EFFECTS OF T AI CHI EXERCISE ON THE HEAL THY ELDERLY AS MEASURED BY EVENT‑RELATED POTENTIALS
WENCHAO W ANG1I
,CHEN QIU 1 2
,TOYOSAKU OT NI
,MASA Y U K I SA W ADNI
,3 I
,NAOKO KISHIMOT01I
,and T O S H I F U M I KISHIMOT01I l)D ψ a r t m e n t 0 / P s y c h i a t r y
,Nara M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i
かSc h o o l 0 / M e d i c i n e
2 ) Wushu D e p a r t m e n t
,X i ' a n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n U n i v e r s i t y 3 ) Hannan Hos
ρ,i t a l
R
巴C巴lV巴dO c t o b e r 4
,2 0 1 3
(87)
Abstract : Aim: T a i C h i e x e r c i s e c o u l d be recommended a s a mental t r a i n i n g method t o a m e l i o r a t e c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n
,e s p e c i a l l y a t t e n t i o n f u n c t i o n
,E v e n t ‑ r e l a t e d p o t e n t i a l s ( E R P s ) a r e commonly u s e d a s p h y s i o l o g i c a l m
巴a s u r e so f c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n a s t h e y a r e e a s i l y measured a n d n o r
トi n v a s i v e .However
,t o o u r k n o w l e d g e
,t h e r e i s n o r e p o r t t o i n d i c a t e T a i C h i ' s e f f e c t o n c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n u s i n g E R P s . T h e r e f o r e
,i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y we examined t h e e f f e c t s o f T a i C h i e x e r c i s e o n t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y a s measured by ERPs
Methods: E i g h t h e a l t h y e l d e r l y s u b j e c t s p a r t i c i p a t e d a f t e r g i v i n g c o n s e n t . Based on t h e g u i d e l i n e s f o r evoked p o t e n t i a l measuremen , t mismatch n e g a t i v i t y (MMN) and P300 were o b t a i n e d by a u d i t o r y o d d ‑ b a l l t a s k s . We measured b o t h MMN and P 3 0 0 i n t h e c o n d i t i o n s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t h e T a i C h i t e r m .
R e s u l t s : The MMN a m p l i t u d e s a f t e r t h e T a i C h i term t e n d t o b e g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e b e f o r e t h e T a i C h i term a t Fz and C z . The P 3 0 0 l a t e n c y a f t e r t h e T a i C h i term was s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r t e r t h a n t h a t b e f o r e t h e T a i C h i term a t P z .
C o n c l u s i o n : MMN and P300 might b e s e n s i t i v e t o o l s f o r measuring t h e e f f e c t s o f T a i C h i e x e r c i s e o n t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y .
Key words : T a i Ch , i e v e n t ‑ r e l a t e d p o t e n t i a l s
,mismatch n e g a t i v i t y
,P 3 0 0
,c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n
INTRODUCTION
T a i C h i e x e r c i s e
,o f t e n c a l l e d T a i C h i
,h a s b e e n r e g a r d e d a s b o t h t h e h i g h
巴s tf o r m o f m a r t i a l a r t s1 and an important regimen 1
,and f 1 2 o r t h e s e r e a s o n s i t h a s e n j o y
巴dgrowing p o p u l a r i t y n o t o n l y i n t h e Far E a s t b u t a l s o i n many W
巴s t e r nc o u n t r i e s . T a i C h i h a s com
巴t oa t t e n t
lOn a s a n e x e r c i s e f o r i t s b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y and p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y . 3 1 And i t c o u l d b e recommended a s a m e n t a l t r a i n i n g method t o a m e l i o r a t e c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n
,e s p e c i a l l y a t t e n t i o n f u n c t i o n
,41 However
,t o o u r k n o w l e d g e t h e r e a r e few s t u d i e s t h a t h a v e r e p o r t e d t h e c o g n i t i v e e f f e c t o f T a i C h i o n t h e e l d e r l y u s i n g o b j
巴c t i v em e a s u r e s
目Event
】r e l a t e dp o t e n t i a l s ( E R P s ) a r e commonly u s e d a s p h y s i o l o g i c a l measures o f c o g n i t i v e
( 8 8 ) W
巴n c h a o W ANG e t a l .
f u n c t i o n b e c a u s e t h e y a r e e a s i l y measured and a r e n o n ‑ i n v a s i v e
目1 np a r t i c u l a r
,d i s t u r b a n c e o f t h e P300 component
,an i n d i c a t o r o f c o g n i t i o n
,h a s been s u g g e s t e d . 5 1.
