A
Study
of Ｔｈｅ Ｃａtｃｈｅｒ in the Ｒ
From
the viewpoint oT l（ｍｅ
Takahiro Masuda
(z:'ｌｅｐａｒtｍｅｎt ｏｆ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓh Li￡ｃｒａ￡ｕｒｅ)
Judging from the fact that Holden can never be saved by phoney adults and by nature in the midst of American material civilization, there is no other way for him to be helped except by an innocent child love from his crazy depression and lonesomeness. Holden hates phoney adults because they are lacking in their innocent love for others, especially the poor and the weak: “Adultism is precisely 'the suffering of being unable to love'.”田Ｆrｏｍ the viewpoint of love, the phoney adult world consists of some swayed love. One example is seen in Mr. Haas, Dr. Thurmer, Mr. Spencer, the mother in ａ movie house and Holden's
aunt; they love themselves for their own sake, but they do not love others. Their love is selfish. Another example is seen in Sunny, ａ prostitute; her love is materialistic. The third example is seen in Stradlater, Holden's bad senior roommate: his love is carnal.
For ａ moment, let us think about Holden's innocent love and phoney adults' selfish love. Each of Holden's parents has a different religion and all their children are atheists. Holden does not go to church, because the ministers sound phoney when they give their sermons. Nevertheless, Holden is more religious in his heart than Arthur Childs, a friend of his, who reads the Bible all the time and goes to church every Sunday, because Hold en can under-stand Jesus' love more profoundly than Childs. Talking about Judas who betrayed Jesus, Childs says that Jesus was sure to send Judas to Hell after he committed suicide. Holden confutes him by saying: “I'd bet ａ thousand bucks that Jesus never sent 01d Judas to Hell I stillwould, too, if i had a thousand bucks. I think any one of the Disciples would've sent
him to Hell and all―and fast, too ―but l’H bet anything Jesus didn't do it.”（2）ThiS shows that Holden has his innocent love for his 'poor neighbourバ Therefore, Holden feels very depressed and lonesome due to Mr. Haas, Mr. Thurmer, Mr. Spencer, the phoney mother in ａ movie house and his aunt, because they love only themselves for their own sake.
Next, let us look at Holden's spiritual love and the lousy adults' materialistic and carnal love. The first example is ａ prostitute Sunny. Holden, with money, has a try at her in ａ hotel, but when she stands up and begins to pull her dress over her head, he feels“much
more depressed than Ｓｅχｙ”（3）ａｎｄrejects her, saying that he recently had a spine operation. The reason is that Holden tries to buy a prostitute only in order to pretend to be ａ man; his child self rejects her and his innocent inner voice tells him that their love is phoney. It is nothing but money that Sunny loves. The second example is Stradlater's love for his
girl friend. Stradlater has a date with Jean Gallagher whom Holden loves in his heart, and he regards her as an object of his carnal pleasure. Therefore, Holden tries to sock Stradlater with all his might in spite of his physical weakness. Let us refer to one more example. When Holden sees 'Fuck you' on the wall 0f the school, he goes nearly crazy and wants to kill whoever writes it: Holden wants to catch the lousy pervert and “smash his head on the stone steps tillhe was good and goddam dead and bloody.”（幻The reason is that Holden
44 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ., Vol. 25 Hum. Sci.
is filled with fear that the innocent child world will be violated by the lousy swayed love; he thought “how Phoebe and all the other little･kids would see it, and how they'd wonder what the hell it meant, and then some dirty kid would tell them ―all cockeyed naturally ― what it meant, and how they'd all 油z‘nkabout it and maybe even ｔむｏｒｒｙ ａboutit for ａ couple 'of days."(s)
These examples show that phoney adults' love iS‘selfish,materialistic and carnal. On the contrarj', however, as shown in Holden's wish to be the catcher in the rye and his thought about Jesus' love for Judas, Holden's love for the poor and the weak, especially children, is innocent and spiritual. Holden hates phoney adults because their love is phoney and lousy. Here, thinking that it is impossible for Holden to be saved by nature in the midst of American material civilization as Thoreau was in the midst of nature and that Holden hates the phoney adult world which consists of selfish, materialistic and carnal love, there is no other way for Holden to be saved except by the innocent child world which consists of innocent and spiritual love. Accordingly, let .us consider each object of Hold en's love
carefully. In addition to Phoebe, we must not fail to notice the fact that Holden had, as the objects of his love, Selma Thurmer, two nuns. James Castle, ducks in the lake, the little child about six years old and his dead brother Allie.
