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Some Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place-Names ; 2

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(1)Some Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place‐. Names(Ⅱ ). Christopher PoweH. The first part of this paper (Rθ. γCん sθ α. es No.17, 1981) introduced the. SubieCt Of irregularly‐ pronounced English place‐ names and presented the first. half of List A, covering final elements and silnplex names which sometilnes appear as final elements.Part 2 will conclude lList A and begin lList E;,covering initial elements and remaining simplex names, including those which sometilnes appear as initial elements. I will repeat here sOme Of my criteria for these lists. In the first place, names which are in no way unusual in pronunciation and do not present a problem. for the educated native speaker or foreign student will not normally appear except to provide comparisons. In the second place, the lists are not exhaustive. althOugh mOst sizeable or famOus localities will be included, along with a number Of smaller ones whose prOnunciations are of especial interest。. 'There. is a certain amount of duplicatiOn since many names are irregular in respect of more than one element, but the reader who suspects that a place‐ name has an. unusual pronunciation would be advised to look it up in more than one list.. nus″. ηJsbzγ gん (NOrf.)will be found under HAPPIS― (List B)but nOt under ―BURGH(List “ A),since the principal irregularity is contained in the initial. element.. List A(continued) ―MAN. スんθπαπStrceι. [leェ. ん(Avon). kmon:stri:t], the Roman road to Bα ι.

(2) 62. Names(Ⅱ. SOme Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place・. ―MEL. Car,π θ′(Cumb.)[:kα. ). :tmol]in BBC.. I have heard[― mel]from a local residente ―MER. κgyπ θγ (Wo Sus。 )[:ktt mo]or[:ka.mo]。 ′ ′gives only the second Of these.. Ecλ. ―MERGH ―MET. "α gん θJsπ θγ. Sた (Cumb.)[:Skelzmo]Or[:Skelzm.。 ]. ι πd(Dev。 )[:nェ mェ t:roulondl and nearby 質 Rο り′ α A亀″ θ Tγ acey[:nl. ―MINSTER. Normally[―. mェ t:trelsェ. ハ亀″電θ″. ].. mェ nst。 ]as. in Wcs,π J■ stcγ. (LOn。. ),but BBC gives. )as[:lemsto].Mr Edward Light,in a pri‐ vate communication,gives me Bcα πJπ s,cr(Dor.)[:bem.sto]. Lcο πJ■ s,θ γ (Here。. BBC and Ecん ―MOIGNE. O"θ Ecん. ―MOND ―MONT. "α. J′. have[:bemェ nst。 ].. γπθたpc(Dor。 )[:OUO moェ n]in "α. BBC and[:oO mOェ n] in. JJ.. RJcん ποπご(Sur.,W.Yorks。 )[:rェ t∫ mond]. Bca“ ποηι(Cumb.)[:bi:mont]; (Ess。 ,Lancs.)[:bOUmont], these last two in Ecた りαJJ. but not BBC. Bθ ′ποπ,(Sur.,not. in BBC)[:bel mDnt]. ―MORE. Usually[―. mO:]as in Ljι ιJcπ oγ c(Oxon。 ), but nOte Bγ θαπογθ. (Hants.)[:bre m。. ] and QaCγ ηπθγθ (Lancs.)[:kwO:mO] or. [:kwQ:m。 ]. ―MOUTH. ¶here is much hesitation between[―. moo]and[_moじ. 0]。. (N'hum.)is[;"lnmouo]or[leェ l mα UO], スυοηποπιん ん ποπ〕 ん (Dor.)are bOth[― mQuO], but Dα γι (Avon),Cん αγπoπ ι 4′ η ποatん. ん (Hants。 )are bOth[― m00]。 (Dev.)and Pο γ,sπ οπι ―MOW ―NANCE ―NE. Daη. πο. "(Ess.)[:dUnmoul.. κyπ απcc(Corn.)[:ka.mns].. Bα. πc(Ess., πθ (Wilts。 )[:kQ:n], Cο ′ πθ (S.Yorks.)[:bo:n], cα ′ ′. Lancs。 )[:kounl.sOme Cο J■ c. speakers undoubtedly insert[1] int。. these days,perhaps by analogy with[:koulnbrukl, one. πbrο οん (Bucks。 realisation of Cο ′. and Lyπ ttMEC(Ken→ ―NES. ['1・. m].. πes(Dev.)[:tDtnIS]. Tο ι. ).″θχπθ (Suff.)is[・ hDkSOn].

(3) ChristOpher PoweH ―NOR. [―. )[:kAmm]and. ne]in both Camπ ογ (Oxon。. “ υレπογ(Kent),the. latter not in BBC. ―NUN. -OCK. 五′ ι π π (Corn.)[:"ltO inAnl. αγ “ NOrmaHy[― okl as in Cん α′′οcλ (Kent)e So also Craπ ποcん αι θγ(Cum。 ,not in BBC).BBC gives Cん "ア [・. t∫. ェdOkl, but Ecλ. "α. JJθ. οcん. (Dor.)as. dェ kl.η he tWO authorities di・ ′has[:t∫ ェ ′. (Dev.).BBC gives Oac′ んJο cん k3 or[:kWェ ёェkl and Sん θυJο cん. vide similarly on Dπ πcん jご cο cλ. (Corn.)as[:kwe6ェ k,:kweoェ (Corn.)as[:∫ evェ Okl.Ecん. "α. J is silent on how these places ′. are pronounced.. -OP. [-Opl in waJ′ ο P(Hants.),Sα Jθ P,the alternat市 e name for the. county of ShrOpshire,and Asん ο P CJο 隻ル (Derby.).. -OT -OUGH -OVER. 4ν οι St.Lα E′ ′ οム ふ. "γ. (Suff。. θπcc(Hertse)[le・. )[:e10u]。. Ot Snt ilDrOnS].. See also―. BROUGH,CLOUGH etc.. Normally[― ouvo]as in cα ttο υθγ (Hants。 ),″ θttο υθγ(Bucks.), but note Pcο υθγ (Ches.)[:pi:VO].. ―OW ―PAS. ι Scο ι θ. in Ches。 g市 es. ―PEN. )[:skDtOU].. "(Norf。 ■ e name Mα ゎαS iS pronounced[:malpos,:mだ. ωα′ ′. only[:mo:1-]for Cheso and says nOthing about Corn.. pθ π (Berks。 Iπ λ. ,nOt in BBC)[:ェ Dkpenl, but Cο "pcπ Bθ "′ θy. (Cleve.)[:ku:pon:可 ―PETH. pos]or[:mapos]. ,and[:mЭ upos]in corne,accordingto BBCo Ecん. u:l工 ].. ηcθ peι ん (Dur.)[:brc nspOo]and Mθ γ Pcι ん(N'hum.) [― p00]in 3γ α. [:mo:poO]. ―PORTH. Stressed in Pcγ γαηpο γι ん (COrn.)[;peron'pO:o].. ―QUET. ιls′ α配 ,RJυ θγCθ cact,Cο cacι dα JC(N'hum。 ),all[:kouk・ t]. Cο cπ θ. ―REDY. pγ θ dν Cγ θ. ―RE. Bο Jdγ. (Oxon.)[:krDprOdI].. θ (Hants。 )[:bOuldo].Older spellings of this place include. Bθ π′ dcγ ,. and Ecん. "α. ′ ′suggests a connection with a dialect word. bο %Jdθ γ`bulrush'。. ―RES. 〃αrdγ cs(Kent)[:hC:dz]。. ―RETH. BBC gives[― rェ 0]for sん cPγ θιん (Cambs.)but[― r00]for Rα 復ル.

(4) Some Aspects of the PrOnunciation of English Place_Names(Ⅱ “. ). derive from OE γ ん `stream'。 I would ima‐ gine that[― r二 0]and[― r00]are in free variation for both γe,ん (Ess。 ).Both. jι. ―RISE. スcrJsc(Kent)[leェ kri:s,Oeェ krls].. ―ROCK. As a simplex this is[:rDkl aS in B′ αcん Rο cん note Lα ttydγ οcλ. (Eo Sus。. ), but. (Corn).[l"n:hadrokl,where the der市. ation. is from the old Cornish saint's name Hydγ οc。 ―RUTH. ん (Corn)is[red:ru:o], Rcご γ ι “. with typical Cornish stress_. pattern.. ―RUTHAN. んα■ (Corn。 Bedγ ι. ―SAND. Usually[― S"nd]as in the twO places in Corn.caHed"仇. “. sα zJ. Bα y(not. )[bI:drA60n].. Bα y[:ko:SOnd]according. to BBC;this. pronunciation may also apply tO Cα ωsα tt Bcacο π (Dev。 Bγ. ―SCEUGH. ″αγesce“ gん. jπ sca′. θ‐. in BBC).In the same county, however, note. ガ Ca"sa,d and Ca"sα タ ―SCALL. jι. ).中. ′(Lancs.)[:brェ nskl]。. (Cumb.)is[:hCOSkju:f]in 3BC but[:hCOSkAf] in EPNS(XX).EPNS g市 es lπ JdJesccagん as[:hAdlSkAf];. BBC and Ecた りα′′are. (Cumb.) is. Rο gθ rsccagん. silent.. [:rDd50SkAf]in EPNS(XX). ―SEA. [― s量. ]in Brjg力 ι′Jttgscα (Ess.),〃ογ■sθ α and引 /Jι んcrπ scα (both. んscα Lincs.)and Sο ι “. (Hants。. ,cγ scα (LOnd.)and Bγ Jπ sθ α ).Bα ι. (Avon)are g市 en by BBC as[:b“. tOSェ. gscα aS[:brェ Lι JJ綱 堕 Ecλ ωα′ Jg市 es BrJ〔 列. ]and[:brェ. nZェ ].. kl Zェ ].. ―SELL. 〃οrsc′ ′(Sur.)[`hO:Sl].. ―SHAW. ne expected form is[― ∫o]as in Oι ιcrsん α "(Sur.,nOt in BBC), but note S,γ mpsん α )[:strAm∫ 0].. ―SHED. See above under ―HED。. “. "(Norf。. ■ ere l postulated a. pronunciation. epsed]fOr Sん θpSん ed(Lancs。 ,Leics。 [:∫ epshedl or[・ ∫. )based. on their derivation fron1 6sheep's head'。 I have learned frOm a. person working in the Leicestershire village of this name that 中 EPNS(IX)curiously. g市 es Cawsc,ガ (Deve)as['kDSdOn]or[:kO:ZOn]..

