Abies firma and Tsuga sieboldii forests in Shikoku (Forest climaxes in Shikoku, Japan 1）

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ゝ

Abiesがｒ即αandＴｓｕｇａ

･ｓieboldiiforests in Shikokｕ＊

(Forest

climaxes in Shikoku, Japan １）

Tsugiwo Yamanaka

I. Introduction

ＡｂｉｅｓｆｉｒｎｉａandＴｓｕｇａｓieboldii aｒｅ well･known conifers, which are distributed from the warm temperate to the cool temperate ，zone in Japan, and occupy vast areas in Kyushu, Shikoku, and middle Honshu. Therefore considerable attention has been paid to forests dominated by Abieｓ fiｒｎｉａand ＴｓＭｇａｓiebolぷi by ａ number of ecologists and phytosociologists.

In Shikoku, natural forests dominated by AbtｅｓｆｉｒｍａandＴｓｕｇａｓｉｅｂｏｌｄｉｉoccur ex-tensively. Wada et al. (1939) reported various types of forests accompanied by Abieｓｆｉｒｒ?ｌａand Ｔｓtｉｇａｓieboはａｉｎ the publication of the Kochi Regional Forestry ゛〇ffice.

Afterwards, such forests were studied and discussed by Sato (1946), NomotQ (1953), and Yamanaka (1953a, c, d, 1954, 1956, 1957a, b, 1960). Consequently it haS:become necessary to reconsider these forests in Shikoku from the phytosociological point of view. The present paper deals with the general consideration ｏ￡ Abieｓ iiｒｍａ anｄＴｓｕｅａｓiebol山i Iorests, with special reference to their floristic composition, classification･

vertical distribution, and relations between these forests and habitat conditions. Before going further the writer wishes to express his cordial thanks to Prof. Tokio

Suzuki of the Oita University for his advice, criticism, and encouragements. Thanks are also due to ａ number of persons who helped the writer in the field.

II. Areas

and

methods

of study

Areas of study. The actual data for the present paper were derived from the field work･ carried out in the localities listed below (cf. Fig. 1). But ･6e】ｄ notes obtained from many other places were also used in the present consideration.

Ehime Pref.:0) Mt. Onigajo, Uwajima; (2) Mt. Saragamine near Matsuyamaバ3) Mt. Odamiyama, Oda- (4) Mt. Ishidzuchi, Saijo; (5) Mt. Omogo, Omogo; (6) Mt. Hanedzuru, Iyo-mishima; Kochi Pref.:(7) Mt. Sasa, Sukumo; (8)Tsudzuraeawayama Nationar Forest, Taisho; (9) Yokooyama National Forest, Yusuhara;呵 Kubotaniyama National Forest, Yusuhara; (H) Shimagawa, Yusuhara; 00 Mt. Serikawa, Yusuhara; (13 Hase, Yusuhara;㈲Goo, Higashitsuno; OS Mt. Irazu, Higashitsuno; ㈲Matsubakawayaraa National Forest, Kubokawai㈲Kudarukawayama National Forest, Oonomi; (13Mt. Yokogura, Ochi; (19)Mt. Kuishi near Kochi; & Kashiyama Pass near Kochi; ei) Kurotaki near Kochi; & Bishamonnotaki, Kitatakimoto near Kochi; <& Sakamoto, Motoyama; S-O Mt Shiraga, Motoyama; '29 Mt. Aozare, Ootoyo; W Sasa, Monobe; CT Mt. Shiraga (Okushiraga), Monobe; SS Higashigawa, Aki; &) Mt. Tengumori, Umaji; (30)Mt. Sembon, Umaji; (3!)Mt. Jinkichimori, Umaji; (33Mt. Kamedani, Umaji; 63) Mt. Gammaki, Umaji; (3* Agura, Kitagawa; Tokushima Pref.:叫

＊ This study was carried out partly by the Grant in Aid for Developmental ScientificResearch from the Ministry of Education.

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20 _{高知大学学術研究報告第10巻自然科学 Iづ第３号}

Fig. 1. Map showing the localities listed on ,t〕p.19-20.

Mt. Umpenji near Ikeda; &S) Mt. Tsurugi, Higashiiya.

Methods of study. This study was principally carried out using the phytosociological

method of the Ziirich-Montpellier School. Well-developeH and homogenous stands were

selected as sample plots, and 10×10 m or 20×:20 rri quadrats were used. The quantitative

estimation of component species in one plots was shown by the six ｃ】ass dominance.

As to the total value of each species, the ten class cor!staricy and the coverage value

were used. The fidelity was essentially followed in the sense used by Braun･Blanquet

(1951), and an attempt of the quantitative determinatidn ’6f the fidelity proposed by

Horikawa and Sasaki (1959) using the relative average cover 'degree and relative presence

was useful for the present work. As for habitat√conditionsi the altitude, base rock,

topography, eχposition, steepness, etc. were recorded･ Finally. forests under consideration

were compared with other forests in Japan. And then tれe forest zones in Shikoku were

briefly discussed in the present paper.

Symbols used in tables. The stratification was shown "by numbers : (]) upper tree stratum

i

(above 8 m high), (2) lower tree stratum （2−8 m), (3) shrub stratum (0. 5-2 m), and (4) herb

stratum (below 0. 5 m). L and Ｅ indicate lianes and epiphytes respectively. The dominance of young

individuals in the lower strata was parenthesized.

Localities were also indicated by numbers which were interpreted in the list of the areas of study.

Abbreviations of base rocks are as follows : (A) andesites, (CS) crystalline schists, (D) diolite,

(G) granite and related rocks, (Q) quartzite, and (SS) shale and sandstone.

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21

upper part of slope, and (r) ridge｡

III. Classification and phytosociological consideration of

Abies firma and Tsuga sieboldii forests in Shikoku

As the result of this study, it was recognized that forests consisting mainly of Abieｓ

ｆｉｒｍａor Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboldii in Shikoku were mostly found in the following six associations:

(1)Ｓａｋａｋｉｅtｏ-(Ｚｙｄｏｂａｌａｉｉｏｐｓｉｄｅはｍ，(２)1111cietｏ･Abieはm, (3)Ｌｉｎｄｅｒｅtｏ･Ｃりｐtｏｆｎｅｒietｕ,ｍ.

(4)Ｃａｒｉｃｅ￡ｏ-Ｔｓｕｇｅ￡ｕin，(5)Ｐｉｅｒｉｄｅtｏ-Ｔｓｕｇｅtｕｍ，ａｎｄ(6)Ｓａｓａｎｉｏｒｐｈｅｔｏ一Ｆａｇｅtｕｍ｡

1. Sakakieto-Cyclobalemopsidetvun Suz. -Tok. (1952)

Abieｓｆｉｒｉｎａor Ｔｓｗｇａｓieboldii forests accompanied by Ｃｙｃｌｏｈａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓｓaliciれ:a (C.