First of all, let us refer to Selma Thurmer, ａ daughter of the phoney headmaster, Dr. Thurmer.“She wasn't exactly the type that drove you mad with desire”(6)bUt Holden “liked her.”because she knew“what ａ phoney slob he 〔Dr. Thurmer"! was”(7'ａｎｄ “she
didn't give you ａ １０tof horse manure about what a great guy her father was."(8J “She was ａ nice pretty gｕyﾊﾟ'(9)She was an object of Holden's love, but he could not keep her as an
object of his love because he was expelled from school.
Secondly, let us consider the two nuns. They went around collecting money in the beat-up old straw baskets for the poor peop】ｅand they did not try to find out whether Hoiden was ａ Catholic or not. although he was afraid to be asked. They were completely different from Holden's phoney aunt who was always very well dressed when she didヽanything charitable. Their love was altruistic, not selfish Their love was also spiritual, not materialistic or carnal, because they were 'nice' nuns. Therefore, Holden was somewhat embarrassed to talk about ＲｏｍｅｏａｎｄＪｕlietwith one of them, because this play was very sexy in some parts. Holden
lmight have been saved from his craziness by their altruistic and spiritual love if there had been enough love ｅχchanged between them But Holden only met them and talked to them at breakfast in a little sandwich bar, until they went away from him. They were 'nice' nuns, and next day ＨＯ】ｄｅｎ“keptlooking around for those two nuns”(1o゛ｏｎ the Fifth Avenue, but he could not find them. Holden knew he would not,“because theyﾀd told me they'd come to New York to be sCh?01 teachers,"(11) bμt he “kept looking for them anyway. "(12J To his sadness, however, he could not see them･. Holden did not have enough time and chance to be saved by their altruistic and spiritual love
Thirdly, think about James Castle, a student of Elkton Ｈｉｌ】sSchool. Castle would not take back something･he said about Phil Stabile, a very conceited guy, even at the cost of his life When Stabile and his lousy friends locked Castle up in his room and tried to make him
A Study of ＴｈｅＣａtｃｈｅｒin ｔhｅ Ｈ （Ｔ．ＭＡＳＵＤＡ） 45
window and died. Castle did not submit to the lousy bastards even at the cost of his life. Therefore, Holden loved him, but he could not be loved by the dead Castle｡
Fourthly, consider the ducks in the lake near Central Park. As shown in Chapter 2， 9， 12 and 20 o? Ｔｈｅ Ｃａtｃｈｅｒin tｈｅ Rye, Holden always loved these ducks which were ‘nature' surrounded by skyscrapers in New York. ０ｎ the second day after he left Pency Preparatory School, Holden went to see whether they were around the little lake or not. He could not, however, find them in the lake which was partly frozen in this highly civilized city. Although the ducks in the lake were an object of Holden's love, he could not see them in the midst of this melancholy and lonesome city｡
Fifthly, recall to mind the child about six years 01d who was singing “If a body catch a body coming through the rye.”When Holden heard this little child singing, he was touched by the child's innocence and wished to be the catcher in the rye. Holden loved the little child, but he was not loved by him because Holden chanced to see and hear the child on the way to Broadway. There was no innocent love exchanged between them｡
Sixthly, look back upon Allie in detail. AUie was Holden゛S brother, but he died of leukemia on July 18, 1946, at the age of eleven. Holden says about AUie: “You'd have liked him.
He was two years younger than l was, but he was about fifty times as intelligent. He was terrifically intelligent. His teachers were always writing letters to my mother, telling her what a pleasure it was having a boy like Allie in their class. And they weren't just shooting the crap. They really meant it. But it wasn't just that he was the most intelligent member in the family. He was also the nicest. in lots of ways.”(13)Ｈ０１ｄｅｎ loved him best. because
AUie was the nicest〔anti-phoniest〕in the family. When ＡⅢe died, Holden broke all the windows in the garage so violently that he broke his hand. This is the only way for an oversensitive and immature boy Holden to show λis bitter grief at the loss of his dearest brother AUie. Such ａ violent action was so abnormal in the adult world that they were going to have Holden psychoanalyzed. Theyむould not understand that it was the only way for Holden, thirteen years old, to show his deep grief. As explained in part I of the thesis, the adult world is phoney and phoniness is a ･world without any innocent love for others, especially the poor, the weak and the dead Therefore, when Holden visited AUie's grave on ａ rainy day and saw all the visitors run over to their cars, he nearly became crazy. The reason is that they listened to their radios in their cars and then would go to some nice place for dinner―everybody except AUie who was in the grave: Holden could not stand it W. H. Hudson says in hiｓ Ａ Ｔｒａｖelleｒin LittｌｅＴｈｉｎｇｓ:“The people of the small rustic community have not been dehumanized”(14)ａｎｄ “this mind or heart involves the dead as well as the living."(15) On the contrary, it is difficult to find any continual spiritual love between the dead and the living in the midst of such an inhuman and materialistic city of New York. Yet Holden does not lose his humane heart such as the people of a small rustic community.