日I We had examined t h e e f f e c t o f T a i C h i on t h e e l d
巴r l yw i t h c e r e b r a l v a s c u l a r d i s o r d e r (CVD) u s i n g P300
,and r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e was n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between t h e c o n d i t i o n s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t h e T a i C h i t e r m . 円 However
,o n e o f t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h i s r e s u l t was t h e s h o r t term ( a b o u t 1 2 w e e k s ) . Th
巴r
巴f o r e
,i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y
,w
巴r e c r u i t
巴dp a r t i c i p a n t s who c o u l d p a r t i c i p a t e i n T a i C h i e x e r c i s e o v
巴ra l o n g term ( a t l e a s t 5 mon
出s ) .
F u r t h e r m o r e
,we had examined t h e e f f e c t o f T a i C h i u s i n g n o t o n l y P300 b u t a l s o mismatch n e g a t i v i t y (MMN). The MMN componen , t an ERP component t h a t f u n c t i o n s i n a d i s t i n c t i v e s t i m u l u s d i s c r i m i n a t i o n p r o c e s s t h a t u t i l i z
巴st h e s e n s o r y memory o f p r i o r s t i m u l i
,i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a n i m p o r t a n t mechanism f o r r a p i d d e t e c t i o n o f c h a n g e s i n t h e o u t e r w o r l d
, 自 由p tt h o s e c o n c e r n i n g t h e f i e l d o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . T h e r e f o r e
,i t r e f i e c t s a n a u t o m a t i c c e r e b r a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n p r o c e s s
,n o t u n d e r a t t e n t i v e c o n t r o . 1
81To o u r knowledge
,t h e r e i s n o r e p o r t t o i n d i c a t e t h e e f f e c t o f T a i C h i o n c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n i n t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y u s i n g e v e n t ‑ r e l a t e d p o t e n t i a l s (MMN a n d P 3 0 0 ) . Ther
巴f o r e
,i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y
,w
巴 巴xaminedt h
巴e f f e c to f T a i C h i on c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n i n t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y u s i n g e v e n t ‑ r e l a t e d p o t e n t i a l s (MMN and P 3 0 0 )
METHODS Study design
T h i s p i l o t s t u d y i s a p r o s p e c t i v e c l i n i c a l t r i a l t o
巴v a l u a t
巴t h ep s y c h o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f T a i C h i f o r t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y u s i n g ERPs (MMN and P 3 0 0 ) . T h i s s t u d y was a p p r o v e d by t h e 1 n s t i t u t i o n a l Review Board o f Nara M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y
目W r i t t e ni n f o r m e d c o n s e n t was o b t a i n e d from a l l s u b j e c t s b e f o r e t h e s t u d y
Study s e t t i n g and population
The p a r t i c i p a n t s were v o l u n t a r i l y r e c r u i t e d u s i n g p o s t e r s
目Wee x c l u d e d p a r t i c i p a n t s t h a t were u n d e r 6 0 y e a r s o l d
,had a p s y c h i a t r i c a n d / o r p h y s i c a l m e d i c a l h i s t o r y
,o r had a l r e a d y e x p e r i e n c e d T a i C h i . The p r e s e n t s t u d y e n r o l l e d 8 h e a l t h y p a r t i c i p a n t s . They c o n s i s t e d o f 4 m a l e s and 4 f e m a l e s . A l l s u b j e c t s were ] a p a n e s e and r i g h t ‑ h a n d e d . T h e i r mean a g e was 6 2 . 7 5 ( S D : 2 . 7 1 ; r a n g e : 6 0 ‑ 6 8 ) y e a r s
目TheMMN l a t e n c i
巴sand a m p l i t u d e s and P300 l a t e n c i e s and a m p l i t u d e s were e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e s u b j e c t s b o t h b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e T a i C h i
巴x e r c i s eterm a t t h e same t i m e o f day ( 1 0 : 0 0 ‑ 1 1 : 0 0 a . m . ) . The s u b j e c t s w
巴r emade t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n T a i C h i e x e r c i s e a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e a f t e r m e a s u r i n g t h e ERPs
,and t h e ERPs wer
巴measur
巴da s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e a f t e r t h e T a i C h i e x e r c i s e t e r m .
