Chinese-type of Market Mechanisms : Performance and Prospects

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Chinese‑type of Market Mechanisms : Performance and Prospects

著者 KIKUCHI Michiki

出版者 Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University

journal or

publication title

Journal of International Economic Studies

volume 13

page range 25‑37

year 1999‑03

URL http://doi.org/10.15002/00002144

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O1999TheInstitutcofComparativcEconomicStudies,HosciUmiversity

Chinese-typeofMarketMechanismｓ

－ＰｅｒｆｂｒｍａｎｃｅａｎｄＰｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｓ

ＭｉｃｈｉｋｉＫｉｋｕｃｈｉ

Ｆｈ“ノリq/ECO"omjcMYbsej[加j…i妙

1．Introduction

TwentyyearshavepassedsinceChinabegantotransfbrmitscentralplanned economicsystemtowardamarket-orientedeconomicone・Duringtheseyears，

China,srealGDPhasincreaseｄａｔａｎａｖｅｒａｇｅａｎｎｕａｌｒａｔｅｏｆｌ0.8％、Thisisthe highestgrowthrecordofanycountryduringthisperiod、Whnemanydeveloping countrieswiththenotableexceptionoftheNIEsandASEANcountrieshavefailed toreachthetake-ofTofeconomicdevelopment,Chinahasbeenlaunchedontoahigh economicgrowthorbit・Inaddition，Chinahassucceededintransfblminｇｉｔｓｅｃｏ‐

nomicsystemfromcentralplanningtowardmarketmechanisms,adoptinga`gradual- ist，approachincontrasttothe`radicalism，ｔａｋｅｎｂｙｔｈｅｆｂｒｍｅｒＵＳＳＲａｎｄＥａｓｔｅｍＥuropeancountries・ＷｅｃａｎｓａｙｔｈａｔＣｈｉｎａ,seconomicdevelopmenthasbeenreal- izedthroughtransfblmationoftheeconomicsystem，andtherefbreChinahasbeen victoriousintwoevents,namelyeconomicdevelopmentandthetransfbrmationofthe economicsystem、

Incidentally,Imuststatethatithasbeenacurioustypeofdevelopment,because thishighrateofeconomicgrowthhasbeenaccompaniedwiththestrictestbirth controlpoliciesthathumanbeingshaveneverbeensubjectto、Chineseleaders，

whetherofconservativeorrefblmatistfactions,haveallfavoredbirthcontroLWe maysaythatmodernChineseleaderssharethesameapprehensionsthatMalthusfblt attheendofl8thcentury・TheChinesegovernmenthasfもarCdthatChinamightfnll intoa`Malthusiantrap,、Meaningthatthehugefboddemandbroughtbylargescale populationincreasemayarrestcapitalfbrmationandquicklybringabouteconomic stagnation・

Ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ,ｉｎｔｈｅａｕｔｕｍｎｏｆｌ９９４１ｈａｄａｃｈａｎｃｅｔｏseeaninterCsting automobileshｏｗｗｈｉｃｈｗａｓｒｕｎｂｙｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｉｎＰｅｋｉｎｇ、Thegovern- mentinvitedtheleadersofmajorautomobilecompaniesfromadvancedcountriesto takepartintheshowbybringingblueprintsfbracompactsizecarfbrtheChinese people・Itwasagloriousshowwiththemajorcompaniespresentingtheirowncars withgreatefTbrt、ＴｈｅｙｍａｄｅｅｖｅｒｙｅｆｆｂｒｔｔｏｂｅｃｈｏｓｅｎａspartnersofChinesecar makersandtohavetheirmodeladoptedasapopularnationalcar，TotheseWestern automobileCompanies,onthevergeofthe21thcentury,china,ｓｍａｒｋｅｔｉｓｎｏｄｏｕｂｔｔｈｅｋｅｙｔｏｓｕｒｖｉｖaLBefbreandaftertheshow,leadersoflarge-scalecompaniesfrom

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Chinese-typcofMarketMechanisms-PcrfbrmanccfmdProspects

aroundtheworldinvariousindustriescouldbeseenvisitingPekingtobeallowedto entertheChinesemarket、Iwasimpressed,itseemedlikeamoderntributaryfbreign policyinitiatedbytheChinesegovernment・Needlesstosay,china,seconomicper‐

fbrmancewillexertgreatinfluencｅｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｏｎｉtsAsianneighbors,includingJapan，

ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ，

Inthisarticle,ＩｗｉｌｌｔｒｙｔｏｔｈｒｏｗｓｏｍｅｌｉｇｈｔｏｎｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃteristicsofChinese marketmechanismsthathavebroughtaboutthisremarkableeconomicperlbrmance，

andanalyzetheirfntureprospects．

n．DevelopmentthroughTransfbrmatioｎ㎡ｔｈｅＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＳｙｓｔｅｍ

１．ＰｈａｓｅｓｏｆＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ

Ｔｏｓtartwith,Iwillbrieflytracetheprocessoftheeconomicdevelopmentofthe pasttwentyyearsBasedonthedecisionadoptedonthethirdplenumofthellth CentralCommitteeoftheChineseCommunistParty(CCP),heldinl978,theHouse‐

holdResponsibilitySystemfbrAgriculturalProductiongraduallytooktheplaceof collectivefarmingunderthePeople，sCommunesystem・Theaimoftheintroduction ofthissystemwastogiveincentivestopeasantsbyallowingthemtofiPeelyselltheir agriculturalproductsafterdeliveringthecontractedproductstolocalgovernment，

Thisshiftinagriculturalproductionsystemledtoconstantincreasesincropproduc- tion,andmadethenon-agriculturaltownshipandvillageenterprises(TVEs)prosper‐

ous、Asaresult，thepurchasingpowerofChinesepeasantsraisedconspicuously・

Theirdesirefbrconsumptionstimulateddomesticdemandfbrconsumergoods,such asapparels,shoes,dailynecessities,andhouses,etc，Thesegoodsweremainlysup‐

ｐｌｉｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＴＶＥｓ、Thusinruralareas，apositivecirculationbetweengoodsand moneyemerged、Thatistosay,ａｃyclewascreatedofmcreaseofpeasant,sincome leadingtoanexpansionofdemandfbrconsumergoods，andanincreaseofsavings leadingmturntoanenlargementofequipmentfbrproductionbyTVEs,andthisin turntoafnrtherincreaseintheincomeofpeasants・

Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｗａｙ,ChineseeconomicgrowthinthefIrststage，during1979-84,was fimdamentallyachievedbytheincreasesinanagriculturalproductivitythat promptedbytheintroductionoftheResponsibilitySystemfbrAgriculturalProduc‐

tion

ThesecondstagestartedinOctober，1984．Ａｔｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｐｌｅｎｕｍｏｆｔｈｅｌ４ｔｈＣｅｎｔｒalConunittee，ｔｈｅＣＣＰｅｍｂａｒｋｅｄｏｎａｐｌａｎｔｏｔｒａｎｓｆｂｎｎｔｈemanagement mechamsmofstate-runenterprises・WhiletheefTectofthetransfbrmation，ａｓａｗｈｏｌｅ，hasnotbeensofavorable，theaverageincomelevelofurbanworkershas continuedtoraise・Ｆｒｏｍｌ９８４ｏｎ，ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔfactors behindthehighrateofeconomicgrowth,byenlargingdomesticdemand・Repeating thepatternofpeasants,urbandwellershavebeeninducedtobuyconsumptiongoods andparticularly,`threenewriches,,ｎａｍｅｌｙＴＶｓｅｔｓ,refiPigerators,andwashingma- chines，Thisardentdesirefbrdurableconsumergoodshasstimulateddomestic demandMoreover,ｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｃｏｍｅｏｆｕrbanresidentshascreated

ashiftinthecompositionofsavings,from８０％（rural)ｔｏ２０％（urban)ml980,ｔｏ

２０％（rural)to８０％(urban)inl997(StateStatisticalBureau,1998)．Thissuggests

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ｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｇｒｏｗｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏfurbanresidentshascontributedtocapital

fbrmation

Inadditiontotheexpansionofdomesticdemandfbrgoodsandofthecapital supply,ｗｅmustconsiderfbreigntradcandinvestmentasabasicfactorbehindeco‐

nomicdevelopmenL

Thetrade/GDPratiohasbeenincreasingconstantlysincel978・Itrosefrom lZ5inl979to45､5inl997(StateStatisticalBureau,1998)．ThusChinaisnowranks

asoneofworld,scountrieswithhighesttrade/ＧＤＰratio,andgeneraUyseenasa

countrywithanoutward-orienteddevelopmentstrategy、Intheprocessofdevelop‐

ment,thestructureofexportsandimportshasgreatlychanged・Intermsofexport structure,thepercentageofrawmaterialsandagriculturalproductshasdecreased，

whereasthatofmanufacturedproducts，includingmachinery，andelectricappara-

tuses,hasmcreasedremarkably・Intermsofimportstructure,thepercentageofraw

materials,includingcrudeoil,ｈａｓｂｅｅｎｏｎａｎｒｉｓｉｎｇｔｒｅｎｄ・

Asfbrfbreignfina､Ｃｅ，andinparticulardirectinvestment，thesumandthe

investmentfieldhaveremainedlimited・ItwasnotuntilDengxiaoping,sl992grand

tourofsouthernareasthatfbreigndirectinvestmentbecamefnll-fledged，Froml993 on,therateofincreaseoffbrCigndirectinvestmentcomparedtothepreviousyearhas beenmorethan20％onaverage(StateStatisticalBureau,1998)．Inl997thiSsum

reachedUSonemilliondollars,andChinabecameworld'slargestacceptoroffbrcign

investment，Ofcourse，ｔｈｉｓwasthemainimpetusbehindChina,ｓｒａｐｉｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈＳｏｗｅｍａｙｃａｌlthisperiodthethirdphaseintheprocessofeconomicdevel-

opmenL

Thisshortsurveyofthepasttwenｔｙｙｅａｒｓｔｅｌｌｓｕｓｔｈａｔｉｔｉｓｎｏｔｐｒｅｃｉsetoassert

thatChma，ｌｉｋｅｔｈｅＮＩＥｓ，realizedeconomicdevelopmentbyadoptinganexport‐

orientedstrategy．

2．Ｎｏｎ－ＭａｒｋｅｔＦａｃｔｏｒｓｉｎｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＭａｒｋｅｔＳｙｓｔｅｍ

ｌｔｍａｙｂｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｓｅｎｓｅｔhatmarketmechanismsbroughtthis１℃markableper‐

fbrmanceofeconomicdevelopmentafterthefailureofthecentralplannedeconomic

system・However,thefbllowingfactsindicatethatwecannotsimplyattributethe perfbrｍancetomalketmechanisms,butthatweneedtopayattentiontothebaseand

conditionswhereinmarketmechanismsworkedeffbctively、Needlesstosay,Idonot

intendtosupportthecemralplannedeconomicsystem・Instead,Iwanttomakeclear

ishowmarketmecｈａｎｉｓｍｓｈａｖｅｃｏｍｅｔｏｏｐｅｒａｔｅａｎｄｔｏｂringaboutthesepositive

results．

DPrematureHeavylndustrialization

First,ＩｗｏｕｌｄｌｉｋｅｔｏｔａｋｅａｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅｔｈｅfbrmergrowthrateofNational Revenue（ＮＲ,GDPminustheservicesector，svalueadded）asevidencethatwe cannotignorecontinuityfromthepast・ＴｈｅＮＲｇｒｏｗｔｈｒａｔｅｗａｓｎｏｔｓｏｌｏｗｅｖｅｎln thecentral-planningperiod,exceptfbrtheSecondFive-Year-Planperiod（1958-62）

whentheGreatLeapForwardcausedminusgrowthDuringeachFive-Year-P1an period,theChinesenationaleconomymaintainedarelativelyhighrateofgrowth：

duringtheflrstperiod（1953-57)NPgrowthwas8９％,intheEconomicAdjustment period（1963-65）itwas14.7％inthethirdperiod（1966-70）8.3％,thefburthperiod (1971-75）5.5％,andinthefifthperiod（1976-80)was6.1％(StateStatisticalBureau，

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ChiIuese-typcofMarketMcchzmisms-PerfbmmanceandProspccts

