተɴ᠝ʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ ̯͇͓͞ܩݖɹᄩޅੲ׋ɹႥ໥ˁԃкɭɌɩʛʳɲʰɽ⏋کᰍɻςɴ๖ɹΪဣɴᮃᏝɇʶ ʳ⏏ፀΥɴອ྇ɹഞཔ⏏عܩɫᰰషອȵཉխɴέ᣸ɌɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛᰰషອተѳɹɛʠɹͅͲ ̺ϥକ៯ᒞɴʭɤɩᦅ෌ᅎອɹέ᣸ȵ֓ᦵɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ፀϠɴໜाɹ༑ᩄȵέៀհɴɲɤɩ Ȧʳ⏏ёȭɽ̍˙̸̠ाɫɻϗ࡚ɭᮒ࡚ɹ༑ᩄປȵ 1⏧60 ɴʚɫୟ߂ɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ༇ ອɹ᝵ࢀˁ߂ȷȼɇɓɩȦʳɭɭʢɴ⏋̋͌ɹลᔨέԃˁʢৄȷᣱɄɌɩȦʳ⏏ፀΪɴܤޚ ༡ᰩ⏏Ʉʶɻ̯͇͓͞ԃݖɴԊᦲɐʳکᰍɫȡʳȵ႕ɴ̦̮ͻ͡ɴȲȦɩ᝵ࢀȵᘿɌȦ⏏ ɄȩɌɛႥ໥ˁᅊʛՏɌɩȦʳፀΥɹ؅܍ɻගക༥߉ɫȡʳ⏏ගക༥߉ɻ⏋Ϻؤވ֓ɹᘿ ɌȦ̦̮ͻ͡ˁ᭑ȿɽ⏋೴ϺɴʭɤɩɭȦȩʭʱʢගകɹڧ෌׋ɴʭɤɩৄȷᣱɄɇʶɩȷ ɛ⏏9) ̯͇͓͞ɹᄩޅੲ׋ˁʢɛʰɌɩȦʳፀϠɹ؅܍ɻ஛᩿ɫȡʳ⏏̝˕ͻͲᢆɹቄဒቄ⏋ ˪͇ͻ˗ͻͲܩ౅ɹ͇˫̦˵˓̜⏋̋͌͞˹͑ͻ͞ͻɹᎳ഍࣬⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᇐᮖቄɲɰɹ஛ ஗ɻ⏋༇ອɹވ֓⏋ᦅ෌ܩɹቑޙ⏋ܩӯз຦ɹҫঔੲ׋ɲɰˁʢɛʰɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩፀΪ ɴ⏋ᦅܩୟ߂ʦ᧌ఔ႑⏋᧌ᓚс⏋ው֪ᓚсɹٞೝቁᑘɲɰʢعܩɫᄩޅੲ׋ɹ؅܍ɭɲɤɩ Ȧʳ⏏ᦅ෌ᅊᅋˁكΫɇɓɩȦʳဌྰ៯Һɹވ֓ɴʭɤɩɇȭʢ⏋ᦅܩୟ߂ɻᰩȦ๬ʠʰʶ ɩȦɲȦ⏏ ̯͇͓͞ˁࡪʳɛʠɴɇɌȡɛɤɩɲɇʶʳʏȷɄɭɻ⏋ɐʏɩɹගകˁȋѳᡸക ⏃protection (sic.) forest⏆10)ȍɴɐʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ගകɻ⏋ܤޚɭອˁѳԃɐʳʢɹɭɌɩ଩ ʼʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ගകɭϺᬚɭȵԊࡔɐʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ው֪ᓚсʦዤ႒ᓚсȴ ʰ⏋ගകᦅ෌11) ɴՖʱ್ȭɩȦȼʏȷɫȡʳ⏏ԍкᇕɴɻ⏋ዷຩ͹ອ͹ᰩ͹᝟͹зɭȦȩ 9) Ȧʼʪʳȋ̯͇͓͞ɹܒিȍȡʳȦɻȋ̯͇͓͞ɹ̚ˑͤͲ͇ȍɭɌɩΥᖔᇕɴሾʰʶɩȦʳჿៗɴʭʶɽ⏋̯ ͇͓͞ܩ౅ɹᄩޅቑޙɹ؅܍ɻ̯͇͓͞ܩ౅ɹϺؤވ֓ɴॠɓʰʶ⏋ܩӯз຦ɴʭʳปೠɹФ஛ȵکᰍɭɇʶʳ ⏃ȵ⏋Ʉɹჿៗɹዀ࡝ᇕ߹য়ਸɴɦȦɩɻᆄکȵՏɇʶɩȦʳ␩ࢸക 2003␭⏆⏏̶̫˫̠ɻɄʶɴࢪɌ⏋̦̮ͻ͡ Г޺ɹ̯͇͓͞ܩ౅ɫɻ⏋ܩӯз຦ɫɻɲȼ⏋ݖ޺ɹН෌ɲɰɴʭʳڧ෌ᇿᇕɹФ஛ɹʓȩȵکᰍɞɭς৓Ɍɛ ɹɫȡʳ⏏ 10) ˓Ͳ̝ɹගക໬άɫɹගകɻ⏋գᅎៀըɹ೎ʢ؏ɌȦѳᅥക⏃Reserved Forests⏆⏋႕ࡴปೠɲɰɴᬠɌɩɻៀըˁ ᠩɐѳᡸക⏃Protected Forests⏆⏋ɗɌɩ೴ᘺക⏃Village Forests⏆ɴՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳ␩ᬏँ 2002: 118␭⏏ 11) ගകᦅ෌⏃tree cropping, tree farming⏆ɻ⏋ˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻ⏃agro-forestry⏆ɭʢ٧ɽʶ⏋ගകˁգᅎɌɩ