Tai Chi
The T a i C h i program 9 1 was b a s e d o n 2 4 ‑ s t y l e . P a r t i c i p a n t s were made t o p e r f o r m 1 0 0 ‑ m i n u t e s
T a i C h i s e s s i o n s o n c e a week f o r a b o u t 6 months ( t h e i r mean term o f T a i C h i : 6 . 5 0 ; S D : l . 8 5 ;
r a n g e : 5 ‑ 1 0 m o n t h s ) by t h e T a i C h i e x p e r t (W . w ) . Each s e s s i o n i n c l u d e d t h e f o l l o w i n g : ( 1 ) 3 0
m i n u t e s o f warm‑up and a r e v i e w o f T a i C h i p r i n c i p l e s
,( 2 ) 6 0 m i n u t e s o f T a i C h i p r a c t i c e
,a n d
( 3 ) 1 0 m i n u t e s o f c o o l i n g d o w n .
EFFECTS OF T A I CHI EXERCISE ON THE HEAL THY ELDERL Y AS MEASURED BY EVENT
目RELATED E v e n t ‑ r e l a t e d p o t e n t i a l s
Measurements
POTENTIALS ( 8 9 )
Based o n t h e g u i d e l i n e s f o r e v o k e d p o t e n t i a l measurement
,MMN a n d P 3 0 0 were o b t a i n e d by a u d i t o r y o d d ‑ b a l l t a s k s . An NEC M u l t i S t i m I I (NEC
,Tokyo
, ]a p a n ) was u s e d a s t h e a u d i t o r y s t i m u l u s s y s t e m
M M N
Tone b u r s t s a t 1 0 0 0 Hz s t a n d a r d s t i m u l i ( P = 0 . 9 ) a n d a t 1 1 0 0 Hz d e v i a n t s t i m u l i ( P = O . l ) ( 巴 a c h s t i m u l u s l a s t e d 5 0 m s e c ) were p r e s e n t e d a t 5 0 0 msec i n t
巴r v a l sa n d a t a n i n t e n s i t y o f 8 0 dB I n f r e q u e n t a n d f r e q u e n t s t i m u l i were g i v e n i n random o r d e r v i a h e a d p h o n e s . The MMN was measured w h i l e t h e s u b j e c t s
,a s i n s t r u c t e d
,were r e a d i n g b o o k s o r m a g a z i n e s o f t h e i r c h o i c e
,w i t h o u t p a y i n g p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e a u d i t o r y s t i m u l i g i v e n . P300
I n f r e q u e n t t a r g e t s t i m u l i were p r e s e n t e d a s t o n e b u r s t s a t 2 0 0 0 Hz ( P = O . 2 ) a n d f r e q u e n t n o n ‑ t a r g e t s t i m u l i a s b u r s t s a t 1 0 0 0 Hz ( P = 0 . 8 )
,w i t h e a c h s t i m u l u s l a s t i n g 5 0 m s e c . B o t h t y p e s o f s t i m u l u s were g i v e n a t i n t e r v a l s o f 1 . 5 s e c a n d a n i n t e n s i t y o f 8 0 d B . I n f r e q u e n t a n d f r
巴q u e n t s t i m u l i were g i v e n i n random o r d e r v i a h
巴adphon
巴s .The s u b j e c t s were i n s t r u c t e d t o pay a t t e n t i o n t o t h e t a r g e t s t i m u l i w i t h t h e i r e y e s open
,and t o p r e s s t h e b u t t o n a s q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e when e a c h t a r g e t s t i m u l u s was d e l i v
巴r e d
Recording and Analyses
ERPs were recorded with an MEB 2200 (NIHON KOHDEN
,Tokyo
,]apan) E l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a m s 但 E G s )w
巴r eo b t a i n e d a t t h e Fz
,Cz
,C3
,C4
,a n d pz p o s i t i o n s o n t h e s c a l p u s i n g d i s k e l e c t r o d
田Theb i l a t e r a l e a r l o b e s were u s e d a s t h e r e f e r e n c
巴e l e c t r o d
巴s i t e s .The r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e
巴l e c t r o d e swas s e t a t