(5) ChristOpher PoweH. the cOmmon 10cal versiOn is now[TepFed],e宙 ing pronunciation.[:∫ epsedl. “ dently a spell‐. is occasionally met with among. older residents. ―SHIRE. ne English shires are commonly pronounced[― ∫o]or[― ∫ェЭ], as in 〃απpsλ Jγ e, WJ′ tsん Jγ c, Derbysん. Jγ. θ.. 11lis. contrasts. with the Scottish[― ∫aェ Э]in Pcγ ι んsん Jγ θ,■ bθ γJθ θπsん Jγ θ, In‐ υθγ πessOsん Jγ c, all now obsolete as a result of the recent re‐ organisation of the counties of Britain. NOte also the village Of引 /J′ psん Jγ c(Lancs.)[:wェ ―SOKEN. lp∫ o].. ■ (Esse)[:00:p le:soukonle Found only in Tん οrpe‐ ′ θ‐ Sο λθ. ―SOM. Epsο π. ―SOR. [―. (Sure)[lepsOm]. ZO]in wJttsOr(Berks.),For Ede■. sο. γ (Derby。 ),BBC gives. the alternatives[:enzO,le nso]. ―STABLE. 引 И んJι s,α b′ c(Kent,not. in BBC)[:Wェ tstobl].. ―STAPLE. πs,叩 ′ Bα γ c(Dev.,not. in BBC)[:bα nstopl].. ―STALL. lllere are localities named ruη. sta′. ′in at least eight English. counties.BBC g市 es[itAnStl]for those in Dur。 , Staffse and Suff.,and[itAnStO:l]fOr Norf.Ъ ere is no evidence for Kent, ―STEAD. Lancso or N.YOrks.EPNS(XⅣ )has[:tAnStl]for Hum. BBC has[― stedl for〃 a′ s,caJ(Esse,Kent)and[― Stェ dl fOr T“ πsted. (Norf。 ). It is not hard to imagine free variation bet‐. ween[― Stedl and[― Stェ dl for places ending in― ―STEVEN. κes,cυ θπ [:kestェ ven], the name of one Of the now_obsolete adπ linistrative. ―STON. STEAD.. divisions of Lincs.. s,o■ (Corn)[:helStOnl and Rο yS'0・ Usually[― StOnl as in″ θ′. タ πο ガes,o■ (Ches.)is[:t∫ (Herts.).But Cん ο′. DmSOnl in BBc. ′ .For the pronunciation Of the first and[:t∫ AmSOnl in Ecん ωα′. element,see under CHOL― in List B。 ―STONE. ■ ere is hesitathn between[― stOn]and[― StOU司 [―. :. StOnl: Bca宙 ′ οπc(Staffs,)[;bェ oStOnl,3Jddes,o■ o(Wilts.) [:bェ dェ stonl,BrJgん S'0■. ・ c(IoW)[:bra.stenl,Fο ′λθ. s,o■ c(Kent)[lfOUkstonl,Lα tts,o■ c(Hants。. ).

(6) 66. SOme Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place‐. Names(Ⅱ. ). [:1"DStOn]. [―. Steunl:五 洲 Jesι οπc(Sur。 ),MaJdsι ο c(Kent).. ―STY. pusι y(Norf.)[:kO:pOStェ ]. Cο γ. ―SULL. Trys“ ′ ′(Staffs。. ―TER. See― ETER abovee. ―TETH. TO■ ,ctん. ―THORP. p(N'hants.), んογ 4′ ι. “. )[:tri:Sl]or[:tri:Zl].. (Mer.)[itDkSt00]。 the hOme of the Spenser family,is prOnoun‐. ced[:0:ltropl, aS everyone in Britain knows since the Royal Wedding, 1981。. For some other cases where an historic house. is pronounced, at least by its occupants, in a manner different frori that expected, and sometiEneS distinct from the local or even national pronunciation of the nearby village of the same. name,see above― HAY(E)S and be10w COMP― ,HARE― ,HOL― WO― 。Jilly Cooper, in CJα ss(Eyre Methuen, London, 1979), suggests that `one of the ways the upper classes exclude. ,. the. classes below is by pronouncing the names of their houses dif‐ ferently frorn the way they are spelt。 ―THROP. 〃ey,ん γο2(Oxon。 )[:h± OrOpl.. ―THWAITE. ん Jι c(Cumb.)[:b“ SOnO weェ Bα sscπ ″ "α. '. t]shoWs the typical pro‐. nunciation of this elemento EPNS(X XI)g市 es Grθ αιand Ljι ‐ ″e Crο s,ん. "α. Jι. θ (Cumb.)as[・. krDS Oet].BBC g市. es the alter‐. natives[:slaeowettt]and[。 S10じ ェt]for S′ αJι んωαjι θ(W.Yorks。 ″ ―ΠGH. θ′ α■3Jgん. ).. To"crs(Kent),a house near Wye, is given by BBC. aS[:D10nt工 ]. ―TOFT ―TON. Lο. "es,oJt(Suf.)[110UStDft,:loustoft]or[:10UStOf]. Usually[― tOn]as in 4′ derπ αsι ο■ (Berks.)[:o:ldOmc:ston], o■ 4yJb“ γι. [:"l工. (Glos.)[:e.lb=tOnl,ス ′′Jttι οπ (Kent,Lincs。 ,Wilts.). DtOnl and many others.Occasionally,however, the[t]. is dropped.G“ g市 en. sι. ο. "(Kent)is locaHy prOnounced[:gASOn](nOt. ccstο ■ in 3BC).Lα π (Corne)is[:lo:nS(t)on3 0r[:10:nsonl. in 3BC.Ecλ. “. "α. [:krDkStOnl;Crο. J′. has only[llC:nston].Croχ ιοπ. κιοπ. (Norf。. (Hum.).is[:krDkStOn]or[:krouson];. ) is.

(7) Christopher PoweH ι ο Crο χ. "κ. (Leics。. ―TOR. 67. crγ jα J(Lincs.)is[:krouson:kerェ. οπ んCrο χι ol].Sο πι. )is[:krouson,:krouston3 0r[:krOUZOnl.. Both as a simplex and a final element, this is[to:]in Devon: :ta],IcSSα y Tο αι ογ[:bArO B“ γγ. :ta].Bο. γ. ita],″ αgι ογ [;heェ. γ[:hesorェ Cα ι ογ. ′ υCπ ι ογ (Corn。 ),howeVer,is[bDl lVento]and C′. (Cum。 )[:kli:tO].The last of these, at least, is derived from. ογγ `a high rock'. C)N erg `a hill pasture' rather than C)E ι ―VANT. 〃αναπι (Hants.)[:haevont].. ―VAULX. Jθ. χ (N.Yorks。 γυαπ′. )is[:d5=VOu], but BBC notes an older. local form[:d5α :vェ s]whiCh may stin be used by a few speak‐ χ (N.Yorks.)[:ri:VЭ U]or[:rェ Vez]. ers.RJcυ απ′ ―VOIR. BcJυ θjγ (Leics。 ),and its Hunt,are both[ibi:VЭ. ―WALL. Ъ e county of Cο γπ. "α. JJ is[・. ]・. ko:nWOl]in BBc,but l have also. heard[:ko:nwO:l].Mr E.Costigan,whose home is there, thinks Cornish people might prefer[― wal].BJα Cλ "α J′ (LOnd.,. not in BBC)is[:blakWO:l]. ―WAR ―WARDINE. Wjcん. "α A conll■. γ (Avon)[:Wェ. kWa].. on element in the Marches. 'There is some diversity. in its pronunciation;Bred"α Cん cs"α γdjπ c(ShropS。 )[:t∫. [:lentWOdaェ "α. rdjπ θ. (Here.) [:bredw。. :daln],. eZWOdaェ n], LCJπ ιω αrdjπ c (Here.). n3or[:lentwott n]and also[:lantOttnl.L“ B“ γι οη. rdjπ c(Here.)is[:lAgwOdttn].. g‐. Pcd"α γdjπ c. [:pedWOdaェ nl, uneXpectedly in Lincs.,takes its name from a Herefordshire family who acquired it by marriage in c。 (Ecん ωαJ′. ―WARK. 1280. ).. ―WARP. 4Jd"α rん (Derby.)[:o:ldWOkl;Ⅳ θ γん (Cambs。 ,Glos。 ,Notts.) "α ん γん (Lond.)[:sA60kl. [:nju:Okl;Sο πι "α p(Eo Sus.)[:fε OWO:pl. γ Fα jγ. ―WAS. ス′ γθ. "α "α. s(Staffs。 )[:o:lros,:o:lrowos]。. is given by Ecた りαJ′ . BBC and Ecん. "α. Only the first of these ′are both silent on the ′. pronunciation of BttjJJ"α s(ShrOps。 ),but the early form ByJd‐ θ. "α. s in Ecλ. "α. ′ J suggests a mOdern pronunciation[:bェ ldwosI..

(8) 68 ―WASH. Some Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place_Names(Ⅱ. B“ γ. "asん. ). (Eo Sus.)is[:b=WDJ]in 3BC, which adds the quaint. information that the inhabitants are called `IBurwashers', prO_. nounced[:bArO∫ OZ].Bο. γγο. "asん. (Derby。 )is[:bArOUWD∫ ,:bDreU"∫ ]. Or[:bDreUWD∫ ]in BBC;the first Only is in Ecλ ―WEAR. [―. wェ o]in κJ■ gS"Cα γand. Mο. in RJυ θγ ″θαγ (Tyne).. ―WELL. E"c′ ′(Sur.)[:ju:WOl].Eγ. κJη gsλ θrs"θ ′ 。 ¶he RJυ θγCんθγ ′. N'hants。. "θ. ′ ′(Ge. -lWICH. .. "θ. , and. 4bbo,sO. similarly the nearby. ′ J(OxOn。 )is[lt∫ Q:W01]but. Man.)is[:=wel]. Rο. ん ″. "θ. ′ ′ (Lincs.,. ,W.Yorks.)is[`rDOWel];BBC offers[:reuol]as an. alternative for the second of theseo is Sou,ん. ′′. Js"θ ′ ′(Suf.)[:erェ swol]。. λcrsυ θ′ ′(Dev.)['abets:k=zwol]and. the RJυ θγJγ. "α. ι ん,both in Dev。 "∴ "carmο “. "c′. A well‐ knOwn irregular. ′(Notts.)['SA601].. nere seem to be four realisatiOns of this final element: [―. 工 d5]Or[― ェt∫ ]:. Bα s"Jcん. (NOrf.)[inDr工 d5,inDr工 t∫ ];. D“ ′. (LOnd.)[:dAlェ d5,:dAlェ t∫ ],. "Jcん. "Jcん. Gγ θ e■. 〃αγ. "Jcん. "Jcん. [― Wェ t∫. (Staffs.)[:b"sェ d5,:b"SIt∫ ];. Nο γ. (LOnd。 )[:grェ. (Ess。. n・. d5,:grェ nlt∫ ];. )[:h"rェ d5,:h"rェ. ]or[― wェ d5]:Sα 'ガ "Jcん (Kent);[Os"ndwェ. t∫. t∫. ].. ,:Sandwェ d5];. the secOnd is not in BBC but is heard,. though more cOnlmonly applied to the snack named after Lord Sandwich;. the. [dl may be omitted in both prOnuncia‐ tions. [― wェ t∫. ]only:. B′. οπ. "Jcん. "Jcん "Jcん "Jcん [― Wェ t∫. ―WICK. (Wo Mid.)[OblDkSWェ. t∫. ],. ゎ s_. (Suf.)and the`salt tOwns' Dγ οJ″ ‐ , MJJJ′ θ. "Jcん. ,. Nc"′. "Jcん. ,. Noγ ,ん ‐. , aH in Ches.. ]or[,・ t∫ ]: FOrd"jcん (Kent).. llle three realisations seem to be[― as in these examples:. Wェ. kl,[― ェkl or either,.