ｓtｅｎｏｐｈｙlla), c.ｐａｕｃｉｄｅｎは￡ａ･Ｃ．ａｃｗtａ，０ｒＤｉｓりｒil￡７?ｌｒａｃｅｍｏｓｕｍａｉｅdeveloped in

the warm temperate zone, occurring in areas ranging from about 250 m t0 1000 m above

sea-level. The lower tree and shrub strata of these forests are mainly constituted by ａ

large number of evergreen trees and shrubs, such as Cleyｅｒａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ(Ｓａｋａｋｉａｏｃｈｎａｃｅａ)，

Ｓｙｍｐｌｏｃｏｓｔｎｙｒｔａｃｅａ， 1111ciｕｉｎｒeligioｓｕｍ．Ｅｕりａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ．Ｃａｍｅｌｌｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ，ｌＡａｃｈｉｌｕｓ

ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ， hleoliｔｓｅａａｃｉｃｕlaは, and others (Table 1). These constituents contain ａ number

of characteristic species of the Ｓａｋａｋｉｅ￡０-Ｃｙclobal・１ｏかｓi＆は,ｍａnd the Shiion ｓieboldii.

It is therefore asserted that these forests are to be included in

the Ｓａｋａｋｉｅtｏ･Ｃ:ｙｃｌｏ-ｈａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅtｕｍ which was first reported from the Boso Peninsula (Suzuki and Wada

1949) and was also recognized on the Izu Peninsula (Suzuki and Hatiya 1951) and in

south-western Shikoku (Ｎｏｍｏt0 1953). Some communities described in theヽpublication of the

Kochi Regional Forestry Office belong certainly to this association.

Nomoto, who studied this association in south･western Shikoku, divided it into two

subassociations, namely, the ｄｉＳりｒietｏｓｕm differentiated by Ｃａｓtａｎｏｐｓiｓｃｍ;

Ｖａｃｃｉ？iiｕ≪i bｒａｃtｅａtｕｍ and the ｔｓ砧ｇｅtｏｓｕni di仔erentiated by Ｃｙclobal・ｌｏｐｓiｓａｃｕtａ，

Ｓtｅｉｉｕａｒ￡ia

ｉｎｏｎａｄｅり■>/ia，ａnd Ｓｌｉｉｍｍｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ.He also stated that the former was

found in lowl ands and the latter occurred at high altitudes.

The Ｓａｋ｛.

the Boso and Izu peninsulas in the following respects ：は) the abundance ｏt Ｔｓｕｇａ

ｓiehnldii or Abieｓ fiｒｉｎａ， (2) the indistinct occurrence of Ｃｙclohal・Topｓiｓ forests

accom-panied by Ａｕｃｕba ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ，Ｍａｅｓａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ，Ｌ)ａｍｎａｃａｎthｕｓｉｎｄｉｃｕｓ, ａnd Ｒｕｍｎｈｒａ

ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｒiｓtａtａ，ａnd (3) the luxuriance of Ｓｙｍｐｌｏｃｏｓｍｙはｃｅａ.The fact that this

asso-ciation in Shikoku ｍびstly forms Abie∫･or Ｔｓｕｇａ-Ｃｙclobal。１（ゆｓiｓ-lype forests is, as

already noticed by Nomoto (1953), the most remarkable feature of warm temperate forests

in Shikoku. It may be considered that some stands under consideration bear resemblance

to the Ｓｙｍがｏｃｅtｏ-Ｔｓｕｇｅはm. in Kyushu proposed by Suzuki et a1. (cf. Su芦iki and Masiba

1959), though this problem can not be concluded here. It will be reasonable at present

that the Ｓａｋａｉｅtｏ-Ｃ：ｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅtｕni in Shikoku is regarded as the subassociation

ｓｙｎｉｐｌｏｃｅtｏｓｉｍｉ including the variants of Diｓりｒiｕｍｒａｃｅｍｏｓｕ‘ｉｎ．Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboldii，ａnd

Ｃｙclohal。Ｔｏｐｓiｓ acuは。The existence, of such forests in Shikoku will be significant

from the synchorological point of view, because the regional differences in Cyclo一

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Kanto-Kinki-Shikoku-22 高知大学学術研究報告第10巻自然科学Ｉ｀第３号

Kyushu areas (cf. Suzuki 1951, 1952, 1954b)｡

In the south-eastern part of Shikoku, stands consisting mai ｢y ｏ１ＴｓＭｇａｓieboはii〇ｎ

ridges or steep slope's are occasionally characterized byＲｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｅｒｐｙllifoliｔ.ロｎ

and other ericaceous shrubs. These are to be regarded as the subassociation ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅｔｏｓｕｍ

(Table 2). This subassociation contains ａ number of characteristic species of the

Ｐｉｅｒｉｄｅtｏ-Ｔｓｕｇｅtｕｍ or the Ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅtｏ-Ｃｈａｎｉａｅｃ,ｙｐａｒｉｄｅはｍｗhich will be discussed later

on. Therefore 'it is possible that the ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅtｏｓｕｍ may be included in the Ｐｉｅｒｉｄｅ￡０，

Ｔｓｕｇｅはｍ● ' The Ｓａむ

Pacific side, and the occurrence on the Inland Sea side is･rather limitted. As it nas been

well established, the climate of the district south of the Shikoku mountain range shows the

typical Pacific-type, and the annual precipitation amoun･ts t0 2000 mm gｒｎ！ore. ０ｎ the

contrary, the district surrounding the Inland Sea is characterized by comparatively 10ｗ

annual precipitation, and the Lang's quotient in this district fa･11s below 100. Therefore,

the climatic conditions in the Inland Sea district is not always favourable for the estab･

lishment of the Abieｓｆｉｒｍａ- ｏｒＴｓｕｅａｓieboldii-Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａ･・ｌｏｐｓiｓ forests. Other exan!pies

indicate the similar tendency of forest climaxes in the Inland Sea district. For instance,

the Ｒ･ｕｉｎｏ hｒｅtｏ-Ｍａｃｈｉｌｅはｍ which is found along the Pacific coast of Shikoku is not

developed in the Inland Sea district and is replaced by ａ vicariant forest consisting

mainly oi Ｅｌａｅｏｃａｒｐｕ･ｓｓｙlｖｅｓtｒiｓｖａｒ. ellipticｕｓ，Ａｃｔｉｎｏｄａｐｈｎｅｌａｎｃｉｆｏｌｉａ-，Ｔｅｒｎｓtｒｏｅ･，竃ａ

ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ，Ｆａｓｓａｎｉａｇｌａｂｒａ，ｅtc. (Yamanaka 1957b). This forest indicates rather dry

characters compared with the typical 尺umohreto一Ｍａｃｈｉｌｅは･in. In places, however, Abies

ｉｉｒｍａor Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboldii forests are of course found even in the Inland Sea district.

An example is found on Itsukushima (Miyaiima), Hiroshima Prefecture (Horikawa 1942,

Sato 1946, Tatewaki and Tsujii 1957), but such well-developed forests are not found on

the Inland Sea side of Shikoku proper. And it is worthy of particular attention that

extensive areas in this district are under cultivation or occupied by secondary forests.

