2004 hH 21 I¯¾ "Ãb£¬PR
w¿aVP±-Plm
ɟİʀm
*kŎǹ Ǹ
**kȩu©đ
***kIJǹŭlj
**** *ŜĵďęďęʳOKCk>lSk>jVkJ@BjLȐȤʝˡ770-8502 ŜĵľÏłnĵǽ 1-1 E-mail: [email protected] ** đǐĺƳƯŐș *** nɺNEJjƯŐș **** ǁɻňĐǁȈɴŲGeological and geomorphological features of slope failures caused by heavy
rainfall associated with Typhoon 0421 in Seisan Area, Kagawa Prefecture
Ken-ichi NISHIYAMA
*, Hajime HIROTA
**, Yuta TAKENAKA
***and Kenji OKADA
***** Laboratory of Geology, Institute of Socio-Arts and Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan.
** Taiyo Industrial Co., Ltd *** Mitani Sekisan Co., Ltd **** Japan Meteorological Agency
Abstract
Many slope failures and debris flows triggered by heavy rainfall associated with Typhoon 0421 occurred in Seisan area, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. Critical rainfall to trigger the slope failure is 65mm/h, 150mm/3h, total precipitation 250mm, and soil water index 180. Many slope failures occurred at side-slope and/or debris filled floor of 1-order valley in mountain slopes consisting of alternating beds of sandstone and mudstone (Izumi Group). Field evidence suggests that rainwater penetrated into permeable weathered sandstone layer lying on poor permeable mudstone layer. Many slope failures occurred at weathered sandstone layer because of low strength and a rise in the groundwater level. The occurrences of slope failures were controlled by weathered profile of alternating beds of sandstone and mudstone.