ᦅ෌ʦ႑ᅨˁ᝔Ȧ⏋ගകᅋ႒ɭዤ႒ɹθ౅ˁᅊᅋɐʳܤܩգᅎી᝔ɹɄɭˁ୭ɐ⏏ᦅܩʍɹݡᔋ⏃ᘺɠᘽ⏆⏋ᚫᗳ⏋ ᰩషɲɰˁගകȴʰ਄ʳʓȴ⏋ࡴೝᇕɴೠǾɹഘᘽˁᘺɭɌ⏋ɗʶˁࢃᅨɹᰲᘽɴɐʳ␩μᢆ 2002: 256␭⏏

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ݜೣᇕਖឹ႒ˁᕶᐌɐʳɛʠɴ⏋5F ɹปೠˁ⏋๖ɹӦӴ᯶ɫඨȭɩȦȼɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ፀΥ ɴ⏋ᰩ႒⏃Food⏆ᅎɹปೠ⏏Ʉɹɲȴɫɻɭʱʼȿ˪͊͡ʦ˪͠ɲɰɹ̠̒̓ᰖȵ⏋ɗɌ ɩ᯶ɴ⏋ᰩᅎዛᅎ⏋ໞዛᅎ⏋ഗ႒ᅎ⏋ᜍᅎɹปೠȵ⏋ӦӴɇʶʳʏȷɫȡʳ⏏ፀϠɴ⏋ᰲ ᘽ⏃Fodder⏆ᅎɹปೠ⏏ፀΪȵၚష⏃Fuel⏆ᅎɹปೠɫ⏋ፀ܋ȵᔋష⏃Fertilizer⏆ᅎɹปೠ⏋ ፀϤȵᑥᐣ⏃Fibre⏆ᅎɹปೠɫȡʳ⏏႕ࡴɹᲞ঎ɴȲȦɩɰɹʭȩɲዛᰖɹปೠɹඨകȵ ஠ᦽɇʶʳʏȷȴɴɦȦɩ቉ድȵᦽʠʰʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ␩Bahuguna 1983: 15-21␭⏏ ГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋̶̫˫̠ɹගകѳᡸᠶɹς৓ɻ⏋⏃1⏆ɐʏɩɹගകɹȋѳᡸകȍ׋ɭ⏋⏃2⏆ ˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻɹ஠ᦽ⏃ȋ5Fȍɹปೠɹඨക⏆ɭȦȩϠဣɴᮃᏝɇʶʳ⏏ Ʉɹ̶̫˫̠ɹගകѳᡸᠶɻ⏋ϺǾɹ͞˓̶˽̊˓͡ɹ̚͞ˑˡ͡ɲ޴ᯊˁິʠʳʢɹɫȡ ʳ⏏ʚɑ⏋ɐʏɩɹගകˁȋѳᡸകȍ׋ɐʳɹɫȡʳȴʰ⏋Ʉʶʚɫගകᅋ෌ɴொʼɤɩȦɛ ϺǾɹ޽ȼȵᓷˁ߉ȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ʚɛɄʶɻ⏋೴ᘺɹϺǾɹᅊ෌ɴᬠɌɩ⏋̯͇͓͞ɹᄩޅ ੲ׋ɹΪ߂؅܍ɹʁɭɦɭɲɤɩȦʳዤ႒ᓚсʦው֪ᓚсˁʦʠɩ⏋ˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻɴ ᥊ழɌɩȦȼʏȷɞɭȦȩς৓ɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹගകѳᡸᠶɻ⏋ϺǾɹᰩᓃીɹ޴ᯊˁʢິ ʠʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ዤ႒ᓚсɴБȭɩˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻɴʭʳ̠̒̓ᰖɹᅊᅋˁ୷ᖂɇɓʭ ȩɭȦȩς৓ɹᔘಕɴɻ⏋ዤ႒ʭʱʢ̠̒̓ᰖɹʓȩȵെ᰸ѝȵᲞȦȩȭɴᠭჿɹ᭬ɴьȩ˛ ̦͡˧ͻˁ፲ᏝɐʳɄɭʢɫȷʳɭȦȩᓒȭȵȡʱ␩Bahuguna 1997b: 189-191␭⏋̶̫˫̠ ɻ⏋ϺǾɹɄʶʚɫɹዤ႒༥ᢹᩄˁཝʰɌ⏋ɗɹՕˁ̠̒̓ᰖɹ༥ᢹɫជȩɄɭˁʠɊɌɩȦ ʳɹɫȡʳ⏏12) ʢɠʸ˃̶̫˫̠ᕶ᤹⏋ɄȩɌɛ޴ᯊȵɛɞɠɴɲɇʶȩʳɭɻਲ਼ɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ ʞɌʸ৳ɹɄɹගകѳᡸᠶɻ⏋ʁɭɦɹჿ઎ɹரڟɭɌɩ⏋ɄȩȦȩ౅كɫɹჼࡸ׋ȵɰɹʭ ȩɴɌɛʰخᔨɫȡʳȴɴɦȦɩɹ⏋ʭʱࡸᤋᇕɲ቉ድɹᦽࣙˁೝ৺ɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ̶̫˫̠ɻ 1960 ॷБʚɫɻ⏋ගക࣌ɴʭʳகЈᇕɲගക፬ჿɭݖ޺ɹН෌ɲɰɴʭʳගക Ф஛ɴؙࢪɌ⏋ܩӯН෌ɴʭʳගകᅋ෌ɹ୷ᖂˁʠɊɌɩȦɛ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ܩݖᕶጓɹਲ਼઎ɫȡ ʱ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɹ˽ͩ͞ͻ˻ਲ਼઎ɴȲȿʳȋᕶጓȍɹүᯆɹᝠʶɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ 1970 ॷБГᭇɹ̶̫˫̠ɻ⏋ගകФ஛ኧ๬ɭˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻɹ஠ᦽˁິʠʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ ȵ⏋Ʉʶɻ˽ͩ͞ͻ˻ਲ਼઎ɴȲȿʳȋᕶ৾ȍɹүᯆɹᝠʶɭʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ගകФ஛ኧ๬ ɭˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻɹ஠ᦽɭȦȩɄɹς৓ɻ⏋׬ɴয়᠍ܩݖȵЈܩݖɴʭʳؚߥȴʰᔵɐ ʳɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ʭʱڵȦܩݖ᧊ۊɹȡʱ౅⏋عܩݖɹᄩޅႥ໥ɴ᧟Ɍɛ኏Цᅊ༎ˁԍкᇕɴ ෯઎ɌɗʶˁʠɊɗȩɭɐʳɲȴɫᅊʚʶɩȷɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹ৿̶̫˫̠ɻ⏋ɄȩɌɛᕶ᤹ɹගകѳᡸᠶˁគଠɠɐʳᄩޅѳᡸɹڒ࡝ɴɦȦɩ᠝ʱࠃ ʠ⏋ʚɛගകکᰍɴᭉࡴɇʶɲȦ⏋ʭʱ׃ୠᇕɲᄩޅਲ਼઎ˁଠɠՏɐʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ 12) ёȭɽˡ˹͊ͻ͡ܩ౅̶Ͳ˸ᢆɹϺǾɻ̠̒̓ᰖˁᩂឹɲെ᰸྇ɭɌɩȦʳ␩Bahuguna 1994: 39␭⏏