(9) 69. Christopher PoweH [― Wェ. kl:. 4 υ οπ. (Dev。 )[leェ. "Jcん. vOnwェ kl;4′ J"Jcた (W.. Sus.),EJ"Jcん (Dur.).Eχ "jcん. kl:. [― ェ. スdω. "jcλ. (Dev.),Pα Jπ s‐. (Glos.).. ‐ ′ c‐ S,γ θ θ,. jcλ. (Herts.,Norf。. (S.Yorks.),. _j"_. EJ"Jcλ (N'hume)Pres,‐. あjcλ 。(N'hum.),Wα γり,cん "Jcん. "Jcん. "jcλ. E′ πc,(W.Yorkse),. Bθ γ. Bα γ. ,Som.)[:b"rェ kl, Bα γ. (N'hum.) Sπ. (War.)[:WDr工 kl,. (W.Mid.). ん θι. "Jcλ. ['Smeё ェkl. [― Wェ. kl or[_ェ kl:4π sι. ι θγ (N.YOrks.)[:0:St(W)ェ kl,3“ ″ "Jcλ "Jcん (Hum。 ,Lincs.,N.Yorks。 )[:bAtOW工 k,3bAtOr工 kl,. Crο s,り. jcん. (Norf.)[:krDSt(W)ェ kl, Ecλ ωα′′. also g市 es[:krDS工. klo Note Bα γ. ′ ds"Jcん. "ο. (N.YOrks.) [Obc:nouldzwェ kl or[:bQ:lェ kl, Cん J′ d"Jcん ―. WIⅢ. (Herts.)[it∫ ェlェ kl.. In Cornwall,an accented hnal in Pc""Jι ん [pen:w■ o],but nOt in Cttg"Jι ん [:k“ d5W工 ё,:k"d5W工 0]・ F′ α りJι ん (N.Yorks.)[:f10:ェ. ―W00N. Cん びωοο. "(COrn。. 0,・ fl D■. EIsewhere,usually[― ■o]:. 0]; Sん θ′. ,nOt in 3BC)[:t∫ u:nl.. ん(Cum。 )[:Skel.o].. "Jι Tγ θ. "ο. ο. " (Corne). [:tru:Onl.. ―WORTH. BBC usually gives[― w=0]asin 3′. ん(Notts.)[:blェ dW=0], JJ"ο γ″. but sometimes[― w00]as in 3。 s"ο γ,ん (Leics.)[・ bDZW00]. ne two forms are probably in free variation. (Staffs。. ―WOR「 IIAL Pcrγ ―WORTHY. )is[:ta mW=0]or[it"m.o].. α “. ra"11″ 。γ. "ο. γι んα′(Corn.)[OperOn。. 'ん. :w=6ol].. As a simplex, always[w=6ェ ]:κ 力ば'S"ら γ′んy (Hants.,not ‐ in BBC)[:kェ Dz:w=6工 ]・ Otherwise may be[― WdL]as in〃。′ s"Oγ ι んy(Dev.)and many other West COuntry localities.Badg‐ "ο. γι んg or Bag"ο γι んびWa″ θγ, a stream in Deve and Som.,. [:b“ d50rェ ];C′ η. "ο. is. γι んy(Dev.)is[:kl"porェ ].W00J/ardJs・. γι んy(S.Dev。 )is[wul'fQ:dlsw=ё ェ],but the N.Dev.vill‐ "ο sery. age is[:wulzorェ ]and BBC says that it is nOw spelt ttИ οο′.

(10) Some Aspects of the Pronunciation of English PlaceoNames(Ⅱ. η. HOwever, Jο ん. "sι. ). pん Jα Rο α d ttι ′ αs still οπ and the 1980 Gcο gγ α. show the traditional spelling.. -lWRA. ″γα (Corn.)[:krauzonreェ ]. π‐ Crο ws‐ α. ―WYCH. 五Jd"ycん (Londe)[:o:ldWェ. NOte,hOwever,〃 力5ん 駒 ―WYCK ―WYN. t∫. Cん. ]ShOWs the usual pronunciation. (Herts。 )[:haェ. d,(Herts。 ′ ノ 生 Js"ycた ″α ′ , near B鶴 JagJο γ "ι αt and Ljι Gγ θ. ι ′ c Bcdω yπ. :waェ t∫. ].. )is[:aesェ. kl.. (Wilts.,nOt in BBC)are[:bedW・. n],. ら J"yπ Gα rdeπ CJι y(Herts。 )is[:Welェ n]. butレラ θ ―YARD. yα rd Lαん c(Staffs.). See above― ARD for R餞 ガ. _ZION. Marα zJο π (Corn.)[:m"rO:ZttOnl.(Neither this name nor its イαγλθιJθ alternative ハ. " have any connection with Jews;. are both derived from an C)ld Cornish name. meaning. they. `small. market'.). List B Initial Elements and Simplex Names, Including Those which May Appear as lnitial Elements lnitial elements are far more numerous than final ones. 1llis is obvious fronl the nature of English placeenames, in which general features of landscape or of social organisation(―. the. COMBE,― WICH,― HAM,BOROUGH). normally come at the end of the name中 , being preceded by a mOre or less open series of elements showing location, size,. ownership. and. the. (WINCH― ,NOR― ,HARG― ,LITTLE― )to give cOmplete names like引. like /Jπ cん ‐. be,Nο γωJcん ,〃 αrgん απ,Ljι ιJcbο γοagん .Irregularity in the pronunciation. cο π. of these initial elements being very conlmon,. List B will be longer than. List A. In setting it out l have tried to balance the requirements of alphabe‐ tical order against thoseふ f the convenient grouping of recOgnisable elements; thus スby, being clearly made up of an initial A―. *ne great exception,of course, is names. plus the. of Celtic origin.. cOnllnon. In e.g. Lα πjυ θι. (Corn)`N市 et's church',3θ dπ Jπ (Corn) 'house of the monks', (Here。 )`church by the alder‐ grove',the. final. 二′ ′ απ. "α. γπθ. more general element comes first..

(11) Christopher Powen ―BY,will A―. 7ノ. be found before ABRAM。. [eェ ー]in 4bγ jdgC(Ess。. ), スby(Lincs.),. Ac′ C(Norf.), Acο πb. (N'hum.,N.Yorks。 ),Acο πbc(Som.,not in BBC). ["― ]inス dcJ(W.Yorks.).. AB―. UsuaHy[κ b― ]as. AC―. UsuaHy["k― ]as inス. brOm].. [:“. [leェ. AD―. οπ (Berks.);note Abγ απ (G.Man。 ) in 4bj“ 率ガ. krisI or[;eェ. [ad―. ]in. cι. θπ (Lond.),but. note AcrJsc(Kent),. krェ s].. 4dυ crsα πc(W.Sus.),. ′ ceSι rcct(S.Yorks。 スd"jcλ ‐. ). d(Herts.)[lettdlfloldl [:"d・ k10:Stri t],but[ettd― ]inス dCJJθ ′ and RJυ θγ4dπ γ[:eェ dO](W.Sus.).. AIS-. 4Js′ αby(Cleve.,N.Yorks。 ,W.Yorks.)[leェ Zl b・ ]. See also ASLACK― [als― ]inス Jccs,cr(War。 )[:alStO], スJCJSι οπ (Eo Sus.) .. ALIC)―. [:o:ls・. stOnl(Ecん ωαJ′ g市 es[:Q:Ston3), A′. [:Э :lkOnborェ. ALD―. bπ Cο π. ry (Cambs。. ). ], BBC also g市 es[:o:kOnborェ ]。. [o:ldl in 4Jdbttry(Herts.)also[:0:lborェ. ], 4JJω jcん (W.Sus.). gん (Suff.)is[3alboro]. ごθbπ γ [`aldwttkl.五 ′. [ald― ]in ttJdCγ. AL(F)―. "α. sJθ. y(Derby.)[:"ldOWOZ:l童 ]or[:a10Z'l士 ].. Usually[0:lf― ]as in 4J/Ord(Lincs。 ), 4J/rJsι οπ (E.Sus.). π(Derby)[:o:lfrェ ton],(alSO[:Dl ston]andス J」reι ο BBC givesス J/o′ J(Sur.)as[talfOuld,:"lfouldl or[:α. [:o:lfrェ. ALGER-. 4Jgarλ. ALK―. [:o:lk・ DtOn]五. jγ. Jん jttι. ), the latter more. ο. "(Glos.)and(ShrOpS。 DtOnl according to BBC.五 Jた んαπ [:o:lkOm]。 r[:0:kOm].. [κ. (Kent)can be. θυcrer(N.Yorks.)[1"10tOn mo:llevero] οπ Mα 鶴′ ]in 4′ Jθ γι andス JJestrec(Derby.)['aelェ Strェ ];alSO A′ JJagι οπ (Dore,Kent, l―. Lincs。 ,Wilts。. AL(M)―. :fOuldl.. ん (Lincs.)['o:lgok=kl or[:0:ld50k=kl・. often['o:k・. ALL―. fr工 ton3).. ["1-]in 4Jπ. (3).ス JJcsJey(Wo Mid.)is[;alzlェ. Cγ. (Dor。. ].. ). ["m― ]or[Q:m― ]in 4Jπ CJgy(Here.). ス′ ποπdb“ ry(W.Yorks。 )is[;eェ mborェ ,:α mborェ ]or[:"l mondborェ. ]..