1985)．Thesefhctssuggestthatitwasduringthecentral-planningperiodthatthe

preparationsfbrrapidgrowthwereconceivedOfcourse,wemustrememberthatthe economicgrowthinthosedayswasunstable,mainlyowingtopoliticalfluctuations Moreover,therewasneitherstrikingprogressinefficiencyofproductionnorinim- provementinproductquality,becauseofalackofincentivesfbrbothmanagersand workersfbreffbrt，Moreover，copyingStalin,smodelofcentral-planedeconomy・

ＴｈｅChmesegovernmentpursuedanindustrializationstrategywhichconcentrated investmentmainlyintotheheavymdustrysector,resultinginadistortedindustrial structurewithafmgilelightindustrysector,sbase、

WehaveleamedthatChinesepeopleexperiencedmanymiserableandunfbrgiv- ablethmgsintheprocessofthedevelopmentofheavyindustry・

Inspiteofthedistortionoftheindustrialstructure,ｗｅshouldtakeintoaccount theexistenceofprematureindustrializatio､,andthefU11-settypeindustrialstructure ThatunexpectedefTectofthishasbeenanadequatepreparationfbrthepresenthigh speeddevelopment・Objectivelyspeaking,wecannotdisregardthecompletionｏｆｈｅａｖｙindustryasapreconditionfbreconomicgrowth・Withoutsuchanindustrial base,ｉｔｗｏｕｌｄｈａｖｅｔａｋｅｎｍｏｒｅｔｉｍｅａｎｄｍｏｎeytorealizesuchexcellenteconomic perfbrmance．

2）LandRefbrmandlrrigation

China,srecenteconomicprosperitywouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthe preconditionofthere-distributioｎｏｆｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｔｏｕｔｉｌｉｚｅａｒａｂｌｅｌａｎｄbyindividual households・UnderthePeople，ｓＣｏｍｍｕｎｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ，arablelandwascollectively ownedａｎｄｕｔｉｌｉｚｅｄＴｈｅｔｙｐｅｏｆcoUectivefarminghelpedtosolveafbwproblems，

particularlyincreasesinfbodproductiontoemancipatethegrowingpopulationfrom starvation・Thoughsubsistencewasmaintained,itwasdifTiculttoraiselivingstan- dards,becauseofalackofincentivesfbrpeasantstoincreaseagriculturalproduction・

ＴｈｉｓｗａｓｗｈｙｔｈｅＣＣＰｄｅｃｉｄｅｄｔｏａｌｌｏｗeachhouseholdtotakethemitiativefbr agriculturalproduction・Thusruralhouseholdsbecamethefimdamentalumtof agriculture,basedonthere-distributionofarablelandAlthoughtheCCPstilldoes notallowtheprivateownershipofland,ｔｈｅｒｉｇhtofpeasantstoutilizetheirallocated landisguaranteedsubstantiallyasiftheywereowners・Atthefburthplenumofthe

l5thCentralComlnitteeheldinOctoberinl998,ｔｈｅＣＣＰｄｅｃｉｄｅｄｔｏｐｒｏｌｏｎｇｔｈｅｔｅｒｍｓofaUocatedlandutilizationfbranadditionalthirtyyears，

Onthispoint,china,sexperienceintermsoflandrefbrmisessentiallythesame asthatofJapan,TaiwanandKorea,althoughthebackgroundsandmethodswerenot necessarilythesame・Theexperiencesofthesefbureconomiestellsthatlandrefbrm，

ifsmoothlyaccomplishedintheshoｒｔｔｅｒｍ，successfUUycreatessmaU-holders，ｗｈｏ canplayadecisiverolcineconomicdevelopment，notonlyasproducersbutalso consumerswhosustaindomesticdemand・Ithinkthatwideranddeeperresearｃｈｎｅｅｄｓｔｏｂｅｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｒｏｌｅｏflandrefbrmasapreconditionfbrindustrializa‐

tion，ｆｒｏｍthepointofcomparativeanalysis・

Withregardtoagriculturaldevelopment，wecannotoverlookthebasiccondi- tionsfbrproduction・Thedistributionofarablelandandconstructionofagricultural infrastructuresuchasdikes，waterways，roadsetc.，wereproductsofthePeople,ｓＣｏｍｍｕｎｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ・Thosephysicalimprovementswereindispensablefbrsustainable mcreaseofagriculturalproductionundertheResponsibilitySystemfbrAgricultural

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Production．ＩtiswidelyacceptedthatthePeople,sCommunesystemreducedpeas- ant，swillingnesstoworkandthusledagriculturalproductionstagnateunderthe principleofegalitariandistributionlnaddition,ｔｈｅｐｒＯ]ectstomakevastwasteland intoarablelandandtoconstructtheinfrastructurewerecarriedoutbymobilizing workingpeoplewithoutcompensationNeedlesstosay,theftlults,painsandoppres- sivecontroloverpeasantsunderthePeople,sCommunesystemshouldnotbedenied ltwouldbeoverlysimplistic，however，toconcludethatcollectivefarmingwas wrong,ａｎｄｔｏｓａｙthattheintroductionofhouseholdfhrmingsuddenlyboostedagri‐

culturalproduction,whileignoringcapitalfbrmationunderthePeople，sCommune

system．

３）TheAmbiguityofProperty,anndC1oseRelationswithLocalGovernment

TVEsareseenasentelprisesofnaturalproductsofthemarketmechanisms、It

iswidelyacceptedthatthehighgｒｏｗｔｈｏｆＴＶＥｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｆＵｎｄａｍｅｎｔａＵｙduetotheir managementprinciples，selfLfinancingbasisandselfLresponsibilityfbrprofItsand losses・Suchanestimation,however,iscorrectasacomparisonwithstate-runenter‐

prises・Moreover,ｅｖｅｎｔｈｏｓｅｗｈｏｉｎｓｉｓｔｔｈａｔＴＶＥｓａｒｅａdaptabletomarketmecha- nismsrecognizethattheyhaveambiguousOwnership・Thisraisesanissueregarding thetheoryofNewlnstitutionalEconomics（NIE),namely,whyhaveTVEsgrown rapidlydespitetheirambiguouspropertiesownershipSomescholarsarenowpropos- inginterestingconceptstothrowlightontheissue・