It can be roughly explained from the above･mentioned facts that this association is mainly

preserved on the Pacific side of Shikoku｡

0f the major constituents of this associatioｔv，Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓａｃｕtａ＼ｓ more heliophilous

and xerophilous than Ｃ. ｐａｕｃｉｄｅｎtａtａ and Ｃ. ｓａｌｉｃｉｎａ. Therefore stands dominated by

Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓｐａｕｃｉｄｅｎ￡ａ￡ａａnd Ｃ. ｓａｌｉｃｉｎａａｔｅｗe1】developed in areas along streams

and are occasionally characterized by the moss forest type. On the contrary, middle

parts of slopes are generally occupied by mixed forests ｏ！ Ab･ieｓ fiｒｍａ-ＯＹＴｓｕｇａ

ｓieboは行-Ｃｙclobal。ｌｏｐｓiｓｓｐｐ･, and stands composed ｏ￡Ｔｓｕｇａｓieholdii and Cｙｄｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓ

ａＣｕ￡ａ tｒequently occur on and near ridges. Therefore the occurrence of

Ｃｙｄ砧ａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓ-type forests is not always connected with fog or high precipitation. And then Cycl。･

ｈａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓａｃｕtａ χｓ generally found in uppermost parts of the warm temperate zone

and comes into frequent contar.t with the cool temperate forest. This fact, which is

already reported from various parts of the Pacific side (ｊｆ Japan (Sato 1946, Yoshii and

Yoshioka 1949, Yamanaka 1953a, 1956, Sasaki 1958, Yatoh 1958, Hara 1959), IS very

important from the viewpoint of the vertical distribution of forest climaxes. In short,

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'iie.boldii forests in Shikoku （Ｔ.ＹＡＭＡＮＡＫＡ） 2ろ

occurrence of various Abies- and Ｔｓｕｇａ･Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓ forests. Thisproblem will be further discussed in the next chapter. ，･

2. Illicieto-AbietiirQ Suz. -Tok. et Hatiya (1951)

This association is found in areas ranging from about 800 m t0 1150 m above sea-level,

occurring just between the Ｓａｈａｋｉｅｔｏ-Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅｔｕｍ and

the Ｓａｓａｉｎｏｒｐｈｅtｏ-Ｆａｇｅtｕｍ. Therefore th＼ｓ Abieｓｆｉｒｍａ forest in Shikoku contains characteristic species

of these two associations and forms the ecotone between the warm temperate and cool

temperate zones. This association in Shikoku is characterized by Abieｓ fiｒｍａ．Ｓｙｍｐｌｏｃｏｓ

ｍｙｒｔａｃｅａ・Ｏｓｍａれthｕｓ ilicifoliｕｓ，Ｈｙｄｒａｎｇｅａ lｕtｅｏｖｅｎｏｓａ， Schiｓａｎｄｒａｎｉｇｒａ，ａnd Ｈに

ｃｒｅｎａtａ(Table 3）｡

Suzuki (1961), who studied this association in Japan, divided it into three

subasso-ciations, namely, the ｐｉｅｒｉｄｅtｏｓｕｍ, ｓtｅtｖａｒtieｔｏｓｕｍ，ａndｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏかｓｉｄｅｔｏｓｕｉｎ, and

discussed the floristic composition and geographical distribution. This Abieｓｆｉｒｍａ forest

in Shikoku contains differential species of above three subassociations presented by Suzuki.

However, the occurrence ｏｉＣｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓａｃｕtａ．Ｋｕｒｙａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ，Ｃａｍｅｌｌｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ，

ＣｉｎｎａｎｉｏＴｎｕｍｉａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ, and l＾eolitｓｅａｓｅｒｉｃｅａsuggests that this forest belongs to the

subassociation りｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅtｏｓｕｎｉ｡

This association occurs here and there in mountainous districts in Shikoku and usually

occupies gentle slopes. Stands accompanied by Ｔｓｗｇａｓieboldii is found on ridges,

steep slopes, or along streams. In such places, therefore, this association is occasionally

replaced by other forests, such as the Ｐｉｅｒｉｄｅtｏ-Ｔｓｉふｇｅtｕｍ or the Ｃａｒｉｃｅtｏ-Ｔｓｕｆｆｅはｍ．

5. Lindereto-Cryptomerietum Yamanaka, ass. nov。

As will be seen in the Yanaze district (Umaji),Cりｐtｏｍｅｒｉａｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ occurs abundantly

in the south-eastern part of Shikoku where the climate is characterized by the highest

precipitation in Shikoku. In this district the annual rainfall amounts t0 3000 mm or

more, and the Lang's quotient indicates more than 200. It has been considered, that this

local climatic distinctiveness is the dominant cause of the occurrence ｏ￡Ｃりｐtｏｍｅｒia

-ｌａｐｏｎｉｃａ.These forests were studied by ａ number of authors from the standpoints of

forestry and sylviculture. Nevertheless, little phytosociological consideration has been

available up to the present. ぺA^ada et a1. (1939) described several communities containing

Ｃりiptｏｍｅｒ･ｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ in the publication of the Kochi Regional Forestry Ｏ伍ｃｅ，ａｎｄ

the writer (Yamanaka 1954) also studied the forest vegetation in this district｡

Forests dominated by ＣＴｙｐtｏｉｎｅｒia丿ａｐｏｎｉｃａwere reported from several parts of Honshu

and Kyushu. Maeda (1952) described tVie Cｒｙかtｏ・ｎｅｒｉａＪａｐｏｎｉｃａ-Ｐｌａｇｉｏｇｙｒia ｍａｔｓｉ￡?1！ｖｒｅａｊｉａ

association from Mt. Tateyama, middle Honshu. This association is ａ forest of the

Japan Sea type, containing characteristic species of the Saseto一Ｆａｇｅtｕｍ, and is quite

different from Ｃｒ:ｙｐｔｏｍｅｒｉａｊａｐｏＴｉｉｃａ forests in Shikoku. The well-known Ｃりｐtｏｉｎｅｒｉａ

ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ iorest on Yakushima, which is situated off Kyushu proper, is accompanied by

Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboldii and Abieｓ fiｒｎｉａ，ａnd the lower strata consist mainly of Ｓｙ･ｎｐｌｏｃｏｓ

ｍｙｒtａｃｅａ，Ｌ）ａｐｈｎり'＞ｈｙＵｕｎｉｍａｃｒｏｐｏｄｕｍ．Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｔａｓhiｒoi．・CIりｅｒａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ．

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24 ・高知大学学術研究報告第10巻自然科学Ｉ第３号･

will be said that the forest on Yakushima is not identical with that in the Yanaze district,

but fairly resembles the 1111cietｏ-Abietｕ-^肌 or the Safeafeieｔｏ-Ｃタｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅｔｕｍ.

¶ . il●

Forests accompanied by Ｃり･ｐtｏｍｅｒｉａＪａｐｏｎｉｃａ＼ｎthe Yahaze-district occur in extensive

・・・

areas ranging from the warm temperate to the ･むｏｏドtempeΓate zone. According to

dif-ferences of altitudes and edaphic‘conditions, therefore, floristic compositi‘ons of these

forests are different from one another. And it”may be impossible to include them in

one and the sａ‘me association. Stands at rather丿ｏｗ’ altitudes are to be included in･ the

Ｓａｋａｋｉｅtｏ-Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅtｕｖi(cf. Table 1), and those' a’tﾀﾞhigh altitudes belong mostly

゛tｏthe Ｓａｓａｎｉｏｒｐｈｅtｏ-Ｆａｇｅtｎｍ(Table 7）. ，・ご

The ｌＡｄｅｒｅtｏ -Ｃｒｙｐ￡ｏｉｎｅｒiet抑m* described here iｓﾌfound' locally and occupies rather flat

places where residua】soils are deeply deposited. Ａ typical example is found on Mt.

