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(1)Today's Fishery. In. Japan *. Yunosuke IITAKA ** The total catch in Japan declined during World War II, but has been increasing since then, up to a total of 9 million tons in 1970. This is more than twice the record catch of pre-war years. The writer will detail the specific details of the overall catch below (source: Annual Reports of Catch Statistics on Fisheries, published by Statistics and Survey Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Japanese Government). Diagram 1 illustrates the variation in total catch, exclusive of the whale fishery, during the years 1926 to 1970.. Million Tons. 10. 8. Inland Fishery,. Aquaculture Fishery. 6. 4. 2. Inshore Fishery. o 1930. 1935. 1940. 1945. 1950. 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. Diagram 1. Variation in total catch, exclusive of the whale fishery, during the years 1926 to 1970, Japan.. *Provided for Presentation in the Seminar Series "Issues in International Development" sponsored by the International. Center for Marine Resource Development and the Committee for International Studies: March 8. 1972. Washburn. Hall. Room 6. University of Rhode Island. U. S. A. of Fishing Gear Technology, Dept. of Fisheries. Kinki Voiv .. Higashi.Osaka 577, Japan. * *Lab.. i!MHff'li:1i[). (!&~:;'OO.zHiJ: *~"¥:n.

(2) ~. 124. 6 j}. (1973). Since 1955, the catch variation has followed two distinct trends. From 1955 to 1961 and 1966 to the present the catches increased rapidly each year but during the interim years, there was somewhat of a decline. The expansion period for years 1955 to 1961 was due to the development of both the home and deep sea fisheries (i.e., near and distant water fishing fleets). The drop in catch from 1962 to 1965 was due to a reduction in the number of deep sea or distant water trawlers because of governmental restrictions, and also due to the decline in the herring and flounder population in the northern Pacific. This also coincided with poor catch in home or near waters of the traditional sardine, saucy and squid species. This feature is reflected in Diagrams 2 and 3. The present increase in catch is due to the development of new types of fishery, notably the pollack fishery off the coast of Alaska which helped offset the loss of the home sardine and saucy fisheries.. Million Tons. 2.0. l---+---+---+---+---+-----1r---+---+-- ! to-. .I. I. sardine. 1.6. t----;---" -----11----+---+----+-----11----,- J - ("I.lr. I. 1.2. pollack. >t)t. )C. x. •. ~. -+---l---+--+---+----+- !_. .lr /-1-\ .lr. f. )(. I. \..'\. .lr. .. Vx". )C. \. ~ /Jr --+----+- )( -+---t-. ::/ I. 'i: • 0.4 r -. ~. \. )(\. herring. . .. :.-'-i::-". e.. pollack. ' .. _ .. :.. o. ~. .e)(. / : : - •• ~.,. e..... mackerel. 1930 Diagram 2.. 1935. e.-. ~. ..... ../ :. ,.-r · · ". /""'" .... 1950. ~""#--i...,, / i. ---+. mackerel. •• _.. :;':'~'..".. "'" --. 1945. . /,-"".,/"""./'\./. ••. ............... ~... 1940. /. /. sardine. Q"#-. .. -. -. - - - + - - )(.. ........ r. J. )(. I 0.8. I. I \. \. .. 1955. herring. e.- ...••............ 1960. 1965. Catch variation by species, during the years 1926 to 1969, Japan.. 1970.