Keywords: Slope failure, Critical rainfall, Izumi Group, Weathered profile, soil water index
2004 Ņ%ɟƐƢ%žʎ.'oʶÞˑ& ˡÞˑ 15ˡ21ˡ23 ß'ˡĨˁúý&˔ĸȉɟɹ úý" 'ɩʪȃ$ɼˁ;25ˣɟɹúý &ɤˇĤľÏʝ˟ó 1ˠ!'ˡ&ɼˁ%46ˡ˘ īİèʍ!ĎƉ&ƍˆķĈ ȁǶˡ2 ã&ǭǫɃ ¶ˣ&ɼˁǤġ'ˡĨˁúý%7ƍˆķ ĈȁǶ%ʮr7ˁʦƥ"ˡúʁkúŖȃɠð" &ʮ;Ʋɨ7o!ʤɠ$ɿƌ"$67ˣƢȢ !'ˡ&ƍˆķĈ&úʁkúŖȃǬŝ;Ʋɨ7 ""2%ˡʲˁʦ"&ʮ% Ʋɨ;ə ˣ HÂq´|¼¾!OW¾¸pu Þˑ 15 ß'ˡ8/16 %\?f[jƦƏǕo!ȁǶ ś%Éoˡ8/19 %zĹɟƏ;ʐʖ ƐƢǕ*ʔ <ˣƜȄƟ&uŞǁø' 970 hPa !ˡ8/17˧18 % ˔ĸȉɟʝkŪĖȉƦʝk˘ȌȉÉʝmŀ%ɼˁ; 25ˣ Þˑ 21 ß'ˡ9/21 %G=aĵɟǕo!ȁǶś% ÉoˡƜȄƟ&uŞǁø 940hPa ;ɩʪśˡ9/29 %uŞǁø 970hPa &ÆÂ!îõ%oʶˣ8/29 ˧30 %˔ĸȉɟʝ!'³)ɼˁ"$ ˣ
Þˑ 23 ß'ˡ10/13 %_f>WɶĵʎǕ!ȁǶś %ÉoˡƜȄƟ&uŞǁø 940hPa ;ɩʪśˡ10/20 %uŞǁø 950hPa !îõ%oʶˣ10/19˧21 %
15 297mm 23 256mm 21 249mm 1 21 65mm/h 15 54mm/h 23 30mm/h 3 21 152mm/3h 15 120mm/3h 23 69mm/3h 2000 2007 2006 2 15 165 21 188 23 162 21 3 15 3 1 21 21 2005 1 8 2 20 50° 1986 1992 1km − 76 −
ȹƪ; 1/5,000 úŖó%ʈ´ˡƍˆķĈ·Ŀó; Ů˟ó 3ˠˣ&ƍˆķĈ&ɡ &ƂƄ ɥˡ÷ȏ&¢Ƽúǥ&úɚÇʠ;ɧǚˣ.ˡ úŖȃǬŝ;ŵſ71ˡ1/5,000 úŖó;Ƿ ˡLUhlelǎ%47ǂȳó;Ů, ˡ ɺĢŌ˟0.25km2 bRKd˦500m500mˠkʃʦ ˟0.0625km2 bRKd˦250m250mˠkƍˆķĈĢŌ ˟0.25km2 bRKd"%ɧǚˡ85&é! 1km2bRKd"&¡;Dž1ˠ&ɧǚ;ə ˣ & ˡƍˆķĈĢŌ&ƲɨbRKd'ˡHLP úŖǮ;æ7˘īİ&ȡȼʎ;ąǿ"ˡÛ ȅ¤"Ǔ8ȅ¤" ! 7âmbRKd²% 5$4%ɪĜˣȡȼ'ĭƛ 71ˡ bRKd&mʝ ɒŃʤ$7ʝ· Ƕ ˡķĈ Ɖ&Q]gDAjU $4%ɳƊˣ.ˡ ˘īİ&ȡȼ&Ϥ& 4 bRKd& ˡÏɟ& 2 bRKd˟ǹʥƑˠ'ˡbRKd²&ʼný ƪƹ ö 5$7ˣ8č&bRKd&İú'ˡ,-ư Ʃ.'İ˚&ųǮú˟ƪƹökʌúkĚk1 LJˠ"$ 7ˣ ƍˆķĈĢŌ;ƲɨȹƪˡHLPúŖǮ;æ 7Ûȅƍˆ%7Éƍˆ!'