WeitzmanandXu（1994)haveproposedaconceptofvaguelydefinedownership incontrasttotraditionalownership、Thatownershipcomesfromthe‘cooperative culture，oftheOrient，whichhasitsowncapabilityfbrsolvingtheproblemsthat

enterprisesface・

ＤａｖｉｄＤＬｉ（1996）saidasfbllow:facingauncertainmarket,theentrepreneur maywanttoincludethｅｇｏｖｅｍｍｅｎｔａｓａｎａｍｂｉｇｕｏｕｓｏｗｎｅｒ；inotherwords，the arrangementofambiguouspropertyrightsisaresponsetothegraynessofthemarket，

whichisafbrmofmarketimperfbction

AndJiahuaCheandYingyiQian（1998）understoodlocalgovernmentowner‐

shipasaresponsetoimperfbctstateinstitutions,awayofreducingtheadverseefTbcts

ofstatepredationintheabsenceofinstitutionstoconstrainthestate・

TheirdiscussionssuggestthatChineseeconomicdevelopmenthastakenplacein adiffbrentenvironmentfromtheOccident・Atleast，theyshareaconsensusthat privateownershipisnotanabsoluteconditionfbreconomicdevelopment，

AnotherissueisthatTVEsarecloselytiedtolocalgovernment,andsubstantially

inseparablehomｉｔ･

Ｏｉ（1995）proposedauniqueconcept,localstatescorporatismUsingthiscon-

cept，sheexplainedthatlocalgovemmentstreatTVEswithintheiradministrative

purviewascomponentsofalargercoporatewhole，ａｎｄｔｈａｔｌｏｃａｌｏｆｆＩｃｉａｌｓａｃｔａｓｔｈｅｅquivalentofaboardofdirectors・

Weingast（1995）stressedthatmodernChineselocalgovernmentshavethefimc‐

tiomofmaintainingamarket-preservmgfbderalism,andplaytheroleofshareholding coｍｐａｎｉｅｓｆｂｒＴＶＥｓ・Accordingtohim,thisfimctionandroleoflocalgoveTnments inducedcompetitionamonglocalregions,ａｎｄｉｎｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｔｏＬａtinAmerica,ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓ

ｎｏｒｏｏｍｆｂｒａｔｔｅｍｐｔｓａｔｒｅnt-seeking、

TherearealsobeenmanyhypothesesｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＴＶＥｓａｎｄｌｏcal

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Chinese-typcofMarketMechanisms-PerIbrmanceandProspects

government,especiaUyfromtheviewpointofcorporategovemance，ｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅ‘M typeenterprise,(QianandXu,1993)．Inaddition,somescholarshavefbcusedonthe ChinesetypeofleadershipasafactorfbrthedevelopmentofTVEs（Nee,1989．

Parris,1993）

AswiththeissueoftheownershipofＴＶＢＳ,therelationofTVEstogovernment isnotclearlyexplamablewithanyparadigmthatisadaptabletotheexperienceof developedcountries・Muchremainstobeunderstoodregardingthepartnershipbe- tweenTVEsandlocalgovernment．

111．Chinese-typeofMarketMechanisxn

１．ＭａｒｋｅｔＭｅｃｈａｎｉＳｍａＳａｎｌｄｅａｌＳｙｓｔｅｍ

DengXiaoping,ｓｌ９９２``grandtour,,ｏｆＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａｉｎｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｆｂnn processwasfbllowedinNovemberｌ９９３ｂｙｔｈｅｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｐｌｅnumofthe l4thCentralCommitteeoftheCCPtoproceedwiththeconstrucｔｉｏｎｏｆａ‘socialist marketeconomicsystem,．’、ｉｔｓdecision，theCentralCommitteestressedthatthe establishmentofasystemofmodementerpnseswasthesinglemostpressingproblem facingthecountry,andconcludedthatenterprisesshouldbeweededoutonthebasis ofmarketcompetition,andthatpriorityshouldbegiventoefficiencywhile‘`giving considerationto',thesystemofequaldistributionofincome・Thus，theCCPtook competitionasitsguidmglight,andafTirmedthebare,primitivemarketprincipleof thesurvivalofthefittest・Thereafter,inthedecisionofl5thgeneralmeetｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅＣＣＰｉｎｌ９９７，thisprinciplewasmoreclearlyexpressedasfbllows；‘Throughthe encouragementofmerge応,regulationsfbrbankrupcies,lay-ofYSandpersonnelcuts，

increasesofprofItsandre-employment，asystemofcompetitionamongenterprises basedontheprincipleofthesurvivaloftheHttestshouldbecreated.,This,accord‐

ingly,becameafTirmedasanationalprinciple,ｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｄｅｆａｃｔｏeradicationof restrictionsoneconomicactivitiesonthegroundsoftheirmfringinguponsocialist

ideals

2．PrimitivePrinciples

The`Socialistmarketmechanismeconomicsystem,,althoughqualifIedas`social‐

ist,,issubstantiallyacollectionofprimitivemarketmechanismfactorsOncemoti- vationfbrprofItwasofficiallyapproved，anatmosphereofmammonismspreadi、

china、Thedesirefbrdurableconsumergoodshas,ｏｎｔｈｅｏｎｅｈａｎｄ,contributedto enhancingdomesticdemandandhasledtothehigheconomicgrowthrate,butonthe otherhand,ithastransfbrmedvaluesandcausedsocialproblemsespeciallyinthe fIeldsofcultureandeducationManypeoplethinklittleofcultureandeducation，

andyoungpeopletendtosteerawayfromjobstothesefIelds,liketeaching、Since teachers，incomelevelislow,itisnotrareinruralareasfbrteachers,alreadyinshort supply,toabandontheirjobs、Pupilswhocan，tpaythemoneyrequiredbyteachers- thoughmostoftheserequirementsareillegal-arefbrcedtoquitschooLOneelder profbssor，whohaslonglivedinPeking，sighedashedescribedthisatmosphere，

tellingmethatmoneywasusuallyrequiredwhenaskingfbrafavorevenfiPomneigh- borsandcolleagues・

Theworkenvironmentsinsomeprivateenterprisesandinfbreign-owned

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enterprisesdemonstratethetypicalcharacteristicsofprimitivemarketmechanisms・