(3) 125. Y.IITAKA: Today's Fishery in Japan. Million Tons. 0.8. t----+-----i-----i-----i-----i---+,---+--. squid r-. A i. squid f\. :. /1:I :\ 0.6 t----t----;-----+---+--_+_ f \ saur\y 1\ :••••'!I. \ ..1 ",1' / . \:\)(i xi : V~"'I~ t\r. /:. vr':' . .. •. >c •. I .'. '7x ~\)(;/h• xlJ t;\i :"'-fX".J I "J .' 'v mac~xr ~.)~ :.... ~X x \)( -x:n .f /. \. 0.4 1 - - - - ; - - - + - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - -. horse. 1)( I ., )(. j ; •. •. lC. )(. •• ,. \. x)(. 0.21---~f__--+_--_t_---. ........ sq uid •. .--,.. .J. +-')(:. / / \..'\.. • •. ~. c-. ~ ", --;:-1' ~ flound~. -. '\. /'. 1./'. x,. ---;:..' flounder saury ~"v-. +./. h k I -;x,..:••••.•• orse ere •••• )(-;x--)( )C- )<-)(/ I O'-------'---'-'::O'----'-----L-----..........-"-----'-_--'-_ _---l_ _---l._ _ 1960 1965 1970 1950 1955 1945 1940 1935 1930. ...--....,. .. '" '.. .'. ···':.a-,.t..:x_. mac. ~. Catch variation by species, during the years 1926 to 1969, Japan.. Diagram 3.. Broadly speaking, Japan's fisheries may be considered to be on three levels: 1) inshore fishery, 2) home fishery, and 3) deep sea fishery. Although there 'is an inland fishery, its total catch is only about 2% of the total Japanese landings. The inshore fishery includes an aquaculture fishery, fixed net fishery, and small scale fishery using boats of approximately 10 tons or less. The home fishery is a medium scale fishery with boats in the range of 10 to 100 tons. The deep sea fishery is carried out by larger vessels of over 100 tons. The information in Table 1 shows the numbers and tonnage of fishing vessels operated on the different fishing levels. Many kinds of fishing gear, i.e., seine, trawl, lift net, gill net, blanket net, round haUl , barricade, long line, angling, jigger, harpoon, spear, dredge, rake, tongs, pot, diving suits, etc., are all used for the inshore fishery, which employes about 70% of all of Japan's fishermen. The several kinds of gear, which are used for the home fishery, include trawl, purse seine, long line, angling and jigger, Only a few types of gear, e.g., trawl, drift net, are used for the deep sea fishery. About 30% of all fishermen are 'engaged in both the home and the deep sea fisheries. Diagram 4 illustrates the variation in the number of working fishermen during 1960 and 1969.. . ',.

(4) W, 6. 126. Table 1.. 'i. (1 973 ). Number and tonnage of fishing vessels operated on the different fish ing levels.. 1969. 1963 Fish ery Levels. Number. Tonnage (Tons). Number. Tonnage (Tons). Inland Fishery Inshore Fishery Home Fishery Deep Sea Fishery. 21,224 360,917 15,279 1,511. 13,660 514,592 548,017 1,002,575. 20,879 353,176 14,697 2,645. 14,527 537,603 534,075 1,371,493. 398,931. 2,078,844. 391,390. 2,457,698. Total. Note: included whale catching vessels and mother vessels.. Thousand Fishermen. 800 Deep Sea and Home fisheries. 700 Women. 600. 500. 400. Inshore I. I;ishery. 300. Men. 200 100. o 1960. Diagram 4.. 1961. 1962. 1963. 1964. 1965. 1966. 1967. 1968. Variation in the number of working fishermen during 1960 to 1969, Japan.. 1969.