(12) 72. sOme Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place_Names(Ⅱ (Ecん. AL(N)―. ′has[:Q:mbrェ ′. "α. ])。. 4′ πo,ガ sbπ ry(Avon)is[:Q:mzbOrェ ].. RJυ θγ スノ質 (N'hum)[:"ln];Ecλ. "α. ′ ′also g市 es[:Q:l].. 五′ ο ,ん (N'hum。 )is[:"lnmauo]。 "π “ 4J"c(N.YOrks。 )[:o:nl. Gγ. θ α ,and. π 五′. ALRE―. "Jcん. ). 4ル働απ(N'hum.)is[:alrЮ m].. Lj,,Jθ 4′ π θ(War.)[:an3 or[:aln]. (N'hum.)['"nェ kl.. ス′ γ /oγ ご(Hants.)is[:0:lZfed1 0r[:α :lZfodl, but五 ′ res/Oγ d cs・. (Ess.)is[:Q:lZfOdl or[:ellZfodle ス′ γθ. "α. s(Staffs。. )is[Oo:lros]Or[00:lrowosl.. ALS-. 4′ sa7ger(Ches.)[al:Seェ d50]Or[3。 :lsed50]・. AL(T)-. 4′ ,α γ "“. ■ (COrn)[,"lt0 1nAn].. 4た 0/1S(Wo Yorks.)['altOfts3 or[:altesl. ι γJ"cん απ (Go Man.)[:o:ltrェ ス′. AL(■ H)―. ALV―. Dom].. p(N'hants。 )[:o:ltropl. ■J,ん οrpc(Hum.)[10:10o:pl but 4′ ′ んογ. ["v― ]in. θy(ShropS。 4′ υθ′. ).. ,(Dev。 υθrdJscο ′ ["lV― ]inス ′. )[0"lVeldlsket]alSO[:α lSket],. in which(less common)case, the place is spelt 4′ 4′ υ es,o"(Avone)[:"lV・. scο ′ ″ .. Sten]and 4′ υJ昭′ο. "(Glos.). pc(W.Yorkse),ス ′υJ"gλ απ υθγ,ん ογ [:"lV工 DtOnl.[alv_]inス ′ (Lincs.)and″ cS'ス ′υJη g,o■ 4′ υ escο. (Dev.).. ,(Oxon.)is[:o:lSket,:"lsket]or[:"lV・ sket].. ALWAL― 五′ たο■ (Cambs.)['o:lWO:ltonl. "α AMPT― スmp″ ん ′(Beds。 )[:"mthll]. AN4■ ,cん (N'hum.)[Oeェ n・ kl(not to be J′. confused with 4′. county,different pronunciation).A■ [0"nttkl(Ecλ. ANG―. APE―. ARUN―. "Jcた. ,same. ′ ′).. ス■脚EcrJag(W.Sus。 [:e工 nd50Zl工. ANNES―. "α. ""Jcた. (Lincse,not in BBC). )[:"Dmorェ D], but 4電 crs′ θJJ (Som。 ). ]・. ハmes′ ey(Notts。 )is[:"n.zlェ ]Or[:“ nzlェ ].. APc′ んογPc(N'hants.)is[:“. poo:pl or[:eェ pOo:pl.. RJυ θγttγ z2(W.Suse)[:"ronl;五. ASHAMP- 4sん αmps,cad(Berks.)[:"∫. グ 材 θ′(W.Sus。 “. Omstedl;note stress.. )[・. "rOndl]..

(13) ChristOpher Powen. ASHMOL― Asん πο. Jθ. 薄 :mOUlェ. απ MLse“ π, in Oxford,["∫. onl.Named after. Elias Ashmole, the seventeenth century antiquarian.. ASHREIGN―. Asん γcJ♂cθ y(Dev.)[ae∫. :re工. n.].Ecん. "α. J gives the place an ′. alternative name,Rjttgsasん , which is not in BBC.. ASLACK- 4sJα cん by(Lincse)[leェ Zl bェ See above,AIS― ASPA― Aspα ιγJα (Cumb.)["s:peェ trェ o]. ¶he name derives .. ]。. γ Pα ι. jλ. `]Patrick's ash' and Ecん. "α. J′. conllnents `the. from asc‐ order. of. the elements is due to Celtic influence.'. ASTER―. ■s″ θγ′ θy(Shrops。 )is[:"stOlェ. (Lincs.)is[le・ stObェ. ATH―. ](nOt in BBC) but Asι. θγby. ].. g(Som.)and五 ″んθJsι οπc(Som,War。 ) are ["001-];. 4ι ん cJπ θ. ]。. 4ι んcrι οπ (G.. ι οπ (Lancs。 ,near Lα πcasι θγ)is[:"ftOn],. but the place. Ecん ωαJ′ g市 es the first of these as[:"tOlnェ. Man.)is either["ё ―]or["0-]in BBc。. AUGH-. 4agん. of the same name near θγπsん jγ λ is[:o:tOnle So are the two places of the same name in Hum. and S.Yorks.. AUST―. 五astcr/Jθ Jd(S.Yorks。 ,not in BBC)[:o:stOfェ Oldl; 五πS'"jcλ (N.Yorks。 )[3。 :st(w)ェ kl.. AVE―. y(Wilts。 )[leェ vbOrェ 4υ θ bπ γ. [:COrO m];Aυ. θιοπ. ],als。. [:eェ. bOrェ. ].Aυ θγんαπ (Notts。. GI∬ οrd(Dev.) [:atonid5工. fOdl,. ). als。. [lettVtOn:d5工 fOdl・. AVC)N―. The numerOus rivers of this name in various parts of England. (cf Welsh a/o2`r市 er')are usually pronounced[:eェ. vonl; so. also A υοππθ ん (Avon).However, the S.Deve river of this name ttι. name is[:"vOn]and SO also Aυ θπ. "Jcん. village which stands. on it.. BAB―. π (Som。 Bα bjη gι ο. ,nOt in BBC)[ib"bェ Dton3, 3α. rι ん(Notts。 bω ο. not in BBC)[:b"bW=o];similarly for other localities, π Bα brα んα. BAC―. Bα. ,. but. (Cambs.)[ibettbro m].. cttP(Lancs.)[:beェ kOpl。. BADDES― Nθ γιん BαJJθ. sノ. θg(Hants。 )is[:b"dZlェ. (War.)can be either[:b"dェ. Zlェ. ]but Bαddcs′ θy Eπ sο γ. ]or[:b"dZlェ ], aCCOrding to.

(14) 74. Some Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place.Names(Ⅱ. ). BBC. BAG―. y(Ches.)[:bη 3aga′ θ. golェ. ]or[:b“ glェ ];Bag"ο γιんg ttИα″θγ, a. んg, is[:b“ d50rェ stream in Som。 ,sometimes spelt Bttgω ογι. BAL―. ].. Bα ′ ん α π (Lond。. ん π(COrn.)[:baeldju:,:bo卜 ldju] ご )[:b"10m], Bα ′. or[:bo:ldu:]。. mOst others seem to be[bo:1-]as in Bα. Jcο πbθ. by(Se Yorks.).Bα Jπ c(N.Yorks.)is[:bo:n]. (WeSus。 ),Bα ′. BALL―. Bα JJ力 じθγ (Bucks.)[:b“. lェ. ge,OxfOrd, Bα ′ ′ Jο ′ Cο J′ θ. nd50]・. is. [:bOェ ljOl].. BAR―. Bar/resι. oπ. (Kent)is nOt g市 en in BBC or Ecん. "α. ′ ′ , but in. lsaac Taylor's Wο rds αtt P′ accs(Macmillan, London, 1863) it is spelt Bar/recSι θπθand g市 en the prOnunciation[:bQ:ston]. Bα γ′ οagん bο γ. (Derby.)is[:bQ:lboro]Or[:bα :bOr。 ]. Bα γ′ θsι οπc(Leics。. BARH―. in BBC,. )[:bQ:lStOun].. BBC gives Bα γんαπ [:b"ro m], without specifying whether this applies to all the villages of this name; they exist in Cambse,. Kent and Suff.Ecλ ωα′′gives[:baerom]for the Kent 宙 Hage only,implying[:bQ:ro m]for the others.. BARW―. Bα γ ωjcλ. (Herts.,Norf.,Som.)and Bα γ. "Jcん. ‐Jη ‐ ι(W.YOrks) E′ πθ. are all[:barェ kl aCCOrding to BBC.EPNS,3BC and Ecん are all silent on Bα γ. BAS―. "Jcん. Bα s/oγ ご (Staffs.)is[:bae. (Dev。. ωα′ ′. ).. sfod]but the suburb of Nο. ι ι π Jttrん α. of the same name is[:bЭ Isfod]。 Bα SJJご οπ (Berks.,Ess.)is. BAUGH―. [:b"ZldOn]and Bas′ θ"(Derby.)[:ba Z10u]. J has Bα agん πγst(Hants.)[:bo:gh・ st]. ′ NO entries in BBC.Ecん "α. θη (Here.)to be[・ bo:tOn]. I wOuld expect Bα agん ι. BAW― BEA―. ′ ′(Norf。 )[ibo:dZWOl],but note UsuaHy[bo:― ]as in Bα "dcs"θ gん (Suff.)[:beェ bЭ ]Or['bo:bOr。 ]. γ Bα "b“ Bcacοπs/Jθ ′ d(Bucks.)is[:bekOnzfェ Эl d]Or[:Ы kOnzfェ ol d];. BBC notes that the latter is appropriate for the EarldOme Bcamjη steγ (Dor.)is[Obe mェ nsto]and Mr EoF.G.Light has. heard[:bemttStO].Bθ αωογιんy(Dev。 )is[:晩 w=ё ェ]Or[:bQじ Or珂. BEAR―. .. π (Sur.)[:bcO:gri:n];Bcaγ θ(Dev.),Bcarpα γλ(Dur.) Bcα γc Gγ θθ.