Sembon. This stand is nearly ａ pure forest ｏＩＣりｐtｏｎｉｅｒｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ. ａttaining the height.

of 30 m or more, and the lower strata are predominated by ＬｉｎｄｅｒａｓｅｒｉｃｅａｖａＴ. tｅｎ‘ＵｌＳ,

Uliciｕin ｒelieioｓｕin，Ｎｅｏｉｉ￡ｓｅａａｃｉｃｕlatａ． Ski･ｒｔｔｍｉａ:丿卯りｎｉｃａvar.intｅｒｍｅｄｉａ I. ｒｅｐｅａｔｓ，

and others. ０ｎ the other hand, stands on Mt. Gammaki are accompanied by abundant Abieｓ

兵ｒ？几ａａnd lack ａ number of evergreen trees and shrubs. Accordingly, this association

can be divided intこ）tｗｏ subassociations, namely, the cyclqbalanopsidetosi￡m and the

ａｂｉｅｔｏｓｕｍ(Table 4). The former is similar to ･.伍ｅＳａｋａｋｉｅtｏ･Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅtｕｍ，

and the latter resemb＼ｅｓ 1111cietｏ- Ahietｕni.Thus, this 4･ssociation should be regarded

c i’

as the forest which is comparable to the 1111cietｏ･Abie￡1ロｍ）ｎ other districts, although

there are some questions remaining still unsolved･6n the.establishment of such forests.

4. Cariceto-Tsugetum Ｓｕｚニtok. (1949)

This association is occasionally found in . places

between the Ｓａｋａｋｉｅtｏ-Cyclo- ﾀﾞ

ｋほｎｏｐｓｉｄｅtｕｍａnd the Ｓａｓａｉ･ｎｏｒｐｈｅtｏ一Ｆａｇｅはm, occurriれ忿 mostly from about 800 m to

1150 m above sea-level. The dominant tree is usuallダフでぶuga siebolぷi which represents

the outer physiognomy of forests. Several deciduou･s trees, such as Acerｓieboはｉａｎｕｍ，

Ｓtｅｉｉｉａｒ￡ｉａ刀ｌｏｎａｄｅｌｐｈａ．Ｆａｇ‘14ｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ，Ｆ. ｃｒｅｎａtａ．･Ｃａｒがｈｕｓ tｓcfioｒｔｏｓfeii，ｅtc. are

often found in the upper tree stratum. The shrub and herb strata are generally

predomi-nated by Ｓａｓａｍｏり･＞ha ｐｕｒｐｕｒａｓｃｅｎｓ・Ｃａｒｅｘｒｅ･りliｔ，Ｃヽ. ｍｏｒｒぴｘｖii，ｅtc., and other main

constituentｓａｘｅＰａｒａｂｅｍｏｉｎ tｒｉｌｏｂｉｉｎｉ. 1111ciｕni ｒeligioｓｕｍ， Liれｄｅｒａｓｅｒｉｃｅａ，Ｌ. ｓｅｒｉｃｅａ

var.￡ｅ７ｉｕiｓ, ａndＳｈｉｉｎｍｉａｉａｐｏｎｉｃａｖａｉ. intｅｒｍｅｄｉａ i'. ｒｅｐｅｎｓ. Sometimes Ｃｙclobal・ｌｏｐｓiｓ

ｇだcina is also found. The association table of thl･ｅＣａｒｉｃｅ tｏ -Ｔｓｕｅｅ ttiin in Shikoku was

，ｇ

already presented in the previous paper of the writer (Yamanaka 1956).

Among the constituents mentioned above. characteristic･ species of both the Ｓａｋａｋｉｅtｏ･

Ｃｙclobal・ｌｏｐｓｉｄｅtｕｍ and the Ｓａｓａｍｏ砂池tｏ一Ｆａｇｅ叫ｍａｒｅ found. And then，Ｆａｅｕｓ

ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ，ｈｉｎｄｅｒａｓｅ･ｒｉｃｅａ，Ｃａｒｅエｒeinii，ａnd C. moΓかtuii- are to be enumerated as

characteristic species of this association. ・lｙい

As compared with the Ｓａｋａｋｉｅtｏ-Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏかｓｉｄｅtｕin; and the Ｓａｓａ刀１０･Iゆhetｏ-Ｆａｇｅtｕni．

,t r . F . ・

this association occupies rather small areas in 巾ｅ transition zone. It is often di伍cult

to observe distinct and well-developed stands of this association in Shikoku, and it is

＊Ｃｒ:＼ｐtｏｍｅｒietｕｖ･l:ｙａｎａｚｅａｎｉｍｉ.nora. prov. (Yamanaka 1960)。p. p.

(7)

andＴｓｔｔｇａｓieboldii forests in･Shikoku （Ｔ.ＹＡＭＡＮＡＫＡ） 25

ａ matter of りourse that such an association･in the ecotone is not found ｏｒ:developed in

the district where

the warm

temperate

forest･ｏｃとvipies

extensive areas. These problem

will be･discussed later on.

5. Pierideto-Tsugetura Yamanaka, ass. nov。

Ｔｓｕｇａｓｉｅｂｏｌｄｉｉcan grow in such special areas as ridges, steep slopes, rocky outcrops,

etc., and forms forests on various rocks and soils where climatic climaxes are not found.

In other words. Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboldii forests frequently indicate the tendency to become

edaphic climaxes, and this association is an example. These forests occurring mostly in

the warm temperate and transition zones are accompanied by several other conifersi

such ａｓ Ch,面ｌａｅｃｙｐａ石ｓｏ心証ｓａ，Ｐｉｎｕｓｐｅｎtaphｙllavar. ｈｈｎｅｋｏｉｎａtｓｕt I)｡ｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａ．

Ｓｃｉａｄｏｐｉりｓ。ｅｒ￡icillatａ> and Ｐｓｅｕｄｏtｓｕｅａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ.As compared with other forests

composed of Ｔｓｕｓａｓieboldii〇Ｔ Abieｓ fiｒｍａ． the floristic composition of these forests is

very characteristic in containing ａ large number of ericaceous plants, such ａｓＲｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ

ｍｅ￡tｅｒｎ･ichii, Ｒ. keiｓhei, R. pe庇司ihｙllｕｍ, R. dec・idｒｍｎ，Ｒ. ｉｅｒｐがli和昌ｕｍ, Ｐｉｅｒiｓ

ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ，Ｔｒitｏｍｏｄｏｎｃｅｒｎｕｕｓｖ'ＡＸ. ｒｕｂｅｎｓ，Ｌｙｏｎｉａｏｖalザol毎ｖａｒ. elliptｉｃａ，Ｈｕｇｅ？"ｔ･α

ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａｖａｒ. ｃ･iliaｒiｓ, ａnd others. 。