ˡķĈĢŌ' 64˧80 /km2!ˡÏƍˆ!' 69˧198 /km2"ď (5 ȹƪ"$ ˟ó 3ˠˣ& ˡķ ĈĢŌ 100 /km2o2&Ȧ¶¡;ȗ&'ˡ ȡȼ46Ϥ&ƪƹö 5$7 2 bRKd!6ˡ 8;ʴ(ˡÉƍˆkÏƍˆ82 60˧80 /km2ȟŌ"ďļ'ɰ158$ˣ ʃʦ"ķĈĢŌ"; 0.25 km2bRKd!ǀʊ 7"˟ó 4ˠˡďĬȃ%'tɃ%'ƽ&Ȉʮ ɰ 1587ˣHLPúŖǮ;æ7Ûȅƍˆ%ŕ 7Éƍˆ'33ʃʦ ď ˡǓ8ȅƍˆ%ŕ 7Ïƍˆ 33Ĩ$6ˡʃʦ 250m ;ʅ 7&'Éƍˆ&/!7ˣ ˡʃʦ 250m o&bRKd!&ķĈĢŌ' 50 /0.25 km2p "ˡȦ¶¡!'$ˣ09ˡķĈĢŌ 100 /0.25 km2½ś&¡;ȗbRKd'ˡȡȼϤ& ƪƹö!6ˡ82ʃʦ 150m ȟŌ"Ĩ %2 :5ˡķĈĢŌ Ȧ¶ 7ˣ ķĈȁǶȬŲ&ɺ&ƻƉ'ˡ1 ƻɺ&ɺˍ˟˦ǜ ˍʝˠˡ¤ćˡɺŊ˟˦ǜˍʝ46pƏˠ Ɯ2Ď ˡ2 ƻo&˘ƻ&ɺ&ɺŊ3¤ć!2ƈȁȃ% ȁǶ˟ó 5ˠˣHLPúŖǮ;æ7Ûȅ% ŕ7Éƍˆ˟˘īİ46ɤ&éǹúÊɟƏ&İ !&ķĈ;ʴčˠ!'ˡ1 ƻɺ&¤ć!ȁǶ ƍˆķĈ Ɯ2Ďˡƻ! 2 ƻɺ&¤ćˡ1 ƻɺ &ɺŊ"$6ˡmɎ%ƍˆķĈ Ďȁ3 1 ƻ ɺ&ɺˍ' 4 "$ ˣ˘īİ46É%7İ !&ķĈƉ'ĩ$ ˡ1 ƻɺ&ɺˍk¤ćˡ. ' 0 ƻɺ&ɺˍk¤ć!ķĈ ȁǶ 7ˣH LPúŖǮ;æ7Ǔ8ȅ%ŕ7Ïƍˆ˟ƪƹö ;ʴčˠ!'ˡ1 ƻɺ&ɺŊ Ɯ2Ďˡƻ! 1 ƻɺ&¤ćˡ1 ƻɺ&ɺˍ&ˋ"$ ˣÏƍˆ& ƪƹö!'ˡ1 ƻɺ&¤ć Ɯ2Ďˡƻ! 1 ƻ ɺ&ɺŊˡ1 ƻɺ&ɺˍ&ˋ"$ ˣmƏˡƪƹ ö;ʴÏƍˆ!'ˡɺŊ!ȁǶķĈ Ďˡ ɺŊ; 3˧4m &Õ!üȣ ɥȖį&³ķ Ĉ%472&2ɰ158˟ó 6ˠˣo&4%ˡ ķĈȁǶɀ'ÛȅkǓ8ȅƍˆ;ì:ˡ1 ƻ ɺ&ɺˍ4609ɺć$ɺŊ!33Ďˣ ƍˆķĈ&ɡ &ƂƄɥ&ɧǚȹƪ' 15˧20° ȟŌ ĎˡǓpķĈ÷ȏ&¢Ƽúǥ&úɚÇ ʠ' 5°ȟŌ!ˡ5%pǓ˟úɚÇʠ 3°ȟŌˠ% Ǐǂ ǓpāŲ2Ďˣ÷ȏ&ƜďǓpʆˀ' ȵ 1km !7ˣ÷ȏȞÅʆˀ"ɡ &ƂƄɥ" &ʮ˟ó 7ˠ'ˡÛȅ"$7Éƍˆ'/ & ƂƄɥ 33Ĩˡ÷ȏ&ȞÅʆˀ ʫķĈ ĎˣmƏˡǓ8ȅ"$7Ïƍˆ!'ˡ/ &Ƃ Ƅɥ 33ď ˡ÷ȏ&ȞÅʆˀ ȍķĈ Ď ˣÏƍˆ&ƪƹö!ȁǶƍˆķĈ!'ˡ/ &ƂƄɥ 20°p"Ĩˣo&4%ˡÛ ȅ¤kǓ8ȅ¤"!ˡɡ &ƂƄɥ%ɒŃ&ļ ɰ1587ˣ ķĈú&úʁ'ȏij©Æ&ȏijǏijį 5$ 7" ĎˣDzú!&ĝǚ!'ˡķĈƍˆ&§ƍ ' 32°˧44°ˡķĈ&ǘ'ȵ 0.5˧2m &ɚįķĈ ĎˣįǴˆ%Nj ȏijĂ&Ǟɖ3ˡļ7ȭ Ǵ%ɢº8)ǮķĈ;æ72&2ɰ1 58 ˡƜ2Ď&'ˡȏij&ŔˑÈŀ4)ķ ȣ÷ Ǟɖ7P@^&ķĈ! ˟ó 8ˠˣ M 2 ¦À[cY·F3¶¦ $ ¾¸SOW¾¸pu|ºX@
4 3 1km 1km2 80 66 64 198 103 69 69 − 78 −
