Scientific Note
!"
ῌῌ *
Determination of deuterium concentration in melted ice samples by the chromium reduction method
Hideaki Motoyama, Shinji Morimoto and Okitsugu Watanabe*
#,**-$/%+,&'(;,**-$0%.&')*
Abstract: We measured the isotope ratio of hydrogen (dD)in melted ice samples by reduction of the water sample with chromium powder. The reproducibility of thedD measurement is within+.*ῌ. ThedD of surface snow from coast to inland on the Antarctica ice sheet was measured. The measurement range was from ,**ῌto .**ῌ. ThedD of surface snow decreased gradually from coast to inland. Varia- tions ofdD agree withd+2O fluctuations. The deuterium excess in the coastal region was small, less than+*ῌ. We established the method of determiningdD in melted ice samples, which can be used to investigate the global environment system.
: +,- 2**./012 34, 567128 9.:+.*ῌ;<7=328 >?@7A BCD2EFGH<IJGK4LMN,128 OP:,**ῌGH .**ῌ7=328 EFGH<I QRSTSUdD:VCWXWY- Z[\:d+2O]^128 _2`abSEF7:+*ῌ;TVCWX, c5ZGH- dSefghijWZk7lm12nQSop14qYN U34f7=rsHD8 tuvw,xyzW ,{|128
+ . : } ~
m7=:D D #* W
S58 -+0O+2O:d+2O-+H,H#D* :dDL1-
D D;TCD4f8
#+*- #,*Kstandard14-V-SMOW #Standard Mean Ocean Water*,"5
*|t8 National Institute of Polar Research, Kaga+-chome, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo+1-ῌ2/+/.
>- Vol..1, No.,,+*+ῌ++*,,**-
Nankyoku Shiryo`(Antarctic Record), Vol..1, No.,,+*+ῌ++*,,**- ῒ,**-National Institute of Polar Research
d+2Oῌ
῍῎
#O+2ῌO+0*sample
#O+2ῌO+0*standard+῏
ῐῑ+***#ῌ*- #+* dDῌ
῍῎
#DῌH*sample
#DῌH*standard+῏
ῐῑ+***#ῌ*- #,* 101
V-SMOW Gonfiantiniet al.,+33/
ῌ !"#$%&'() *+,-./012 34 5#67!8 9:;9-<9d+2O2dD= >?@A!B.
CD2!E(FGHI# Craig +30+
dDJ2Kd+2OL+* -
DM'ῌN OP2P5QIRGH STU VWXY! VZ[9,<\]5QI A .NV^_HVZ[
d`aP deuterium excess 2bcH de2)fgG4!hB2'
i27jkI# l +31-
dJdDm2Kd+2O .
4NdW!nG)# -dW-X0G4ode p2) D5PῌOP a)4qῌrstuvXwk I#
xyPXzV DHN {|}~<X#IX Pk Friedman,+3/-; Nief and Botter,+3/3 2 {X#H,mH,O5QIx2 kP
XHorita+322!_HI' kgk x
=!gg&x'N8D2 *kI {
.#!8. gCZ= =!N8 D2!N8Q 2kI{|!"X! _H
Gehreet al.,+330xῌ!¡#)$¢£¤x5&
xX!8¥¦§kI#2¨©GH %&ªN
5dDzV2+,1$x«§C#I¬ N
)~®u£¯X°±²Q'(ῌ³VC#I&ª
%)NV-SMOWNdDWX*dDV-SMOWX´k aµbdDW
dDbῌa2¶( C.dDbῌa
N8
dDbῌaJ῍
῎῏ DῌHb DῌHam+ῐ
ῑῒK+***ῌ /
%·¸+ῌ¹%º»ῌ,-¼.
102
, .
H/Device:ῌ !"#
$%&'( MAT-deltaPLUS:ῌ !"# )*+,-./01 234,-5 672**8295-5:;<=>?0@2AB C 0# DEFGHI. JKH,L01
,CrM-H,ONCr,O-M-H, 0# KHO5 J$%&'(DPQBR STUVWXTY# 2Z[O DJ?01 \] $%&'(2^/._`01
+#
D*+Ja+2b?1 cd!ef CTC"A,**S#D!eWd g2h`i-5jkgl< f"mn mo,cc# pi qk<=T!r Hamilton"11*,N# G+mlDJstO uipIv=wTx!e)yz{|, -5EF}2J34?01 EF}~ f" UcS# ) R2//gD<
= 833.3ῌ\: mesh+**/,**:# G4,-.B 8n
ῌ+ H/Device# DCa
Fig.+. Schematic diagram of H/Device.