(15) ChristOpher PoweH. 75. and Bθ αγstο πc(Shrops.)aH[:bェ 0].Bcarstθ J(Kent)[:bStedl. or[:bCOStedl.Bcα γ γdCOι C(Derby.)[:b“ rOkOt].. BEAU―. "α. This common first element,of NOrman French origin,. has. given rise to several modern pronunciations: [bi:― ]:. Bcα acん Jcノ (S.Yorks。 )[:bi:t∫ ェf],3θ αaCん απP(Ess。 ) ππθηJ(Cum.)[:bi mOnt]. [Obtt t∫ Om], Bθ α. [bЭ u― ]:. πoγ (Leics.) ππα Bcα ttπ οπι(Ess。 )[:bOu mont],Bθ α λ (Staffs.)[:bЭ udェ zε o]. [:bOu man。 ],Bθ απJcscγ ιPα γ. BBC alsO gives another Bcα lガ cscγ ι[bou`dezot]or [ibOud・. :zε. o],whiCh iS probably the宙 llage in War.. c(War。 )[:bju:sl]. JJca(Hantse)[:bju:lェ ],BCaasα ′ [bju:― ]:Bcα π. BED―. Bcdα ′ θ (N.Yorks.)is[:bi:dl],but the local Hunt is[:bi:deェ. l].. Bθ dα ′ cs Scん οοJ(Hants.)is[ibi:dOェ lz].. BEIGH―. Bθ Jgん ι οπ (Derby.)is[:beェ [:baェ tOn]。 r[:beェ. BEL―. ton],. but Bθ jgん ιο2 (Norf.) is. tOn].. Usually[bel― ]as in Bθ Jι んθγη (Lancs.),but note BcJυ οJγ (Leics.)[:bi:VO]。. BERK―. The county of Bcγ んsん Jγ θis always[:bα kf・ O],but Bθ γたんαπρ‐ sι. θαご (Hertse)can be either[:bQ:ko msted]or[:b・. kOmsted].. Likewise Bθ γたsω θ′′(Wo Mid.)can be[:bα :kswel]or[:bttkSWel]. θν (Som.)are Bcγ んθ′ θν (Glos.)and Bθ γん′. BER(W)―. Bcγ. "Jcん. both[:bQ:klェ ].. ‐ apο 2‐ T"θ θ ご (N'hum。 )is[:berェ kl, and the same prO‐. nunciation applies tO willages called Bcγ VVilts. and else、 ア here.. BETTES― BEVER―. πgθ γ (Kent)[:betsh"Oo]. Bcι ι esん α. BEWAL―. Bθ ω α Jdcι ん(Cumb.)[]bju::aldoo].. BIB―. BJbzγ ν (Oxon。 )[:baェ borェ ].. "Jcん. in Eo Sus.,. Bcυ cγ cο ι cs(Notts.)[:beVOkЭ Uts].. BI(C)―. BJcesι θγ (Oxon.)[:b・ stO].. BIDE―. BJdC/Oγ J(Dev。 )[ibェ dェ fod].. BIDD―. BJdd′ esdcπ (Bucks。 )is[:bェ lZdOn], "α. according to BBC.Ecλ ‐. ′ ′has[:bェ dl]for BJ∂ ごπ′ ρん(Staffs.);BBC g市 es[:bェ dAlf]..

(16) π6. SOme Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place_Names(Ⅱ. BIER― BIS(H)―. ). [:baェ Ol二 ]in 3jθ γ′θy(W.Yorks.)but[:bェ Oton]in BJθ γιοπ(Bucks.). [b二 ∫―]in 3JSん ορωθαγποaι ん (Dev。 )and other places ha宙 ng BJsん ο ρ, but[bェ s― ]in BJSん α. BLACK―. Normally[bl"k―. )[:b・ SO m]. "E(Bucks。 α ο ′ ]as in B′ cん ρο (Lancs.,not in. cg(G.Man.)[:bleェ klェ nOte B′ acた ′. BLAD― BLEAN. 3BC)but. ].. Bた ガοπ (Oxon.)['blettdon]. This simplex is[:blettn]in B′ θα簿 (N.Yorks.)but[:bli:n]in 3Jcα π (Kent).. BLIS―. BJJs"ο γιん (N'hants。 )[:blttzw=o].. BLITH―. BJjι れ/Jθ Jご BJjι んbarg. BLYTH―. (Staffs。 )is[:blttf・. old], but l have no informatiOn on. in the same county.. B′ yι んbargん. (Suff.)[:blaェ boro]。. BJyι ん (N'hum.)and. the 10cal. RJυ er B′ gι ん are[:blalё ]。. BOD―. Bο dπ Jπ (Corn。. )is[:bDdm工 n]; Bο dJα π (Eo Sus.)can be either. [:bOudェ Om]or[:bD d■ g市 es[:bDd50 m].. Om], according to BBCo EPNS (Ⅶ. ). BORROW― UsuaHy[bDrOU― ]aS in 3ο γγοωby(N.Yorks。 ),but BBC gives Bο. BOS―. γγο. "asん. (Derby。. )as[:bArOUWD∫. Boscas′ ′ θ (Corn)is[:bDSkα county is[bOs'kCoon].Bο. :Sl]中. also has[bos― ]. Bο sん απ γιん. (Leicse)[:bDZW00].. may be[boo― ]or[bDё ―]aCcording to context. 3ooん c′ (Cum) ん 焼απρι οπ (Dor.)are[b00-],but and Bο ι “ iS[:bDё OmSO:l]。. BOUGH―. rOじ WD∫ ].. but BOscα ωcη in the same. sJη π θy. (Wo Sus.)is[:bDZO m].and Bos"ο. BOTH―. ,:bD rOU“ ∫]Or[:bD. Bο ιんαπsα ″ (Notts.). There are at least eleven 10calities in England caHedBο. agん ι οπ◆. Of these,the ones in Ches.and Kent are pronounced[:bo:tOn], thOse in Cambse and N'hants.[:bα UtOn], and that in NOttso is. either[:butOn]。 r[;bautOn].I Can find no evidence on the remalnder. 中 see List A under―. CASTLE for my comment on BBC's alternative for. pronouncing the second element..

(17) 77. ChristOpher POweH. BOUL―. Bο π′ ι ο2(Derby.)and. Bο π′ιcγ 's. Lο. cl on the Thames (not in. BBC)are[bOul― ].Bο π′πθγ (N'hum。 )is[:bu:m。 ].Bο π′ιんαπ ge(Suff.)is[ibu:ld5] (Lincse)is[:bu:to m]Or[ibu:6om].Bο π′ Or[:bOuld5]・. BOUR―. There are at least ten places named Bο πγι οπ in England.BBC. known. has[:bo:tOn]for this name in general, including the weH‐ Bο πγ ο2_ο 2‐ ι. ι んθ‐ Water(Oxon.).Ecλ. fOr Bucks。 ,Berks。. "α. JJ appears to show[:buЭ tonl. ,Dor,and Glos.,and[:bO:tOn]for Shropse. and Avon,as well as for BJα cん. Bο γι οπ (Oxone)and. “. οπ‐ Bο πγι. οπ‐ Dπ πsπ ο γC(War.).For the others there is nO cluee. BOV―. Bο. υcη θy(Buckse)and. Bο υ J名 慇ダ οη (Herts。. Boυ θνTγ αcν (Deve)are bOth[bAV―. ].. )is[:bDV工 DdOn]Or[:bAV工 3dOn]and Bο υjη ‐. ger(Ess。 )[:bDV工 nd50]・. BOW―. As a simplex this is Bο. "(Cumb.,Dev。. ,Oxon.,LOnd.)[:bou].. As a first element there is mOre variety.Bο. [;boudon]and Bο. "π. θss_Oπ ‐ SOん αg and Bο. "π. both Cum.)are[:bOunes].BBC giVes[:bQじ. ωJο π (G.Man.)is γ θ ess_ο πo Wjttθ γ πθ. dOn]fOr Bθ ωごθπ ,. lvhich appears tO cover three places Of this name in Dev.,one in Wilts。. ′θBο ωJθ π (Leics.). ,and Gγ cα ιand Ljι ι. c(Cumb.)is[:bOudo]. Bο. Sι ο η. "′. α,ガ Fο γcst. Bο "dcr (Lancs.) is. [:bD10ndl.. BOZ―. Bο zθ αι(N'hants.)is[:bouZェ. BRA―. "α Bγ α γπθ (Kent)[:breェ bo:n,:breェ bο π. in Ecん. Ot]or[;bOu50t](the latter only. ′ ′).. bon].Bγ αCο π スsん (NOrf.). [:braekon ia∫ ].. BRAUGH― Bγ αagん Jη g(HertS.)is[:braefェ. BREA-. 3γ cagθ. Bγ θ απ (SOm。. BRED―. 3].. απογc(Hants.)[:bre (COrn。 )['breェ g,'bri:g].Bγ θ. )[:bri nl.Bγ θαStOπ. (Derby。. mO].. )[ibri StOn].. [bri:d― ]in Bγ cご οπ (Here.)but[bred― ]in Brθ ごωαγJJπ c(Here.) [:bredwOldaln].. BREIGHT― Bγ θJg力 ιπθι(G.Man。 )[:brait mェ t]or[:breェ tmェ t]。 Bγ θιιαγgん ″ο (Lancs.)[:bretO lhoult]. Brcι /oγ ιοπ (Here。 3RET― Jι. ).

(18) Names(Ⅱ. Some Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place‐. zθ. ). [:brefOtOn]or[:bretfeton].. BRE(W)―. Brewο οd(Staffs.)[:bru:dl.. BRIDE―. BrJdθ. BRIG(H)―. gん ι οπ(Eo Sus.)[:braェ tOn] BrJg力 stο πc(I。 0.W。 )[:bra.ston]and Bγ ゴ. "θ. ′ J(Lond。 )[ObrattdWel]but Bγ Jdestο ω(De■ )[;brttdlstou].. but BrJJο asC(W.Yorks。 )[Obrェ g hQus].. BROM―. Usually[brAm-10r[brDm―. ];the first in 3γ οπんαπ. (Beds.,. Wilts.)and the latter in 3γ οπsgγ ουc(Here.)and″ est Bγ οπ‐ ωJcん (W.Mid。 )[:West]brD m工 t∫ ].BBC. notes that Brο. θυ π′. (Kent)used tO be pronounced in the first、 vay,but is nOw only to be found with the second.Bγ οπθ (Suff.)is[:bru:m].. BROUGH―. There appear to be five realisations:. [brAf]in the simplex Bγ οagん 。 There are places of this name in Cum。. , Derby., Hum. and Nottso alSO Several in N. YOrks.. BBC simply gives[:brAf]fOr Cum.and Yorks., adding that Bγ α. _“. πdcr‐ S,α Jη πογc(Cum.)is normaHy referred to as plain. `ん agん .Ecん Bγ ο. "α. ′ ′g市 es[:bruf]fOr the Yorkshire localities,. but this is certainly a local form. [brDf― ]in. 3γ οagん α′′(ShrOps。 )[:brDfl].. [brЭ :― ]in. οη (Bucks.,Cambs.,Cum.and many other 3γ οagん ι. οηs seem to be the ones counties).The Only exceptional Brο ag力 ι given belo、 v.. θη (N'hants.). [brau― ]in 3γ οagん ι οπ (Lincs.), also in Brθ [bru:―l in Brα πιBγ οagん ι. π agん α. (Cum.),. [bru:m].中 d"α s(ShrOps.)is. BUILD-. 3aJ′. BUL―. NOrmaHy[bul― [Obulェ. not in BBC.See― WAS(List A).. ]as in 3aJ/Oγ d(Wilts。. )。. ωJcん (N'hants.) NOte Bπ ′. kl and B″ ρんαπ (Ess.)[:bulVon].3π. Jん. んy(Dev.,not ωθγι. in 3BC)is[:bAlkW=ё 二. B″ λJ・ 8嗜 οπ (War.,Wilts。 )are bOth. ′ , [:bAl kttDtOn]in Ecた ωα′. but absent from BBC.. ]。. B“ ′んθ′θy. 中 The One‐ horse four‐ 、 vheeled carrlage kno、 vn as a`brougham is pronounced. [:bru:Om]aCCOrding to the. gπ α πDJcι Lθ η. y o/Cο πι θmpOrα ry Eπ g′ Jsん ゴ οηαγ. ..