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2．スンダルラール・バフグナにおけるガンディー主義的環境思想の成立とその意義

2.1 「自然の昇華」の哲学とサルヴォーダヤ思想 ̶̫˫̠ɻ⏋1987 ॷɴ̺̍˱᧊֪ɹ୭ࢷᓔɭɌɩ͞˓̜͹͞˓̸̶̝̒͠ᣌˁ؝ᣌɌɛȵ⏋ ɗɹ؝ᣌ៨ਥᡙྲ␩Bahuguna 1987␭ɴȲȦɩ՟ʠɩ⏋ᕶ᤹ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ɹݜᇻɭɲʳȋᕶးɹ ౥ᘠȍɹڒ࡝ɴɦȦɩ᠝ɤɛ⏏ ̺̍˱ɻ⏋ᕶးˁڧڃɭʛɲɌ⏋኏ЦȵϺᬚɹʛɴʭɤɩ෯ଁɇʶɩȦʳɭʛɲɐᓒȭ౅ ɴࢪɐʳؙ଻ɫȡʳ⏏ϺᬚɻЈɹᅊ႒ɭؾ෵ɴȋᕶးɹࡎњ⏃children of Nature⏆ȍɫȡʱ⏋ ኏ЦɻϺᬚɞȿɫɻɲȼɐʏɩɹʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ʼʶʼʶɻȋᕶးɹࣛຏᓔ⏃butcher of Nature⏆ȍɴɲɤɩɌʚɤɩȦʳ⏏

ʼʶʼʶɻ⏋ʛɑȴʰɹ๙೚ˁྃɛɐɛʠɴ⏋ᕶး⏃̺͞˪̘͠ˑ⏋prakžti, nature⏆ɴ

ࢪɌɩࣛຏᓔɭɌɩʈʳʚɤɛᐄഗ⏋ʹˑ˪̘͠ˑ⏃vikžti⏆ɐɲʼɠݤᘺɌɛႥ઴ɹ኏Ц ˁсɤɩɌʚɤɛ⏏ɄɹݤᘺɌɛ኏ЦɹɌʳɌɻ⏋ԇࢀ⏋଍ϝ⏋ᰪ᰼ɫȡʳ⏏̺̍˱ɻɄʶ ˁ๭ɗȩɭɌɛ᧊֪ɫȡʳ⏏̺̍˱᧊֪ɻ⏋׬ɴ̯͇͓͞ɹೠǾˁࡪʳɭȦȩɞȿɹʢɹɫ ɻɲȦ⏏ ̺̍˱᧊֪ɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹගകయ׋ɴཉȼ൓ЊȦɩȦʳ⏏ʼʶʼʶɹᓩᓔɛɠɻ⏋ගകɹμɹ ˏͻ˹͖͌͞ɴзʛ⏋ᕶးɴܑʚʶɲȵʰ⏋ᅊ٨ɹʹˑ˻͚Ͳˁᔒ˃ɫȷɛ⏏ɗʶɴʭʳ ɭ⏋Ϻᬚɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ᴚɴʢᛚɴʢ֪႒ɴʢ⏋ೠǾɴʢඨ႒ɴʢ⏋ɗɌɩाʦ࣢ɴʢ⏋ᅊ ٨ȵȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ȡʰʪʳᅊ٨ɻࢴᩂɇʶईଢ଼ɇʶʳʏȷʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ʼʶʼʶϺᬚɻ⏋ᕶးˁ౥ᘠ⏃susamskār, sublimate⏆ɇɓʳɛʠɴਕɭଝˁஐȴɤɩȦ