<=2A0 DD 103
2**
! "#$Cajon%&'('&)*+' ! ,-./&0 123145617890: !-*;<= >! ?@A 17
"#$BCD&EFGH0 GHI! 17JKLM4NAO P! ./B&DQRSTUV! 17QWXYO Z[\0]O
^_4O0
1`abc! "#$'d&QePfFgh056 ijN0 +k l! )mn23"#$oGH: T p<! /*; k : ! + 0*qrs k ,t JKLM"#$VH-uvwx
yz {T! BCD&EFQ,|! H,}"~,t HD }"~-t,-uv(zwQ ! +N"
#$ k
BCD&EF! 123?@A 17y }q&yt!
O17y }uvyyt QT UQ#[A!
uvyyD/HTq&yDῌHM! :l!
Q$A! dDsample/refQT
dDsample/ref}R*+t+***}ῌt! }2t
dDsampleῌref23V-SMOWy&:dDV-SMOWo! |Q
dDV-SMOWdDsample/ref¡dDref/V-SMOW¡
dDsample/refdDref/V-SMOW/+***}ῌt! }3t
UU ! dDref/V-SMOWV-SMOWy& ¢£0 uvyydD k
uvyy,dD¢£-¤ ¥¦ £ ! uv
yyQ1§! q&yQ0§! #[ADῌHM£Qe! ,
¨QdDsample/refQ¢£T q&23$©: ! +q&k l
+/QT
"#$ ! +ª W[H,y4+«H-¡ NA! J¬"~- kHD£®¯Q ,®¯Q °!
H-¡@±4²³OP+ªQ´µT4! H-¡@±Q¶d YO °!
R*῍
῎῏
}DῌHtsample }DῌHtref
ῐῑ
ῒ! }1t
·¸ῌ¹.ºῌ»¼ 104
H- -, i-ῌi,
i- i,
i!HD "
i!H, " i!H- "
i!H, "
!+*"
#$ %%i!HD"i!H,"i!H-" &$'$()*
H-+, -H,./0123i!H,",4( 5
k
i!H-" k6i!H,", !++"
7 !++" 7 !+*" (89:;
i- i,
i!HD "
i!H," k6i!H," !+,"
< 7 !+,"=>?@ A ./HDῌH,()3B25*C >,@ -(D9#$H,./0()E;F GH0H,./I (D9:;i-ῌi,J5: KLM4NO*;P%()3kQRST(
UP%CV WX YZ[\I](H-@ !k"B5: &?Y kC^5:;Iῌ_`ab c/de:;fI_MAT- deltaPLUS ,**+ghi,**-g,j2kl(mf; kQ/..-n*.//ppmῌmA
*Eo
I_pqH-@B5hi rHstuv wxyz/./{w|
}\~wdD9 A ] pqZ[\./I_D9
&:;Iῌ_`2 ;MF#$;f WX+{ !A +1 A -" I(l /l*
- . wxyz/./A
fdDQ1wxyz/./ !+/M" ()E
;:o ( ()+ !GLZ /; HG- ,/**" e:o v(¡¢ !HDO)3£H,OC¤T(#
$" C¥V +:odDV-SMOWQC¦,.**ῌ*Eo K§(¨ :;
fHDO©ªaEo 2« +(,L9$;
af +:o¬(:o %$+l®¯:o° (±+./L *./mlD,O !²;³33.1/῍" ´µ; #i(®¯:o ©
¶d·¸()¡¢J5¹º»A ¼ 105
dDV-SMOW +0*ῌH,
!+* /Torr"#$%&'()*+*L+) ,-(.$/ῌ %&012$3(45
+),(678$9:;<=>! ?