(19) Christopher PoweH (Ches.)is[:buklェ. BURGH―. 79. ].. COmmon as a simplex as、 veH as a first or last elemento ln the simplex form there are three conlrrlon realisations: ναrsん [ibArO]in 3arJ_′ θ‐ g力 〃cα ι ん (Sur。 Bπ γ. PCter(Suff.) (Lincs。 )and Bttγ J‐ Sι ‐. )is usually[:bArO]but SOmetimes[:b=].. [:b=g]in 3argん ″θasc(Hampstead,Lon.)。 BBC also gives this gん Of unspecified location,probab‐ pronunciation for a place Bπ γ gん in Suff. ly the B“ γ. ds(Cum。 by‐ Sα π ['brAf]in 3π γgん 。. ).. ]aS in Bzγ gん ‐ γc(Hants。 )[:b=klCo]and BargL/Jc′ d(Berks.). c′ θ. As a first element,the usual rendering is[b=―. BURSBURY. 32γ. )[Ob=Z10m]. As a simplex,this is pronounced[:ber二 ](aS diStinct from the [―. s′. cπ (Staffs。. bOrェ. ]form in final elements):Bπ γν (Cambs.,Dev。 ,Lancs.,. Som.,W.Sus.), Bπ ry‐ Sι ‐EJπ a,ガ s(Suff.). BURI―. Bπ. γJι θπ (Hants。 )[:berェ tonl.. CAB―. Cabο arπ c(Lincs.)[:keェ. CAEN― CAER―. Cα θπby(Lincs.)[:keェ. bO:n].. nb.,:keェ onbI].. This commOn Welsh first element(`fort')is to be fOund in Cagr Cα γαdoc(Shropsc)[:kaェ O kOor"dDkle. CAIUS― CAIL―. Cα Jas. Cο. J′. θgc in Cambridge[:ki:Z].. lPronounced in a number of different. vays according to context: 、. dccο ι ι(many places in Cambs。 c and Cα ′ [ko:1-]in cα Jdecο ι Herts。. dbecた and in Cα ′. [k"l― ]in. (Cum.)[:kaldbe呵 ,alSO[:kadbek,:kDdbekl.. cα Jcθ ι(Berks。. ι んοrpθ (Corn), Cα ′. (NOrf。. ,Glos。. )Cα Jsん οι(Hantse), Cα ′stο cた. ).. θy(Ches.)[lkα υθ′ [kα ―]in ca′ πc(Wilts.)[:kα n],Cα ′. also[:kα. Vlェ. ],Cα ′υθγ′θυ (Wo Yorks.)[:kα. οω (Derby.)[:keェ 10u], als。 [keェ ー ]in cα ′ [ko:― ]in. CAP―. ,. ,Leics.,N'hantse,War.,OxOn.and elsewhere)[:kald・ ket]. Velェ ],als。. Velェ ],. [:kavlェ. ].. [:kЭ :10U].. cα Jん θ (Derby.)[:ko:kl.. Cape′ (Sur.,Kent,Suff.)and capeJ‐. πc(Kent)[;keェ pol]. Fθ γ ′ θ‐.

(20) ∂θ. Some Aspects of the Pronunciation of English PlaceONames(Ⅱ Capん θα,02(N'hum。. CARLE―. BBC gives Car′. c′. ). )[k"p:hitOn]. οηFο γθんοc(NOrf。 )as[:kQ:ltOn ifЭ :heu],. θι οπRο 配 .(LOnd.)is[kα but says that Cα γ′. :li tOn]。. There. ′)Of the prOnunciation of Caγ ‐ is no indication(nor in Ecた りα′ ′ οπ in Cum.(3 places),Dur。 ,N'hants.or a great many other θι. CARS―. Carsん α. Jι. οπ (Lond.)is nO、 v[kQ::∫ Э:ltOn], but BBC points out. that the form[keェ S'hO:ton]existed`in l市 ing memory'。. My. mOther, Mrs N.B. ]Po、 vell, does in fact remember this pronun‐ ciation having been used by the then RectOr of Carshalton,the. Rev. G.B. Vaux, prior to 1919. It had evidently been in use for some tilne; Mr A.E. Jones, in his history Fγ ο π. Medjcυ α′Ma■ oγ ,o Lο. ndο 2. of Carshalton. Sab“ γb quotes a lvriter in the. ′ θπαη'S Magα zJπ c in 1798 referring to Carshalton`or, as. Gθ "ι. it is absurdly called in its neighbourh00d, Case‐. hortOn.'. Medieval documents suggest an earlier pronunciation l17ith the οηθo As the presentOday spelling appears on spelling κθγsaa,c′ ι. Blaeu's Mα 2 0/Saγ γCy,1648,the spoken fOrm[ke.s:hatenl 'ith it for sOme tirrle and so the modern 、 may have co‐ existed 、 [kQ:3∫ 。:ltOn]is. a g00d example of the eventual triumph of a. spelling‐ pronunciation.. CAT―. Ecん. "α. んαπ (Sur。 , ′ ′has[:k“ tOro m]fOr catθ γ. nOt in BBC). but it may be a misprint; as a local resident l kno、. v only the. pronunciation[:keェ toro m].. CA(W)―. CHA―. Ca"θ οご(Lancs。 ,N.YOrks.)[`keェ Wud]. [:t∫ eェ kO m]in Cん acο πbθ. (N'hants.).. CHADDLE― Cん αdd′ θんαηgθ γ(Dev。 )is[:t∫ 30]・ "dl haeOo]or[:t∫ "lェ ′ α′ οcん (Kent) η(Sur。 )but[t∫ ごο CHAL― [t∫ Э:1-]in Cん α′ "1-]in Cん ['t∫ [t∫. "10kl.. "1-]in cん. gγ ο υ c(both OxOn.)and in cん αJ‐ αJ/Ord and cん α′. υJπgι οη (Eo Sus.),、 vhich Cん αJ/o■ I. can also be pronounced['t∫ Q:lV工 DtOn]・. SI Gゴ ′es and S,Pcι θγ (Bucks。 )are[:t∫ ael fOnt]or.

(21) ChristOpher Powen [:t∫ α fOnt].Cん. αJλ (Kent,Wilts。 ,not in 3BC)[:t∫ akl.. CHARL―. γ ′ Cん α bary(Oxone)is[:t∫ 0:lbOrェ ]in. CHED―. Ecん. "α. θ」. JJ」 ves Cん θ dgJο. Ecλ. "(Wilts.)as['t∫. "α. JJ.. Cん edzο y. ed510U]・. (Som.)is[:t∫ edzD工 ]in BBC.. CHEL―. Cん cJ/Lα π (Dev。. )is[;t∫ elfOm]in 3BC and l can find in no. authority, even E」 PNS, any special conllnent. on any unusual. pronunciatiOn of this name,but my friend Mr Eo F.G.Light has cOnfirmed by letter my recollection Of his. late. mother,. Mrs Go H. Light, a fOrmer resident of Barnstaple,having used. Cん θ′πO■ dJsι οπ. the prOnunciation[:t∫ ェ10m]。 [it∫ e. mstOn]。. Jπ s/oγ ご (Ess.)is Cん θ. (Suff。. )is. in BBC as[:t∫ elmZfOdl. or[:t∫ e mzfOd], but the latter must be very rare nowo Cん. θJs‐. んαπ (Sur。 )is[:t∫ el∫ Om].. CHEN―. πey Lo■ gυ J′ ′ Cん θ c(Shrops。 (Herts。. CHER―. ,not in BBC)is[:t∫ i:nェ ].Cん Cπ jes. )is[:t∫ eェ nェ z]or[:t∫ i:nェ Z].. sey(Sur。 )[:t∫ Cん cγ ι. =tSェ ]OCん. RJυ cr Cん crω θ JJ(Oxon。. んJJ′ (Wilts。 )[:t∫ erェ l].The θγ. ), familiar tO generations of under‐. graduate punters,is[:t∫ C:WOl]・. CHETTIS―. Cん clι Jscο πbθ (Dev。 )[:t∫ etISkOm]or[:t∫. CHEV―. g Pα γ Cん θ υ θπJη g(Kent)[:t∫ i:Vnェ D]eCん Cυ θ′ θ ん(Cambs。 )[・ t∫ i:Vl・ le Cん cυ jag″ ο π (Suff。 )['t∫ evェ DtOn]。. England and Scotland,are[:t∫. eskOm].. The cん cυ Jο ι″jJJs,between. i:Vェ Ot]Or[:t∫ ev工 Ot]・. worth quoting BBC at length on this name:. “A. It iS. theory that. the first Of these twO pronunciations is used north of the Bor‐. der, and the other On the English side, has been discredited by observation over a long period. The truth appears to be that the former is alrnost invariably used in the. Border country,. in both England and Scotland, and that it is speakers from fur‐. ther sOuth who favOur the secondo [・. V・ t∫ ェ. A. third. prOnunciation,. ot], has been heard in Edinburgh for the cloth of the. name.. CHILD―. Cん J′ dcrdj,cん. ldOd工 t∫ ]and Cん (Ess.)[it∫ ェ. j′. γ πι ο π(Ches.) dcr Tん ο.

