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SUT Journal of Mathematics (】Formerly TRU Mathematics) Vbl㎜e 28, Number 1(1992),2346

TYPES.OF FAITHFUL METACYCLIC 2−GROUPS

YoulcHI IIDA AND TosHIHIKo YAMADA

(Received April 6,1992) ABsTRAcT. Let X be a’ D complex irreducible character of a 2−group G. By Roquette,s work, X is classified into quaternion type, dihedral type, semidihedral type and cyclic type. In the paper we explicitly classify irreducible characters of metacyclic 2−groups. Also given are remarks on Roquette,s work. AMS 1991 Mathmatics Subj’ect Clαssificαtion. Primary 20C15;Secondary 20D15. Keyωords and phrases. Metacyclic, quaternion, dihedral, and semidihe− dral group, primitive, imprimitive, induced character.

1.Introduction

  Let Q denote the rationals. Let G be a 2−group and x be an irreducible character of G.(lrreducible means complex irreducible.)Then there exist subgroups Hレ1V in G, and there exists a character(ρof H such that )cニgc, Q()c)ニQ(g), ker p=Nand

H/N≡≡Qn(n≧2)or 1)n(n≧3)or Sl)n(n≧3)or(7n(n≧0), (1.1)

where Qη, Dn and SDn are, respectively, the generalized quaternion, di− hedral and semidihedral group of order 2n+1, and On is the cyclic group of order 2”(see Theorem 2.12). This result is essentially due to Roquette l7], and seems known to experts in the丘eld.   In Section 20f the paper, we give its proof along the Roquette,s work, where the notion of imprimitivity plays a fundamental role. We also prove that an irreducible Q lq−module is imprimitive if and only if a correspond− ing complex irreducible character is imprimitive(Theorem 2.6).   Now an irreducible character)(of a 2−group G is defined to be(ぴQ−type 23

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24

METACYCHC 2−GROUPS

or D一伽e or SD−type or C−type according to(1.1). Without loss of gener− ality, we may,assume that X is faithfU1. A 6nite group G with a f泊thful irreducible character is called aプ’aithj勉1 groμp. A natural question arises:   丘従α1ωαy8励e伽舌α〃‡んe声〃朔伽e4%C硯e cんaracters of a∫faithful 2−group Gαre 9∫the 5αme‡仰)e g   We will call it the乃pe Problem of faithful 2−groups. If all the faithful irreducible characters of G are of the same type, we simply say that G is qf Q−type or D−type or SD−type or C−type. Here we note that if x and)(’ are algebraically conj ugate characters, then)(and. w’are of the same type. But there exists a丘nite 2−group G with fdithful irreducible characters X and)(’such that X and X’are not algebraically conjugate.   The purpose of the paper is to determine the type of an irreducible character of a metacyclic 2−group. As a by−product, we see that the Typ.e Problem is aMrmative for all faithfUl metacyclic 2−groups.   In Section 3, we will classify all faithful metacyclic 2−groups. Iri Section 4,we will prove the fbllowing:   The faithful metacyclic 2−groups of Q−type are precisely Qn(n≧2).   The faithful metacyclic 2−groups of D−type a re precisely Dn(n≧3).   The faithfu1 metacyclic 2−groups of SD−type are precisely 5Dη(n≧3) and the fbllowing groups G:     G−〈・,b 1 a2” 一 b2£−1,励一1一α一1+2 t>,(2≦t≦れ一2).   All other faithfu1 metacyclic 2−groups are of C−type.   Notation. C, R and Z are respectively the complex numbers, the real numbers and the integers. R)r a finite group G, Irr(G)is the set of irreducible char㏄ters of G. FIrr(G)is the・set of faithful irreducible characters of G・F()r)c∈Irr(C), mQ(x)is the Schur index of)(over Q. R)rapositive integer d,ζd is a primitive d−th root of unity.

2.Remarks on Roquette,s work

  we recall the definition of iinprimitive irreducible Q[G}module(see Roquette l7D. As is remarked in l7], the concept.・of imprimitivity origi− nates in Witt l8].   Let G be a丘nite group. L・et頒be all irreducible Q[q’−module. Put

S=EndQ[q(頒), the skew一丘eld of Q[q−endomorphisms of肌 We re−

gard頒as the right Q[q−alld left S−module.飢is called mP惚禰一

加e,if there exist left S−modules飢1,飢2,_,飢r(r≧2)such that

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Y.IIDA and T. YAMADA

25

頒=飢1㊥飢2㊥…㊥飢rand that飢1,班2,_,飢r are transitively per−

muted by G. Pu七9τ=飢1. Let H be the group of elements九∈Gsuch

that 9τん=飢. Then l G:H「1=r. If G=Hgl U Hg2 U… UHgr, then

効=Stg1㊥9tg2㊥…O 9tg。,

動竺飢⑧Q[珂Q{G]・

If頒is not imprimi七ive, then Qn is called primitive. Lemma 2.1(Roquette[7, p.243D. Notation bei皿g the same as above, S=EndQ[c](捌)i≧EndQ[Hl(飢)・ Lemma 2.2(Roquette[7, Lemma 1]). If G has a faith血1, primitive, jr−

reducjble Q[q−module頒, the皿every abelian llormal subgroup of G js

cyclic. Theorem 2.3(Roquette[7D. Let p be a pr輌me. Let G be a p−group such that every abelian皿ormal subgroup of G is(]yclic. The皿G・itself is()yclic,

except(]==Qn(n≧2)or(]=Dn(γL≧3)or G=S1)n(n≧3).

  F()rafield K of characteristic O and for a finite group G with)(∈ Irr(G), A(X, K)is the simple component of K[G]which corresponds to X・F()raring S and a positive integer t, Mt(S)is the complete matrix ring of degree t with coef丘cients in S.