dDV-SMOW),@$ABCDEFGHIJ>F ?+),K
LMNO0P21QRSTUV;<>WXY6MZ[ >HIJ>F
dDV-SMOW !\!E]F^_$`= ?F$
dDV-SMOWabcdefgMNGhijkgeflmV gefXnMN
opF qrdDV-SMOW\sG>tuv
dDV-SMOW dDref/V-SMOW wG>cdefgdD
xydDstdῌrefz { x/z x3z =
dDref/V-SMOWyD|dDstdῌV-SMOW|D}dDstdῌV-SMOWῌ+***xῌz x+-z
~;<>
Dy
+|dDstdῌref
+***
+
+
}+***xῌz x+.z
$>
g ST $v;<*1G>F ~+G3cdefg ?<<cdefg/L
), 9:
cdefgdDV-SMOW\sG>! #¡¢£+T=¤W¥¦§
¨© xIAEAz ª«;<j¬cdefgV-SMOW xdDV-SMOWy*ῌ; sz SLAP
ῌ+ g®XY6¯sG>cdefg?XY6¯ xV-SMOW
°S1z
Table+. Standards and theirdDV-SMOWvalues fordD analyses.
±1 dDV-SMOWxῌz
DF, DF,**--+ DF,**--, DF*2,0-. DF*2,0-0 WS+++
WS++, WS+*, WS++-
.**.0 .-..0 .-../ -30., -3/./ -./.. ,,/.- +,0.* -/.-
¢²³´µ¢%¶·¸¹º 106
dDV-SMOW.,2ῌ Gonfiantiniet al.,+33/dD V-SMOW SLAPdD.,1.,ῌ !"#$%&
'()*+,-./0 1# V-SMOW#2345ῌ6789
DF, .dDV-SMOW:; <=DF,$>167892?. @
6789 ABC6 dDV-SMOWD;E#C.F G+#HIJDF,
<K6789dDV-SMOW$DF,#2:;LF
978dD*/#:;MFN#$ 678OPQR#S,F T= >
16789 DF, 2ABC6789D;UV2WXMFY# Z 16789 V-SMOW SLAP #[F>16789D;;\]#WXMF+, F
. . ^;_`a;b
!"#[FdD^;cdbefFN# gZhi9+2378j&#
k -lm#n2 o#p.2qrstu,#HM u,#HIJ2.Fvw 6st$x*.3ῌw yz2-῍{+.*ῌ
|}~#2.F 9dD$9*ῌ 3x./*ῌ
78#L 3~\ῌm\
ῌ, dDcdb
gZhi9+2378dD#p.2 qrst DdD "
Fig.,. Reproducibility of thedD analyses. Deviations of the measureddD (DdD) from their average value.
" ¡¢#[F9£g¤z¥^;¢3¦§78¨©C 107
.,*ῌ.2*ῌ Petitet al.,+333.**ῌ .0*ῌ Watanabeet al.,+333 !"#+.*ῌ$
%&'() dD&*+,-./012345678
9:&;<=/>"? -ῌ.&@ABC"#DEFG7HIJK= L &
dDV-SMOWM NOM 4P&@AQR*S-"TU8,**,V+*W$X/>YZ[\&]
^_`abῌcdef&gFhi3D 9:/>*jk,**,V+*W ,**-V,W &M*llT8 HIJK= L &dDV-SMOWM/>m"#Dn op0Dq P&rst+.2ῌ$u38 l7 HIJK= L qvwx yz{/>|}~G7"/ &m_&3 z{/>|
"~G7"HIJK= L &dDV-SMOWMq_07rF12"*6 08 S-"TG7@AQR+.*ῌ$%3 !&'()4i2 38 HIJK= L &EF"U@ABC ;!=/>"?+<
,*=; "G7l4+</>"HIJK= L &dDV-SMOWM_045678
l7&l4 !;!=/>* - ./0'()4¡
F)*¢645678
ῌ- ;<=/>"?£FG7HIJK= L &dDV-SMOWM ¤¥;¦§ 4P&@
AQR ¨;©§
Fig.-. Day-to-day variation of dDV-SMOW values for the reference H, gas determined by standard water. Average values (open circles; left axis) and standard deviations (bar; right axis) for a day are shown.
ª«¬ῌ®¯ῌ°±²³ 108
/ .