IwUltakeanexamplewhichlwitnessedinl993inWenzhou（acitylocatedm

southrnZhUjiangprovince),whichwasveryfamousasitsprivateSectorwasquite powerfnLMostfnctorieswerefllledwithnoisesandbadsells，andtheydischarged

untreatedwasteintoariver、Amanagerinonefactoryconfbssedthatmostworkers couldnotworkfbrmorethanthreemonthsbecauseofthepoorenvironments・Ｉｎｓｐｉｔｅｏfthepoorenvironments，largenumbersofyoungworkerswerecomingnot onlyfiPomneighboringvillagesbutalsofiPomremoteprovincessuchasSichuanand AnhuLTheysaidthatthehighincomelevelwasveryattractive,andthattheywould workasmanydailyhoursasPossible・ItseemscommonalloverChinaatpresentfbr workerstoprefertoworklongerandgainmoreincomethantoimprovelaborcondi‐

tionsandtheirlifeenvironments・KristofandWudunnalsoexplainedwhycentral

andlocalgovernmentshavenotintroducedminimumwagesSystems（Kristofand Wudunn,1995)．

３．Regionalism

Oneoftheinterestingfactsabouttheseriesofeconomictransfbrmationstaken byChinaisthat，whilemarketprinciplesaresinkmginanddomesticdistribution networksaregrowing,economicblocs,whichareafbatureoffeudaleconomies，are

developingAuthoritiesinsomeprovinceshaveclearlyannouncedthattheywill fbrbidsuchactions・TheCCPandcentralgovernmentoftencaUfbrabreakingdown

thedivisionsandcloseddoorstoregionalandsectoralmarketa

Thesefeudal-styleeconomiesarebelievedtohaveemergedinlargepartdueto theongoingchangeawayfromtheconventionalcentralizedsystem，whereinthe nationalgovemmentheldnearlytotalcontrolovereconomicactivitiestoasystem wheretheeconomyiscontrolledatboththecentralandlocallevels・Ａｌongwiththe increaseintheauthorityoflocalgovemmentsandtheselfLmanagementrightsof

enterprises,enterpriseshavecometorelymoreheavilyonthelocalgovernments,and

thelocalgovemmentsmturnhaveextendedprotectiontothelocalenterprises,acting

as“patriarchs,,oftheregion，Thisrelationshipisconsideredtｏｂｅｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎｓ

ｗｈｙｔｈｅｒｅｈａｓｂeennochangeintheexceSsivelysofｔｂｕdgetaryrestraints，asseen typicallyinstate-ownedenterprises，andfbrtheobstructionofinterdependencein management(MacroEconomicManagelnentlssuesGroup,1988)．

Thetendencytowardclosed-doorregionalismgoesbeyondeconomics,ａｎｄmto thejudicialandtheadministrativesectorsaswelLEvenlocalcourtssometimes

cancelmdictmentsagainstlocalofficialsandactinamanneradvatageoustothem- selves(People,Daily〔RenminRibao〕'０ct､26,1993)．

4．TraClition

Asmarketmechanismsspread,sometraditionalsystemshavebeenrevived，and

sometraditionalorganizationshavereappearedinslightlychangedfbrmaInparticu‐

lar，inruralarea，sometraditionalsocioeconomicsystemssuchasjointhold‐

Companies（股扮合作）andfIxed-daysmarkets（専業市場）etc、havecometoplay importantrolesindevelopmgtheruraleconomy・

Onetypeofprivateentelpriseisthejointholdingcompany,whichissaidtobe anidealtype,suitablefbrmarketmechanisms・

Chinesehaveatendencytoorgamzegroupscomposedofpcoplefromthesaｍｅ

3１

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Chinese-typeofMarketMechanisms-PerfbrmaHuceandProspects

Village,orprefbcture、Throughsuchgroups,ｔｈｅｙcanhelpeachotheratwhichfara‐

ｗａｙｆｒｏｍｈｏｍｅ、ItisatraditionalsysteminChina・Eventoday,insomebigcities likePeking,ShanghaiandGuanzhou,thereareplaceswithnamessuchasZhejiang

village（断江村）orWenzhoustreet（温州街)．Thenamescomefromtheplaces

whereｔｈｅｙｗｅｒｅｂｏｍ・ＴｈｏｓｅｗｈｏｃｏｍｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｏｗｎｏｒVillage，andare engagedinsmallsizecommerce,andmanufncture,helpingeachother・

Thistypeofgroupissuitablefbrpeopleengagedincommerceandindustryin remoteregions・Ｔｈｅｙcanlivebyprovidingmutualaidtoeachother,includinggiving andreceivinginfbrmation,debtandcreditoncapital,mordertoavoidrisk，

Ｓｏｍｅ５０ｙｅａｒｓａｇｏ,thelateYUjiMuramatsugaveauniqueviewofChinese attitudestowardmarketmechanisms，asfbllows；Generallyspeaking，theChinese lackthespiritofsavingsandareapttoenjoyconsumption・Undertheprincipleof laissez-fkliremarketmechanisms,excesscompetitionappearsamongpettyme1℃hants andartisans，Localgovernmentdoesn，thaveapublicfimction,andthosewhogovern becomeeagertopursuittheirownprofitsontheirbasesofprivatearms・Underthe duplicatedrelationsbetweencentralandlocalgovernment，theshareoffinancial incomeoflocalgovernmenttendstoincrease,ａｎｄthisisthejustmainfactorbehind theweakeningofcentralauthority、

InChina，marketenvironmentisnotregulatedbygovernment，themonetary systemisnotunited,ａｎｄｔｈefinancialorderisunstable、Peopleengagedinbusiness mustendeavortokeeptheirprofitssafbfromvariousdangerswithoutrelyingonstate orgovernment・Ｔｈｅｙｄｏｔｈｉｓｂｙｆｂｒｍｉｎｇｇｒｏｕｐｓｗｉｔｈｐeoplewhoarefromthesame village，orprefbcture，ThemotivationtofbrmsuchgroupsisclearlyselfIshAs fnctorsbehindthefbrmationofthesecommunitiesorgroups,bloodbondsandnon‐

proHtablebondsarenotsoimportant・MuramatsusawtheChineseasextremely

`mdividuate，（notindividualinthemeaningofmodernWesternworld）and mammonist（Muramatsu,1949,re-edition,1975)．