M 5 aVPuÉ0Ê0 ÁÈ0 ;Ê0 ;UÈ0TÊ0 iÈ 4/È2 4¼ J ªIÉ
M 6 1 i%EQ O
ɟİʀmkŎǹ Ǹkȩu©đkIJǹŭlj - 80 - ó 8 &!'ˡķĈ&ǘ' 0.5m "ǔˡ÷ȏ& ȞÅý%'I>LUlj;ȏij&Ȓʁ$ijȅ ˄¶ 7ˣķĈ÷ȏ&u%Ś 1m ;ʄ 7Ļ Ȗ å.8 7āŲ'ĩ$ˡķĈ÷ȏ&ƜďȰ Ś' 1m ơǛ ĎˣķĈ÷ȏ'ȏij øȃ%Ď ˡǏij ĩʦå.87ˣǤġ 5ȵ 1 Ņś& 2005 ŅČ&ɤģ!'ˡǏij&ďÌ'LhlEjG%46 ȑǩÈ.'ʇʁÈ ˣ$ˡï&ɼˁ! 'ˡɢƷ&ď $ú+6Ŧ&ƍˆċÅ'ȁǶ$ ˣ w¿O^µÂ@eµ {°<«Ä ƍˆ&÷įƴʒ&Ǭŝ;ŵſ71ˡ˘īİÏ ¤&ķĈƍˆ&¤ʝ˟ơķĈˠ& 3 úǥ!ȯƕɽ ɬ˗;əˡɽŷŶ¡ Nc ¡;Dž1ˣƜďɽ ǘŌ'úɚp 5m !7ˣNc ¡ 10 p"$7ˌ ý'82ǘȵ 1m "$ ˟ó 9ˠˣNc ¡ 5 p"$7Ǭ%ʇʁ$ˌý ɰ158ˡˑÈǏ ij&ɘį%Ȉŕ7ÝɇŦ 7ˣNc ¡ 50 o" $7ˌý'ˡƍˆpʝ!' 3m ȟŌˡoʝ!' 4m ȟŌ"$6ˡƍˆoʝ,#ǘŌ 33ǘˣ $ˡó 9 &˄ˍʎʻ%7ķĈƍˆ&+6ˆ !ə ȯƕɽɬ˗& Nc ¡˟3 ï&ńûˠ' 17.3 "$ ˣ&¡'ˡó 9 &ơķĈƍˆ!ǘŌ 1˧ 2m ȟŌ%ɭŕˡĝʺ%ȁǶķĈǘ"ɳé ȃ!7ˣ Â@e`n ˑÈŀƴʒ"ķĈȁǶǘŌ&ʮ;Ʋɨ7 1ˡó 9 &˄ˍʎ¥% ˡw%ȏij 5$7& 6ˆ;ŔˑÈŀˡuˑÈŀˡœˑÈŀ& 3 %Ê· 7""2%ˡȏij&ǪŦ¡;ǚĜˣÖɀ! Kd`RUZj_lÙȁ¡˟R ¡ˠ"İuŐ÷ĉȒ Ōɧ%47÷ĉȒŌ˟mmˠ;ǚĜˡĝ˗ğ%Ź Ł ɬƌ;Ƿ ˡɐŘ¡"ƞÄʭʹǰ˟˞ˡ ǂǖǎ%47ˠ;ǚĜˣɐŘǚĜ'ˡIXD` YgPɛ SPAD-503 ;ǷˡɐŘ¡' L*a*b*¡! ɚDzˣǚĜƥ'ˡǚĜŚ 8mmˡƶǝ&¬ D65 4) SCE ƏŐ%46ˡɬƌ'¸Ǝś%ɋǧ|Ǩ 2&!7ˣ.ˡœˑÈŀkuˑÈŀ&ɬ ƌ% 'ɘǩɤģ;ə ˟ó 10ˠˣ85; ."1ˑÈŀ&ijȎǪŦ&ʨȇċÈ;ó 11 %ȗ ˣ ŔˑÈŀ'ɥȖǮ;$ȏijĂ;w"ˡįǴˆ qƔȋ!ˡȏij&I>LUlj'ǗĔ 7ˣ ijȅ·ː!' D ȶ%Ȉŕ7ˣR ¡' 10˧30 ȟŌ !7 ˡʇʁ!ǚĜqɇ&āŲ2ĎˣƞÄʭʹ ǰ' 20˞ȟŌˡɐŘ¡& ˡ˛ɐ&ȟŌ;ȗ b*' 20˧30 ȟŌ%ʘ7ˣŔˑÈŀ&Õ' 2˧ 4m ȟŌ!7ˣ uˑÈŀ'įǴˆ ɰ158ˡ((ȏij&I >LUlj˟Ś 1˧2mˠ ŖŮ8 7ˣżù 7Ǐij'ˡLhlEjG%47ȑǩÈ ɗˣR ¡'ˡI>LUlj! 40˧60ˡ&èò!' 20 ȟ Ō!7ˣijȅ·ː!' CL˧CMȶ%Ȉŕ7ˣƞ Äʭʹǰ' 10˞ơǛˡ˛ɐ&ȟŌ;ȗ b*' 10˧ 15 ȟŌ!7ˣuˑÈŀ&Õ' 3˧4m ȟŌ! 7ˣɘǩɤģ&ȹƪ˟ó 10ˠ!'ˡȏȰė" 'ȎɓkʫȎ$5)%ijǩ;Ďå/ˡœˑÈ ɬƌ!'