  Here we state a fundamental theorem about induced character and

Schur index. Theorem 2.4. Let G be a finite group and H a sUbgroup of G. Let (ρ∈Irr(H)such that(ρG∈Irr(G)alld Q(gc)=Q(9). Pu亡)(ニ(ρG and K=Q(〉(f)ニQ(〈P).・Then there exis亡s a sketu−field s central over K such

that

m=mQ(X)=mQ(9)=  IS:Kl,

・4(x,Q)竺Mx(1)/m(S), A((ρ, Q)…≧ハ侮(1)/m(S)・   Proof. This is part of the Brauer−Wit七theorem(cf. Yamad4[10,(IV) of p・31]). we also note that A()c, Q)1A(x, K)and A(9, Q)ny A(9, K), (cf.[10, Chap.1D. 口

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METACYCHC 2−GROUPS

Definition 2.5. Let G be a finite group and X∈Irr(G). X is called imprimitive, if there eXists a proper subgroup H of G with g∈Irr(H) such that)(=gG and Q(x)=Q(9). If x is not imprimitive, then)(is called primitive.

Tlleorem 2.6. Let(]be a五nite group wit力X∈Ir「(G)・Pu亡m=mQ(X)

and K=Q(x)・Let頒be an∫rreducible Q[q−module励jch aff()rds t血e

character M Z)σ∈g xσ of G,吐ere g=Gal(κ/Q)・The皿頒js jmprimf輌e if and only’if x is imprimitive.   ProOf. Suppose first that効is imprimitive. We use the same notation as befbre. So there exist a proper subgroup H of G and an irreducible

Ql珂一module 9T such that

         G=正19iリHg2∪…  UHgr,(ア≧2),

         頒=飢g1(D偵92㊥… ㊥貌9r竺飢⑧qH】Q[q,   (2・1)

         S=EndQ{G](劾)=EndQ[H】(飢),       (2・2) and S is a skew−field centra1 over K. It follows from(2.2)that七here exists ψ∈Irr(H)such that Q(ψ)=K, mQ(ψ)=mQ(x), and the character of H 雄brded by gt is precisely mΣσ∈σψσ. By(2.1), we have

       mΣxσ一(mΣψσ)G−mΣ(ψσ)G・

       σ∈ρ  、     σ∈9        σ∈9

Hence

      Σxσ=Σ(ψσ)G・       σ∈c    σ∈9 1t fbllows easily that fbr someア∈9, X=(ψア)G. Putting g=ψτ, we have x=1ρG、and Q()()=Q(9), so x is imprimitive.   Conversely, supPose that)c is imprimitive. Then there exist a proper subgroup H of G and 9∈Irr(H)such that)(=gc and K=Q(x)=Q(P).

By Theorem 2・4・m=MQ(X)=mQ(9)・Put・X=mΣσ∈g Xσandφ=

mΣσ∈σ 9σ,where 9=Gal(K/Q)・Then

       φG−(mΣ9σ)G−mΣ((pG)σ一mΣ’xσ一x・

      σ∈9        σ∈9         σ∈9 There exists an irreducible Q[珂一module飢which a狂brds the characterφ of H. Again by Theorem 2.4,       S=EndQIGI(頒)=Endq司(飢)・         (2・3)

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27

Since X=φG, it fbllows that        頒竺飢⑧Q[H】Q[G]     .    (2・4) as Q[G]−modules. we conclude from(2・3)and(2・4)that頒is imprimi−− tive. 口 Remark 2.7. If Q is replaced by an arbitrary field of characteristic O, then Lemmas 2.1 alld 2.2, and Theorems 2.4 and 2.6 also hold. Corollary 2.8.∬a五n∫te group G has a faithfu1, Primitive, i「「educible character X, then eve】ry abelian norma1 subgroup of G is()yclic・ Proof. This follows immediately from Lemma 2.2 and Theorem 2.6.□   Let G be a finite group and)(∈Irr(G). It is clear that there exist a subgroup H of G andψ∈Irr(H)such that x=ψG, Q(x)=Q(ψ), andψ

is primitive.(Possibly, H=Gandψ=X.)Put」V=kerψ.ψis regarded

as a character of正1/2V, which is denoted byψ. It is easy to see thatψ is primitive, becauseψis primitive. Then by Lemma 2.2, every abelian normal subgroup of H/N is cyclic. Thus we have Corollary 2.9. Let G be a finite group and X∈Irr(G). Then there exist

subgroups・H>Nin G with the folloWing properties:

      (i)Every abelian n・rmal subgr・up・f H/1V fs()yclic・       (ii)There existsψ∈Irr(H)such that kerψ=」V,)(・=ψG          and Q()c)=Q(ψ). (Possibly, H・=Gandψ=)(.)   In the notation of Corollarly 2.9, if G is a 2−group, thell by Theorem

2.4,H/N is isomorphic to Qn(n≧2)or Dn(n≧3)or SDn(n≧3)or

acyclic group, a皿dψis regarded as a faithful irreducible character of one of the above groups.   The fbllowing results are well−known.

Proposition 2.10. Putζ=ζ2n.