ManypeoplemaybecriticalofMuramatsu,ｓｖｉｅｗｓ,buthiseffbrttoproposea paradigm,withwhichonecouldhaveamoreproperunderstandingofthepattemsof Chineseeconomicactivities,canbehighlyestimated．

1Ｖ･ＲｅｔｕｒｎｔｏｔｈｅＧＣ１ａｓｓｉｃａｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃWorld，？

ＬＡＮｅｗＴｙｐｅｏｆＡｂｕｎｄａｎｃｅＷｏｒｌｄ

ＫｅｉＴａkeuchicriticizedtheneo-classicaleconomiRts,viewthatmarketmecha‐

nismsarealmighty,andheemphasizedthatthemtemalcontradictionsofcapitalism wouldlｅａｄｔｏａｎｅｎｄｔｏｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈａｌｌｏvertheworldHerecognizedthatthe ChineseeconomyhadthepoteｎｔｉａｌｔｏａｔｔａｉｎｔｈｅｓａｍｅｌｅｖｅｌｓｏｆｐｅrcapitaGDPas today,ｓＪａｐａｎａｎｄＵＳ.Ａ,andfbcusedattentiononthefactthatveryconditionsthat madethishigheconomicgrowthpossible,namely,limitsonsuppliesofrawmaterials andenergy，oversupplyofproductionfacultieｓｂｒｏｕｇｈｔａｂｏｕｔｂｙｔｈｅｈｕｇｅｓｉｚｅｏｆｍａchineIyandequipment,over-competitionanddistortionofemployment,diffIculty insecuringfbod,anddestructionofthenamralenvironment,etc、wouldultimately destroycapitalismitselfHeillustratedthisbyshowmgthatifChinadevelopstothe leveloftheadvancedindustrialcountrieslikeJapan，itsannualproductionofsteel wouldbeL2billiontons,surpassingtoday，stotalworldproductionby50％,ａｎｄthe

3２

(10)

annualproductionofautomobileswｏｕｌｄｂｅｍｏ1℃thanonehundredandfiftymillion peryear・Thissituationisbeyondallimagination(KeiTakeuchi,1995)．

Ｉｎａｎｙｃａｓｅ,themostseriousshort-termproblemfhcingChinawilllikelybefbod shortageinrelationtopopulation、TheChinesegovernmentissoafraidoffnlling intothe`Malthusiantrap,thatithasconsistentlymaintainedaseverebirthcontrol policy、Evenifthenationaleconomyprospers,ａｓａresultofrapidincreasesofpopu‐

lation,ｉｔｗｉｌｌｓｏｏｎｅｒｏｒｌａｔｅｒｂｅｇｉｎｔｏｂｅｆｎllintoa`trap'consistingofthefbllowing Circulation：economicgrowth-〉populationincrease--increasingｄｅｍａｎｄｏｆｆｂｏｄ

→decreaseofsavings--slowdownofcapitalfbrmation→economicstagnation．

2．FoodandPopulation

ltisironicthatLesterBrownhassupportedtheChinesegovernment,birthcon‐

trolpolicy,becausehereachedapessimisticconclusionsregardingtheprospectsfbr fbodsupply,contrarytotheconfldentviewsoftheChinesegovernment、Asiswell known,BrownconcludedthatChina,sfbodsupplywillbedeficientbyabout2025, becauseofthelargelyincreaseinfboddemand（Brown,LesterR.，1995)．Ｔｈｅin‐

creasingdemandwouldbecausedbyabsolutepopulationmcreases，aswellasby increasingdemandfbrhighqUalityfbod,meatandfishetc.,owingtotherisinglevel ofmcome・Asfbrthepossibilityofincreasingthefbodsupply,thereislittleunculti‐

vatedlandwhichispotentiallyarable,ａｎdinfnctthereiscultivatedlandatｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｉｎｄａｎｇｅｒｏｆｂｅｉｎｇｔurnedintohousingandfactorylots・Onemightthink thatthetechnologyfbrcultivationofriceandwheatcouldbeincreased，butChina hasreachedthehighestlevelintheworld,ｓｏｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏｒｏｏｍｆｂｒｒａｉｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒoduc‐

tivityofgrains・Othercountrieswhichexportgrainstoday,includingUS.Ａ,Canada，

Australia・etc・ｈａｖｅnoroomfbraugmentingquantities・Inotherwords,thereisno

countrycapableoffeedingtheChinesepeople，MoreovertheefYbctofChina，sgrain

shortagecouldserioulyaffectfbodconditionsinsomeAfricancountriesthathaveto importfbod、IfChinastartsbuyinggrainsontheinternationalgrainmarket,thecost wouldrise・ItwouldbecometremendouslydifTicultfbrthoseAfricancountriesto obtainfbod,becausetheywillnothavesufTicientexchangeablefbreignexchanges・

FoUowingthepublicationofthisBrown，sarticle,whichwastakenupsensation‐

allyaUovertheworld,ｔｈｅChinesegovemmentbecameseverelycriticalofhisview

andthereafterChinesepolicy-makersandresearchershavecontinuedtoputfbrth

vanouscounterargumentstohisoutlookThemainpointsofthedisputeareｉｓｅｓｔｉ‐

matesofthequantityoffboddemand,sizeofincreaseofpopulation，andextentof improvementofnutritionalfbodlifb・Giventhefactthattheestimatesarequite

difTbrent,ｔｈｅｒｅsultsnecessarilyvarywildly、Ｉｎａｎｙｃａｓｅ,whiletheChinesegovern‐

menthascriticizedBrown,scalculationsaboutpotentialfbodproduction，theftlct thatsuchdebatescontinueindicatesthatthefbodsituationinthenearfiltureisnot bright,andonthispointBrownandtheChinesegovernmentauthoritiesareunexpect- edlyinagreement・Ｉｎｔｈｅｓｕｍｍｅｒｉｎｌ９９６,Ｃｈｍａｂｏｕｇｈｔｓｏｍｕｃｈｃｏｒｎｏｎｔｈｅｉnter- nationalmarketthatpricesskyrocketedManyJapanesepoultryfarmerswerehurt

andsomehadtoabandontheirjobs・ThissuggeststhatBrown，sfbarisnotimaginary・

FortheChinesegovernment,Brown,ssupportofitsbirthcontrolpolicymaybe verywelcome・WhilemanypeopleinWesterncountriescondemnChmafbrthis

policy,fromtheviewpointofhumanrights，Ｂｒｏｗｎhasbeenunderstandingofthe

importanceofmaintainingthebalancebetweenthesupplyanddemandoffbod,ａｎｄ

３３

(11)