ˡþʁʝ·3ʭʹ%ǂʡÈʧ ŖŮ87 ""2%ˡȏȰė;ɽʐ7_@FiFeRF ɰ 158ˡȱ÷ʩǪ"Ť:87ɝɐ&ʩǪ!«Ą8 7˟ȱ÷Ɉˠˣ œˑÈŀ'įǴˆ Ɣȋ$Ȓʁijȅ!6ˡI> LUlj'ɰ158$ˣR ¡ ' 40 o!ˡijȅ ·ː!' CMȶ%Ȉŕ7ˣƞÄʭʹǰ' 10˞ơǛˡ ˛ɐ&ȟŌ;ȗ b*' 10˧15 ȟŌ"ˡuˑÈŀ" ,"<#ċ:5$ˣɘǩɤģ%48(ˡȏȰė" ȎɓkʫȎ$5)%ijǩ;Ďå/ˡþʁʝ· %'˂ƿȱ÷ʩǪ ɰ158ˡþʁ&ǂʡÈʧ'u ˑÈŀ%ǀ+ ĩ$ˡȏȰė;ɽȱ÷Ɉ2ɰ1 58$ˣ ɺŊ 5&ǂńʆˀ(m) ɺŊ 5&ǂńʆˀ(m) M 8 w¿aVPl-P±x¿ÆÅ]_ Aw¿ÈÅ]PB.Ç − 80 −
įǴˆˤɡ &§ƍǴˆ ɡ §ƍ16 (m) m m m
()
No.1 No.3 Nc=10 No.2 Nc Nc Nc Nc=50 a b M 9 {°<«Ä #O^E>dÆÅ]_Cw¿ NÈ·zPB.Ç M 10 `¢=ÆD)&,Èf 1.2mmÇɟİʀmkŎǹ Ǹkȩu©đkIJǹŭlj - 82 - w¿aVG ¾¸-Pl- P±}5© w¿aV»0#¾¸}5 ƍˆķĈȁǶ%×-ˁʦƥ% Ʋɨ 7ˣƍˆķĈ'ˡÞˑ 21 ßžʎƘ%Ɯ2Ďȁ " 5ˡŕúý&ƍˆķĈȁǶƥ" ˡÞˑ 21 ßžʎƘ"âȟŌ&¡ˡ$: ˡ65mm/h oˡ 150mm/3h oˡȻˁʦ 250mm oˡ÷ĉˁʦźƉ 180 o Ż587ˣˡȻˁʦ'ˡÞˑ 21 ßžʎƘ462Þˑ 15ˡ23 ßžʎƘ&Ə Ď " 5ˡƍˆķĈ&Ďȁƥ" 'ˡȻˁʦ 46 3 Ƙʭˁʦ&, ʚ¸"ɂ 587ˣ3 Ƙʭ ˁʦ"ķĈȁǶ";ƊǴȹƪ˟ɑǹ, ˡ1986ˠ !'ˡ100˧200mm/3h & Ďˡï&ȹƪ' &Ȯò²%å.87ˣ w¿aV»0#Pl}5 ƍˆķĈȁǶ%ʮr7úŖƥ% Ʋɨ 7ˣHLPúŖ&Ûȅ%7˘īİÉƍˆ! 2ˡHLPúŖ&Ǔ8ȅ%7Ïƍˆ!2ˡķĈ ĢŌ',-âȟŌ"$6ˡtɃ&ʙ%47ķĈȁ ǶĢŌ%'ļ'ɰ158$ˣmƏˡÏƍˆ& ˡ úŖȃ%Ƚ§ƍ;$ƪƹö!'ˡķĈĢŌ 8 5"ǀ+ Ȧ¶¡"$ ˣʃʦ"ķĈĢŌ "&ʮ 52ˡƪƹöúý&ʃʦ Ĩ%2 :5ˡȦ¶ķĈĢŌ;æ7ˣƪƹö² %'ĎƉ&ƳǷʌʗ ŏɪ8 7"" : ˡƪƹö!&ƍˆķĈ&Ďȁ'ˡǦȃ$ú ŖkƱǶƆċ&řˈ Ŕɚ8"¹Ǝ87ˣ &"'ˡ1975 ŅÞˑ 6 ß%47¾İèʍ!&ƍ ˆķĈ"ƱǶ"&ʮ%ʮ7Ʋɨ˟ĤŰˡ1976ˠ %46ˡЈȣ6&ķĈƉ ˡĊ˜Ʃ%ǀ + u˜Ʃ! 4 ˡŇ˜Ʃ! 13 %ʘ"&ź Ɓ"ɳéȃ!7ˣ mƏˡƍˆȁǶɀ&úŖȃ$ƥ'ˡHLPú Ŗ&ÛȅkǓ8ȅƍˆ;ì:ˡ1 ƻɺ&ɺˍ4 6ɺć$ɺŊ!33ĎȁǶ 7" 5ˡï&ķĈ!' 1 ƻɺ&ɺˍ˒ qǒȁ!ˡ ɺć;Ÿď2'ɺŊ&ķȣ÷ Ǟɖ7P@ M 11 Â@eB>`n¹X@ÉR :ÈkÂ@e¹^¿ ¹yK!Èg^¿gyK!È$$os − 82 −