ʳ⏏ᕶးˁ౥ᘠɇɓʳɄɭȵయ׋⏃˵Ͳ˽˪̘͠ˑ⏋samskžti, culture⏆ɫȡʳ⏏య׋኏Ц

⏃sa ˙mskžt samāj, cultured society⏆ɹɌʳɌɻ⏋ȡʰʪʳʢɹȵॶٮɭॺክɹȩɠɴᅊȷɩȦ ʳɄɭɫȡʳ␩Bahuguna 1987: 31-34␭⏏ ̶̫˫̠ɹ؅యɻᠦ౩έ᣸ɫჿៗɐʳɹȵᮑɌȦȵ⏋ʚɑ⏋ȋाʦ࣢ɲɰɴʢᅊ٨ȵȡʳȍ ɭȦȩᨆՕɻ⏋ȡʰʪʳʢɹɴɻೣ྇ᇕɲ᳁ɐɲʼɠˏͻ̜͇Ͳ⏃ātman⏆ȵࡔܧɌɩȦʳɭ Ȧȩ˓Ͳ̝ڒ࡝ɹᓒȭ౅ˁմரɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩ̶̫˫̠ȵ႕ɴȋɐʏɩɹᅊ٨ɻࢴᩂɇʶ ʳʏȷȍɭᦚʏɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɹᯃಮ֐ਲ਼઎⏋˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ਲ਼઎ɴȲȿʳȋɐ ʏɩˁ׃ʛᦉʞડȍɹ៎ਥˁᔘಕɭɌɩȲʱ⏋ȡʰʪʳʢɹɴࢪɐʳࢴదɹਥˁʢɦɄɭɹਖ ឹਸȵᠦȴʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ๖ɴ৳ɻ⏋؅՟ᇕႥ઴ɭɌɩɹᕶး⏃̺͞˪̘͠ˑ⏆ȵ⏋Ϻᬚɹଝɴʭɤɩ⏋ݤᘺɌɛႥ઴ ⏃ʹˑ˪̘͠ˑ⏆ɴʢ࡭ଁɇʶɛయ׋ᇕɲႥ઴⏃˵Ͳ˽˪̘͠ˑ⏆ɴʢɲʱȩʳɭɌ⏋৿ᓔˁ

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ʠɊɐʏȷɞɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ৳ɻ⏋ϺᬚȵᕶးɴࢪɌɩଝˁԂʶʳɄɭˁᔐࡴɌɩȦʳ ɹɫȡʳȵ⏋13) ɗɹ᭬ɴȡȼʚɫʢΨ႒ɴࢪɐʳࢴదɹਥȵਖឹɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛ׬ɴᕶးˁ֓ू ɐʳɹɫɻɲȼᕶးˁȋ౥ᘠȍɇɓɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹ̶̫˫̠ɹȦȩȋ౥ᘠ⏃susamskār⏆ȍɻ⏋ȡʰʪʳʢɹɴ࿃ܧᇕɴࡔܧɌɩȦʳೣഀᇕ ɲخᔨਸˁ๭Ɍȼᬖኍ͹ᬖᖽɇɓ⏋ɗʶəʶȵȲɹʶɹ֐ɫᕶैࡸჼˁഗɛɐɭȦȩჿ઎ˁኍ Ɍɛᝠჼɫȡʳ⏏๘ᎦɹΥᖔᇕɲᄩޅਲ਼઎ɻȋᕶးɹఌᨗȍɭȦȩ˥͠˽̜ఠᇕγᅠ៎ˁݜᇻ ɴɌɩȦʳɭɌɽɌɽ୭௎ɇʶʳȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛȋΫȴʰ௭сɐʳȍȋఌᨗȍɹڒ࡝ɴࢪɌ⏋̫ ̶˫̠ɹȋᕶးɹ౥ᘠȍɹڒ࡝ɻ⏋Ψ႒ɴࢪɌࢴదɹਥˁʢɠ⏋ؾፈɹጓݭɴȲȦɩȋดȴʰ ଝˁ֓ȭʳȍɄɭˁʠɊɐʢɹɞɭȦȩɄɭȵɫȷʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ ɄɄɫԍкᇕɴ⏋Ʉɹȋᕶးɹ౥ᘠȍɹڒ࡝ɭ৳ȵரڟɐʳˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻɭȵɰɹ ʭȩɴɦɲȵɤɩȦʳɹȴɴɦȦɩᠦ౩ˁ֓ȭɩȲȷɛȦ⏏̯͇͓͞ܩݖɴȲȦɩਃഀ⏋Ϻᬚ ɻ⏋ගകФ஛⏋ዤ႒ᓚс⏋ው֪ᓚс⏋ɲɰɹȴɛɠɫᕶးɴࢪɌɩଝˁ֓ȭɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ̫ ̶˫̠ɴʭʳɭ⏋ɗʶʰɻᐄഗɭɌɩᄩޅቑޙ⏃ගക༥߉ʦອ྇ഞཔʦܤޚ༡ᰩɲɰ⏆ɭɗʶ ɴʭʳܩӯз຦ɹᅊ༎ᗑɭȦȩȋʹˑ˪̘͠ˑȍˁʢɛʰɌɛ⏏̯͇͓͞ܩݖɫɻ⏋ɗɹᕶး ɹೣഀᇕɲخᔨਸˁȦȴɌ⏋ܩӯз຦ɹᅊ༎⏃ᰲᘽ͹ᚩ͹ᔋష͹ᑥᐣɹʢɭɭɌɩ⏆ɭອ྇༱ ᰸ɴᣂɐʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ɲɴʭʱʢගകȵਖឹέخ๕ɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠගകФ஛ˁʦʠɩඨകɌ ɩȦȼɄɭȵਖឹɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ᭬ɴ⏋ܩӯз຦ɹᰩᏒˁʢњᐌɫȷʳʭȩɲ֟რᇕɲˏ˫ ̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻ⏃ೳೠᅎปዛʭʱʢᰩ႒ᅎปዛˁӦӴɇɓʳ⏆ˁ᝔ȩɄɭȵ೚ʚɌȦ⏏̯͇ ͓͞ܩݖɴɗɹʭȩɲˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻȵঃʚʶɽ⏋ᄩޅቑޙȵᰩȦ๬ʠʰʶ⏋ܩӯз຦ ɹ኏Цᅊ༎ɹຯᐚਸʢѳ᭭ɇʶʳɫȡʸȩ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ̶̫˫̠ɴʭʶɽ⏋ˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜ ͠ͻɄɗȵ̯͇͓͞ܩݖɹᄩޅ೼ИɹೣਸɴհɌɛయ׋⏃˵Ͳ˽˪̘͠ˑ⏆ᇕɲᅋ෌০઴ɫȡ ʳ⏏ ɲȲ⏋Ʉɹ̶̫˫̠ɹȋᕶးɹ౥ᘠȍɹڒ࡝ɭ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɹ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ਲ਼઎ɭ ɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩ⏋Гάɹဣˁ୭௎ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ʚɑ⏋ȋ౥ᘠȍɻ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ɹȋ˗ ͓̋⏋كΫ⏃uday⏆ȍɭؾᒶɫȡʳ⏏14) ̶̫˫̠ɹȋᕶးɹ౥ᘠȍɹڒ࡝ɻ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ਲ਼ ઎ˁݜᇻɴɌɩȦʳɭȦȩɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ɌȴɌЈ౅⏋ਃഀɹ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ਲ਼઎ɹȋ˵͡ ʹˎ⏋ɐʏɩ⏃sarv⏆ȍɴɻȋᕶးȍɻيʚʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏15) ̶̫˫̠ɹȋᕶးɹ౥ᘠȍɹᄩ 13) Ɍɛȵɤɩ৳ɻ⏋ȡʳȵʚʚɹଝɦȴɑɹᕶးˁɗɹʚʚѳࡔ⏃preserve⏆ɐʏȷɭᓒȭʳ؅ᅊᕶး⏃wilderness⏆ ѳᡸᠶᓔɫɻɲȦ⏏ 14) Ꮸ३ȵᭉʰʶɩȦʳɹɫɄɄɫɻ᠎ɌȼɻᠶɍʰʶɲȦȵ⏋̶̫˫̠ȵȋكΫ⏃uday⏆ȍɭȦȩॶ౫ɲ᠝ɫɲȼ⏋ ⏃యࡓᦲʱ⏆˵Ͳ˽˪̜̒͠ᇕ͹إԎᇕɲᯱȷˁʢɦȋ౥ᘠ⏃susamskār⏆ȍɭȦȩ᠝ˁ஛ᅎɌɩȦʳᔘಕɴɻ⏋ˤ Ͳ̚ˑͻςᒶਲ਼઎ˁ˓Ͳ̝إԎڒ࡝ɴʭɤɩݜኄɧȿʭȩɭɌɛʹˑ̨ͻ̫͹̫ͻʹ˙ɹ৯ᯱȵȡʳ⏏ 15) ёȭɽ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɹ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ਲ਼઎ˁ׃ୠᇕɴ఩ჿɌɛȏ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ȑɭᰍɇʶɛԕࡎ␩Gandhi 1954␭ɴȲȦɩ⏋ϺᬚГ޺ɹȋᕶးȍ႒ɴᬠᦹɐʳϟനɭɌɩɻ⏋ʼɑȴɴȋႌᣓຏʦ֪႒ˁ႞႓⏃Ȧȿɴȭ⏆ ɴɐʳɄɭɻʭȼɲȦȍɭȦȩˤͲ̚ˑͻɹៜᘽȵৄᅎɇʶɩȦʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏

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ޅਲ਼઎ɴʭɤɩ⏋˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ɹȋɐʏɩ⏃sarv⏆ȍɻ⏋Ϻᬚɹʛˁ୭ɐɹɫɻɲȼ⏋Ϻᬚ ʦЈɹᅊ႒͹ᯃᅊ႒ˁʢيʠɛȋᕶး⏮Ψ႒ȍˁ୭ɐɄɭȵ౩ተɴɇʶɛ⏏̶̫˫̠ɴȲȦɩ ՟ʠɩ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ਲ਼઎ɻᄩޅਲ਼઎ɭɌɩɹүᯆˁʢҺȭʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɫȡɤɛ⏏Ɍɛ ȵɤɩ⏋̶̫˫̠ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ˁȋ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ᄩޅਲ਼઎ȍɭ٧ʉɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ 2.2 自己変容の環境思想 ̶̫˫̠ɻ 1989 ॷГᭇ̘ͻ͠ͻ͹ؙ̋͌ࢪ᧊֪ɴཉȼ˱̜͊̒ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦɤ ɛ⏏16) ̶̫˫̠ɻɄɹ̘ͻ͠ͻ͹ؙ̋͌ࢪ᧊֪ɴ؜ʱᏼ˃ɫʪȼ᧌ዐɫ⏋̯͇͓͞ɹගകکᰍ ɴɭɰʚʰɑ⏋ອکᰍʦ˛̦͡˧ͻکᰍɴʢᬠਕˁঃɁɩʪȷ⏋Ⴖᕶɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ˁݛȩʭȩ ɴɲɤɛ⏏৳ȵ 1996 ॷɴ˓Ͳ̝μ߈కঌɹፀ 9 ๖ϤͶॷ៟ᅙፑࡴࠇڊЦɹ኏Ц͹ᐁཕ˫͡ͻ ̺ɹЦغɴՏफ़Ɍɛ᭬ɴரՏɌɛయೆ␩Bahuguna 1997a␭ɴɻ⏋৳ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ȵȋ3 ɦɹ Aȍ ɭȦȩ˥ͻͩͻ̝ɹʢɭɴ˱Ͳ̮˪̜ɴᝠჼɇʶɩȦʳ⏏