F・・9∈FIrr(Qn), Q(9)ニQ(ζ+く一1), MQ(9)=MR(q)=2,(n≧2). For g∈FIrr(Dn), Q(q)=Q(ζ+ζ一1), mQ(P)=MR(9)・=1,(n≧2). For(q∈FIrr(SDn),Q(9)=Q(ζ一ζ一1), MQ(9)=mR(9)=1,(n≧3)・

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METACYCHC 2.GROUPS

Moreover, forψ∈FIrr(Qn),          A(g,Q)9(−1, Q(ζ),り=Q(ζ)・1+Q(ζ)・u.          u2==−1, uζu−1=ζt=ζ一1, where(−1, Q(ζ),りis a(ryclic algebra central over Q(ζ+ζ一1). (2.5)   ProOf By the method in[9]we have(2.5)and the following:     Fbr 9∈FIrr(Dn), A(9, Q)or−(1, Q(ζ), L).     Fb・9∈FI・・(sDn), A(9, Q)1(1, Q(ζ), r),ζ’・ζ一1+2n−1. Both cyclic algebras split. Furthermore we have        (−1,Q(ζ), L) XQ(く+ζ一・)R9(−1, C, t), where the right side is the Hamilton’s quaternion algebra(over R). Hence f・r 9∈FIrr(Qn), MR(9)=mQ(9)=2.ロ   Now Corollary 2.9, Theorem 2.4, Theorem 2.3 and Proposition 2.10 yield the following Theorems: The・・em 2・11・L・t G b・a・P−9r・・p b≠2)and・X∈Irr(G). Th・P・th・・e exist a subgroup H of G and(9∈Irr(H)such that’ x=gc, Q()c)=Q(9), and H/ker P is cyclic・In particular, Q(x)=Q(Cpn)for some n≧oand the Schur index MQ(X)=1.      . The・rem 2・12・L・t C be a 2−9・・up a皿d X∈Irr(G). Then t力ere・・xist subgroups H>」v of G and(ρ∈Irr(H)such that x=gPG, Q(x)=Q(9), 1V=kerψand・ne・f・the・f・11・wing h・1ds:

    (i)H/N1Qn伽≧2), mQ(x)=2, Q(x)=Q(ζ+ぐ1),

    (ii)H/」v 2! Dn(n≧3), mQ(x)=1, Q(x)=Q(ζ+ζ一1),     (iii)H/N竺SDn(n≧3), MQ(x)=1, Q(x)=Q(ζ一ぐ1),     (iv)H/1v竺σゴ(n≧o), mQ(x)ニ1, Q(x)=Q(ζ), 励ereζ=ζ2・・瓦励e㎜・re, mQ()C)=mR()C).   Finally we will determine types of the 2−groups with a cyclic subgroup of index 2. Put       Mn−〈・, b,1 a2n−b2=1, b・b“1ニα1+2 1>,(n≧3).

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Y.HDA and T. YAMADA

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It is well−known that if a non−abelian 2−group G contain. a cyclic sub− group of index 2, then G is isomorphic to either Qn(n≧2), Dn(n≧ 2), S1)n (n≧3), or Mn(n≧3). Theorem 2.13..Qn(n≧2)is of Q−type. Dn(n≧3)is of D−type. D2, the dihedral group of order 8, is of C−type. SDn(n≧3)is of SD−type. Mn (n≧3)js of C一句!pe. Proof. We only need to prove that D2 and Mn. are of C−type. Put       D2=〈・,b,1α4=b2=1,b・b−1=α一1>,       9(1)=2,9(α2)=−2,9(勾=Of・・x∈D2(x≠1,・2),       H=〈・2>×〈b>,θ(・2殉=(−1)i,(i,元=0,1).        ’   ・      ,「       ‘ It is easy to see that(ρis the unique faithful irreducible character of D2,ψ is induced from the linear character e of正1:g=θD2,and Q(g)=Q(θ)=Q. Consequently, D2 is of C−type.   The faithfUI representations of Mn = 〈α, b>are the fbllowingこJu (2†〃): Uu(・)一 iτζ・(・』π一)), Uv(b)一(!;),(ζ一く・n)・ こ1レand[ん’(〃≠〃’)have the same character if and only if v’≡〃(1十2n−1) (mod 2n). The character X“ofσレis as fbllows: Xu(a2’)= 2ζ2’”,(0≦i<2”−1), X。(x)−0,呼〈α2>. Hehce Q(Xu)=Q(ζ2・一・),(n≧3), and so Mn is of C−type. We remark that)(〃=θダπand Q O(“)=Q(θ“), whereθレis七he linear character of H=〈α2>×〈b>given by θ“(α2τめニζ2”i,(0≦i 〈 2”−1,ゴ=0,1). (Cf. Fbrd[3, Section 4]). ロ・

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METACYCLIC 2−GROU?S

3.Classification

  In this section we will classify faithfu1 metacyclic 2−groups. The center Z(G)of a faithfUl metacyclic 2.group G is cyclic(cf. Isa㏄s l5, Theo− rem(2.32)D. Let G contain a cyclic normal subgroup、A =〈α>of order 2π, n≧2,with a cyclic factor group C/A=〈Ab>of order 2t,£≧2. Then we

may write

   G−〈・,b 1 a2”−1,b2t−a2m,b・b−1−・・〉,

n>2,n≧m≧1, t≧2,2†rand r≠1(mod 2n).

(3.1) (3.2) 1・fa・t, if b2t一α2m・,2†α, th・n w・hav・th・f・・m(3.1)by・epl・・i・g・ withαα. Furthermore, we hqve r2t ゚1(m・d・2n), r≡1(mod 2n→pa). (3.3) (3.4)   Conversely, it is well−known that if n, m, t and r satisfy(3.2),(3.3) and(3.4), then(3.1)de丘nes a metacyclic group G=〈α, b>of order 2n+tt Lemma 3.1. The int()gers r satis」fying(3.3)are given by t力e f()110wing. ︵i︶ (ii) (iii)

n=2,

n=3,

’n≧4,    r≡土1(mod 22),    r≡圭1,土1十22(mod 23),    r≡土1,土1十2n−1(mod 2n),

and

r≡土1十k・2nLl(mod 2n),

(3.5)

wh ere 2≦1≦min(t, n−2)and 2仕,1≦k<2t.

Proof. Clear. 口   First we will consider n=2. We necessarily have r≡−1(mod 22). The condition(3.4)means−一 1≡1(mod 22−m), so m=10r 2. We nQ七e that Z(C)=〈α2, b2>. Since Z(G)is cyclic, we haVe b2t=α2 .−Then it、 is easy to see that G=〈α, b>=〈b, ab2t−1>竺Mt+1. So we get the fbllowing.