S+1 !"#$%&' ()*+,-dD./.0123 4$56 d+2O712 Watanabe et al., +3313/.89:; dDd+2O<=>?@A :; B CDEDF GHEDF9I JKῌLK70MN4OPQRES; dDd+2O>
T9U9I3 ( V-WN<=7A NI3 dDd+2OX>Y -0RZ [\I3 //0 Y .]^ _`MJK d-excessGHab.123 c/
G1-H0d_`MJKESe NFcEaI3 c> 0fg
ῌ/ )*+,-JK4OPh dD _`MJK d-excess GHab3 %>,***i +,j,3k,**+i+j+/kl0 !"#$%&' Bmn o!pq!mrs3
Fig./. Latitude distribution of hydrogen isotope ratio (dD) and deuterium excess (d-excess) in surface snow. The observations were carried out along the traverse route from the coast to an inland dome, from,3December,***to+/January,**+.
ῌ. )*+,-JK4OPh dD LK4OPh d+2O GHab3 %>,***i+, j,3k,**+i+j+/kl0 !"#$%&' Bmn o!pq!mrs3
Fig... Latitude distribution of hydrogen isotope ratio (dD) and oxygen isotope ratio (d+2O) in surface snow. The observations were carried out along the traverse route from the coast to an inland dome, from,3December,***to+/January,**+.
tu"vwx0yIJK4OPhxz,56B{| 109
!
"#$%&' (. )*# +,-&./-0 12)3456 7 891: ;<!2' => dD?@AB dDd+2OCD6EF GHIJKLMN <' OP2QRSTUVῌWXMY> Z [,**ῌ-&[.**ῌ
\2]^E_GHM`aJb0cdMe!dDMfgJ
<'
῎ ῍
dDhijkhilmeῌnoI pῌ;qrsthiuvwxy z{|;}~M2b2' J' ?
~gB, +*,*.,*. : =¡¢'
῏ ῌ
Craig, H. (+30+): Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science,+--,+1*,ῌ+1*-.
Friedman, I.I. (+3/-): Deutrium content of natural water and other materials. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, +/,,+2ῌ,,2.
Gehre, M., Hoefling, R., Kowski, P. and Strauch, G. (+330): Sample preparation device for quantitative hydrogen isotope analysis using chromium metal. Anal. Chem.,02,..+.ῌ..+1.
Gonfiantini, R., Stichler, W. and Rozanski, K. (+33/): Standards and intercomparison materials distributed by the International Atomic Energy Agency for stable isotope measurements. Reference and Intercomparison Materials for Stable Isotopes of Light Elements, IAEA-TECDOC-2,/, International Atomic Energy Agency,+-ῌ,3.
Horita, J. (+322): Procedure for the hydrogen isotope analysis of water from concentrated brines. Chem.
Geol.,: Isot. Geosci. Sect.,1+,2/ῌ22.
£¤ ¥ +31- :v¦g)34' §¨ ©ª «¬® /-ῌ0+¯°;- '
Nief, G. and Botter, R. (+3/3): Mass spectrometric analysis of simple hydrogen compounds. Adv. Mass Spectrom.,+,/+/.
Petit, J.R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N.I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V.M., Legend, M., Lipenkov, V.Y., Lorius, C., Pepin, L., Rits, C., Saltzman, E. and Stievenard, M. (+333): Climate and atmospheric history of the past.,*,***
years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature,-33,.,3ῌ.-0.
Watanabe, O., Kamiyama, K., Motoyama, H., Igarashi, M., Matoba, S., Shiraiwa, T., Yamada, T., Shoji, H., Kanamori, S., Kanamori, N., Nakawo, M., Ageta, Y., Koga, S. and Satow, K. (+331): Preliminary report on analyses of melted Dome Fuji core obtained in+33-. Proc. NIPR Symp. Polar Meteorol.
Glaciol.,++,+.ῌ,-.
Watanabe, O., Fujii, Y., Kamiyama, K., Motoyama, H., Furukawa, T., Igarashi, M., Kohno, M., Kanamori, S., Kanamori, N., Agete, Y., Nakawo, M., Tanaka, H., Satow, K., Shoji, H., Kawamura, K., Matoba, S.
and Shimada, W. (+333): Basic analyses of Dome Fuji deep ice core, Part+: Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios, major chemical compositions and dust concentration. Polar Meteorol. Glaciol.,+-,2-ῌ23.
±²³ῌ´xµῌ
110