Such forests in Shikoku were once included in the Ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅtｏ･Ｃｈａｍａｅｃｙｐａｒｉｄｅtｕｍ

which was named and tabulated in the previous paper of the writer (･Yamanaka 1957a),

but are usually lacking in such characteristic species ａｓ Thｕja ｓtａｎｄｉｓhii＾Ｔｓｕｇａ

ｄｉｖｅｒｓiかdia,Ｒｕｍｏｈｒａｍｕtｉｃａ, and lieエｒｕｉ

eration, it is now concluded that these are to be excluded from the Ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅ￡ｏ･Ｃｈａｍａ。

り夕αΓi＆はmi，ａnd the Ｐｉｅｒｉｄｅtｏ･ＴｚｕｇｅtｕｎｉＩＳdecribed here. characteristic species are

enumerated in Table 5. All stands, except those on Mts. Higashi-akaishi, Shiraga, and

Akahoshi, in the association table of the Ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅtｏ-Ｃｈａｉｎａｅｃｙｐａｒｉｄｅtｕｎｉ*belong to this

new association. It may be possible to consider that this association is ａ variant of the

Ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅtｏ-Ｃｈａｎｉａｅｃｙｐａｒｉｄｅtｕｍoccurring at low altitudes. Some stands of the Ｐｉｎｕｓ

ｄｅｎｓｉｆｉｏｒａ-Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboldii aｓｓociation reported by Yoshioka (1958) may be included in

this association. In Shikoku. forests accompanied by Ｐｓｅｕｄｏtｓ･tｉｇａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａoccur locally

in the Yanaze district, but similar stands are found on the Kii Peninsula, southern

Honshu (cf. Yatoh 1958). These stands can not be excluded from this association｡

The Ｐｉｅｒｉｄｅtｏ-Ｔｓｕｇｅはｍ occurs on ａ small scale ill rather dry places where soils are

poor, shallow, and rarely podosolized. Similar forests are found on the Pacific side of

Honshu. An example is the Pieris jap・肩ａz subassociation of the Ｃｈａｍａｅｃ:ｙｐａｒiｓ

obtｕｓａ- Ｒｕniohｒａｍｕtｉｃａ association reported by Maeda (1951) from middle Honshu. If the

Ｐｉｅｒｉｄｅ￡０-Ｔｓｕｇｃはｍ iｓ＼nterpreted in ａ wide sense, such forests may be included in one

and the same association. Besides, the Jlicctｏ-Ｔｓｕｇｅtｕ･?１ described by Horikawa and

Sasaki (1959) from the Chugoku mountain range resembles this association. These

Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboldii iorests accompanied by Ｃｈａｉｎａｅｃｙｐａｒiｓobはｓａ should be excluded from

the Ｔｓｕｇｉｏｎｓieboldii.

＊ Jap. J. Ecol. 6、151 (1957). Stands on Mt. Higashi-akaishi should be treated as the Ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅｔｏ、

Ｃｈａｍａｅｃｙｐａｒｉｄｅｔｕｍtｈｕjetｏｓｕｍ.、subass. nov.、differentiated by Thｕja ｓtのidiｓhii and Caｒｅ.エ

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26

Ｓ．Ｉ

高知大学学術研究報告第10巻自然科学Ｉ第３号

Suzuki (1954a) suggested that Ｃｈａｍａｅり'＊ａｒｔｓ-type forests do“linated by Thｕja ｓtａｎｄｉｓhii

andThｕiopｓiｓｄｏｌａｂｒａtａ var. hO7 ｢｢ｉｎ Honshu belong probably to the Abietｉｏｎwhich

includes the subalpine coniferous forests in Honshu ａｎｄ･Shikoku. But another inter･

｡ / ●･

pretation can be given by which such Ｃｈａｍａｅｃｙｐｄｒiｓ一type forests are excluded from

the Ahieｔｉｏｎ and treated as an alliance, the Ｃｈａｍａｅりｐａｒｉｄｉｏｎｏｈtｕｓａｅ.This problem

must be discussed in detail in another paper. ，｡

■

6. Sasamorpheto -Fagetum Suz. .Ｔ。k. ■(1949)

●1 1

Forests dominated by Ｔｓｕｇａｓ祐boldii oｒ Abieｓｌｆｉｒｎｉａoccur also at high altitudes over

about 1000 m above sea-level and are frequently accompanied by such deciduous trees as

Ｆａｇｉ￡５ｃｒｅｎａtａ・Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａvar. ｇｒｏｓｓｅｓｅｒｒａ￡ａ，Ａｃｅｒ ’ｓｉｅｂｏｌｄｉａｎｕｍ．Ｓ￡ｅｉｕａｒtｉａ

ｍｏｎａ高師ha，ｅtc. which are characteristic, spfecies o卜伍ｅＳμｓａｍｏｒｐｈｅｔｏ一Ｆａｇｅは<,in. The

shrub stratum is generally characterized by the abundant occurrence of Ｓａｓａｍｏ･ゆｈａ

ｐｕｒｐｕｒａｓｃｅｎｓ or Sasa spp. Besides, many characteristic･ species of the

Ｓａｓａｉｎｏｒｐｈｅtｏ-Ｆａｇｅ￡覗ｍ occur frequently or abundantly in these forestsレNotwithstanding the dominance

of Ｔｓｕｅａｓieboldii or Abieｓｆｉｉりｎａ．there is thereforぐ no doubt that these forests are

included in the Ｓａｓａｍｏｒｐｈｅｔｏ-Ｆａｇｅは･.ni. The Fc心沁ｃｒｅｎａtａ-Ｔｓ昭ａｓieboldi･ｉ community

in the publication of the Kochi Regional Forestry Office･(1-939) indicates these forests.

The Ｓａｓａｍｏｒｐｈｅtｏ-Ｆａｇｅはｍ. ＼ｓ the only climatic climkx in the cool temperate zone of

，1.Shikoku. The typical stand of this aSSつciation.･is O卜courseｲthe Ｆａｇｕｓ･type deciduous

forest, but sometimes several conifers are abundantly found in places. In general Abies

ｊΓηｌαand Ｔｓｕｇａｓｉｅｂｏｌｄｉｉ occur in lower parts りf this zone。and Ａｂｉｅｓｈｏｍｏ図示IS

often dominant at rather high altitudes. On the other hand, the occurrence of the Tsuga

ｓieboldii forest in the cool temperate zone is more 6ｒ l鴎s influenced by edaphic factors. ,

For instance，ＴｓｕｇａｓieboはHi forests in 山is zone are generally found on ridges or steep

q r.●.

slopes. Such forests are di仔erent in the floristic。composition from the typical stands

of theＳａｓａｍｏｒｐｈｅtｏ一Ｆａｇｅtｕｍ.This di仔erence may suggest that such ＴｓＭｇａｓieboldii

forests are regarded as the subassociation ｔｓｕｇｅtｏｓｕｔn(Table 6).

It is noticeable that the differential species of this subassociaticn contain ａ number （;f

characteristic species of the j）ieｒｉｄｅ￡ｏ-ＴｓＭｇｅtｕｍａｎｄ tｈｅＲｈｏｄ。１･ｅtｏ-Ｃｈａｍａｅりｐａｒｉｄｅtｕｍ.