^&ķĈ Ȇȧ ˣ&"'ˡķĈ}¦Ǫʁ! 7ˑÈ÷į 1 ƻɺ&ɺć%ƾĘ7""2%ˡ ķȣ÷į ɺŊ%ÿȣ 6ˡ2004 Ņɼˁ! 85 ¼¿8";ȗë7ˣ8%ʮ ˡ éǍįɁ&Ǐij'ˡɊǠŦȱ÷ʩǪ;å.$%2 :5ˡˏɗ$LhlEjG;ʃ˟Ʃǹˡ 1977˥1991ˡáǹ, ˡ2003ˠˣ.ˡmʝ!'ˡ ăːˑÈ%47ijȅŔŌ&p˟Ʃǹˡ1977ˠ3ˡ ŏȧś 100 ŅȟŌ&ȏijȎƣ&ťʑ$ˑÈ˟Ȏǹˡ 2010ˠ Ȍ58 7$#ˡˑÈ%47ŔŌp Ƕ3" 5ˡ˒87÷į&ŖŮʑŌ ǀʊȃď "}ǚ87ˣmƏˡ((÷ȏ Ǥġ%ɡɌ:87ɼˁłɞúý&îõÏʝ˟ (ˡ ƫɺ, ˡ1976˥ĤŰˡ1980ˠ"ʙˡŕúý'ǣ Ű²ǁ &Ĩˁúý%6ˡ˒;ő ʃɼˁ &ˎŌ'8,#˘$ˣo&" 5ˡŕú ý&éǍįɁ&˒^iNL'ˡɼˁ&ˎŌ%ʃð 7˒ʑŌ462ˑÈʑŌ˟˦÷į&ŖŮʑŌˠ &Ə oï7ʕƀºȵ˒%ɭŕ7ÝɇŦ2ɂ 587ˣ ƍˆķĈ&ɡ &ƂƄɥ'ˡHLPúŖǮ&Û ȅ¤!33Ĩˡ÷ȏ&ǓÅŦ 33ď ˣ ķĈ÷ȏ&¢Ƽúǥ&úɚÇʠ' 5°ȟŌ!7 " 5ˡÉƍˆ&İ˚%·Ŀ7Çʠ 5°ȟŌ&ųǮ úˆo;÷ȏ ǀʊȃʫʆˀ;Ǔp1ˡ÷ȏ &Ǔpʆˀ ʫ$ "ɂ 587ˣmƏˡÏƍ ˆ&İ˚%'Ƭǹĸ%Nj ǯLjȣú ·Ŀ ˡďɢƷ$ųǮú'ŖŮ8 $1ˡ÷ȏ &Ǔpʆˀ ȍ$ "ɂ 587ˣ w¿aV»0#P±}5 ƍˆķĈȁǶ%×-úʁƥ% Ʋɨ 7ˣķĈú&ɤģ%48(ˡȏij&ŔˑÈŀ Ǟɖ 7P@^&ķĈ˟ǘ 0.5˧2mˠ Ɯ2Ď" 5ˡƍˆķĈ&ȁǶǘ'ˡw%ȏij&ŔˑÈŀ &Õ%ɢº8 7" 7ˣmƏˡȯƕɽ ɬ˗"˄ˍ&ˑÈŀÊ·%48(ˡŔˑÈŀ&Õ ' 2˧4m ȟŌ"$6ˡĝʺ&ķĈ&ȁǶǘ'Ŕ ˑÈŀ&oÌ·& 2m ơǛ w"$ ˣŔˑÈ ŀ&® ķĈ&!'$ˡ&oÌʝ Ǟɖ ǴǺ'ƔȔ!'$ˡŔˑÈŀ²ʝ&ɮȸ$Ŕ ŌkʏǂǬŦ%þ Ʋɨ7şɠ 7ˣ T`!#w¿aV}5 ÿȣijƍˆ!ȁǶƍˆķĈ&ȐȤ'ˡ8. !%2Ďə:8 7˟Üɺkďˡ1992˥ľĸk Ƨˡ2001˥ɟİkËƠɏˡ2003˥ƧîkƧˡ2004˥ ĸo, 2009˥ǃǹ, ˡ2009˥ɒƝ, ˡ2009ˠˣ 85'ˡŔŌ3ʏǂŦ Ɣȋ%Ȁ$7ȏijƍˆ" Ǐijƍˆ!&ķĈ&ǀʊ ĎˡȏijǏijį 5 $7ƍˆ!&Ʋɨ'ĩ$ˣéǍįɁ&ȏijǏij į 5$7ƍˆ!'ˡ((ijȅFfl^%4 7ċŖƴʒ ɰ158ˡ8 įǴˆ;+6ˆ" 7ijȅ+6%ȁĮˡ&ȹƪ" Ǔ8ȅ¤ ƍˆ!ķĈ Ďȁ7"źƁ8 7˟Ƹİˡ 1995ˠˣ mƏˡÜȪnȳ&ȏijǏijį!ƍˆķĈ Ďȁ 2003 ŅÉǕʗƐ˘úƏ&ƍˆķĈ&Ʋɨ˟Ȏ v, ˡ2008ˠ!'ˡȏij©Æ&ȏijǏijį!'ˡ ǘ 1˧2m p&ǔįķĈ Íʅ7 ˡǘ 10m %2ʘ7ǘįķĈ',"<#ȁǶˡˉijÍʅ į!ȁǶˣ&"'ˡċŖ3ǏijÍʅ į!'ǘ.!ijȅFfl^ Ƕ3ˡmƏˡ ŔŌ ď ċŖ%ȏijÍʅį!'ˡǘ. !ijȅFfl^ Ƕ%";ÙƖ7"ɦ ʢ8 7ˣ ïɤģɜƉ&ķĈƍˆ% Ɣȋ$ij ȅFfl^%47ċŖƴʒ'Ȕɰ! ˡ.ˡÛ ȅ¤"Ǔ8ȅ¤"!