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Y.IIDA and T. YAMADA

31

Proposition 3.2. Let G be a faith血1 metacyclic 2−group defined by (3.1)一(3.4) w1’th n=2. Then G二≡Mt+1. Next we will consider n≧3. We denote the order of x∈Gby o(x). Case I. r is a primitive 2−th root of 1(mod 2n)(i.e., r≡−1,土1十 2n−1(mod 2n)). (i)r≡−1(mod 2n)

  By the condition(3.4)we have−1≡1(mod 2n−m). So m=nor

n−1.We note that Z(G)=〈a2” 1, b2>. Since Z(G)is cyclic, it fbllows easily that b2t=a2”nt 1.Hence m=n−1. So we have G、一〈・,b i ・2”−1,b2tニa2n’1,b・b−1一α一1>.

(ii)r≡1十2n−1(mod 2n)

  From(3.4)we have 1十2n−1≡1(mod 2n−m). So m≧1. We note

that Z(G)=〈α2, b2>. Since Z(G)is cyclic, we have b2t=α2, i.e., m=1. W・fi・d七h・t G−〈・, b>一〈b, a−1b2t−1>竺Mn+ト1.1・f・・t, o(b)=2t×2n−1=2n+t−1, (α一・b2t“1)・一α一・b2t”1α一・b2t”一α一・α一(・+・n”1)2“’1 b2t =α一’a−’b2t ・・ 1, (・一’b2t’1)b(・一’b2‘’1)−1 一 afflb・一α一1α1+2””b       −(b2t)2n”2b ・, b1+2”+t−2. (iii)r≡−1十2n−1(mod 2n)   From(3.4)we have −1十2n−1≡1(mod 2n−m). So mニnor n−1. We note that Z(G)=〈a2”−1, b2>. Since Z(G)is cyclic, we have b2t=α2”−i i.e., m=n−1. So we have G−〈・,b1 a2” −1,b2t =・a2”一’, b・b−’ =α一1+2”’1>. But this group is isomorphic to the group in(i). In fact G=〈α, b>=

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32

METACYCHC 2−GROUPS

〈・b2‘一㍉b>

竺G1:

(・b2t−1)2−a2b2t一α2(’+2n−2),…(・b2t‘”)−2n. (・b2£−1)2九㌔α2 1(b2t)2 2一α2 1−b2t. b(・b2t”1)b−1ニα一1+2n−’b2t”1, (・b2¢−1)−1=α一1b−2t−1=α一’a2”“’b2‘“1=α一・+2竹一’b2t−1,        ・・b(・b2t−1)b−1−(・b2t−1)−1.

Summarizing, we have・

Propositio皿3.3. Let G be a∫滅th血11 me古aqγcljc 2−group de五ned by (3.1)一(3.4)wl’th n≧3. Suppose that r js a primitive 2一古h robt of 1 (mod 2n). Then G 1.Mη+¢_10r G1,励ere G、=〈・,b1 a2” ・1,b2t = a2”−1,励一1=α一1>. Case II. r is a ptimitive 2i−th root of 1(mod 2η),2≦   In七his case n>4. 1≦min(t, n−2). (II−1)r≡1(mod 4)(i.e., r≡1十k・2n−t(mod 2n),2tk for some k).   By the c・nditi・n(3・4),1+k・2””≡1(m・d 2η一m)・S・m≧1・・Th・ group defined by(3.1)is isomorphic to

G=

〈・,b 1 a2”−1, b2t 一 a2M, b・b−1−al+2””〉. (3.6) In fact, there exists vk such that(1十2n一りvk≡1十k・2n−t(mod 2n).

Then we have

G=〈α,b>=〈aVk, bUk> 2〈・,b1α2” 一 1, b2t ・. a2M,b・b−1一α1+k・2””〉. W・n・t・th・tZ(G)=〈a2’, b21>.

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Y.IIDA and T. YAMADA 33 (i) 2 ≦ 1 < t.    Since Z(G)is cyclic, we have b2tニα21,i.e., m=1. So the group G in (3.6)is of the fbrm: 、  G、一〈・,b1α2n−1,b2‘ ・・ a21,b・b−1一α1+2n−’〉. (ii)2≦.1一ち(t≦n−2).    Z(G)i・necessa・ily・y・li・becau・e Z(G)=〈α2亡〉.1・thi・cas・th・g・・up Gin(3.6)is isomorphic to the fbllowing G3:      『       G,一〈・,blα2n=1,b2t−1,b・ゲ1−・1+2 t>. 1・deed bec・u・e 2・ll・2t−・and 2−・ll卜・, w・hav・2・ll・1≒・.S・・h・・e

existsゴsuch that

       ゴ(1+・+…+・2L1)+2m≡0(m・d2・). 恥・thi・ゴ,(・ゴb)2㌧・ゴ(・+・+…・・2t−1)b2㌧・. C・n・eq。・ntly〈。, b>一 〈α,α」・b>:! G3. (II−2)r≡−1(mod 4)(i.e., r≡−1十k・2n−1(mod 2n),2擁fbr some k).    By the condition(3.4),−1十k・2n−t≡1(mod 2n−m). Then−2(1−k・ 2n−1−1)≡…0(mod 2n−m).So we have m=n or n−1 because n−1−1≧1. As in(II−1), the group defined by(3.1)is isomorphic to         G−〈・,blα2n・.1,b2t 一・a2M,励一1一α一1+2 ‘〉. (3.7) In fact there exists Yk such that(−1十2n−1)uk≡−1十k・2n−t(mod 2n).

Then we have

     G=〈α,b>=〈αUk, bレk>       9〈・,blα2π一1,b2‘ 一・a2’n,b・b−1一α一1+k・2”“’〉. W・n・t・that z(G)一〈α2 1, b2t>.