Therefore, Holden s'ays: “ｌ know he's dead! Don't you think l know that? Ｉ can still like him though, can't l? Just because somebody's dead, you don't just stop liking them, for God's sake ―especially if they were about ａ thousand times nicer than the people you know that're ｢ive and all.”(16)Ｈ０１ｄｅｎsays to his dead brother: “AUie, don't let me disappear. Please, AUie,”(1刀because Allie is much more purified in Holden's memories and he is still
46 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ. Vol. 25, Hum. Sci.
living in his heart. Holden has always loved Allie very much, but to his great sadness he cannot be loved by his dead dearest brother. Accordingly, it is Impossible for Holden to be rescued from his depression and lonesomeness.
Lastly, let us consider in detail the most important child, Phoebe, as well as the other members of his family. Except for his dead brother Allie, Holden has his parents, his brother D. B. and Phoebe. But as shown in the following words: “he couldn't find any other solution except good ０１ｄPhoebe,”(13) nobody, except Phoebe, can relieve Holden from his crazy depression and lonesomeness and make him feel happy. Here, let us refer to each member of his family. First, his parents are “nice" but quite “touchy” : they “would have about two haemorrhages apiece if l told anything pretty personal about them.”（19）ESpeCiallｙ his father is “touchy as hell”and is too busy to :discuss things with his son in the midst of ａ dangerous age. and his mother iS“very nervous”This is the reason why Holden does not let them know that he was expelled from Pency Preparatory School. Therefore, it is clear that Holden's parents cannot relieve him from his deep depression and lonesomeness. Secondly, D. B. is Holden's elder brother who lives out west in Hollywood. He used to be ａ regular writer when he was home, but now he is working for the phoney movies which Holden hates most: Holden says “If there's one thing l hate, it is the movies”(20) and “they can ruin you. I'm not kidding.”D. B“is out in Hollywood, being ａ prostitute.”（21）Ｈｅ has made ａ lot of money now and feels happy to be surrounded by an expensive English- made car Jaguar and ａ very good-looking English actress. Holden cannot be saved by such a brother. Thirdly, Allie was “the most intelligent” and “nicest” in the family, but he was dead. Accordingly, as stated before, it is impossible for Allie to make Holden feel very happy. Lastly, Phoebe is “only a little kid” ten years 01（!and the youngest in the family. Judging from the fact that in the family only Phoebe and Ａ１!iebelong to the innocent child world and Allie was already dead, Phoebe is the most important child for Holden. The reason is that, except for Phoebe, Holden does not have anv innocent child whom he loves and is loved by. It is almost only concerning Allie and Phoebe that Holden says “You'd have liked him” ｏr“You'd like her”in this story. Let me quote the passage in which
Holden talks about Phoebe ‘
You should see her. You never saw a little kid so pretty and smart in your whole life. She's really smart. . . She has this sort of red hair, a little bit like Allie's was. that's very short in the summer-time. In the summer-time, she sticks it behind her ears. She has nice, pretty littleears. . . . She's only ten. She's quite skinny, like me, but nice skinny. . . . You'd like her I mean if you tell０１ｄPhoebe something, she knows exactly what the hell you're talking about. ｌ mean you can even take her anywhere with you. If you take her ａ pretty good ｍ･ovie, she knows it's ａ pretty good movie. . . . You'd like her. The only trouble is, she's a ･littletoo affectionate sometimes . She's very emotional, for a child. , . . She killed Allie, too. I mean he liked her, too. SheﾀS ten now, and not such ａ tiny litt】ekid any more, but she stillkills everybody ―
everybody with any sense, ａｎｙｗａy.（22）
Inthe above-quoted sentences ，l want to emphasize the f0llowing words concerning Phoebe: ten of age, pretty, smart and affectionate. Phoebe is a ten-year-0】d little child so pretty
A Study of Ｔｈｅ Ｃａtｃｈｅｒ･intｈｅＲ:ｙｅ part ｎ （Ｔ．ＭＡＳＵＤＡ） 47
and smart and affectionate that you'd like her. First, consider what it means for Phoebe to be ten years old. As explained in part I of the thesis, judging from the fact that tｉｍｅ. consists of the phoney adult in the upper part and the innocent child world in the lower part, with sixteen years of age as the approximate boundary, it is natural that Phoebe, ten years old, should belong to the world of innocence. Therefore, Holden thinks he'd let only Phoebe visit him when he builds his cabin in the west t0 live an anti-phoney life. Holden does not want the other members of his family to visit him, because they partly belong to the world of phonineSS.（23）Ｈ０１ｄｅｎ’Scabin in the west symbolizes anti-phoney innocence.