ʼʶʼʶɻ 3 ɦɹ A ˁິʠʳʏȷɫȡʳ⏏3 ɦɹ A ɹፀΥɻ⏋ᎎᏬ͹ኧ๙⏃Austerity⏆ ⏃sādgī, simplicity ȡʳȦɻ sa ˙myam, restraint⏆ɫȡʳ⏏Ϥɦ౰̘́͡ɹ̺ͻ͡ɲɰ޽ȼɹອ

ˁਖឹɭɐʳ༎֪ɻଵȭʰʶʳʏȷɫȡʱ⏋̜˓ͤɹ˹˽̘͌ʢృɌȼᬖᇍɇʶʳਖឹȵȡ ʳɞʸȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋ອˁ޽ȼьȩᦅᅋ႒ɹᥥՏɴɦȦɩʢԗᓒɇʶʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ ፀϠȵ⏋ˠͻ̠̘̊͡ˑʹ⏃Alternative⏆ɫȡʳ⏏ёȭɽ⏋ჼܧɹອ፬ჿ˹˽̘͌ɴࢪɐ ʳˠͻ̠̘̊͡ˑʹ⏃Б್ፑ⏆ȵ஛ʰʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ʚɑ̋͌ɻ⏋ອգᅎɭȦȩຯχ ᇕɲکᰍɴࢪɐʳΥಁᇕɲៗໆፑɴɐȹɲȦ⏏˓Ͳ̝ɹ႕ɴ̯͇͓͞ܩ౅ɴȲȦɩɻܤቆݡ ዩრȵᲞȦɹɫ⏋ᬏೝᇕɴឿʳɭ̋͌ɻᯃ।ɴᯃ֟რɫȡʳ⏏ᮃອܩݖɴȲȿʳගകɄɗȵ ຯχᇕɲ̋͌ɹ৲ւˁഗɛɐɹɫȡʱ⏋ගകᦶଁȵ஠ᦽɇʶʳʏȷɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᮒອˁྊ ʠʳᢱອ຾ʦྊ຾ȵߣ֜ɇʶʳʏȷɫȡʱ⏋ᢩɌȦᓔɴɻྊ຾៯ᒞɹɛʠɹជ֖ᩆȵఌᐌɇ ʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ ፀΪȵ⏋ගകᦶଁ⏃Afforestation⏆ɫȡʳ⏏࣢ᔂȵᮮʼɴɲɤɩȦʳܩݖɴȲȿʳ߂ៀฐ ɲගകᦶଁȵ஠ᦽɇʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ɗɹ᭬ɴɻ⏋ᰩ႒⏋ᰲᘽ⏋ၚష⏋ᑥᐣᅎɴ᧟Ɍɛ ዛȵඨȭʰʶʳʏȷɫȡʳ␩Bahuguna 1997a: 167-169␭⏏ ̶̫˫̠ɹȦȩȋ3 ɦɹ Aȍɹȩɠ⏋ፀΥɹᎎᏬ͹ኧ๙ɭፀϠɹˠͻ̠̘̊͡ˑʹɹᨆՕ ȵ⏋৳ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ɹݜೣᇕਸൔˁᝠɌɩȦʳ⏃ɄʶɴࢪɌፀΪɹගകᦶଁɻ⏋ԍкፑɹரኍɫ ȡʳ⏆⏏̶̫˫̠ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ɹݜᠭɻ⏋ʚɑʛɑȴʰɹᅊ༎˽̊˓͡ˁ⏋ᦏБី໽ᇕɲ႒ᣒయ 16) ̘ͻ͠ͻ͹ؙ̋͌ࢪ᧊֪ɹࣙᬖɭ⏋̘ͻ͠ͻ͹̋͌کᰍɴᬠɐʳ̶̫˫̠ɹឿៗɲɰɴɦȦɩɻ Ishizaka ␩forthcoming␭ɫ᠎Ɍȼᠶɍɛ⏏