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34

METACYCLIC 2−GROUPS

(i)2≦1<孟・・   Since Z(G)is cyclic, we have b2t=α2n−1,i.e., m=n−1. So the group Gin(3.7)三s ofthe fbrm:        G、一〈・,b; ・2” ・・ 1,b2t一α2“∴b・b−1一α一1・2””〉. (ii)2≦1=ち(t≦η一2)・   Z(C)i・・ecessa・ily・y・1i・becau・e Z(G)ニ〈・2”=1>.1・thi・cas・th・ group G in(3.7)is isomorphic to the fbllowing G5:          G、一〈・,bl・2n−1,b2t−1,b・b−1=α一1+2n−£〉. 1・deed becau・e・2・・ll r2t−・・nd・2・ll卜1, w・hav・2・一・1ド1≒・.S・・h・・e

existsゴsuch that

      ゴ(1+r+…+r2t’1)+2m≡0(m・d2・): Th。n(。ゴb)2t−。」(1+・+・…r2t−1)b2t−・. C。n,eq。,ntly〈・, b>一〈・,・・b> i≧G5.

  Summarizing, we have

Proposi七ion 3.4. Let G be a faithfu1 meta(:yclic 2−group defined by(3ユ)一 (3.4)with n≧4. Suppose that r is a primitive 2i−th root of 1(mod 2π), 2≦1≦mil1(‡, n−2). Then G is isomorl)hfc to one of the ft)110wing groups:      G,一〈・,b’ 1 a2” −1,b2‘一α2‘,b・b−1一α1+2 t>,      G、一〈・,bl・2” =1,62iニ1,b・b−1=・1+2n−t>,t≦n−’2,      G、一〈・,blα2π一1,b2t 一 a2”−1,励一1一α一1+2 ‘〉,      G,一〈・,bl・2” …1,b2t=1,b・b−1一α一1+2”.−t>,舌≦n−2.

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Y.IIDA.and T. YAMADA 35   Thus we have explicitly determined all the faithful metacyclic 2−groups

G.We’

№奄魔?@the orders of Z(G)and G’as follows. z(G) lz(G)1

α

1α1

G1

〈b> 2ε 〈α〉 2η一

G2

〈b21> 2π+£−21 〈α2π一1> 21

G3

〈α2¢〉 2n一亡 〈α2 t> 2t

G4

〈b2’〉 2ε一1+1 〈α2> 2n−1

G5

〈α2π一1>

2

〈α2> 2η一1 Mπ+£_1 〈α2> 2η+z−2 〈α2叶ト2>

2

Qπ+t_1 〈α2π+亡一2> 2 〈α2> 2π+£−2 Dπ+ト1 〈α2π+‘−2>

2

〈α2> 2π+¢−2 3Dπ+t_1 〈α2π+ε一2>

2

〈α2> 2η+£−2   1七fbllows from this table that these groups are non−isomorphic to each other.

4.Determination of the type

First we quote the following theorem from Yamada[9, Theorem 1].

Theorem 4.1. Let G be a metabelian group wl’th a刀abeljan normal

subgr・up A such that G/A is abelian. Let.κbe an algebraical!y c1・sed 五eld whose(]haracteristic does not divide IGI. Then・f()r eve・y jrreducjble K−representation U of G, there exists a one−dimensiona1 representation th of a certain subgroup H whjch contains A, such thatσ=ψG.   Afaithful representation of a faithful metacyclic group is easily ob一 七ained from the abOve theorem. Lemma 4.2. Let G be a faith血1 metacyclic group of order nm. Let

G=〈α,blαn=1, bm=α8, bαb−1=αつ, where(n, r)=1,・8≡

8(mod n)alld rm≡1(mod n). Let t≧2be the least integer such

that rt≡1(mod n). Then every faithfu1 representation js∫nduced丘om

Ht=〈α,め.

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36

METACYCHC 2−GROUPS

  Proof. We note that Ht=〈a,めis a normal abelian subgroup such

that G/Ht is abelian, because Ht⊃G’=〈α卜1>and Z(G)⊃〈bt>. It fbllows from Theorem 4.1 that every irreducible representation of G is induced ffom a one−dimensiona1 representation of H.=〈α, bu>for some

u,ult. All the onedimensional repreSentations of Hu are given by

ψ警)β,0≦α<du,0≦β<晋, such that

thEY),・α一ζ乳, b㌔鑑ζ4,

where du=(η, rU−1). Th・i・duced・ep・esent・・i・n・fψC), i・d・n…dby破%.

破%・aH

b卜→ ζ緩.

0

く㌃

ζ㌫ζ藍

   u   u 1   tt−1 ζ㌃ ■ ’. 1    0 ■ , If咋)βi・f・ithf・1, th・nζ乳m・・t b・ap・imiti・・n−th…t・f・unity,・・

u=t. 口

Corollary 4.3. Let G be a faithful meta()yclic group. Let (and X’∈ FIrr(G),ψ∈Irr(G). Then X(1)=X’(1)and X(1)≧ψ(1).   In the rest .of the paper, we will use the folldwing

Lemma 4.4(【1, Corollary(45.4)D. Let G be a麺te group and H a

subgroup of G. Let T be a one−dimensi・na1 representation of H. Then・the induced monomial representation TG of G is irreducible if and only if, for

e㏄h呼H,there exists y∈X−iHx∩H such that T(y)≠T(xyx−1).

  Now we will determine the character field Q(κ)for each faithful irre− ducible character)(of the groups Gl, G2, C,, G4 and G5.