Accordingly, nobody can do anything phoney in it and “If anybody tried to do anything phoney, they couldn't stay." Phoebe is allowed without condition to visit him and stay in his cabin, because she is a little child only ten years old and belongs to the world of innocence｡
Secondly, let us think what it means for Phoebe to be pretty. Holden says the following things about Phoebe and adults.
She was laying there asleep, with her face sort of on the side of the pillow. She had her mouth way open. It's funny. You take adults, they look lousy when they're asleep and they have their mouths way open, but kids don't. Kids look all right.(２０ What made it even more depressing, old Spencer had on this very sad, ratty 01d bathrobe that he was probably born in or something. l don't much like to see old guys in their pyjamas and bathrobes anyway. Their bumpy 01d chests are always showing,
and their legs. Old guys' legs, at beaches and places, always look so white and Ｕｎｈａｉrｙ.(25j
Phoebe is a little child who belongs to the world of innocence, and the innocent child is pretty in her heart as well as in her appearance. Therefore, when Holden went into the room where Phoebe was sleeping, and walked around for ａ while, he “felt swell, for ａ change. "'26) Let me show one more example concerning an innocent little child like Phoebe When Holden saw the pretty 】ittle child about six years 01d and heard him singing “If a body catch a body coming through the rｙｅ”in “ａ pretty little voice,”(27) he felt better and “not so depressed any more.”(28) Holden did not like to see Mr. Spencer much because his lousy appearance made Holden feel very depressed. But Holden says about Phoebe: “ You should see her. . . . You'd like her,”because Phoebe is so pretty that she can make anybody feel much better. Lousy adults like Mr. Spencer make Holden feel depressed, but on the contrary pretty children like Phoebe make him feel very good. This is the reason why Holden
tried to give Phoebe ａ call as often as two times on the firstday after he was dismissed from Pency Preparatory School. Phoebe is such ａ pretty child that you always feel like talking to her on the phone. Whenever Holden comes in touch with Phoebe, he feels very good and is considerably relieved from his depression and lonesomeness, because Phoebe is the prettiest child that you have ever seen in your whole life｡
Thirdly, I want to consider what it means for Phoebe to be ａ very smart little child. We must not overlook the fact that Holden says “moron” or “stupid” for the ones whom he cannot possibly love, but “smart” or “intelligent” for Allie and Phoebe whom he loves deeply.
48 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ.. Vol. 25 Hum. Sci.
Let me prove it. The first example is Stradlater, Holden's bad senior roommate. Holden yells at Stradlater: “You're a dirty stupid sonuvabitch of ａ moron”（29）ｂｅＣａｕSe he hates Stradlater who regards his date Jean as an object of hiS･ carnal pleasure. The second example is Maurice, a wicked elevator boy. Holden cries to Maurice: “You're a dirty moron”（3o）ａｎｄ “You're ａ stupid chiselling moron,”（3!' because Maurice conspires together
with Sunny and tries to defraud Holden of five dollars. He hates Maurice so bitterly that he pictures himself firing “six shots right through his fat hairy belly.”（32）Ｔｈｅ third example is “these girls around thirty or SO” at a night club in the Edmont Hotel. Holden･refers to them ａＳ“three real morons”（33）ａｎｄ “these very stupid girls,”（3幻 because they show no friendly feeling toward him. The last example is the boarc!ing students of Pency Preparatory School. Holden ｙe1χｓ“Ｓｌｅｅｔ，tight，･ｙａｍｏｒｏｎｓ!”(35)at the top of his voice, because in the dormitory, eχcept for the dead boy Castle, he could not find any object of his love to relieve him from his depression and lonesomeness, though he strongly wished for it in his heart｡ As stated above, Holden yells “stupid” or “moron” at the ones whom he cannot possibly love. Therefore, stated reversely, Holden says“smart” ｏr“intelligent” only to the ones whom he loves best. This is the reason why Holden says: “You never saw a little kid 〔Phoebe〕SO‥
the family.”Morons or phoney adults are not smart enough t（5recognize what is right and to act upon it. ０ｎ the contrary, Phoebe is smart enough to know what is nice and what is Dhonev. Therefore, Phoebe does not cry over the phoney movies like the phoney mother
with a child; if she is taken to ａ lousy movieドshe knows it is a lousy movie, but on the other hand, if she is taken to ａ pretty good movie. she knows it is a pretty good movie.