ChiIuese-typeofMarkctMechanisｍｓ－Ｐｃｒｌｂ｢manccandProspects

hasinsistedonthemaintenanceofthebirthcontrolpolicyinordertopreventpopu‐

lationgrowth・Ofcourse,ｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｈｅｂｕｔａｌｓｏｏｔｈｅｒｓｃｏｎｃｅｍｅｄwithChinesepopu- 1ationandfbodｉｓｓｕｅｓｔｅｎｄｔｏｓｅｅｌｉｍｉｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｒａｔｅofpopulationincreaseasan indispensablepreconditiontofallingintoaseriousfbodcrisis・However,asTakeuchi haspomtedout,today,sstrictone-childpolicymayleadtoafallintheChinesepopu- latioｎｔｏｓｉｚｅｏｆｉｔｓｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｈａｌｆｉｎｔｈｅｎｅarfUture,greatlydistortingthelaborstruc‐

ture（Takeuchi,1992)．Moreover,asthesocialsecuritysystemhasadoptedthe

prmcipleofthebeneficiarypayingfbroneself;ｔｈｅｒｏｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｋＬｍｉｌｙｗｉｌｌｂｅｃｏｍｅｍoreandmoreimportant・Underthissystem,ｅａｃｈｃｈｉｌｄｗｉｌｌｈａｖｅｔｏｃａｒｅｆｂｒｔｗｏｐaremsandfburgrandparenta

TheChinesegovernmenthasofYiciallystatedthattheone-childpolicywouldbe requireduntnthepopulationstoppedincreaｓｉｎｇｉｎ2030．Butrecentlytherehave beenslightchangesintherestriction,thegovernmenthasbegunallowingcouplesin somecitiestohavetwochild正､,astestcases・Bycontrast,someChinesepeoplehave cometosaythattheyoungurbangenerationactuallyhavecometoprcfertohaveone babyratherｔｈａｎｔｗｏｏｒｍｏｒｅ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｙｆｂｃｕｓｍｕｃｈｏｎｔｈｅｉｒｏｗｎlives・Evenifthis tendencybecomesclear,wiUitbepossibletopreventareactionagainstthefbrmer restriction？Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏｄｅｎｙｉｎｇｔｈａｔｂａｂｙｂｏｏｍｓａppearafterabanisremoved，

Additionally,onemustnotfbrgetthepresenceofu､official“fbrbidden,,babies，Itis saidthatinruralarea，theaveragefamilyhastwochildreninnorthemparts，and threeinsouthernpartsofthecountry．

３．Unemployment

Anotherseriousproblemisemployment・Ｉｔｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｓａｉｄｔｈａｔｓｏｍｅ３０ｐｅｒ‐

centoftheworkersatstate-ownedenterprisesaresuperfluous,andthatinruralareas onehundredmillionpeoplearesubstantiallydisguisedunemployed・

Ｉ、`the9thFive-yearplanandLong-termObjectivesfbr2010,，theCCPand centralgovemmentprOjectthatmthenextfiveyears40millionnewjobswillbe created,ａｎｄｔｈａｔｉｔｗｉｌｌｂｅｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｍｏｖｅ４０ｍillionagriculturallaborersinto non-agriculturalsectors,andtomaintaintherateofunemploymentａｔ４％inurban areas・Theypointoutthatinordertorealizethoseobjectives,itwiUbenecessaryto developTVEsandtoencourageprivateenterprise・Nowlwouldliketoexaminethe feasibilityoftheplam

Duringthepast20years,thenumberofnewly-employedworkeｒｓｐｅｒｙｅａｒｗａｓａｔａｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｏｆ7,880,OOOinl993,ａｍａｘｉｍｕｍｏｆｌ６,760,OOOinl985,fｂｒａnaverage recordofl3,270,000．Themainsectorswhichabsorbedthesenewworkerswere agriculture,ＴＶＥｓ,state-ownedenterprisesandprivateenterprises，Theannualaver- ageabsorptionofthesesectorsdurinｇｔｈｅｐａｓｔｌ２ｙｅａｒｓｉｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉ9.1,：2,520,OOO inagriculture,６，８１０，ＯＯＯｉｎＴＶＥｓ,2,480,OOOinstate-ownedenterprises,andinprivate、

enterprises,1,260,0OOinruralareasand68LOOOinurbanareas､Thereisamutual supplementaryrelationinthesizeofworker，sabsorptionbetweenagricultureaｎｄＴＶＥｓ、Whilethenumbernewworkersinagricultureincreasesinrecessionsand decreasesinbusinessuptums,thoseoftheTVEsshowanoppositetrend、Thiselastic‐

ityofabsorptioninagricultureresemblesthatofmodernJapan,whereasitfUnctioned asareservoirfbrsuperfluouslabor・ＡｓｆｂｒｔｈｅＴＶＥｓ,theircapacitytoabsorblabor continuestodecline,asanaturalresultoftherationalizationofenterprises、Though theTVEshavebeenseenasatypeoflabor-intensiveenterprise,thecapital/laborratio

3４

(12)

TrendofLaborAbsorption Fig.１

2０

1５

０５

１ ⑪留日○員」。⑪一旬函

0

５

1９８６１９８７１９８８１１８９１９９０１９９１１９９２１９９３１１１４１９９５１９９６Ｙｅａｒ

WholeRuralWorkers

AgricultureForestryFishcrStockRasing

ManuIEcture

BuiIdinglndustry Transportation Comme｢ccRestaurant OtheHs

hasbeennslngrapidly、Ｆｒｏｍｎｏｗｏｎ，theywillincreasinglybecomelabor-saving typeenterpnses，Thus,theyarenotexpectedtohaveastronglaborabsorbingeffbct eveniftheycontinuetodevelop・