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Y.IIDA and T.・YAMADA 37. (1)G、=〈・,bl a2” = 1, b2tニa2n−1,励一1=α一1>(n≧3, t≧2)   Put G=GI and H=〈α, b2>. It丘)llows from Lemma 4.2 that every )C∈FIrr(C)is induced from a linear character of H such that

θ“,。・αHζ;。,b2Hζ£,

where O≦v<2n,0≦μ<2t and v≡μ(mod 2). Then we have the

induced representation of G:      ’”       一

u・,・・一

iζを・ 00 ζ鋭),b−(曇;)・

whose character isθ£μ・   By Lemma 4.4,σレ,μis irreducible, if and only ifζ;π≠〈i㌫レ, i.e., 〃≠0,2n−1(mod 2n).   Next we consider when.an irreducible representation Uu,μis faithful. If 21〃, then ker(Uu,μ)∋a2n−1. So we have 2↑y, consequently 2{μ. SinceしTu,μis induced加m the normal subgroup H’=〈α, b2>, it followS thatθ緩μ(αゴble)=0,2†k. We See thatαゴb2k¢.ker(θ實μ),1≦k<2t−1. In fact, supPose that       (;1)−u・,・(・・b・・)一ζ貧(ζぎ,一゜.,〃ゴ)・ Th・nζ貧ζ詔一1,ζ姶㌫”ゴ=1,・・d・・ζ銘一ζ㌫”ゴ. Since・2・1・v, it・f・ll・wS

th・tゴ≡0,2”’1(m・d・2n), and・・礎=土1. Thi・i・a…t・adi・ti・n,

because 2{μand 1≦k<2t−1.Thus we have proved thatθ緩μ∈Flrr(G)

ifa皿d only if2・{v.

  We have

θ緩・(・・bり一

o1ξ/・ぽ・),:il:

Consequently, ifθ緩μ∈FIrr(G), i・e・,2↑u, then Q(θ£∪)−Q(ζ・n+ζ言・ζ・t)一{雛:1;’

n≧t,

n1ョt. Hence Gl is of C−type.

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38

METACYC口C 2−GROUPS

(II)G、一〈・, b.’1 a2n−1, b2t一α2㌧励一1一α1+2”“t>

(2≦1<t, 1≦n−2)

  Put(?=G2 and H=〈α, b2i>. It fbllows from Lemma 4.2 that every X∈Flrr(G)is induced from a linear character of H such that       θ。。・α⇔磁b2㌦ζ茅、+t.、t,

where O≦〃<2n,0≦μ<2n+t−21 and〃≡μ(mod 2n一り. Then we have

the induced representation of G: σレ,μ:α}→ bト→ ζを。

0

ζ;≦1+2π一り ζ㌫.t−、t 香 1 . . . . . ・ ● ’. 1     0 ζ芸・+・n−’)21−’ ・ ,   By Lemma 4.4, Uu,μis irreducible, if and only if v≠〃(1十2n一りゴ (mod 2n),1≦」<21. This is clearly equivalent to・ the ’condition 2 t u.   We next show that every irreducible representation Uv,μis faithful. Since・Uu,。i・i・duced加m th…rm・1・ubg・・up H−〈・, b2t>, it・f・ll・w・ th・tθ£。(・ゴbh)−0,2’ t k. W・・ee th・t・ゴb2’k ¢ k・・(θ緩。),1≦k<2t−’. In fact, supP(∼『e that

(1…、)一砺醐り

一ζ㌫.。

ζ㌶ ζ芸1+2n一リゴ ・ .  . ζ芸・+・n−t)2L1・ ・ Th・畷1+2””’)αゴζ㍑.tご21−・,・≦α<2t.1・剛i・u1・・, f・・α一・and・, ζ㍑.,.、、ζ㌶一・,ζ㌫、、ζ募1+2””)」−1,and・・ζ;2一ζ募1+2 リゴ. Since

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Y∴IIDA and T. YAMADA

39

21.〃,i・f・ll・w・・h・・ゴ≡・(m・d 2り,・・d・・ζ;1瑠2‘+μk・一・. Thi・i・a・ contradiction, because 2†μand 1≦k<2t−1. Thus we have proved that

暖蕊「麟麟隠丘。ldQ(θ.(,。)..硫。、

σ。,。(α28豆)= ζ㌶8ゴ ζ芸1+2π一り23」       ,       ●        ζ;1・+・n一り2t 一一125・

where O≦8<land 2 tゴ. R)r eachαand k(0≦α<28,0≦k<2↓−8),

there eXispsβ∈Zsuch that

       ζ日二・〃(1十2n−1)2‘−8α+k一ζ9二・〃(・+・ 3β)α(・+2n−‘)k        =ζ9,ニゴ〃(1+2冗一星)お. Similarly, we have        ζ9二・〃(・+2n−‘)21−s’1+m一ζ3二・U(1+・ 3−1)(・+・n一りm       :   1.一 cg二・・(・+・n−’)m+・h−’」u(・+r””)m        =一ζ3二豆〃(1+2n一りm,

where O≦m<21−8−1.So we haveθ緩μ(a2sj)=0,0≦8<land 2{ゴ. It

i・easily・een th・t eg,。(α2s」)=21ζ㍑.。,1≦・≦n・and・2 tゴ・Th・・,

         θ£・(・・め一{1;㍑∠蹴,::1蕊友

W・n・teth・tθ緩。vani・h…nG−Z(G)・C・n・eq・・ntl鮪ifθ£。∈FIrr(G),

i.e.,2†〃, then       Q(θ£μ)=Q(ζ2n一ε,ζ2n+・一・・)=Q(ζ2n+ト21). 耳ence G2 is of C−type.

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40

METACYCLIC 2−GROUPS

(III).C、=〈・, b 1 a2”=1, b2⊆α2 ㌧0ψ一1=α一1+2”.一’〉..