Ɣȋ$ķĈȁǶƉ&ļ'ɰ 158$ " 5ˡijȅFfl^%47ċŖ ķĈ&wð"'ɂ %ˡw%ƍˆɚį;ƴŮ 7ˑÈŀ&¼¿ Ƕ"¹Ǝ87ˣˑÈŀ& ǪŦċÈ%þ (ˡȏijǏijį&ȏij'ˡˑÈ %47ƞÄʭʹǰ&ĆÃ%ʃðŔŌp"ʏ ǂŦ&Ćà ʔə 7"ɂ 587ˣmƏˡż ù7Ǐij'LhlEjG%47ȑǩÈ"ŔŌ p ɗ"%à ˡȏijǏijįu!'ȏij4 6ʏǂŦ 1ˡɼˁƘ&ˁǂ&ǖʏ;ʛƎˡ úpǂ&oƒ;ő ʃ"ɂ 587ˣ®" ŔŌ pˑÈŀ&u!&úpǂ&o ƒ'ˡˑÈŀ&ķĈ%ď řˈ7!9ˣ 85&mʓ&^iNL ˡïɁȁɚįķĈ& úʁȃȷð"ɂ 587ˣ ś'ˡȏijǏijį&ˑÈ%47ijȎǪŦ&ċ È"ˡ8%47ˑÈŀ&ŖŮʖȟ;46ɮɦ Ɣ7"!ˡˑÈŀ&oÌ· ķĈ^iNL ;Ɣ5 %7şɠ 7ˣ 2004 ŅÞˑ 21 ß%ɼˁ%46ˡ˔ĸȉɟɹ úý&ɤˇĤľďʥÖǽ&˘īİèʍ!ƍˆķĈ Ɂȁˣ85&ƍˆķĈ&úʁkúŖȃǬŝ ;Ʋɨ7""2%ˡˁʦ"&ʮ% Ʋɨ; ə ˣ ƍˆķĈ&ǁɻęȃǬŝ% /7"ˡƍˆķ
ɟİʀmkŎǹ Ǹkȩu©đkIJǹŭlj - 84 - Ĉ ĎȁÞˑ 21 ß!&ƜďƘʭˁʦ 65mmˡ Ɯď 3 Ƙʭˁʦ 152mmˡȻˁʦ 249mmˡ÷ĉˁʦ źƉ&Ɯď¡ 188 ˡŕúý%7ƍˆķĈ&Ɂ ȁ%ʮr7ˁʦƥ" 7ˣ ƍˆķĈ&úŖȃǬŝ% /7"ˡķĈĢŌ 60˧70 /km2 !6ˡƪƹö!' 100 /km2; ʄ 7" 5ˡǦȃ$úŖkƱǶƆċ%46ķ ĈĢŌ%Ɣȋ$ļ Ƕ" Ɣ5 %$ ˣ ķĈȁǶúǥ'ˡ1 ƻɺ&ɺˍ462¤ć Ďˡ 1 ƻɺ&ɺŊ;ü1ķȣ÷į ķĈ2Ď " 5ˡǣŰ²ǁ !Ĩˁúý%ŕ7ŕúý& ˒^iNL'ˡɼˁ&ˎŌ%ʃð7˒ʑŌ4 62ˑÈʑŌ˟˦÷į&ŖŮʑŌˠ&Ə oï7ʕ ƀºȵ˒%ɭŕ7ÝɇŦ2ɂ 587ˣ ƍˆķĈ&úʁȃǬŝ% /7"ˡǞɖĶ& ǘ'ȵ 1m &ɚįķĈ ďÌ;Ò1ˡǞɖ& 'ķȣ÷.'ŔˑÈȏijǏijį!7 1ˡķĈǘ'w%ŔˑÈŀ&Õ%ɢº8 7ˣȏijǏijį 5$7ˑÈŀ&ŔŌp"ˡˑ Èȏij²;ǖʏúpǂ Ǐij%46ǖʏ ;ʛƎ8ˡúpǂ oƒ" ˡïɁȁ ɚįķĈ&úʁȃȷð"ɂ 587ˣ ɷʋ ˔ĸďęĺęʝ&ʫɺĸmƇŽ%'ˡDzú Ǯnj;Ƈȗ, ˡúŖó&Ŵ%ʮ ÎÂ;ˊˣîɍIjJgPjUƯŐș 5'ˡɼˁȇś%ƃř8ɾʤ$ȥu´Ȋ;ʯɣ ˣ˔ĸȉ÷Ơʝȏʰɲ 5'ˡˁ ʦɧ&TlPǷɫÝ;ˊˣŜĵďęďęʳ& ƤǹƔʼnƇŽ%'ÖȢ&ƭɱ; ˡɾʤ $ũɡ;ˊˣo&Ə4)ƺʮ%ˡɩ Șǻo.ˣ v ɑǹéǼkdžˍʔljk˅ÑŠˡ1986ˡɼˁƘ&İ ɉķĈ%ʮ7ɿƌɦƨȃȐȤˣ ʟďęʰǤȐ ȤŲŅĀˡ29B-2ˡ309-327ˣ Üɺħŗkď Ñˡ1992ˡűȻÌĵ˙ʥİèʍú ý&ƍˆķĈ&úŖkúʁȃǬŝˣƐƢú+6 ęɯˡ28-4ˡ29-36ˣ ʫɺĸmˡ1992ˡɹıİɈÏ˚%7uēƴʒ ȼNj&ďɢƷijȅú+6"ȪîȴƎįʕÅˣ úʁęɵʾˡ40ˡ143-170ˣ ʫɺĸmkİu Ƞkäɺ¬ŗkƩ ěŅˡ2005ˡ ńŮ 16 ŅÞˑ 