The occurrence of similar Tsuga sieb。Z冶j forests was also reported by Suzuki et al.

(cf. Suzuki and Masiba 1959) from Kyushu, and a related subassociation, the abietｏｓｕｍ.

was described from the Izu Peninsula (Suzuki andつHatiya 1951).

Ｆａｇｕｓｃｒｅｎａはforests accompanied by Ｃりptoineriμｌａｐｏｎｉｃａ１ｎ the Yanaze district

occur at high altitudes over about 1000 m above sea-level. Such examples can be seen

ｌ

on Mts. Tengumori and Jinkichimori. These stands may also be treated as the

subasso-ciation ｃｒｕｐｔｏｍｅｒietｏｓｕｍ(Table 7）｡｡ハで

IV. P】：oblems on the forest zone

When Ａｂｉｅｓfiｒｍａ and Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboldii ioｒｅsts ａｒ､ｅいstudied、the arrangement of the forest zones requires reconsideration for the following reasons :

(1)AbieｓｆｉｒｎｉａandＴｓｕｇａｓieholdii aｒｅwidely diμΓibﾘted 'in the warm temperate and d

(9)

2 0 0 0 1800 1600 1400 1200 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 （ｍ）

and Ｔｓitｇａｓieboはii forests in Shikoku (T. Yamanaka)

一一３４２ 27 １し。’Ｅ・ｊ︰一∼ − ‘’／６Ｒ８７ｇ︶ＲＲＩＩＲ５ 1 2 13 4 5 6

Fig. 2. Schema showing the vertical ranges of major climaχ forests dominated

by(1) Ｍ-cichilｕｓ thｕｎｂｅｒgii．(2)Ｃａｓtａｎｏｐｓiｓｃｕｓｐｉｄａtａ, (^)Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓｓpp･，

(4)AbieｓｆｉｒｍａｏｔＴｓｕｇａｓieboldii.(5)Ｆａｇｉｉｓｃｒｅｎａはor Ａｂｉｅｓｈｏｍｏｌｅｐｉｓ，ａnd

(6)Abieｓｓifeofeiana.

cool temperate zones.

(2) The intermediate zone between them has often been represented by such names as the Abieｓ fiｒｍａforest zone (Yoshioka !953), the Abieｓ {ｖｒｉｎａ-Ｔｓｕｅａｓieboldii forest zone,･ or the Ｔｓｔ￡ｇｉｏれｓ･ieboldii(Suzuki1952).

The forest zone of Japan was studied by Tanaka (1889), Honda (1912), Imanishi (1939), Nakano(1942), Kira (1949), and others. Many of them recognize an “intermediate” or ａ“transition” zone between the warm temperate and cool temperate zones. With respect to the vertical distribution of climax forests in Shikoku, Wada et al. (1939) divided them into the subtropical, warm temperate, cool temperate, and subarctic forests.

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28 高知大学学術研究報告第10巻自然科学Ｉ第３号

一一一一- -The distinct intermediate zone was not reported in this publication. Sato (1946) investigated

the vertical distribution of forests on Mt. Ishidzuchi, but detailed discussion .was not

done. Nomoto (1953) reported that the warm temperate forest in the south-western

Shikoku was in immediate contact with the lower limit of the cool temperate forest･

and that the association belonging to the Ｔｓｕｇｉｏｎｓieboldiiwas not found there. The

writer (Yamanaka 1956), on the contrary, recognized the occurrence of the ＣａパaZθ･

ＴｓＭｇｅttｉｍ Vnthe mountainous district and arranged climax forests in Shikoku as follows:

(1) the warm temperate zone (Shiio7i ｓieboldii), (2) the transition zone (Ｔｓｔｔｇｔｏｎｓieboldii)，

(3) the cool temperate zone (Ｆａｇｉｏｎｃｒｅｎａは;e),and the subarctic zone (Ahietｕｍｓｉｋｏｈｉａｎａｅ)

(cf. Yamanaka 1960). However, the writer (Yamanaka 1953b) also reported the occurrence

of the mixed forest consisting of Ａｂｉｅｓｆｉｒｍａ, Ｆａｇｕｓｃｒｃｎａtａ, ａndＣｙclobal・ｌｏｐｓiｓａｃｕｔａ

in places.

The vertical distribution of major climax forests in Shikoku is shown in Fig. 2. In

Region 1, the Ruりｌｏｈｒｅtｏ･Ｍａｃｈｉｌｅはｍ occurs mainly along coasts or in humid places.

and Ｃａｓ￡ａｎｏｐｓiｓforests, such as the Ｒａｐａｎａｅtｏ-Ｓ hiietｕｎ!〇ＩＳｙ７ゆｌｏｃｅtｏ･Shiieはｍ，

occupy hills or rather dry places. In Region 2. extensive areas are occupied by

Ｃａｓtａｎ砂余forests, and the Ｓａｋａｋｉｅtｏ-Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅはｍoccurs loca】ly. In this

region, therefoｔｅ．Ｃａｓ￡ａｎｏｐｓiｓ-Ｃ:ｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓ〇ｒ-Dist：ｙｒiｕｍ iorests are not rare (cf.

Yamanaka 1953b, 1956). and mixed forestｓｏｉＴｓｕｇａｓiebびＩｄａ，Ｃａｓはｎｏｐｓiｓｃｕｓｐｉｄａtａ.

and C:^ｙclohal・loかｓiｓ spp. are occasionally found in places. In Region ｌ，Abieｓ

fiｒｍａ-or Ｔｓｕｇａｓｉｅｂｏはiｔ-Ｃ＼i ｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓforests are frequently found in mountainous districts,

and in dry places are found Ｃａｓtａｎｏｐｓiｓ forests。consisting mainly of Ｃａｓはｎｏｐｓiｓ

ｃｔtやｉｄａtａ.ｖａｒ.ｓ･ieholdi･i(Shiia ｓieboはａ), accompanied by C:^■ｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓａｃｕtａ. Region

４ is extensively occupied by mixed ･forests of Abieｓｆｉｒｍａ，Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboldii, and

Ｃｙｃｌｏｈａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓspp.as discussed before. These four regions are undoubtedly included

in the warm temperate zone. reaching altitudes of 800−1000 m above ｓｅａ･level.

Ｆａｇｕｓｃｒりｌａ￡ａ {orestsdominate in Region ６ and 7, although Tｓｕｇａｓieboldii or ﾉ1加心

firmど^ is locally abundant. And areas between about 1150 m and 1700 m above sｅａ･level,

with the exception of ａ few mountains. belong to the ｃｏｏトtemperate zone. The subarctic

(subalpine) zone appears at altitudes over 1700 m above sea-level (Yamanaka 1959).

The most difficult region from the viewpoint of forest zones is Region 5. This region,

ranging from about 800−1000 m to 1150 m above sea-level, is represented by forests

consisting of various trees. For the purpose of the investigation of this region, about

fifty mountains in Shikoku were examined. Consequently it has become clear that

forests at such ａ】titudes vary considerably according to the place. In general both warm

temperate and ｃｏｏ】temperate trees are found in･ this region, and the character of the

intermediate zone is not conspicuous. This tendency is characteristic of forests on the

Pacific side of south-western Japan, where the ｃ!imate in winter is rather mild, and

will be well explained by the Kira's indeces based upon the accumulated temperature

(Kira 1949).