IncontrasttotheTVEs,ａｓｓｈｏｗｎｂｙＦｉｇｌｓｈｏｗｓ,privateenterpriseshavecome tocontributetoabsorbinglaborersinbothruralandurba、areas・Needlesstosay，

theyonlyhaveacertaincapacitiesfbrlaborabsorption・Manyofthemarepetty enterprises,mostlyrunbyftlmilymembersrelatives． _●

Thoughthereductionofstate-ownedenterpnsesisregardedasakeypointfbr thefinalsuccessofthetransfbrmationoftheeconomicsystemtowardmarketmecha‐

nisms,workersatstate-ownedentelpriseshaveincreasedbytwoorthreemillionover thelastseveralyears、Itonlystartedtodecreaseinl996・

Itgoeswithoutsayingthatmarketmechanismsinvolveconstantcompetition，

andlay-ofYbarenaturallypartofthestrategyofanyenterprises・TheCCPandcentral governmentarerecommendingthatworkersemployedinstate-ownedemerprisesand ingovernmentalorganizationsfIndotherjobsthemselvesintertiaryindustries,and especiallyinservicesectors、Ｆｏｒexample,CCPSecretaryGeneral,JiangZeming,ａｔ

3５

｛二一

ＩＭＬ／／，'、－_{h）ｾﾞゲ'、}

１１、－Ｖ／、

１Ｉ、－￣_' ｂ‘ １Ｊ

０β 1Ｊ

１プ

￣￣￣

１１１１１１

￣

(13)

Chinese-typeofMarketMechanisms-PcrlbrmanceandProspccts

ｔｈｅｌ５ｔｈＣｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｏｆＣＣＰｈｅｌｄｉｎｌ９９７,ｓａｉｄｔｈａｔｉｎｔｈｅｌｏｎｇｒｕｎｉｔｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｉnthe interestsoftheworkingclasstopromotethepolicyofcuttingbackonworkersem- ployedinstate-runenterprises,thouｇｈｆｂｒｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｂｅｉｎｇｍａｎｙｏｆｔｈｅｍｗｏｕldinevi- tablyfnllintopoverty、

ＴｈｅＣＣＰａｎｄｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｈａｖｅｎｏｃｈｏicebuttosaythis,becausethecentraland localbudgetsareunderstrictconstraints,ａｎｄcannotcreatejobopportunities・The

experiencesofthepastseveralyearstellsusthatthosewhochangedoccupationhave

fbunditverydifTiculttomaintaintheirpreviouslifb，Jobsinservicesectors,includ- ingrestaurants,retail,repairshop,andtaxidriving,etc・involvesuchfiercecompeti‐

tionthatmostworkers,failtoobtainenoughearnings,andontopofthistheyarenot guaranteedsocialwelfare．

Ｖ･Conclusion

InspiteoftheoptimisticprOjectionsofChinesescholarsandstatesmenregarding

development,thereremainquiteafbwseriousproblemsinpromotingChina，s、In particular,IwouldliketopointoutthatChinaisconfrontedwithseveralfnctorsthat maybringitbacktoearth・Ｆｏｒexample,itsrisingpopulationmightmakeitsecon-

omystagnate・

ChinacannolongertrytorebuildSocialism・Thereisnootherwaybuttomain‐

tainthemarket-orientedandfi･eetradepolicy・However,isitreallycertainthatthe morewidelyandshalPlymarketmechanismsandthefreetradesystemareintro‐

duced,ｔｈｅmoresmoothlytheproblemsthatChinafaceswillbesolvedandthemore excellentitseconomicperfbrmanceｗｉｌｌｂｅ？

InthenearfUture,asitbeginstoparticipateintotheＷＴＯ,Chinawillenlarge itsfbreigntradeandintemationalnnancerelations・Withthedevelopmentoffbreign economicrelations,somecoastalregionswillbeftworedattheexpenseofinteriorand mountainousregions・Asaresult,theincomedifferentialsbetweencoastalandother regionswillgrowmoreandmore,spurringonregionalism、Ifthenecessarycounter‐

measuresarenottaken,thecentripetalfbrceofthenationaｌｓｔateasafiPameworkof thenationaleconomywillbecomeweakened・

ThedismantlingofthePeople，ｓＣｏｍｍｕｎｅｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｆｂｒｍｏｆｔｈesystem ofstate-runenterprisehascausedpeopletoHndthemselveswithoutassistanceWith‐

outsupportbythestateorcollectives,theyaregoingtoworkandlivmgliterally`with anindependentspirit,ａｓｗａｓｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｔｈeCulturalRevolution WhileefYbrtscontinuetoestablishnewsystems，andregionalinstitutionsfbrsocial welfhre,itisinevitablethatindividualsandhhmilieswillbearaheavyburden、The leadersofthecentralgovemmenｔhavesometimesexpressedtheideathatthefnmily shouldberesponsiblefbrsocialwelfareinruralareas,usingthetraditiona］spiritof respectfbrtheelderly・Inurbanarea，itseemsincreasinglywidelyacceptedthat individualbeneficiariesshouldbeartheexpensefbrtheirbenefits，Thusindividuals andfnmiliesareobligedtomakeindependenteHbrtstomaintaintheirownlives、Ｉｔｍａｙｂｅｔｈａｔｐｅｏｐｌｅｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｌｅｖｅlsofgovernmentswillbegintoexercisetheir powerstogetprofits・Ｓｏｏｎｔｈｅｏｎｅｈａｎｄ,thecentralandlocalgovernmentarebeing expectedtoplayamoreimportantrolethanmerely`modestinterventiontomarket，

ontheotherhand,itsfimctionsmustalwaysbemonitoredbypeople．

3６

(14)

ＡｓｏｎｅｏｆＣｈｉｎａ,sintellectualshaverecognized，thepresenthighlevelofeco‐

ｎｏｍｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈｍａｙｂｅｔｈａｎｋｓｔｏｔｈｅｐｏｓtponementofthesolutionofsomeserious problems．

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3７

Chinese-type of Market Mechanisms : Performance and Prospects