(22) 82. Some Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place‐ Names(Ⅱ [it∫. ′(Mer.)[:t∫ ェ lWO:l]。 ェ ldO].Cん JJJ"α ′. lェ kl, a10ng with Cん [:t∫ ェ. CHOL―. Cん ο′sey(Oxon.)[it∫. J′. OUIZ工. d"Jcん B“ ry. Cん J′ J"JCλ. CHY―. "α. (Herts.). and Cん j′ Jり ,cた. Gγ θ θ π .. ′ 鶴o,des,o■ cg and Cλ ο ].Cん οJπ οπた′. (Ches.)are respectively[:t∫ Aml■ ]and[it∫ D Ecλ. ). mSOn]in BBc.. J ghes the latter as[:t∫ AmSOn]. ′. A Cornish prefix = `house'. There appears to be hesitation _land[∫ between[∫ a二 ― ]:BBC has cん yα ttο γ[:(t)∫ ],[t∫ aェ Cん ysο gs,cr[Ot∫ a・ Sasto]and. no entry for Cん. theseo. yα π υοππごθγ.. Cん Ecλ. yυ. "α. θJ品. a・. ondOuo],. “ 10].There is :Vi. [∫. 二. ′ J says nothing about any of. Mr Edward Costigan of Osaka University, a Cornish. ■, near FalmOuth,is pronounced resident, tells me that Cん y"ο ο [:t∫. u:nle BBC has Cん. inoU00]aS a personal name;. yπ ο ん[∫ ェ ωθι. perhaps the place‐ name has the same pronunciatione. CIREN―. CJγ e■ cester(Glos。. )[:saェ. rOnsesto]or[:S・. S・. tO].See List A. for the full BBC commente. CLAP―. C′ ap"ο. CLAV―. υθγJηg(Esse)[:klettvertt C′ α. γ,ん y(Dev.)[O kl"por二. ].. θy D].C′ αυθγJο ■ (War。 ), C′ αυθγ′. οπ(both Avon)an take[klav― (ShropS.), C′ αυcγ んαm and C′ αυθγι. CLEHON―. んοttgθ C′ θ. CLEO―. C′ θ οら γy. CLEY. [kl aェ ]or. “. l.. γ (Here。 )is[:klDD90]・ jπ θ ん (ShrOps。 )[:klェ bOrェ ]. Mο γι r and Noγ ι. [lkle二 ] in c′ 。y‐ πθ■. y(Norf。 C′ θ. 3‐. ι んc‐ Sca. and Cο. cλ ′ ey. ). CLOUGH― As a simplex,this is[:kl Af]:Rjυ J(Lancs。 ). C′ C′ ο gん Fο ′ “. θr c′ ο gん (Cume,Yorks.), “. ο gん ι ο■ (3 “. places in N.Yorks.)aH. figure in BBC as[:klauton]or['k10UtOnle. CLOV―. C′ ουθ′′y(Dev。 )[k10U・ velェ ],. CLUNGUN―. C′. COB―. CoberJey(Glos.)[:kAbOl工 ].. COG―. Cogettο θ(N'hant→. “"`μ. (Ess。. m/Oγ d(Shrops。. θび(ShrOps.)[:klDV01■ le but c′ ουθγ′. )[klAn igAnfOd].. is[・. kOU90nhou]Or[`kU knou];Cο. ggesん α′ ′. )is[:kDgェ ∫l]Or[:kDkSl].In both cases the first pronun‐. ciation is no doubt more conlrrlon these days than the second。. COL―. [kOul―. Cん es,θ γ (Ess.), Cο Jbury(Herts。 ]in cο ′. ),.

(23) Christopher Powen [kDl―. 88. りJcん ′ (Here.), Cο ′ ′ ]in Cο Jby(Cum。 ,Norf.), Cο ′ "α. (Staffs。 )[:kDlWttt∫ ], Cο ′. "jCλ. ι ん(W.Sus.)[:kDlW■ Cο J"ο γ. (Notts。 )[:kDl■. k10r[:kDlWttkl,. 0], Cο Jy,o2and Cο. Jy/oγ. J(De■ ).. Places spelt COLL― are [kDl― ] aS Cο ′′j"gbο γπc Dacjs “ J(Norf。. (Wilts.)BBC g市 es four alternat市 es for Cο []kOUlt・ Sl,:koultェ ∫1,:kOUltェ sal,:koulsl].. Jsん a′. Jι. COL(N)―. Most places with this spelling are[:kOUnl: Lancs.), Cο. Jπ. θEagα. jπ. Cο. Jπ. ):. C(Ess.,. ■oy πcy〃 αtcん (Lond.), Cο ′ θ (Ess。 ), Cο ′. πS' ん(Herts.), Cο ′ Hcα ι. た スJJ"y■ s(010S。 ).HoWever,Cο Jπ brο ο. (Bucks.)is[lkounbrukl or[:kOUlnbrukl.. COMB―. [:ku:m]in the simplex Cο πbe, found in many places in Eng‐ land, especially in Devon, Somerset and the South‐ West: Cο πbe. θjgん , Cο πbc‐ Crο ss, Cο πbθ Rα ′. jπ. etce AIso in Cο πbpyπ c(Dev.)[:ku:mpaェ. ‐ θ配 (an Dev。 Tcj♂ 潤じ. ). nl.. [kDm― ]in Cο πbγ οολ (War.)and[kAm― ]in Cο πb"jcん (Som.) [:kAm工 d5],alsO[:ku:mェ d5,:ku:mェ t∫ ].. COMP―. The name Compι οπ,. found in many counties,. is SOmetimes. [kDmp_]and SOmetimes[kAmp_].The first is correct for αy■ c(Wilts.)[。 kDmptOn π (Berks.), Cο mp″ οπCん απbθ γ′ Cο mpι ο t∫ e工. mbOl工 n], Cο πpι οπDο. "π. (Som.)[:kDmptOn:pO:nsfut],. (Wilts。. Cο. ), Cο πp″ οη Pα π■cc」00' π mp′ ο. ya′ θπcc (Dor.). [:kDmptOn:v"lonsle The second is correct for Cο. πpι οπ (2. places in Hants.),and for the historic house Cο πpι οπИttπya'CS (War。. )as pronOunced by its occupants;BBC givese the local. village pronunciation as[:kDmptOn:wェ twenty‐ four localities named Cο Rο α d Aι ′ αs. njeェ. πptο πare. tsI.No less than. listed in Jο ん■s'o■ 's. and in practice there can be little doubt that the. two forms[kDmp_]and[kAmp_]are in free variation for most of thenl, with a possible tendency for the latter to predo・. IIlinate in the speech of people who use ConservatiVe R. P. In connection urith place names where orthographic o is fo110wed. by a nasal consonant in an accented syHable(e.g.BROM―. ,.

(24) Some Aspects of the PrOnunciation of English Place_Names(Ⅱ “. COMP― ,CON― ,etce)see A.C.GimsOn'sル. ). ο dacι Jο π ι οι んθ "γ. Pγ ο π πcJα ,Jο π o/Eag′ Jsん , 1 962 edition,p。. 103,where he men_. “. tiOnS[D]and[Al aS tWo common pronunciatiOns fOr such a spell_ ing, and not only fOr place・ names. He mentions Brο 70■ bγ JJge along with cο πrade,accο πρJJsん. these under BROM―. CON―. ttι. ′ cy. and. etc;see BBC On. above and TON― below.. As with the previOus entry,[kDn― ]and[kAn― ]are both to be. found.[kDn― ]iS used fOr CO,ガ Jcο ″θ (G10s.), Cο πs,α πιJπ θ (Corn.)[:kDnStOntaln], Cο Cο "Jsん. πJsbrο g力. “ ο′π c(Lincs.)[:kDnIShOum,:kDn工. 〃jJ and Lο. "Cο. is used fOr Cο. πJsc′. ZhOum]or[:kDn工. c(Dur.)and Cο. `〃 ttο υ cr(Shrops。. (N.Yorks.)and Mc′. (S.YOrks。 )[:kDnISbOro],. "Js,0■. ∫ЭUml,. (Cum.).[kAn― ]. )[:kAndOUVo],Cο πs,α ら′θB“ γιοπ. ,o■ Cο ■s,ab′. θ (NOrf.).Cο πJttsby(Lincs.). and Cο πycγ (Kent)can be either,according tO BBC, Ecた. りα′ ′. haS[kAn― ]fOr Cο πJ綱 じιοπ (Cambs.,near Sawtry)but nOt for Cο "Jttgι. οπ (Cambse,near. Cambridge).BBC iust giVes[kDn―. withOut specifying whereo Ecん. ]. ′ ′'s[kAn―. ]fOr Cο πjsι οπ is "α almOst certainly obsOlete.Cο ηgresb“ ry(Avon)is[:ku:mzbOrェ ] in Ecん. "α. ′ ′ , but BBC says this is a BristOl pronunciation,. and gives the local version as[lkDDZbOr■ l.The B′ ac G“ Jdc. has`Commsbury'.. COQUET―. The RJυ cr Cο cac′ and Coc“ θι dα ′ c(N'hum.)are[:kOukttt].. COS―. [kDS― ]in Cο s/oγ ご (Ware)and Cο. sん απ. (Hants。. )[:kDSOm], but. [kDZ― ]in Cosgrο υc(N'hants.).There are three localities nam‐. ed CossJagι θπ liSted in Ecん appear in Jο んπsι ο "。. "α. ′ ′Of which two(Leics。 , Som.). BBC g市 es[:kASIDtOn,:kAZ工 DtOn]without. specifying whether this applies tO all cases.. Cos,ο. π likewise. appears in BBC withOut attributiOn,as['kOuSn].This may be the village in Leics。. ,which is in Ecん. "α. ′as[:kЭ uSton]deriV‐ ′. ed from ME CEsι π.The same authority g市 es Cο sι οπ (Norf.) “ lvithOut showing the pronunciation,but giving the medieval spell_ ing Cο rs,0■ 。. I surmise this may now be pronounced[:bstOnl..