(5) Y. IITAKA : Today's Fishery in Japan Table 2.. 127. Catch and fishing unit contributions of the individual fisheries to the total, in 1969. Catch By Weight. Kinds. Thousand Tons Inland Fishery Inshore Fishery. Aquaculture. f'". % to Total 2.0. 138. 5.0. 2,336. 27.0. 1.055 73 204. 38.5 2.7 7.5. 611,072+ 87,000+ 48,500+ 37,000+. *. * 2.3. Oyster. 246. 2.9. 26. *. * *. 49. 1.8. 33 1 241. Trawl Roundhaul Gill Net Boat Haul Seine Sq uid Jigger Angling and Line. 200. Shellfish Collecting. 190 247. Sea Weed Collecting Other Home Fishery Trawl Purse Seine. 146. 4.3. 107. 3.9. 12,303 29,446. 39 84 33 39. 1.4 3.1 1.2. 2,216 52,955 6,812. 1.4. 1.7 2.2. 95 46. 3.5. 30,839 10 1,394. 2.9. 53 77. 1.7 2.0. 53,300 73,407. 2.8. 1,070 93. 39.1 3.4. 170. 6.2. 863. *. 640. 245. 2.8. 3,476 608. 40.4 7.1 14.9. 1,282. 76,000+. 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.2 1.4. 2.8. 192 180 99 123. }. 13 118. Saury Blanket Net. 45. Salmon Drift Net. 102. 1.2. Tuna Long Line. 383. 4.4. 149 300. Bonito Angling Mackerel Angling. 208. 2.4. 93. 118 344. 1.4 4.0. 13. Squid Jigger. -. 164. 194. O ther. Number of Unit. % to Total. Sea Weed Fish. Fixed Net. By Value Million Dollars. *. 25. *. 5.4 11.0 3.4. * 3.4. -. 9,070 910. 501 2,091 710 327 3,028. 386. 4.5. 93 134. 2,638. 30.6. 476. 17.4. 45. *. 27. 1.0. Northern Pacific Trawl (Mother Ship Style). 862. 10.0. 67. 2.4. (12). Northern Pacific Trawl (Individual). 1,140. 13.2. 126. 4.6. 207. East China Sea Trawl (Individual). 304. 3.5. 114. 4.2. 676. Southern Area Trawl (Individual). 287. 3.3. 142. 5.2. 102. 100.0. 2,739. 100.0. Other Deep Sea Fishery Crab Fishery (Mother Ship Style). Total. 8,614 ... 4.9. -. 1,289 128 ([4) 176. 621,431+. Note: Southern area mcludes the waters off the north-west and south coasts of Attica, cast-southern Asian Sea, waters around New-Zealand, the north-western af<~a of Atlantic Ocean, etc. *: a little, + : plus, - : not available, ( ): number of mother ships operated..

(6) 1,f; 6 l-}. 128. (1973). If we consider the catch contribution of the individual fisheries to the total in 1969, we observe that about 30% is caught by the deep sea fishery and also by the inshore fishery to leave about 40% as the home fishery contribution. The details are shown in Table 2. However, the pattern is expected to change in coming years. The inshore fishery is expected to remain about the same or even decline, while the home and deep sea fleets are expected to increase their percentage. The deep sea fleet has the advantage of increased expansion combined with modern technology in the hope of expanding the fishery in the direction of fish meal. In recent years the government has provided incentives to companies undertaking aquacultural projects. Hopefully, there will be a great future for the aquaculture fishery, but in Japan, just as in the United States, modern industry brings with it the problems of pollution. If the aquaculture fishery is to grow, appropriate governmental controls must be passed and en forced. Such matters are presen tly under discussion by represen tatives of industry and government. There was an International Conference on Pollution held in Tokyo in 1970 and much interest is being generated in methods to control industrial waste. Finally, some details concerning the fishermen themselves. Table 3 shows the daily rate paid to Japanese fishermen. These amounts compare favorably with other commercial industries in the country. The modern generation of workers in Japan tends to be attracted by the big city industries and so the more traditional industries, such as fishing, suffer somewhat. Hence, the average age of Japanese fishermen has increased in recent years. Fishing is a difficult life and many young people prefer to earn less and remain with the easier life style. Table 4 shows the age distribution of Japanese fishermen. Table 3.. Mean daily rate paid to fishennen in Japan.. Year Mean Daily Rate in Dollars. Table 4.. \. 1963. 1965. 1967. 1969. 6.7. 7.6. 10.6. 13.1. Age distribution of japanese fishermen (Units: thousand men, (%)).. Year. Age Range. 15 20 30 40 50 over Total. 19 29 39 49 59 60. \. 1963. 27.0 107.5 142.7 90.7 83.6 71.5. ( 5.2) (20.5) (27.3) (17.3) (16.0) (13.7). 523.1 (100.0). 1965. 27.5 89.1 137.6 95.3 80.5 72.2. ( 5.4) (17.8) (27.5) (19.0) (16.0) (14.3). 502.5 (100.0). Note: Temporary workers and women are not included.. 1967. 27.0 79.3 129.8 100.6 77.0 71.6. 1969. ( 5.6)} ( 16.3) (26.7) (20.7) } (15.9) (14.7). 485.5 (100.0). 215.7. (47.0). 172.8. (37.7). 70.4. (15.3). 458.8 (100.0).