Phoebe is so smart that if you teil her something, she knows exactly what you're talking about. This is a very important point, because when Holden tells her that he is going west, Phoebe knows exactly her brother's troubled mind and tries to stop him from going. Holden loves his smart sister Phoebe all the more, because of having lost hiS“nicest”ａｎｄ“most intelligent” brother Allie. Holden has not experienced any give-and-take affairs of ａ deep innocent love with anybody, and he feels so depressed and lonesome that he goes crazy. But as shown above, Holden has Phoebe as the only object of his innocent love. Therefore,
we can admit that if he is rescued by her innocent love, Holden will be relieved from his deep depression and lonesomeness and feel very happy. This is possible, because Phoebe is very affectionate. 。
Lastly, I want to consider the most important point about Phoebe being “a little too affec-tionateﾊﾟ' Let us show Phoebe's innocent love for Holden in two detailed examples. First, ０ｎ the second day after Holden left Pency Preparatory School, he goes over to Broadway in order to buy ａ record for Phoebe called “Little Shirley Beans.”This record is one “about a little kid that ｗｏしildn't go out of the house because two of her front teeth were out and she was ashamed t０.”(36) It was made about twenty years ago and sung by ａ coloured girl singer, Estelle Fletcher It is very hard to get. 八boy at Pency Preparatory School has it, but he would not sell it. Accordingly, when Holden buys it, he is very happy and wants to give it to Phoebe, because he knows “it ｗO uld knock old Phoebe ｏｕtﾊﾞ'(37) Never-theless, Holden's happiness does not continue･ for long, because he drops Phoebe's record
A Study of ＴｈｅＣａtｃｈｅｒ緬仙ｅ ｎ（Ｔ．Ｍ人ｓUI）Ａ） 49
when he goes to see the ducks which he loves. Feeling so terrible that he comes near to crying, Holden collects the pieces and puts them in his pocket. This is one of the most sorrowful scenes in ＴｈｅＣａtｃｈｅｒi71 匯ｅ Ｒｖｅand we cannot read it with dry eyes. Phoebe's record is broken into pieces, and to make matters worse he cannot find any ducks in the half frozen lake. Therefore, Holden feels so depressed and lonesome that he goes crazy. Nevertheless, when he sees Phoebe and gives her the pieces, Holden feels good. The reason is that Phoebe receives the useless pieces from Holden's hand, saying “I'm saving them”(38)
イ ’ and she puts them in the drawer of her table.
It is clear what the story above means. It shows Phoebe's altruistic and spiritual love. Holden buys the 01d record because he loves Phoebe; Phoebe receives the pieces because she loves Holden. From ａ materialistic viewpoint, the pieces of the record are not good for anything and not worth a farthing. Nevertheless, by receiving the useless pieces and saving them in the drawer of her table, Phoebe shows her deep thanks and innocent love for Holden. It makes･ him say “she kills me. ”(39)By giving and taking the pieces, each of them gives and takes ｅ･ach other's love. Although Holden is not loved deeply by the other objects of his love, he knows for the first time that he is deeply loved by Phoebe. She is indeed “a little too affectionate.”
Let us refer to ａ second example to show Phoebe's innocent love for Holden. ０ｎ the second day after Holden was dismissed from school, he cries in the Wicker Bar of the Seton Hotel, because he is “feeling so damn depressed and lonesome”: (40) he cannot find anyone to love and be loved by. To make the matter worse, he begins to worry that he is getting pneumonia and going to die because of his bitter chillness. Therefore, he thinks that he had better sneak home and see Phoebe, in case he dies. Then, he starts home. When ｈ６ arrives at home, Phoebe is “glad as hell to Ｓｅｅ”（41）ｈｉｍbecause “she's even ｌθＱaffectionate.”(42) Holden tells a lie but he is afraid “Daddy'11 身辺”<"' him. However, Holden finally explains to her that he left school because it “was full 0f phonies” and tells her that he wishes to be the catcher in the rye, if he can, b叫as the first step he is going to work on ａ ranch in Colorado. As he is “practically brｏｋｅご（4幻Holden asks her t０lend him some money. Then Phoebe gives him all her Christmas money. saying “You can take it all”(45) It makes Holden Ｃrｙ:“Then, all of a sudden, I started to cry. I couldn't help it. I did it so nobody could
hear me, but l did it. It scared hell out of old Phoebe when I started doing it, and she came over and tried to make me stop, but once you get started, you can't just stop on ａ
goddam ｄｉｍｐ..”（“）
Because Holden was feeling depressed and !onesome. he was crying in the Seton Hotel. But this time he is crying in Phoebe's room because she is too affectionate, Maurice and Sunny defrauded Holden of five dollars and“those three stupid girls”made him pay for all the cigarettes and the drinks they had: their lousiness and phonihess made him crazy. ０ｎ the contrary, however, Phoebe gives her troubled brother Holden all her Christmas
money: it makes him cry. Although he said: “Goddam money. It always ends up making you blue as hell,”（47）Ｈ０１ｄｅｎat last has found an exception in Phoebe, a too affectionate girl.