<ニ5k Q. MMN was a n a l y z e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d between t h e 3 0 msec p r e ‑ s t i m u l u s a n d t h e 3 6 0 msec p o s t ‑ s t i m u l u s . P 3 0 0 was a n a l y z e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d between t h e 5 0 msec p r e ‑ s t i m u l u s and t h e 7 5 0 msec p o s t ‑ s t i m u l u s . A r t i f a c t ‑ f r e e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e s t i m u l i wer
巴a d d
巴da n d a v
巴r a g e da f t e r EEG a m p l i t u d
巴d a t a>=100μV a n d e y e movements were r e m o v e d . To p r e v e n t t h e s u b j e c t s from g
巴t t i n gt i r e d o , f o r u s e d t o
,p e r f o r m i n g t h e t a s k s
, 巴a c ht r i a l was c o n d u c t e d o n l y o n c e
目M M N
F i f t y r e s p o n s e s t o i n f r e q u e n t d e v i a n t s t i m u l i and 4 5 0 r e s p o n s e s t o f r e q u e n t s t a n d a r d s t i m u l i were a v e r a g e d s e p a r a t e l y . The waveform o f t h e f r e q u e n t s t a n d a r d s t i m u l i r e s p o n s e s was s u b t r a c t e d from t h a t o f t h e i n f r e q u e n t d e v i a n t s t i m u l i r
巴s p o n s e s .From t h e s u b t r a c t i o n waveform
,MMN was i d e n t i f i e d a s a n e g a t i v e wave w i t h a p e a k l a t e n c y f r o m 100‑250 msec MMN l a t e n c y a n d a m p l i t u d e were measured
P300
T h i r t y r e s p o n s e s t o i n f r e q u e n t t a r g e t s t i m u l i were a v e r a g e d . Of t h e ERPs o b t a i n e d
,P300
was i d e n t i 五 巴 da s a p o s i t i v e wave w i t h a peak l a t e n c y from 250‑550 m s e c . P300 l a t e n c y a n d
(90)
W e n c h a o W ANG e t a l . a m p l i t u d e were a l s o m e a s u r e d .
S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s
S t a t i s t i c a l c o m p a r i s o n o f s u b j e c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s between t h e two g r o u p s was p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a t w o ‑ t a i l e d p a i r e d t t e s t . The l a t e n c i e s a n d a m p l i t u d e s o f b o t h P 3 0 0 a n d MMN w
巴r ecompared between t h e c o n d i t i o n s b e f o r e T a i C h i e x e r c i s e a n d a f t e r T a i C h i e x e r c i s e u s i n g a t w o ‑ t a i l e d p a i r e d t t e s t . SPSS 1 7 . 0 J f o r Windows ( S P S S
,Tokyo
,J a p a n ) was u s e d f o r a l l a n a l y s e s .
RESULTS M M N
The g r a n d a v e r a g e MMN f r o m t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y a f t e r T a i C h i e x e r c i s e was g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t b e f o r e T a i C h i e x e r c i s e ( F i g . 1 ) . The e x a c t f i g u r e s f o r a m p l i t u d e s and l a t e n c i e s a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 1 . Th
巴meanMMN a m p l i t u d e s from t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y a t Fz a n d Cz a f t e r T a i C h i e x e r c i s e t e n d e d t o b e g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e b e f o r e T a i C h i e x e r c i s e ( T a b l e 1 ) .