(7) y. IITAKA : Today's Fishery in Japan. 129. The writer wishes to express his hearty thanks to Dr. L. M. SPRAQUE, International Center for Marine Resource Development, and Dr. J. C. SAINSBURY, Department of Fisheries and Marine Technology, and his staff for their kindness given the opportunity to write this paper. Gratitude is offered to Capt. G. A. MOTTE, Department of Fisheries and Marine Technology, University of Rhode Island, U.S.A., for his kindness in reading the manuscript before printing.. APPENDIX. Table 5 shows the cost of fishery products in town (Tokyo) and the coastal fish markets (1969). Diagram 5 shows the distribution of fish products in Japan (1964-. 1969).. Table. 5. Costs of fisheries products in Japan in 1969.. Cost per Pound Weight Species. Sardine Mackerel Saury Yellow Tail Bonito Tuna Sea Bream Flounder Squid Octopus Salmon Salted Salmon Fish Cake Grade I Grade II Whale Meal Oyster Prawn Lobster Crab Sea Weed. Town Market (Tokyo) 0.57 Dollar 0.l2. 0.79 1.50 0.85 1.66 1.28 0.83 0.37 0.86 1.44. Coastal Fish Market 0.25 Dollar 0.04 0.26 0.45 0.17 0.68 0.89 0.58 0.18 0.12 0.88 1.00. 0.27 0.79 0.55 0.32 1.15 0.67 0.29 0.93.

(8) 1 3 0. 近畿大学農学部紀要. 第. 6i i - (1973). hous a ndt ,( %) uni t: st ons Di a g r a m 5. DI S t r i bt ui onofl rS hpr ou d csn tl J a pa n) n1 964a ndt ' ; 69. 日本の漁業現状農林省の昭和 44年 ( 1 969)漁業養殖業生産統計年. に反し,沿岸漁業での漁具は種類が極めて多く,経. 報をもとにして日本の漁業現状を紹介した. 日本の. 営体は規模が小さく数が多い.沿岸漁業に従事する. 近年の漁業生産量は戦前最高時のおよそ 2倍に達し. 0 である ( Dl agram4).日本の漁業者数は全体の 7%. ているが,これは遠洋漁業の著しい発展による ( Dl -. 漁業者の賃金は他産業に比べてそれ程悪いとは思わ. a gram l) .漁獲対象魚種の主体は戦前はイワシ. ニ. れないが ( Tabl e3) ,漁業者数は減小 ,老令化の傾. シンであったが近年はスケトウダラ,サバ, イカ等. 向にある ( .最后に,参考のために日本の Tabl4 e ). Di agrams2, 3) .漁業種別に漁業現状に変った (. 水産物の利用状態 ,水産物の市場価格を図表として. を見ると漁塘量では沿岸漁業,遠洋漁業が共に3 0%. 紹介した ( Dj a gram 5,Ta bl e5) . (なお､これは. ずつ,沖合漁業が4% 0 であるが,使用される漁具種. 1 972年 3月, アメリカ, ロードアイランド大学で開. 数, 経営体数および漁業従事者数は遠洋漁業に少く,. 催された国際開発問題セミナーに出席講演した資料. 沖合,沿岸漁業になるに従って極めて多くなってい. のコピーである. ). る.遠洋漁業での漁具はトロール網 .流し網で,経営体数は全体の 02 .0 /に過 O ぎかゝ ( Tabl e2). これ. I. ( 昭和4 8年 1月1 7日受理).

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