In such places, as can be seen on Mt. Kuishi near Kochi, there are occasionally

found mixed forests oi Abieｓ jiｒ･ｍａ, Ｆａｇｕｓｃｒｅｎａｔａ,ａｎｄＣｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓａｃｕ￡a. These

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siehfildiiforests in Shikoku (T. Yamanaka) 29

cｒｅｎａtａ iorest comes down to altitudes lower than 1000 m above sｅａぷ;vel. An example

of this case on observed on the Kashiyama Pass near Kochi. But the Ａｂｉｅｓｆｉｒｍａ forest

accompanied by Ｃｙclobal・ｌｏｐｓiｓａｃｕはIS ｓtｉＨ dominant in such an altitude, where the

Ｆａｓｕｓｃｒｅｎａtａ iorest occurs very locally and is not well developec!.０ｎ the other hand,

it is often found that Ｃｙｃｌｏｈａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓａｃｕtａcomesup to the Ｆａｇｕｓｃｒｅｎａtａforest. On

Mt. Takatsuki in Uwajima, the Ｆａｇｕｓｃｒｅｎａtａ Iorest accompanied by Ｃｙclobal・ｉｏｔ>ｓiｓ

acuta is found even near the summit (1229 m above sｅａ･level) (Yamanaka 1953a).

The Ｃａｒｉｃｅtｏ･Ｔｓｕｅｅtｕｎｉ occurslocally in this region and is occasionally observed on

rather humid slopes along streams. In such places, stands of this association are often

found comming down to an altitude of about 700 m or up to an area of 1200 m above

sｅａ･level. Nevertheless areas occupied by this association are very narrow and

frag-mentary, and this fact is to be considered as an example of the general tendency of

associations occurring in the prepheral region.

Thus, forests in such an ecotone vary considerably with topography and other edaphic

factors. Therefore occurrences of different forests are not ａ】ways explained by temperature

alone. This tendency is usually recognizable in the transition region of forest climaxes.

and each association in such areas is generally lacking in ａ large number of characteristic

species found in well-developed stands.

Summarizing the above consideration, this region in Shikoku is･concluded as follows :

(1) The warm temperate forest is gradually replaced by the cool temperate forest in areas

ranging from about 800 m to 1150 m above sea-level. These areas are to be the “transition”

zone, and the real distinct “intermediate” zone is hardly to be found in Shikoku.

(2) TheTllicie￡ｏ･-Ab･ieｔｕｍａnd the Ｃａｒｉｃｅtｏ･ＴｓＭｇｅ￡ｗｉｎare found in this zone, and such

deciduous trees ａｓＦａｇｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ，Ｃａリ）inｕｓtｓｃｈｏｎｏｓkii.and Ｃど2staneどj crenata, are not

abundant in climaχ forests.

(3) In this ｚｏｎｅヽＣ：ｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓａｃｕ￡ａ, Ｃ. ｓａｌｉｃａｉｕi，ａnd other warm temperate

ele-merits come into frequent contact with Ｆａｇｕｓｃｒｅｎａ￡a,etc.

(4) So far as Shikoku is concerned, to use the name “A6i.ｅｓ fiｒｍａ forest zone” Ｏ「

“Abieｓか-ｍａ･Ｔｓｕｅａｓieboldii forest zone”for this zone is liable to

cause misunder-standing, because these trees are abundantly found in other zones.

In conlusion, the forest zones in Shikoku are arranged and sｕｍ･marized as follows :

（1）Ｔｈｅ warm temperate zone. The climatic climax forests iri this zone are included

in the Shiion ｓieboldii, ｅxtending to altitudes of about 800−1000 m above sｅａ･level. The

real warm temperate evergreen broad･leaved forests are found at low altitudes (lower

than about 300−600 m above sea-level)> consisting mainly of the Machilｕｓ thｕｎｈｅｒfiii

forest (the Ｒｕinohｒｅtｏ-Ｍａｃ hileはni) and Ｃｄｓtａｎｏｐｓiｓ forests (the Ｒａｐのｌａｅtｏ･Shiietｗｎ，

Ｓｙｉｎｐｌｏｃｅtｏ･Ｓ hiieはｍ，ａndＢｌａｄｈｉｅtｏ-Shiｔｅは7??),occasionally containing Ｃｙclobal。ｔｏｐｓiｓ

ａｎｄ￡）i.ｓりｒiｕｔｎ iorests.べA'^arm temperate evergreen mixed forests usually occur at rather

high altitudes (from about 250 m upwards) and are represented by the Ｓａｋａｋｉｅtｏ･

Ｃｙclobal・ｌｏｐｓ･ｉｄｅtｕｍ. ，

(2) The transition zone.

(3) The coo! temperate zone.･The climatic climax in･this zone is the Ｓａｓａｍｏｒかｈｅtｏ･

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ろ0 _{高知大学学術研究報告第10巻自然科学Ｉ第３号}

1000-1150 m to 1700 m above sea-level, is occasionally accompanied by AbieｓＲｒｎｉａ，

ＴｓＭｇａｓieboldｔt． and Ｃ鳥がｏｉｎｅｒia丿ａｐｏｎｉｃａin lower parts' and Abieｓｈｏｍｏｌｅｐｉｓat higher

altitudes.

(4) The subarctic zone. The subarctic coniferous forest is represented by the Abie￡t印１

−

ｓikokiajiae.which is found in areas higher than about 1700 m above sea-level.

Among these, the development of warm temperate mixed forests and the indistinctness

of the intermediate forest are stressed as characte片sties of the forest zones in Shikoku.

V. Conclusion and sunmia.ry

Abieｓ fiｒｍａ and Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboはi1 form an important part in the forest climaxes

of Shikoku. Different forests consisting main】y o1 Λhieｓ fiｒｍａ and Ts･ｕｇａｓ･leholdii aｔｅ

found under different habitat conditions. These forests occur mostly in the following

six associations :

(1)ＴｈｅＳａｋａたietｏ-Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅtｕin ａccompaniedby Abieｓｆｉｒｍａor Ｔｓ･ｕｇａｓieboldii

is the･ warm temperate mixed forest. In the warm temperete zone･this association

occupies the most ｅχtensive areas ranging from about 250 m to 800−1000 m above

sea- い

level, and is well developed on the Pacific side. This association in Shikolcu is generally

characterized by Abieぶ- or Ｔｓｕｉｆａ-Ｃｙclobal。ｌｏｐｓiｓforests.

(2) The 1111cie￡０-Abieはｍ occurs in the ecotone between the warm temperate and cool

temperate zones. Th＼ｓ Abi・ｆｉｒｍａ forest in Shikoku is represented by the subassociatio・

りｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅtｏｓｕｍ.

(3)ＴｈｅＬ,ｉｎｄｅｒｅtｏ-Ｃｒ:ｙj）￡ｏ‘･ｎｅｒie￡ｕｍｎｅｗ】ｙ described in this paper is found in the

Yanaze district and may be comparable to the 1111cietｏ-Abietｕｍ＼ｎ other districts. This

association can be divided into two subassociations, theりｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｄｅtｏｓｕi｡<iand the

abietｏｓｕｍ.