(2≦1<t,1≦π一2)

P・tG−C、 and・H−〈・, b・’〉. lt・f・ll・w・丘bm Ldmm・4.2 th・t・y・・y X∈Flrr(G)is induc6d f士om a Iinear character.of H su6h that

θ“,。・一ζ脇,b2’Hζ£.峠、,

where O≦u<2n,0≦μ<2t−1+1 and〃≡μ(mod 2). Then we have the

induced representation Of G: Uレ,μ:αト〉 bト〉 ζを・

0

ζ募一1+2n−‘) ζ£.1+、 1 ■ ’. 1    0 ζ募一・+・n“t)21’1 ,   By Lemma 4.4,[1レ,μis irreducible, if and only、if〃.≠〃(−1十2n一りゴ (mod 2n),1≦ゴ<21. This is clearly equivalent tq the condition 2†v.   We next show that every irreducible representation Uレ,μ・is faithfu1. Since Uv,。i・induced・ft・m th・n・・m・1・ubg・・up H=〈・, b2t>, it・f・ll・w・ th・tθ£。(・ゴめ一〇,2t t k・W・・㏄th・t・ゴb2’k ¢ k・・(θ緩。),1≦k<2t−t. In fact, supPose that

(1…1)−u・,・(㎡囲

=ζ芸色1+、 ζ詔 ζ募一1+2 リゴ ζ4−・+2 )21”j ● Th・畷一1+2””t)α」ζ芸色、+、−1,・≦α<2・. IW・i・ulai,’f・・α一・and・, 鑑乞、+、ζ詔、一・,ζ芸と1+、ζ芸一1+2”一リゴー・,and・・ζ募.一ζ4−1+2 り・.Since

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Y.IIDA、 and T. YAMADA

41

2恒i七f・ll・w・th・tゴ≡0(m・d 2 1),・・d・・土ζ芸を1.、一 1. Thi・i・・

contradiction, because 2↑Pand 1≦k〈2t−1. Thus we have proved that

θ緩μ∈Flrr(G)if and only if 2†〃.   we now consider the character field Q(θ£μ)・we have σ“,。(α23ゴ)= ζ鍔8ゴ ζち一1+2””)2S」 ・ ・ ,       ζ;‘一・+2 り2t”12S・

where O≦8<land 2{ゴ. For eachαand k(0≦α<28,0≦k<21−s),

there existsβ∈Zsuch that

         ζ3二・・(一・+・n“’)21−8α+k一ζ三・〃(・+・ 8β)α(一・+・ りk        一ζ;ニゴレ(−1+2ザ.

Similarly, if O≦8<t−1and O≦m<2t−s−1, then

     ζ≧ン(一・+2”“’)21−8−1+m一ζ日:・〃(・+2n”s’1)(一・+2π一       一ζ;ン(−1+2 りm+2n“’」・(−1+2 りm       −一ζ;ニゴy(−1+2n−’)n’, and fbr 8=1−1,          ζ;:−1ゴv(−1+2n一膓)一ζ㌶ε一1・・+2n−1・・一一ζ㌶1−1ゴ・. So we have fbrゴ,2{」,       θ緩・(・2sゴ)一{1;一・(ζ㌫一ζ諸.、),2三lj∴−1’ It i・easily・een th・tθ£。(α2sゴ)−21”1(ζ召.、+ζ諺。),1≦・≦・and 2け Thus, θ三。(・ゴめ一 0, 21−・ζ鵠、(ζ募∠…tl’一ζ㌶名ト1), 2・−1ζ鵠、(ζ鵠+ζ㌶/2’), 2t−1 tゴor 2t†k, 2』−111ゴand 211k,

211ゴand 211k.

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42

METACYCLIC 2−GROUPS

C・n・equ・ntl況ifθ緩。∈Flrr(G), i…,2恒the・ Q(θG”,μ)=Q(ζ2n−i+・一ζ云と1+、,(;2・−t+・)

一{篭:二㍑

n≧ち

n<t.

Hence G4 is of C−type. (IV)G、=<・, bl a2” 一 1, b2t−1, b・b−1=α1+2”’t>(2≦t≦n−2)   Put .G=G3 and H=〈α〉. It follows from Lemma 4.2 that every X∈FIrr(G)is induced from a linear character of H such that       θ〃: α }一→ ζ脇., where O≦y<2n. Then we have七he induced represen七ation of G:

UU:αト〉

bト〉 ζを・

0 1

   令  . 1 ζ袈+2”’t) . ・ ・ ’. 1     0 . . ζ募・+・n”t)2t’1 ,   By Lemma 4.4, Uv is irreducible, if and only if〃≠レ(1十2η一t)」 (mod 2n),1≦元く2ちThis is clearly equivalen七to the condition 2↑〃. If 2↑〃, thenθ〃is a faithful character of H=〈α〉, and soθ9∈Flrr(G). Thus we have proved thatθ9∈FIrr(G)if and only if 2{v.   We now consider the character field Q(θ9). We have Uu(α28ゴ)一 ζ鍔3ゴ ζち1+2n一り23ゴ ・  .    ζ;!・+・n”t)2t ”1 2S 」’ ,

where O≦8<舌and 2†ゴ. For eac       O<k<2トs),

there exists p∈Zsuch that

       ζ;二・・(・+・ り2t−3α+k一ζ;二・・(・+・n−3β)α(・+・n一りk 一 〈3,:ゴu(1+2轡.

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Y.IIDA’and T. YAMADA

43

Similarly, we have    一         ζ日二・〃(1+2”’t)2t−s’1+m一ζ日1・〃(1+2n−3−1)(1+2”’t)m       −.ζ日ニゴレ(1+2冗一t)m+2「’−1」”(1+2n−t)m       −一ζ9ニゴ”(1+2n−t)m,

where O≦m<2t’s『1. So we haveθ9(α23元)=0,0≦8〈tand 2{元. It

i・ea・ily・een七h・七θ9(α28元)−2tζち.。, t≦・.≦n・nd 2/ゴ・Th・・,

      θ9(・・’・b・)一{1ご;:1;1蕊2㌧

.We note thatθg vanishes on G−Z(G). Consequently, ifθ9∈Flrr(G), i.e.,2{〃, then        Q(θ9)=Q(ζ2n−t). Hence G3 is of C−type.    We no七e that this group was treated by Ford[3, pp.599−600].