(25) ChristOpher POwen COTE―. 85. んc′ c(Corn.)[kO:ti:1, θ (Leics.)[:koutSb"t∫ ].Cο ι. Cο ι csbacん. ket:hi l].. COTH―. んθγJage(Here。 )[:kD6 0rェ d5]・ Cο ι Cο ι んcrs,ο πc(Dur.)[:kA6ostonl. Cο ιんθ′s,Oπ c(SOm。. COT―. )[:kA61StOn]or[:kDtlStOnl.. The standard is[kDt― ]aS in c。 ,s"ο ′ ds, the hills to the west of OxfOrd, but nOte Cο ι οπ (Cambs。 ,Derby.,Shrops。 ,Staffs.). [:kOutOnl.. COUGH―. Cο g力 ι οπ (Here.)[lkoutOn]。. “. ο■ (War。 Cο agん ι. )[:kOuton3 or. ['kQutOn], the former pronunciation being used for the historic house Cο. COUL―. Cθ. Jι. “. gん ι οπCο. “. γ″ “ .. οπ (No YOrks。 ,not in BBC)[:ku:ltOn]e Cο π′ sdο π (Lond.). [:ku:lZdOn3 or[:kOulsdon].As a long‐ time local resident, I can say that l have rarely heard the secOnd of these.. COURT― COVE―. Ecん. "α. ′ ′has[:ko:t pho:l]for Cθ. rι. θc,流 αJJ(N'hants.).. “. As for COMP― there is hesitation between[kDV― ]and[kAV― ]. )is[:kDVent,:kAVOnt],and cο υcπ ιry(■. Eο υ cπ ιGα γ dcπ (Lond。 Mid。. )[:kDVentrェ ,:kAVOntrェ ];BBC notes`the first is appro・. priate for the Ear1 0f Coventry. The second, however, is com‐ monly used in the expression, `to send someone to Coventry'. Cο υ θγαcん (Corn。. )is[:kAVer"kl or[:kDVer"klo A number of. places are pronounced with COVE― as[kOoV― ]:Cο υθπ(Staffs.) [:kOuVOn3,Cο υcん J″ んc(Suff。 )[:kouVhaェ ё], Cο υcπ cy(Cambs。 ) [:kOuVnェ. ],Cο υcπ んαπ. (Lincs。. )[:kouVOnO m].Cο υcπ んοpθ (Here.). iS[:kDnOpl or the spelling pronunciation[OkouVOnhOuple. COW―. Cο "′. θy is a conlrnon place‐ nameo There are at least eleven:. Bucks.,Dev.(2),Derby.(2),Glos。 ,LOnd.(2), Oxon。 , Staffs。 y(Oxon.)as[:kaulェ ],and the and S.Yorks.BBC gives Cο "Jθ. same for Yorks.(presumably the So YOrks. instance) but in the latter case an alternative[:koじ. lェ. ].There seems to be no. information available about the way the others are pronounced, but[kQu― ]seems likelyo Cο Jη g(Lancs。 )is[:kQulェ 0,3koulェ 3] "′ but in N.YOrks.[:koul・ o]onlyO Cο J■ gc(Suff。 )is[:ku:lェ nd5] "′.

(26) 86. Names(Ⅱ. Some Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place‐ and Cο. "2cπ. iS[:kAb工. CRAD―. Bθ. "′. cy(Cleve.)[:ku:ponibj u:lェ ].Cο. Crad′ θy(Here.)[:kr"dl二 ],but crdJey and Cγ. CROM―. dl工 ]. J′. Crjcん θ′Dο. l].. (Dor。 )[:krェ. "■. t∫. l], but Cγ. "α. (Derby.)[lkraェ. t∫. ].. ′ ′ .Cγ οπcr(Herts。 ,Norf。 )is[:krOu mO].. Crο ,dα Cγ ο "ι. J′. (Hants.)[:krDndl]Or[:krAndl];Cr。. [krOu― ]in cr。 "cο πbθ. "(Ess.)and. "′. ).. 'o"(N'hants。 (Som.), Cγ ο"bο γο gん “. most other places beginning C)]ROW― Crο. ,dο. οη (Mer.)are both with[:krDn― ](neither in BBC).. CROUCH Cγ οacん E潤 (Lond.)[:kraUt∫ ]. CROUGH― [kreU― ]iS used for Crο agん CROW―. jcん. Crom/oγ ご (Derby。 )[:krDmfOd]in BBc but[:krAmfOdl in Ecん. CRON―. ん 配′ θy ffθ α″. CredJι οη(Dev。 )[:kredェ ton],but credemん ′(Here.)[:kredOnhェ l] or[:kri:dOnhェ. CRIGH―. "bj,(Lincs.). t]in 3BC, but BG g市 es`Coubitt'。. (Wo Mid.)are[:kreェ. CRED―. ). ; note,. (Eo Sus.)and however,. c(Hum.)is[:kroul]or[:kru:l], and Cr。. that. c(Here。 り′. ). [:kreUl]Or[:kraUl]・ Places in Cornwall use[:krau_]: Crο. "′. as[:kraulos],. Crο りα "[:krauon],. Crο "S‐. α■‐ α "γ. [:kraUZOnre■ l.. CROX―. Crο κ,o■. (Norf.)[:krDkStOn], but in Lincso there is an alter‐. nat市 e[:kreUSOn].Croχ ,o■. :kerttol]. Sο. CUCK―. οπ in Cγ οχ′. 3λ. “ :krouston3 0r[・. κθγγJα ′. (Leics.)is[:krouson. the same county can be[:krOusOn,. krOUZOnl accOrding to BBC.. d and [kuk― ]in caCJげ ′ jθ. Cacλ πcrc(E.Sus.), but[:kAkl in. y(Notts.). Cucた ■θ. CUX―. J(Lincs.)[:kAkSWOuld],but C“ χんαπ(Oxon。 [kAkS― ]in C“ χ"ο ′ ′′gives is[OkUkSOm]or[OkAkSOm]aCCOrding to BBC(Ecλ. ). "α. only the former alternative).. DAV―. π Dα υθ λα “. [・. (Ches.)[:deェ Veno m,3doェ no m]; Dα υJJs,o" (Corn。 ). υθ deェ Vェ dStou].Dα ・. J(N'hants.)[:d“ VOnt. rェ ,`dettnt r■ l.. 'γ. Since the opening of the broadcasting transmitter at Daventry and local urban development, the latter(traditional)form has.

(27) θ7. Christopher PoweH been dying out.. DEBEN―. Deb“ 流απ (Suff.)is[:debOnom], but the local RJυ θγDebθ π is[:dtt bOnl.. DEIGH―. Dθ J遜. οπ is the name of two places in N.Yorks.On the evid‐. ence"ιOf EPNS(V)the One in the old North Riding is[:di tOn], and the silnilar origin of that in the old East Riding and the 14th century spelling Djgι οπ suggest a silnilar modern render‐. ing.κ jγ た Dθ JJι οπ (Wo Yorks.)is[:k=k:山 tonl.. DEO―. Deopん απ (Norf.)[:dtt pOm,:dtt fom].. DEPT―. Dep3/ord(Lond.)[:detfOdl.. DERBY―. [dQ:bェ. DERE―. んαπ (Norf。 )[:d・ orO m]. Deγ θ. DERWENT. The simplex river name(Cum。 ,Derby。 ,Dur.,N'hum。 ,N.Yorks.). ]in Dθ γby and Dθ γbysん Jγ θ .. iS[:d=Went]and sO iS Dθ γ. "gπ. ι ωαι θγ (Cum.).BBC. nOtes the. pronunciation[:dC:WOnt]for the personal name of Baron Der‐. DEV―. The county of Dθ υοπ is[:devonl and Deυ ογαπ (Corn。. )is. [:deVronl but the RJυ θγDθ υοπ (Leics.,Notts。 )iS[ldttVOnl. The unaccented form in Dθ υJzcs(Wilts.)gives[dェ. DINE―. Djπ cJο γ (Here。 )[:daェ ndo:].. DIPT―. Djp3/Oγ d(Dev.)[idェ pfodl.. DON―. [dDn― ,dAn― ]alternatives,as (Lincs。. is[:kQ:Sl:dAn工 DtOn]・. Dο π. zェ. z].. for COMPT― etco Dο "Jttι o■. ,Shrops.)is[:donェ DtOnl,but Cas,′ c jπ gι. :Vaェ. π(Derby。 Dο πjη g″ ο. Bα jπ (Lincs.)can use ei_ o■ ‐ οπ‐. ther[don_]Or[dAn― ]aCCOrding to BBCo There is no entry ん (Leics.). An these places αι ′ c‐ 〃θ in BBC for Dο πjπ gι ο■‐ appear from Ecλ. "α. ′ ′to have sinlilar derivations and to have. been spelt in various ways in the past, sometinles with. ο and. sometimes with ao Probably,as with COMPT― ,there is free variation in the way different people say at least some of these. nameso Places called Dο. gι. ""Jπ. to be[don_], except that Ecλ. οπ in several counties all appear. "α. ′ ′has. Dο π g,o"(W Sus.) "Jπ. ).

(28) 88. Some Aspects of the Pronunciation of English Place‐ Names(Ⅱ as[:dCuntonlo Dο. 鋼. θy"ο οd(N'hum.)is[:dADkl工. DOUGH―. Dο 昭 力′ ο. DOVE―. Dο υ crJdgc(Derby.)[:dAVr工 d5],Dο υctty(Cumb。. ). WUd].. "L′. "(Glos。. ,Norf.)['dAftOn]. )[:dAVOnb』. .. The RJυ θγDο υc(Derby。 )can apparently be[:dAV3 0r[:dOuVl, but the valley is Dο υedα Jθ [:dAVdeェ l].Dο υcr(Kent),Dο υθr. cο γ ι(Ess。 ,not in 3BC)and Dο υθγBccん (NOtts。 ,not in BBC) “ are aH[:douVO].Ecん ωα has Dο υcrdα ′c(Here.)as[:dO:de」 ]; J′. BB(3 has no entry for the place but gives the title of BarOn. Doverdale as[:dAVedO」. ].. DRAUGH― Dra“gん ιo■ (N'hants.)is[:drO:ton]but(N.Yorks.)[:dr"ftOn].. Dγ jgん Jj■8♯ οπ (W.Yorks。 )[:drェ (g)1ェ DtOnl. DUKIN― D“ んJ■ /Jθ ′ご (Go Man。 )[:dAk工 nf工 oldl. DUL― D“ ′ (Lond.)[:dAl工 t∫ ,:dAlェ d5], D“ c(COrn.)[:dj u:lou]. "jcん DUR― Durん απ (Dur.)[:dArOm]and D“ γ (Dor.)[:dAr工 StOn]. DRIGH―. Jο. "cs,Oπ. D“ γs′ ey(Glos.)[d=zlll.. (to be continued).

(29)

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R.Brown and J-L.Loday [5] noted that if the second dimension G 2 of a simplicial group G, is generated by the degenerate elements, that is, elements coming from lower dimensions,

COVERING PROPERTIES OF MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS 581 In this section we consider Euclidean triangles ∆ with sides a, b, c and angles α, β, γ opposite to these sides.. Then (57) implies

In the case of the Ariki–Koike algebra, that is, the Hecke algebra of the complex reflection group G(l, 1, n), they are Laurent polynomials whose factors determine when Specht