50 Res. Rep. Kochi Univ.
innocent love causes Holden to waver greatly in his decision to go west. This is clearly proved in his following words:“It was a helluva lot easier getting out of the house than it was getting in, for some reason For one thing, l didn't give much of ａ damn any more if they caught me. l really didn't. l figured if they caught me. they caught me. l almost wished they did, in ａ ｗａｙｊ（48）HiSwords “l almost wished they did, in ａ ｗａｙ”show clearly that he can stop going west and remain in his house, although he became‘crazy' against adults' phoniness and repeated from the realities. It ･is of great importance that only Phoebe's ゝinnocent love for Holden causes him to become calm and to begin wishing to 'stand stillバ
By standing still0n the cliff between the innocent child world and the phoney adult world, Holden can prevent himself from falling over the cliffinto withdrawal. mendacity, lust and despair and he is in a position to be the catcher in the rye ｙ Therefore, when Phoebe says to him: “You don't like any thi‘ngthat゛Ｓ happening. You don't like any schools. You don't like a million things. You don't.”(49) Holden can Ｓａｙ:“ldo! That's where you're wrong ―that's exactly where you're wrong. ... I'c!just b’ｅthe catcher in the rye.”(50) But after he was betrayed by Mr Antolini whom he had respected,'"' Holden can no
longer stand still0n the cliff but tries to run away into the quixotic world as usual. Finally, what l decided I'd d0， l decided l’ｄgo away. l decided l’ｄnever go home again and I'd never go away to another schoo! again. l decided I'd just see ０１ｄPhoebe and sort of say good-bye to her and all, and give her back her Christmas dough, and then I'd start hitch-hiking my way out west.(")
When Phoebe knows that her brother Holder) will hitch-hike out west, she is “smart” enough to know that he is unhappy and she makes up her mind to go west with him, saying “I’m going with ｙｏｕﾊﾟ･'"'Here, for the first time by her words and attitude, Holden knows how innocent and positive Phoebe's decision is because of her innocent love for her disturbed brother. Holden stops taking his usual quixotic attitude and tries to be the catcher in the rye to protect Phoebe at a11 costs, because the catcher in the rye must “catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff”； especially Phoebe who is a little child very innocent, pretty, smart and affectionate“She is his littlesister Phoebe whom he must protect at all costs from the phantoms of lust, hypocrisy, conceit and fear―all 0f the attributes which Holden sees in society.”（54）Ｈｏｌｄｅｎtries to protect Phoebe from falling over the cliff with him by his own strong decision:“I'm not going away anywhere. I changed my mind. So stop crying and shut ｕｐﾊﾟ’（55）Ｔｈｅabove-quoted words show at least one fact that Holden indeed does not try to run away into the quixotic world, but tries to stand stilland positive on the cliff. It can be proved in the following words: “Did you mean it what you said? You really aren't going away anywhere? Are you really going home afterwards?’ she asked me.‘Yeah', I said. ｌ meant it, too. I wasn't lying to ｈｅr･. l really did go home afterwards”(56) At any rate, Phoebe is reassured by Holden's decision: “I'm not going away anywhere” and gladly goes for a ride on the carousel which is playing‘Oh･Marrie!,' the same nice song Holden heard as an innocent child. Seeing Phoebe happily going round and round on the carousel, Holden feels happy for the firsttime after his long depression and ionesomeness. The following significant and wonderful sentences express this fact.