15ˡ21ˡ23 ß%47˔ĸȉ²&÷ ȏǤġˣ2004 ŅîõúýʓȺÞˑ%47÷ȏǤ ġˡșñǎúȅĺęˡ41-54ˣ ƩǹȲʜˡ1977ˡéǍįɁ˟Ȃȴˠ&DZÈ $Ǐij&ˑÈ% &ˡn&ȐȤˣšǷú ʁˡ18ˡ125-130ˣ ƩǹȲʜˡ1991ˡțŰįɁ"éǍįɁ&Ǐʁij&Ʉ xŦ% ˣƐƢšǷúʁęʮɟƅʝÁȧ 20 è Ņ ɩ ţ ɵ Ƌ ʾ ú dz ǵ ą " š Ƿ ú ʁ ˡ 221-230ˡ1991ˣ ľĸĴŠkƧ¯ŭˡ2001ˡœôȹȏij 5$7ƍ ˆ%7÷įƴʒ"ɚįķĈˣšǷúʁˡ42ˡ 30-37ˣ ȎǹíȚˡ2010ˡV@S±&Ŭ˃ȓˢéǍįɁ ȏijȎƣ%ʔə7ŏȧś&ˑÈ&řˈˢˣuõ îõúƏ&šǷúʁęˡƐƢšǷúʁęuõî õƅʝˡÓ»uˣ Ȏv Ɇkĸoǜđʜkǹʎ Ǚkĥ˕ykʱʝ ØņkǟǡƗÑˡ2008ˡ2003 ŅÞˑ 10 ß%47 ÉǕʗƐ˘úƏʣńúÊ&ķĈ&ŖūȃǬŝ" ȁǶāˣƐƢú+6ęɯˡ45-2ˡ45-54ˣ ƫɺ£kńʥƓȿkƸİōkĕǹȭĒˡ1976ˡ İɉķĈ"úŖǬŦ%ʮ ˢƗé 50 Ņ 5 ßÞ ˑ%47˘Ȍȉp&İɉķĈ;ĥɻ" ˢˣ ʟďęʰǤȐȤŲŅĀˡ19Bˡ371-383ˣ ĸoǜđʜkǹʎ ǙkȎv ɆkďǑ ȇˡ2009ˡ 2003 ŅÞˑ 10 ß%47ÉǕʗʣńúý&ƍˆķ ĈˢÜȪnȳXNAį%7ķĈƵŐ"ƍˆ úʁ"&ʮˢˣÉǕʗȧúʁȐȤŲĀçˡ80ˡ 15-25ˣ Ƨîʼ˖kƧ¯ŭˡ2004ˡʏǂŦ&Ȁ$7ȏij" Ǐij 5$7sʵú%7ƍˆķĈ&ȁǶƺ ƴ"ȁǶɀˣúŖˡ25ˡ139-159ˣ ǃǹȜĪk˓NJʘĒkɕÖʸmʜˡ2009ˡ2004 Ņ Þˑ 21 ßɼˁ%46nʤȉĠĸƤ!ȁǶɚ įķĈú&úŖ"ɚįúʁǬŦˣƐƢú+6ę ɯˡ46-3ˡ49-55ˣ ɟİʀmkËƠɏʽŒˡ2003ˡ1972 ŅĐɔɼˁ! ȁǶƍˆķĈ&úʁȃǬŝˣ ʟďęʰǤȐ ȤŲŅĀˡ46Bˡ149-158ˣ IJǹŭljˡ2007ˡ÷ĉˁʦźƉ%47÷ȏǤġȁǶ ÔʷŌ}ǚ&DzǮˣ÷"þȕˡ55-9ˡ4-7ˣ ĤŰŧĒˡ1976ˡİúǤġ%7ķĈ"ƱǶ"& ʮˣʱÏĺƳ˘ȫĦʬęƮȐȤȴɠˡ13ˡ29-38ˣ ĤŰŧĒˡ1980ˡšǷúŖę&ȧā 5ɡďɢƷ ķĈˣʱÏĺƳ˘ȫĦʬęƮȐȤȴɠˡ16ˡ63-73ˣ − 84 −
ĤŰŧĒˡ1986ˡîõĵ%7ďɢƷķĈúŖ& ·Ŀ"úýǬŦˣúʁęɵʾˡ28ˡ221-232ˣ ɒƝ Ŕk˓ǹƙykƧîʼ˖kƠƚê{kƠ ɏĞkƧ¯ŭˡ2009ˡǏʁij&ˑÈǬŦ ÷į ŖŮkƍˆķĈkƍˆŖǮ%r 7řˈˤ2003 ŅÞˑ 10 ß%46ÉǕʗƐ˘úƏ!ȁǶƍ ˆķĈ&~ˣúŖˡ30ˡ267-288ˣ Ƹİljˡ1995ˡéǍįɁ&ƍˆċÅˤijȅFfl ^ƴʒɦƨ%47ķĈāŲ&}ǚˣúʁęʿ ɯˡ101ˡ134-147ˣ áǹņk˘ǹnkƸǹ¯Ţkɺǹʝ˝mˡ2003ˡ éǍįɁ&ˉij&LhlEjGǬŦ"bDXM a%ʮ7mɂģˣ÷ƠęɵƋʾˡ750/III-65ˡ 15-25ˣ 2010 9 3 2010 9 30 2010 9 30