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౩ᇕɲᅊ༎ɫɻɲȼ⏋ᎎᏬ͹ኧ๙ˁݜᠭɭɌɛᅊ༎ʍɭ޴ᯊɐʳɄɭȴʰࠃʠʳʏȷɞɭȦȩ Ʉɭɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠɄʶɻȋᕶै޴ࢅɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ȍɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹȋᕶै޴ࢅȍɭȦȩ̘ͻ͇ɴመᇿɐʳɭ⏋๘Ꭶɹᄩޅਲ਼઎رɴȲȦɩɄʶˁʢɤɭʢ᳞ ౩ɴଠɠՏɌɛɹɻ⏋ˏ̦͡͹̦˽⏃1912 –⏆ɹ̚ˑͻ̺͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɫȡɤɛ⏏̦˽ɻ⏋Ϻ ᬚɹᅊȷ౅ˁ޴ȭɑɴଯ᝗ᇕɴᄩޅکᰍˁៗໆɌʭȩɭɐʳ˛˱ͦ˻ͻਲ਼઎ˁȋ˹͑ͦ˗⏃༓ Ȧ⏆͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻȍɭ٧ʃ⏋Ϻᬚȵʛɑȴʰɹγᅠ៎ʦѝғ៎ʦ͞˓̶˽̊˓͡ˁ̚͞ˑˡ͡ ɴ޴ᯊɐʳɄɭɲɌɴɻᄩޅکᰍɻៗໆɌɲȦɭς৓Ɍɛ⏏17) ɌȴɌ̚ˑͻ̺͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɻ ࡸ᭬ɹ᧊֪ɭɌɩɻ⏋ӴᦽܕˁμਕɭɌɛ؅ᅊᕶးѳᡸᠶᓔɹБᝠൔɭɌɩჿៗɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ʚɛ̚ˑͻ̺͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹ೎߂ɹ৑ဣɻ⏋ଵܦ͹ோ؜ɹ኏Ц෯ᦶɹ޴ᯊɴɦȦɩɹ೑֟ɲଝ ጓɩˁଠɠՏɌ਄ɲȦɫȦʳɭɄʸɴȡʳ␩ගࣩ 1996␭⏏ ɄʶɴࢪɌ⏋̶̫˫̠ɹ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ᄩޅਲ਼઎ɻ⏋̚ˑͻ̺͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɭؾɍȋᕶै޴ ࢅɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ȍɫȡʱɦɦʢ⏋ፀΪγᅠɹɲȴɫʢٞᑉᨆɹ̯͇͓͞ܩݖɴȲȦɩ̶̫˫̠ȵ ܩӯз຦ɹᅊ༎كΫˁʠɊɌɩ႕ɴගകکᰍɭȦȩԍкᇕɲᠩᰍɭൔ᬴ɐʳɲȴɫݛʼʶɩȷ ɛࡸᤋᇕڒ࡝ɫȡʱ⏋׬ɲʳ͇ͦͲςᒶᇕɲȋᒭɌȦȲ᠌ȍɫɻɲȦ⏏ʚɛɄɹਲ਼઎ɻ⏋̺̍ ˱᧊֪ʦ̘ͻ͠ͻ͹ؙ̋͌ࢪ᧊֪ɭȦȩԍкᇕɲ᧊֪ˁᔘಕɭɌɩ০ଁɇʶ⏋ʚɛؾಁɴ᧊֪ ɗɹʢɹɹࣙᬖɴࢪɌɩʢ޽߂ɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɲȵʰ̋˓̠͊̒˪ɴᇍࣙɌɩȷɛ⏏ɇʰɴ̶̫ ˫̠ɻ⏋̯͇͓͞ܩݖɹᄩޅႥ໥ఒڵɹɛʠɴˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻɭȦȩႶᕶɹԍкፑˁଠ ɠՏɐʚɫɴȦɛɤɛ⏏̶̫˫̠ɹ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ᄩޅਲ਼઎ɻ⏋኏Ц෯ᦶ޴ᯊɹɛʠɹԍкፑ ɹரኍˁ๕ȦɛӴᦽܕɹз຦ɴʭʳ͇ͦͲςᒶᇕɲς৓ɭȦȩ̚ˑͻ̺͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻਲ਼઎ɹ৑ ဣˁࢹɲȼɭʢΥࡴዐ঎ӷ೓ɌɩȦʳʢɹɭɌɩ៿ѝɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ёȭɽ˗̒̊͞ͻˡͲ̝ܩ౅˵̘ˑ͜Ͳ೴ɹ V. D. ˵˪͞ͻ̢ͻ⏃1922 –⏆ɻ⏋̶̫˫̠ɴ ԊᴡɌ⏋̶̫˫̠ɹᠦȼˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻˁᬏॷɴʼɛɤɩࡸᤋɌɩȷɛϺ႒ɫȡʳ⏏˵ ̘ˑ͜Ͳ೴ٞᦇɹε᭙ᨆɻ˓˧͠˽ඨ຦ܩೝГഀɹගകФ஛ɴʭʱኻ࣢ɴᦏȦႥ઴ɞɤɛȵ⏋ ˵˪͞ͻ̢ͻɹᬏॷɴʼɛʳ჉᤹ᇕɲඨകɴʭʱ⏋ჼܧɫɻගകȵঃȵɤɩȦʳ⏏৳ȵᩂဣᇕ ɴඨȭɩȷɛɹɻᰲᘽɹɛʠɹᘺᘽঃᘽปʦ˪͊͡ɲɰɹ̠̒̓ᰖɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛ৳ɹඨകɴ ɻܤޚ༑Տᬿ๬ɭȦȩઝܒʢيʚʶɩȦʳ⏏18) Ʉɹʭȩɴ̶̫˫̠ɹˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻᠶ ɻ⏋ࢹɌɑɦɫɻȡʳȵࡸᤋɇʶɩȷɩȦʳ⏏ Ј౅⏋̶̫˫̠ɹ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ᄩޅਲ਼઎ɴȲȿʳ೎߂ɹ৑ဣɻ⏋ȋᎎᏬ͹ኧ๙ȍɭȦɤɛ ς৓ȵ⏋Υឿɐʳɭ⏋ȋ౬ɴଖʶȍɭȦȩ৿ʸكȷɹς৓⏋ȡʳȦɻȋᕶᇍᇕᢩܐȍˁʠɊɐ 17) ̚ˑͻ̺͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɴɦȦɩɻ๖ˁؒ၇ɹɄɭ␩ගࣩ 1996; Ჿᰄ 1996␭⏏ɲȲ⏋ˏ̦͡͹̦˽ʢˤͲ̚ˑͻਲ਼ ઎ȴʰ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿɩȦʳ␩Weber 2004: 191-202␭⏏ 18) ፆᓔɴʭʳ˵˪͞ͻ̢ͻʍɹ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻ⏃2006 ॷ 9 ೐ 16 ౗⏋˵̘ˑ͜Ͳ೴ɴɩ⏆⏏