A Study of Ｔｈｅ Ｃａtｃｈｅｒ i71 ￡hｅ
n
(T. masuda)
51Boy, it began to rain like a bastard. In buckets. I swear to God. All the parents and mothers and everybody went over and stood right under the roof of the carousel, so they wouldn't get soaked to the skin or anything, but I stuck around on the bench for quite ａ while. I got pretty soaking wet, especially my neck and my pants. My hunting hat really gave me quite ａ lot of protection, in ａ way, but l got soaked anyway. l didn't care, though. I felt so damn happy a11 0f a sudden, the way old Phoebe kept going round and round. Ｉ was damn near bawling, l felt so damn happy, if you want to know the truth. I don't know why. It was just that she looked so damn ｢ぽ, the way she kept going round and round, in her blue coat and all. God, I wish ｙりｕcould've
been therｅ.（57）
it is very important to note here that Phoebe was rescued by Holden's decision from falling over the cliff,although Holden was saved by Phoebe's innocent love from falling into despair and withdrawal. When Holden decided not to go anywhere but home with Phoebe in order to protect her from falling from the rye, the world of innocence, he finally could become the catcher in the rye, whether he was conscious of it or not. This is the reason why Holden could stand stillagainst such ａ real“rain like a bastard”which his red hunting hat, the symbol ０ｆinnocence, could not shelter him completely, even though “everybody went over and stood right under the roof of the carousel.”The above-mentioned shows that Holden's happy feeling consists of these two points: Holden's recognition of Phoebe's innocent and positive love for him, and the value of his being the catcher in the rye. In this sense, Ｉ cannot agree to the opinion that “Phoebe is nothing but the catcher in the ryｅﾊﾟ'(58'Phoebe is nothing but the sufficent condition for Holden to be the catcher in the rye. She cannot
be the catcher in the rye, standing on the cliff between the child world and the adult world, because she lives in the midst of the rye, the innocent child world. It is only Holden who can have the necessary condition to be the catcher in the rye. He can stand on the cliff as the catcher in the rye ･because he has the nice child innocence and at the same time he is in a position to recognize the phoney adult world. Holden was so oversensitive and immature
that he did not know how to meet the difficult real world except for running away along the border between the child world and the adult world. This is the reason why “he is con-tinually performing the quixotic gesture.”（59）H01den iS“not really phony ―but not quite strong enough to break away completely.”(CO) I( is true that “those who find the book nothing more than ａ satirical attack upon the ‘phoniness' that irritates Holden's condition are probably as disturbed as the body himself,"‘61）bｕt those who comment that “Holden is himself guilty of’all the things that make him call others 'phony ”'(62)are to be questioned. We can, and must, read that there is Holden's immature but innocent wish to be the catcher in the ｒyｅ･ behind “things that make him call others‘phony'.”Ｔｈｅ Ｃａtｃｈｅｒ緬￡ｈｅＲｉｆｅｉｓa significant and worthy story because Holden, half a child and half an adult, tries to stand still and positive on the cliff between the child world and the adult world as the catcher in the rye with the assistance of Phoebe's innocent and positive love for him. Holden felt very happy and decided against going west, because he knew how innocent and positive Phoebe's love for him was and at the same time he finally became the catcher in the rye who caught Phoebe when she started to go over the cliff.
52 Res. Kochi Univ. Vol. 25, Hum. No. 4.
Holden knows “if we cannot love. we cannot】iｖｅ”(63)and grows in love for others through the experiences with his innocent little sister Phoebe, because he could stand stillon the cliff as the catcher in the rye. Therefore, Holden shows his compassion and love even for those whom he has hated, as shown in the following words: “About all l know is, I sort ｏt miｓｓ everybody l told about Even 01d Stradlater and Ackley, for instance. I think l even miss that Goddam Mauriceﾌﾞ'(64)“His ‘missing' them indicates that he ｎ０ longer ‘hates' them, because they. too, need understanding.”(65) By standing stilland rather positive on the cliff as the catcher, Holden finds that they also need to be loved and rescued as he does. Only through Phoebe's innocent love for him, Holden can, or at least is ready t０，become the catcher in the rye and be rescued from his crazy depression and lonesomeness, even though he on longer can go back into the paradise of innocence in ｓｐａｃｅ（Srin Zz‘777ら
NOTES
（1） Arthur Heiserman, James Ｅ. Miller, Jr｡Edgar Branch, Chapter IX ＨｏｌｄｅｎａｎｄＨｕck.･ Ａ Ｑｕｅｓtｉｎ Ｓａｌｉｎｇｅｒ； Ａ Ｃｒitｉｃａｌａｎｄ ＰｅｒｓｏｎａｌＦｏｒtｒait introduced and edited by Henry Anatole Grunwald Peter Owen, 1962, p. 200.