P300
The g r a n d a v e r a g e P 3 0 0 from t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y a f t
巴rT a i C h i e x e r c i s e was g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t b e f o r e T a i C h i e x e r c i s e ( F i g . 2 ) . The e x a c t f i g u r e s f o r a m p l i t u d e s a n d l a t e n c i e s a r
巴l i s t e d i n T a b l e 1 . The mean P 3 0 0 l a t e n c y from t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y a t pz a f t e r T a i C h i e x e r c i s e was s i g n i 五 c a n t l ys h o r t e r t h a n t h a t b e f o r e T a i C h i e x e r c i s e ( T a b l e 1 )
DISCUSSION
P 3 0 0 l a t e n c y
,w h i c h h a s b e e n f o u n d t o i n c r e a s e a s d e m e n t i a symptoms i n c r e a s e
,i s c o n s i d e r e d a c o n s e q u e n c e o f a t t e n t i o n p r o c e s s
,r e a c t i o n s p e e d
,a n d i m m e d i a t e memory. S h o r t e r P 3 0 0 l a t e n c i e s i n d i c a t e s u p e r i o r m e n t a l p e r f o r m a n c e r e l a t i v e t o l o n g e r l a t e n c i e s .
lOlOur p r e v i o u s s t u d y r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e a r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e mean P 3 0 0 l a t e n c i e s from CVD a f t e r T a i C h i e x e r c i s
巴a n dt h o s e b
巴f o r eT a i C h i e x
巴r c i s e .I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y
,we r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e mean P 3 0 0 l a t e n c y from t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y a t pz a f t e r T a i C h i e x e r c i s e was s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r t e r t h a n t h a t b e f o r e T a i C h i e x e r c i s e . T h e r e f o r e
,t h e l o n g
巴rterm o f T a i C h i e x e r c i s e m i g h t c a u s
巴s h o r t e r P 3 0 0 l a t e n c i e s . Thus
,T a i C h i
巴x e r c i s emay p r o m o t e c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n .
Furthermore
,we measured MMN i n a d d i t i o n t o P 3 0 0 . The P300 component
,a p o t e n t i a l
g e n e r a t e d i n t h e f i n a l s t a g e o f s e n s o r y a n d c o g n i t i v e p r o c e s s i n g
,i s l i k
巴l yt o b e a f f e c t e d by t h e
c o g n i t i v e f a c t o r s p r e s e n t p r i o r t o P300 g e n e r a t i o n
,l i m i t i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n b a s e d s o l e l y o n t h e
P 3 0 0 . C o n s e q u e n t l y
,a
且l o n gt h e p r e ‑ P 3 0 0 p o t e n t i a l s t h a t r e f i e c t p r o c e s s i
孔gi t s e l f
,t h e r e a r e e a r l y
n e g a t i v e components t h a t a r
巴s t r o n g l yr e l a t e d t o a t t e n t i o n f u n c t i o n . Th
巴MMNcomponent i s
s a i d t o b e o n e o f t h e e a r l y n e g a t i v e c o m p o n e n t s . The r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i n d i c a t e t h a t
t h e mean MMN a m p l i t u d e s f r o m t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y a t Fz a n d Cz a f t e r T a i C h i e x e r c i s e t e n d e d
t o b e g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e b e f o r e T a i C h i e x e r c i s e . T h e r e f o r e
,t h e l o n g e r term o f T a i C h i e x e r c i s e
might c a u s e g r e a t e r MMN a m p l i t u d e s . Thus
,T a i C h i e x e r c i s e may a l s o promote a t t e n t i o n
f u n c t i o n .
EFFECTS OF T AI CHI EXERCISE ON THE HEAL THY ELDERL Y AS MEASURED BY EVENT
】RELATED POTENTIALS ( 9
1)There were two main l i m i t a t i o n s on t h e pr
巴s e n tstudy
目F i r s , t t h e sampl
巴s i z ewas s m a l l However
,we were a b l e t o e n t e r 8 p a r t i c i p a n t s over t h e long t e r m . Second
,t h
巴studyhad no c o n t r o l g r o u p . Therefore
,f u t u r e ERP s t u d i e s with l a r g e samples and a c o n t r o l group a r e needed t o determine whether Tai Chi i s e f f e c t i v
巴f o rimproving c o g n i t i v
巴f u n c t i o n .F i n a l l y
,i n t h
巴p r e s e n tstudy
,no mental and/or p h y s i c a l adverse e v e n t s were r e p o r t e d . Therefor
,巴T a i Chi e x e r c i s e may promote c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n ‑a t t e n t i o n f u n c t i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r
【andERPs might be s e n s i t i v
巴t o o l sf o r measuring t h e e f f e c t s o f Tai C h i e x e r c i s e i n t h e h e a l t h y e l d e r l y .