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ߏቃɭȦȭʳʓɰ̚͞ˑˡ͡ɲᠦఠɴʛȭɩɌʚȩɄɭɫȡʳ␩cf. Gadgil and Guha 1995␭⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋ˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻɹரڟɴጩᇕɴኍɇʶɩȦʳʭȩɴ⏋̶̫˫̠ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ɻ⏋ ܩݖɹᄩޅ͹኏ЦႥ໥ˁʈʚȭɛ߂ᔗɲࢰഀ෯઎ɴʚɫɦɲȵɤɩȦʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶəʶ ɹᕶै޴ᯊˁᦲɍɛᕶးɹ౥ᘠɭȦȩࡸᤋᇕڒ࡝ɴɄɗ৳ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ɹઝᒶɭخᔨਸȵࡔɌɩ Ȧʳɹɫȡʳ⏏

おわりに

ჼБ˓Ͳ̝ɹˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɛɠɻ⏋ਃഀɹʭȩɲ኏Цఒᯊɹ༎֪ɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ᄩޅکᰍɴ ؜ʱᏼʞʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɩȦʳ⏏ ჼБ˓Ͳ̝ˁБᝠɐʳˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔ˽Ͳ̋͡͞ͻ͡͹̶̫˫̠ɻਃഀ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶ ɹ˽ͩ͞ͻ˻ɹȋᕶጓȍਲ਼઎ˁᔘಕɭɌɩ⏋̯͇͓͞ܩݖɹܩӯз຦ȵܩݖɹගകᣂ྇ˁܩݖ Ԓɫ༎ᅎɐʳɄɭˁʠɊɌɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ৳ɻ 1970 ॷБɴɗɹ˽̊Ͳ˽ˁ᥊ழɌ⏋ගകФ஛ ኧ๬ˁς৓ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗɹᔘಕɴɻ⏋ܩӯз຦ɹᅊ༎ᗑȵගക༥߉ɴʭɤɩৄȷᣱɄ ɇʶɩȦʳɄɭˁᇍឿɌɛɄɭ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ԓ޺ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎͹ගകѳᡸਲ਼઎ɴ៘ʶɛɄɭ⏋̺̍˱ ᧊֪ɹ᭬ɴගകѳᡸˁ៲ȭʳܩӯߨਸɹުɴ৿େɌɇʶɛɄɭȵȡɤɛ⏏৳ɹගകѳᡸᠶɻ⏋ ගകФ஛ɹԃᯆኧ๬ɭˏ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻɹ஠ᦽɭȦȩʈɛɦɹ഼ȴʰɲɤɩȦʳ⏏৳ȵˏ ˫̶ͦ˝ͤ˽̜͠ͻɹ஠ᦽˁς৓ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛᔘಕɴɻ⏋عܩݖɹႥ໥ɴ೎᧟ɹܧʱ౅ˁ ᦠິɐʳˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɹ˽ͩ͞ͻ˻ɹȋᕶ৾ȍਲ਼઎ȵȡɤɛ⏏ ̶̫˫̠ɻ 1980 ॷБГᭇ⏋ගകѳᡸᠶɹݜᇻɭɲʳڒ࡝ˁࡴጓɌ⏋ʚɛගകکᰍɴɭɰʚ ʰɲȦ⏋ʭʱ׃ୠᇕɲᄩޅਲ਼઎ˁݛɤɩȦɤɛ⏏৳ɹȋᕶးɹ౥ᘠȍɭȦȩڒ࡝ɻ⏋ȡʰʪʳ ʢɹɴࡔɐʳೣ྇ᇕɲخᔨਸˁᬖኍɇɓʳɄɭɄɗȵϺᬚɹ৲ւɞɭᓒȭʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉ ʶɻˤͲ̚ˑͻςᒶɹ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ਲ਼઎ɹᇍࣙ݀ɫȡʱ⏋Ʉʶˁȋ˵͡ʹ˝ͻ͓̋ɹᄩޅ ਲ਼઎ȍɭ٧ʉɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ʚɛ৳ɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ɻȋ3 ɦɹ A⏃ᎎᏬ͹ኧ๙⏋ˠͻ̠̘̊͡ˑʹ⏋ ගകᦶଁ⏆ȍˁິʠʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹݜೣᇕਸൔɻȋᕶै޴ᯊɹᄩޅਲ਼઎ȍɫȡʱɗɹဣɴ ȲȦɩ̚ˑͻ̺͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɭԊᦲɌɩȦʳȵ⏋৿ᓔɴປᥒɌɩ⏋኏Ц޴ᯊɴكȿɛԍкᇕɲ ˠͻ̠̘̊͡ˑʹˁரኍɌɩȦʳʢɹɞɭȦȩɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ 謝辞 ೣዣɹʢɭɭɲɤɛჼܩᠭീɻ⏋ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀɹ 21 γᏛ COE ̺ ͦ˫͌͞ɴʭʳ̶ˑͻ̝͡˽̘ͻ˹͚Ͳ༐᧛ፈ༐᧛ᐁᢹ⏃2003 ॷ 8 ೐⑯9 ೐⏋2006 ॷ 7 ೐⑯9 ೐⏆ɭॶ ଁ 16 ॷ঎ϴᨊ߂࡝ఠᔒ቉ድ୷ᖂᢧ܎ፀ 1 شϟ෌͹༠޺༐᧛֖ଁ⏃2004 ॷ 7 ೐⑯2005 ॷ 3 ೐⏆ɭɴʭɤ ɩࡸჼɌɛ⏏ʚɛೣዣɹᡴᠶɻ⏋ፀ 17 ܌ᄩޅر቉ድЦ⏃2004 ॷ 7 ೐ 5 ౗⏋߂ᬼ॑ጓ߂࡝య׋ϯ༑́Ͳ ̊ͻ⏆ɴȲȿʳᇍᝠɹݭɫཉʠʰʶɛ⏏ɄɄɴ៨ɌɩઢᡚȦɛɌʚɐ⏏

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