(V)G、一〈・,blα2π一1,b2t−i,b・b−1−・−1+2”’t>(2≦t≦n−2)

   Put(]ニG5 and H=〈α〉. It fbllows from Lemma 4.2 that every X∈Flrr(G)is induced from a linear character of H such that       θり:α←→ζ;九, where O≦〃<2n. Then we have the iIlduced representation of G: σレ:αト今 b F−一)・ ‘ 51・・

0 1

1 ζち一1+2n−t) ゜. 1    0 ζ募一・+・n’t)2t−1 ,

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44

METACYCLiC 2二GROUPS’

  By Lemma 4.4,σレis irreducible, if and only if〃≠〃(−1十2n一り元 (mod 2n),1≦ゴ<2t. This is clearly equivalent to the condition 2{〃. If 2{〃, thenθ〃is a faithful character of H=〈α〉, and soθ9.∈Flrr(G). Thus we have proved that e9∈FIrr(G)if and only if 2{Y.   We now consider the character丘eld Q(θ9). We have Utr(α2sゴ)一 ζ蠕3」 ζ;霊一1+2n−t)2sゴ . ■ .    ζ;‘一・+2”“t)2t‘12s」 ,

where O≦8<tand 2{グ.      0≦k<2t−s),

there eXistsβ∈Zsuch that

      ζ;ン〃(一・+・n一り2t−8α+k一ζ㌫・・(・+2n−sβ)α(一・+2n−t)k        一ζ㍗(−1+2π一り’e.

Similarly, if O≦8<t−1and O≦m<2ト3−1,then

      ζ;:・・(一・+・nL‘)2t−s−1+m一ζZゴu(・+2n’s’1)(一・+・n”t)m       一ζ…二」”(−1+2”’t)fn+2n−1」レ(−1+2””t)’n       −一ζ;ン(−1+2””t)m, and fbr 8=t−1,1       ζZ−1ゴu(−1+2n−t)一ζ㌻一1ゴ〃+2 1ゴ・一一ば一’」u. So we have for i 2†ゴ,        舶一{0,2t−1(ζ募_、+、一ζ云㌘,+、),1三1二:−1’ It i・ea・ily・ee・th・tθ9(α2sゴ)−2t−1(ζ㍑.。+ζ;㌘。), t≦・≦n・and・2 tゴ. Thus, θ9(・ゴbk)= 0, 2t−・(ζち∠る1一ζ㌶后1), 2・一・(ζぽ+ζ認/2‘), 2t−1 t元or 1≦k<2t, 2t−11[ゴand kニ0, 2‘1ゴ’and k=0.

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Y.IIDA and・T. YAMADA

45

Consequently, ifθ5∈.Flrr(G), i.e.,2†〃, then Q(θ9)=Q(ζ2n−t+・一ζ云L+、), b・・au・eζ、n−t+ζ云と、一(ζ・n−t+・一ζ㌫L・ナ・)2+2・H・nce・G・i・・f SD−t}Tpe・

Thus we have

Theorem 4.5. Le亡Gbe a企」右h血1 metaqycljc 2−group. ff X, X”∈

Flrr(G),’then X and X’are・f the same typ巳 Theorem 4.6. The f減hfUI metacydjc 2−groups of Q−type are precisely Qn(n≧2). The・faithfu1 meta(:yclic 2−gr・ups・f D−type are precisely Dn(n≧3). The faithful metacyclic 2−groups of SD−type are precisely SDn (n≧3)and G5. All other faithful metacyclic 2−groups are of()− type. Corollary 4.7. Let )(be a faith血1 jrreduc∫ble character of a faithful meta(;yclic 2−group G. The皿mQ(X)= 1 except Cニ(?n・

REFERENCES

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1

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121 ︻3︼ ︻4]

1︼

5︵0

︷[

ηー

︼

8

[

︼

9

[

C.Curtis and L Reiner, Representa£‘oπtheory《ガ五π銘e groups and associat初e αZgebrα8, Interscience, New Ybrk,1962. W.Feit,αじaracters《が輌重e g晒ρ5, Benjamin, New Ybrk,1967. C.R)rd, Characters q∫ρ一groups, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.101(1987),595−601. Y.Iida and T. Yamada, E蝋eπれoπ3 and induced characters q白uaternion, dihedral and semidihedral groups, SUT J. Math.27(1991),237−262. 1.Isaacs, Chaアacter theory Of finite卯o仰5, Academic Press, New Ybrk,1976. J.Rasmussen,丁九e、4酷πindex q∫c九αmc£ers qf finite∫faithful metacyclic gm旭ρ5, J.Algebra 46(1977),511−522. .P. Roquette, RealiSierung von Dαア5‡elt脇geπendlicher nilpotenteアCrUPPεn, Archiv. der Math.9(1958),241−250. E.Witt, Die algebraiSche Struktur des C卿ρe仇πges e‘neアendlichen Gruppe tiber einem Zahlenkδrper,」. Reine Angew. Math.190(1952),231−245. T.Yamada,0π仇e group algebras qf metabelian grouρs oveアalgebraic number fields∫, Osaka J. Math.6(1969),211−228. [101T. Yamada, The Schur subgroup qμんe日rauer group, Springer−Verlag, Berlin,1974.

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46

METACYC口C 2−GR()UPS;

【11]T.Yamada, Induced c九aractersげ50m.e’2−gm仰δパ:Math. SoC. Japan 30.(1978),   29−37.

Youichi IIDA and』ToShihiko YAMADA

Department of Mathematics

Faculty of Science Sclence University of Tbkyo

1−3Kagurazakaj Shinjuku−ku

Tokyo 162 JAPAN

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