REFERENCES
1 ) Gu
,L X . : T e c h n i q u e s o f T a i C h i C h u a n . S h a n g h a i E d u c a t i o n P r e s s
,S h a n g h a i
,1 9 8 2 . 2 ) Hu
,Y Z . : Q i g o n g a n d s e t t i n g ‑ u p e x e r c i s e s . P e o p l e H y g i e n e P r e s s
,B e i j i n g
,1 9 6 3 .
3 ) P e o p 1 e ' s P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n P u b l i s h i n g H o u s e : T a i j i q u a n T o t a l C o l l e c t i o n . P e o p l e ' s P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n P u b l i s h i n g H o u s e
,B e i j i n g
,1 9 9 0 .
4 ) L i u
,Y .
,Mimura
, K.,Wang
, L.a n d I k u d a
, K.:P h y s i o l o g i c a l b e n e
五t so f 2 4 ‑ s t y l e t a i j i q u a n e x e r c i s e i n m i d d l e ‑ a g e d women. ] P h y s i o l A n t h r o p o l A p p l Human S c i 2 2
目2 1 9 ‑ 2 2 5
,2 0 0 3 .
5 ) H i l l y a r d
,S . A .
,Hink
,R . F .
,Schwent
,V .
L.a n d P i c t o n
,T . W . : E l e c t r i c a l s i g n s o f s e l e c t i v e a t t e n t i o n i n t h e human b r a i n . S c i e n c
巴1 8 2
・1 7 7 ‑ 1 8 0
,1 9 7 3 .
6 ) Naatanen
,R .
・Ther o l e o f a t t e n t i o n i n a u d i t o r y i n f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g a s r e v e a l e d by e v e n t
【r e l a t e d p o t e n t i a l s a n d o t h e r b r a i n m e a s u r e s o f c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n . B
巴h a vB r a i n S c i 1 3 : 2 0 1 ‑ 2 8 8
,1 9 9 0 .
7 ) Wang
,W.
,Sawada
,M.
,Noriyama
,Y .
,A r i t
払K .
,O t a
,T .
,Sadamatsu
,M.
,K i y o t o u
,R .
,H i r a i
,M. a n d K i s h i m o t o
,T . : T a i C h i v e r s u s r e h a b i l i t a t i o n f o r t h e e l d e r l y w i t h c e r e b r a l v a s c u l a r d i s o r d e r : A s i n g l e ‑ b l i n d e d r a n d o m i z e d c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l . P s y c h o g e r i a t r i c s 1 0 : 1 6 0 ‑ 1 6 6
,2 0 1 0
8 ) ]onkman
, L.M.
,Kemner
,C .
,V e r b a t e n
,M.N.
,K o e l e g a
,H
ふ,Camfferman
,G .
,vd Gaag
,R . ] .
,B u i t e l a a r
, ].K.a n d v a n E n g e l a n d
,H . : E v e n t ‑ r e l a t e d p o t e n t i a l s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f a t t e n t i o n ‑ d e f i c i t h y p e r a c t i v i t y d i s o r d e r
目c h i l d r e n a n d n o r m a l c o n t r o l s i n a u d i t o r y a n d v i s u a l s e l e c t i v e a t t e n t i o n t a s k s
目B i o lP s y c h i a t r y 4 1 : 5 9 5
】6 1 1
,1 9 9 7 .
9 ) C h i n a S p o r t s : S i m p l i
五e d
'T創j i q u a n '
,2 n d e d n . C h i n a P u b l i c a t i o n s C e n t e r
,B e i j i n g
,1 9 8 3
1 0 ) P o l i c h
,J . : P 3 0 0 c l i n i c a l u t i l i t y a n d c o n t r o l o f v
旦r i a b i l i t y .] C l i n N e u r o p h y s i o l 1 5 : 1 4 ‑ 3 3
,1 9 9 8 .
(92)
Wenchao W ANG e t a l .