(2) J. D. Salinｇｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ Ｃａtch,ｅｒiれ仙ｅ Ｒ･り'<?,Penguin, 1974, p. 105. （3）Ibid。p. 99. （4）‘Ibid･，ｐ． 207. （5）ｈｏｃ. cit， （6）Ibid.，ｐ， １， (7) Loc.cit． (8) Loc.cit. （９）Ｌｏｃ． cit. :゛ （10）Ibid., p. 203. （11）Ibid。p. 204. (12) Loc. cit. （13）Ibid。pp. 41-42.
(14) W. H. Hudson, Ａ Ｔｒａｖelleｒi？ILittｆｅＴｉｌｉｎｇｓ,Dent& Sons,!921, p. 246. (15)￡oc. cit.
(16) J. D. Salinger, op. cit., p. 178. （17）Ibid.， ｐ. 204.
(18) Martin Green, Christopher Parker, Chaptｅr ｘ１ Ｔｈｅ Ｐｈｏｅｎｉエｉｎ･Ｓａｌｉｎｇｅｒ； Ａ Ｃｒitｉｃａｌａｎｄ ＰｅｒｓｏｎａｌＰｏｒtｒait,p. 257.
(19) J. D. Salinｇｅｒ, ｏｐ.cit., p. 5. (20) Loc. cit.
(21) Loc. cit. （22）Ibid.,pp. 71-73.
(23) Although Holden says that his father is “nice,”it is clear that he also partly belongs to the phoney world, because Holden severe】ｙ criticizes the lawyers as follows : “they're all right if they go around saving innocent guys' lives all the time, ａｎｄ】ike that, but you don't do that kind of stuff if you're ａ lawyer. A11 you do is make ａ lot of dough and play golf and play bridge and buy cars and drink martins and look like a hot-shot. And besides. Even if you did go around saving guys' lives and all, how would you know if you did it because you really ｔむanted to save guys' lives, or you did it because what you ｒeallｙwanted to do was be ａ terrific lawyer, with everybody slapping you on the back and congratulating you in court when the goddam trial was over, the reporters and everybody, the way it is in the dirty movies？(pp. 178-179)｡
(24)Ibid。p. 166. (25)乃 ｢｡, p. 12. (26)Tbid., p. 166.
5ろ (27) Ibid., p. 121. （28）Ibid。p. 122. (29)Ibid., p. 48. （30）Ibid･, p. 108. 1’ (31)Ｌｏｃ. cit， （32）Ibid.，p. 109. (33) Ibid。p. 75. (34) Loc.cit. (35)Ibid。p. 56. (36)乃id., p. 121. (37) Loc.ｃtt. （38）Ibid。p. 170. (39)￡∂ｃ. ごμ. ， （40）Ibid.,p. 159. （41）Ibid。p. 168. (42) Loc. cit. (43)乃id., p. 173. （44）Ibid.,p. 185. (45)Ibid。p. 186. （46）Ｌｏｃ. cit. (47)乃id., p. 119. （48）Ibid.,pp. 186-187. (49)乃id., p. 176. （50）Ibid.，pp. 17←180.
(51) Judging from the fact that Mr. Antolini was the first man to embrace James Castle as well as Holden's words : “he was making a flitty pass at me, " (p. 201) it is possible enough to regard Mr. Antolini as ａ sodomite.
(52)Ｉｂｉｄ.,p. 205. (53)Ibid.，p. 212.
(54) Arthur Heiserman, James Ｅ. Miller, Jr., Edgar Branch, oか. cit･，p. 198･ (55) J. D. Salinger, op.ぷ., p. 213･
(56)Ibid., p. 218. (57)Ibid., p. 219.
(58) Shigenobu Sadoyａ. Ｏｎ ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＮｏtｊｅｌｓTaibundo, 1970, p. 204.
(59) Ihab Hassan,Ｒａｄｉｃａｌ Ｉｎｎｏｃｅｎｃｅ.･ Ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓin ｔｈｅＣｏｍtｅｍｐｏｒａりＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎ Ｎｏ-ｕel，Princeton University Press, 1971, p. 273.
(60) Martin Green, Christopher Parker, （や.dZ･，ｐ. 255･
(61) Warren French， Ｊ. Ｄ. ＳａｌｉｎｇｅｒKansas State University, 1963, p. 109･ （62）Ibid.,p. 109. ，●
(63) Arthur Heiserman, James Ｅ. Miller, Jr･, Edgar Branch, op. cit･，p. 200･ (64) J. D. Salinger,砂. cit･，p. 220.
(65) Warren French, op. cit･，p. 116.