(4) The Caricet。･Tsugetuin is generally found in the transition zone. This association

is not well developed and occurs in rather small areas rang･ing for the most part from

about 800 m to 1150 m above sea-level.

(5) The Ｐｉｅｒｉｄｅtｏ-Ｔｓｕｇｅtｕni which is newly described in the present paper is an

edaphic climax occurring °ostly on rocky ridges or steep slopes in the ゛割r° temperate

and transition zones. This association contains ａ】arge number of characteristic. species

of ericaceous plants.

(6) The Ｓａｓａtｎｏｒｐｈｅtｏ一凡zＦたμ7zis the cool temperate deciduous forest occurring mostly

at altitudes between about 1000 m and 1700 m above sea-lev＆＼｡Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboldii oT Abieｓ

ｆｉｒｍａＩＳ occasionally abundant in the 】ower parts of this forest zone, and such forests are

treated as ａ subassociation, the Ｓａｓａｎｉｏｒｐｈｅtｏ･Ｆａｇｅはｍ￡ｓ雌邨￡ｏｓｕｍ.The ｃｒｙｐtｏｍｅｒietｏｉｕｍ

ｌoccurs in the Yanaze district.

On the basis of the floristic composition and vertica卜distribution of the above

asso-ciations, the forest zones in Shikoku were re-examined. Consequently it is emphasized

that the forest zones in Shikoku are characterized by (1) the great development of warm

temperate mixed forests accompanied by abundａｎt AbieｓｆｉｒｉｎａandＴｓｕｅａｓieboldii and

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205―268

sieboはａ forests in Shikoku （Ｔ.ＹＡＭＡＮＡＫＡ）ろ 1

the warm

temperate

forest is in contact with the cool temperate

forest.

References

(＊ｌｎ Japanese ｏｎｌｙ)

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6, 149―152

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(15)

- 一一一一一一｜ Lｏｃａｌｉtｙ Altitｕｄｅ︵ヨ︶ＢａｓｅｒｏｃｋＴｏｐｏｇｒａｐｈｙＥｘｐｏｓitｉｏｎｓtｅｅｐｎｅｓｓ。紆魏滞肘報ぴ９ｐｓｉｄｅｔtiin ︷ｙｋべいい心いＪヽＳ吟声’Ｓ｀々ごＳＣ. ｐａｕｃｉｄｅｎｔａｔａ 2 ＭａｃｈｉｌｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＤａｐｈｎｉｐｈｙｌｌｕm ｍａｃｒｏｐｏｄｉｉｎｉ４Ｐｌａｇｉｏｇｙｒia ａｄｎａｔａｐ. ｅｕｐｈｌｅｂｉａＨｙｍｅｎｏｐ、lｙlLiim ｈａｒｈａｔii.ｍＰｌａｇｉｏｇｙｒia ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＭｉｔｃｈｅｌｌａｒｅｐｅｎｓｖ. imdｕｌａｔａＡｈｉ.ｉＵａｅａａｐｉｃtｄａｔａＭａｊｏｒｃｏｍｐａｎｉｏｎｓ 1 ＴｓｕｇａｓｉｅｂｏｌｄｉｉＬ︶iｓtｙｒｉｕin ｒａｃｅｍｏｓmｎ AｂｉｅｓｆｉｒmａＡｃｅｒｓｉｅｈｏｌｄｉａｎｕｍＣｈａｉｎａｅｃｙＰａｒiｓｏｂｔiiｓａ２Ｃｌｅｙｅｒａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ１１１１ｃｉｕfn ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｓiim EｕｒｙａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＳｙｍｐｌｏｃｏｓ mｙｒｔａｃｅａＣａｍｅｌｌｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＰｉｅｒｉｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＮｅｏｌｉｔｓｅａａｃｉｃｕlatａＩｌｅx ｐｅｄｕｎｃｕｌｏｓａＮｅｏｉｉｔｓｅａｓｅｒｉｃｅａＰａｒａｂｅｎｚｏｉｎｔｒｉｌｏｂｕｍＣｉｎｎａｍｏｍｕm ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｉｉ.ｎｉＳｙｎｉｐｌｏｃｏｓｐｒｕｎｉｆｏｌｉａＬｉｇｕｓｔｒｕni ｊ、ｉｐｏｎｉｃｕｉｎＲｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ wｅｙｒｉｃｌｉｉｉＯｓｉｎａｎｔｈｕｓｉｌｉｃｉｆｏｌｉｕｓＳａｐｉｕm ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍＩｌｅx ｃｒｅｎａｔａ。言Ｈ行球ドＵｕｓＣａＵｉｃａｒｐａｍｏＬｌｉｓ４Ｓｋｉｍｉｎｉａｊａｐｏtｉｉｃａｖ. tｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａ r. ｒｅｐｅｎｓＡｒｄｉｓｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＭｅｃｏｄｉｕm ｐｏＬｙａｎｔｈｏｓＳｔｒｕｔｈｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｎｉｐｏｎｉｃｄ L Ｌｒａｃｈｅｌｏｓｐｅｒmｕm ａｓiaｔｉｃｕｍＳｍｉｌａx ｃｈｉｎａＳｃｈｉｚｏｐｈｒａｇｎｉａｈｙｄｒａｎｇｅｏｉｄｅｓＥＬｅｉｎｍａｐｈｙｌｉｕm ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈｙＵｕiｎ t-n Ｃ) つ oo ふ (Ｘ）ｏ α) 切切ｒ ∽㎝ｒ ∞ い召帥∽ ｒ ∞ ｀吝切切ｒ C カ ← t _ n り 1 ( ⊃ O n ∼ a つ C / ） C ﾉつ -C 刀 N４５ＥＮ２０ＥＳ３５ＷＳ２０ＥＳ４０Ｅ 6 Ｊ e n 卜_＋り・・・十。４・＋・・い︷十︸い｀ｗ︵十︶ ↑ ↑ ︵十︶十十 2 ５３０５０３５・・十←｀しｊ・・しj・ｗ｀︷十︸︸︷十︸ ͡͡ 十十十ｕｃ｡Jω −・● ● ● ︵十︶心＋・・・・・＋・十十・ 1 1 1 1 ！１１１ − ﹄十＋ＷＷ︵十︶ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ← C O ‥‥札､。・ふ､Ｊに:４. ヽノヽノ︵十︶＋● ●●●●● ● ● ● + ････Ｗ心︵十︶へ r゛ちこ・・十｡-４、・・・・・●＋●、。。・・●t、、＋e､．ｗ｀-ﾉら ● ● ● ● ͡͡ ＋・・・・十十十 −− ︵十︶八卜 l ヽ）Ｑ一心ぺ､ μ ﾛ。いい・・・十・・り ‥‥・十十こに乱。４ ‥・ −−− ︵十︶ ● ● ● ＋ O mｓＳ７０Ｗ２０・・十・・・・l､、・・こ・●・。、こ

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