Table
1.Amplitudes and l a t e n c i e s o f mismatch n e g a t i v i t y (MMN) and P300
MMN
l a t e n c y
F z 1 9 0 . 2 4 2 . 3 1 9
1.7 3 9 . 1 8 6 7 Cz 1 8
1.4 2
1.31 8 4 . 3 2 8 . 5 7 7 1 pz 1 9 0 . 9 2 8 . 3 1 8 8 . 1 3 0 . 6 7 0 6 C3 1 7 5 . 2 2 2 . 0 1 8 0 . 3 2 8 . 2 5 8 2 C4 1 7 6 . 2 1 7 . 4 1 8 2 . 8 3
1.32 8 3
MMNa m p l i t u d e
F z 3 . 1
1.9 6 . 2 5 . 8 1 0 5 Cz 2 . 7
1.6 5 . 8 5 . 1 1 0 6 p z 2 . 5
1.5 5 . 3 4 . 7 1 4 1 C3 3 . 2
1.5 5 . 6 5 . 6 2 2 6 C4 3 . 0 2 . 0 6 . 1 5 . 0 1 2 8 P 3 0 0 l a t e n c y
F z 3 5 1 . 9 3 2 . 2 3 4 4 . 5 2 3 . 2 3 9 4 Cz 3 4 8 . 8 3 3 . 9 3 3 7 . 1 2 9 . 3 1 3 0 pz 3 5 5 . 9 3 1 . 3 3 3 6 . 8 2 9 . 7 0 1 8 * C3 3 4 9 . 1 3
1.53 3 9 . 0 2 8 . 5 . 2 3 0
3 5 1 . 9 3 3 . 0 3 3 9 . 9 3
1.3F z ‑ 1 8 . 5 9 . 2 ‑ 2 4 . 0 1 5 . 1 2 0 0 Cz ‑ 1 5 . 2 4 . 4 ‑ 1 8 . 0 1 0 . 4 4 0 8 pz ‑ 1 7 . 9 3 . 3 ‑ 1 7 . 4 8 . 2 8 3 2 C3 ‑ 1 5 . 2 4 . 7
ー1 7 . 7 9 . 2 3 2 9 C4 ‑ 1 6 . 7 5 . 3
ー1 8 . 4 1 0 . 2 5 0 6
* P
く0 . 0 5
EFFECTS OF TAI CHI EXERCISE ON THE HEALTHY ELDERLY AS MEASURED BY EVENT‑RELATED
POTENTIALS
(93)一+ーBeforeTai C泊 ー+ーA白eげTaiChi
MMNFz
一
・‑861oreTai Chi
←←After Tai Chi latency(ms)
MMNCz
→ ‑Before Tai Chi
ー 勃‑After丁創 Ch
一←ーBef,αeT:剖Chi 一品一AfterT:臼Chl Latency(ms)
MMNPz
言
E E
‑50
山 吉
} ω
宮阜 aE
︿
七二
J 二 二
VlOO一一ニプ一一一200士三工一二二
400ー←8eloreTai Chi
‑←AfterT創Chi
MMNC4
50 V 1凹 150 2.00 250 3∞ 350 叩 同 国ncv(ms)
F i g . 1
.G r a n d a v e r a g e m i s m a t c h n e g a t i v i t y (MMN) o f h e a l t h y e l d e r l y s u b j e c t s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r T a i C h i e x e r c i s e
The g r a n d a v e r a g e waveform o f MMN b e f o r e T a i C h i e x e r c i s e i s t h e g r a y l i n e
,t h e g r a n d
a v e r a g e waveform o f MMN a f t e r T a i C h i e x e r c i s e i s t h e b l a c k l i n e
,a n d MMN i s shown by
a n a r r o w .
(94)
Wenchao W ANG e t a l .
P300 Fz
P300 Cz
P300 pz
L~tencv 加,)
P300C3
800
80C
800
800
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一tataney(ms) P300C4
800
ーゅー BeforeTai C叶
‑‑AfterTaiα"
→‑8e1ore Tai Chi
‑"""̲‑After Tai Chi
‑‑‑‑Before Taiαv
一 義 一AflerTal chl
‑ ←Before Tai Ch ベ ーAfterT副Chi
ー ←BeloreT創Chi ートーAfterTaI Chi