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(1)Lexical. categories. reconsidered*. Yoshio. ENDO. 0. Introduction The. lingtlistics and consensus. been. ries. as. this point.. on. made. terms. [+/-N,. like. categories tional paper. is to. tures.. This. is. is to. provide. by discusslng. category The. some. motivated. of. problem. otherwise. N, V. and. proposals. P by. using. a. number. be obtained therein. such. But. others.. My. far. as. goal. analysュs. of this. Of. to. seems. that. In. ANs.. this. with. syntactic. problem,. features,. an. the proposed. ex-. their. out. treat-. approprlate. idea of. s-selectional. facts. espe-. 2, I will. section. (1986a). Chomsky's. cross-1ing11istic. problems. pointing. to be. me. some. seman-. approach. like. English. and. generalizations. small. etc.1. features. presents. cannot. among. of. Japanese. (1979) and. some. like. grammarians. 1, I will first note. (1982) calls Though-Attraction,. Syntactic. (1970). Chomsky. crucial. by. fea-. it exhibits.. handles. 4, it will be shown. of this. of syntactic. adequate. in terms. what. tradi-. concern. this category.. on. fea-. of the lexical is what. main. generative. (1991),. In section. deal. tO. Grimshaw's. Culicover. what. most. his analysis. One. in terms. such. no. catego-. he calls syntactic. The. explanatorily. categories. 3, I will present. In section. is independently. follows.. these. in this respect. made. characteristics. as. by invoking. tic selection.. which. and. attempts. In section. of ANs. clauses,. descriptively. of how. previollS. difficulties.. account. Of lexical. analysュs. cially the problem amine. satisfactory. Various. by. there is. lot of discussion. abandons. of what. category. in. established But. a. and. (AN).. Ohkado. and. them. (1970). Noun. at length. (1987). is organized. paper. of Chomsky's. 1. The. no. been. generalizations.. of this lexical. discussed. to. attention. Adjectival. call. Miyagawa. there. mllCh. has. these terms.. in terms. important. drawlng. been. by uslng. Chomsky. them. some. the nature. (1982),. this paper. ment. been. has. instance,. reanalyzes. grammarians. topic. see,. For. done. Ⅴ, A, etc.. be asslgned. should. making. ,. have. examine. Kageyama can. and. V]. which. Japanese. properties. N,. as. such. has been. works. what. prlmitive. tures. l. numerous. to. as. has. as. of lexcial categories. existence. of important in the. study. is the attempt. syntactic. features. proposals of. morpho-syntax.. to reanalyze as. [+/-N]. One. lexical categories and. [+/-Ⅴ].. of. the. like A,. Recast. in.

(2) 82. Yosbio. lexical categories. terms,. these. features,. syntactic. (1) N-[+N,. V-[-N,. +V]. P-[-N,. -Ⅴ]. approach facts. that P,. may. be focussed. struction. (cf. Emonds. that. (2). (1970). It. was. [ppunder. *It. was. [vp go home. d. *It. was. 〔APVery. angry. feature. approach,. syntactic our. when. Japanese found. study'and. a. of. of these. combination. the chair] that. at. usefulas have. gories. in terms. of syntactic. tactic. features. by. (AN). introduing. a. new. morpho-. [-Ⅴ]. the class of categories be focussed. may. The. John. l left my. in this. con-. wanted.. coat.. was.. it may. be, faces lexical. six lexical. This. categories.. Japanese Noun. feature,. lexical. means. the. exhaustively categories. that. like kenhyuu-suru. `to. (VN) To. la■nguage,. which. cannot. it. as. problems,. categories,. shoojiki 'honest'. Kageyama (1982) syntactic. some. [+/ -Ⅴ]. and. alleged Verbal. are. I. that. like. features,. crucial the feature. did.. [+/-N]. six lexical categories. in English counterpart Noun. helix]. to Japanese. has been. Adjectival. of. instance,. PP. and. l think. that. me]. is turned. attention. NP. John. that. early]. For. characterizes. double. the. about. range. wide. (1990)) :. to claimed features of the syntactic. combination. not. book. a. notes,. only. Endo. and. b.. is well-known,. are. in cleft sentences;. [NP your. divide. reflection. categories.. (1981:24). Stowell. as. was. stands,. a. identify. to. lexical. across. It. This. as. cut. a.. c.. be. below:. it possible. makes. by N and. shared. to. out. -Ⅴ] +Ⅴ]. syntactic. illustrated. as. A-[+N,. This. turn. Endo. characterize. these. to expand. proposes. he. which. calls. cate-. the syn-. [+/. -A. (djective)]: (3). Ⅴ-[+Ⅴ,-N,-A] N-[-Ⅴ,. +N,. A-[-Ⅴ,. -N,. -A] +A]. AN-[-Ⅴ,. +N,. +A]. VN-[+Ⅴ,. +N,. This. -A]. however, approach, suffers from lems. One of the conceptual problems makes. universal. grammar. a. less restrictive,. number is that which. of emplrical the expansion is undesirable,. and. conceptual. of syntactic as. Chomsky. probfeatures. (1981 :3).

(3) Lexical. "Universal. notes,. correctly. tive in the optlOnS develops. mars. it permits. light verb. into N,. the. to. as. being. to. dispense. to. COmbinations. of. [+/ -A],. followed. the. with. of these. gram-. In the spirit. called of VN. assimilation. syntactic. feature. for. of VN. that. is recently. This. features. syntactic. restric-. arguing. by what. (1988)).. and. each. evidence'.. eliminates. Mester. and. it possible. makes. limited. [+N, -Ⅴ]). N(-. constrained. for the fact that. of quite. (1987) tries. as. followlng. be sufficiently. account. the basis. on. 83. reconsidered. must. 'do'(cf. Grimshaw. suru. he argues,. yielding. so. idea, Miyagawa. is to be best analyzed the. grammar. in the mind. this leading. categories. [+/-A]. Japanese. ,. lexical. :. categories2. (4) Ⅴ-[+Ⅴ,. -N]. N,VN-[-Ⅴ,. +N]. A-[+Ⅴ] AN-[+Ⅴ,. +N]. VN-[-Ⅴ,. -N]. Although. this is. swered:. does. why. English?. Where. clusion,. is that. gue. that. desirable. a. the be. Japanese. does. this mismatch. seen. clearly. some. environment.. more. What. first approximation, if it. be asslgned. (5). a.. were. a. cause,. we. This. noun.. the nominative. John(-N)-ga. `John. Can. must. we. John-NOM. b,. are. case. Miyagawa's. once. we. by. taking. the. central. notice. the. polnt. WOuld. -gα. as. seen. which. examine a. Japanese. AN. that. AN. which. con-. I arThis. of AN AN?. a. 'honest'. shoojiki. is typically. in. As. by the fact that. seen. in. of AN;. behaviors. like. the. carefully.. characterize. an. be clearly below,. the. at. that. properties fact. analysis. look. closer. to anticipate. incorrect. A. to. corresponds. answer,. unan-. question. it may to. asslgned. N:. yopparai-da. drunk-COP. is drunk'. Shoo]'iki(AN)-ga. taisetu-da.. Honest-NOM. important-COP. `Being. is important'. honest. identify. AN. with. in his analysis,. is the motivation he advances. from. important. one. My. from?. come. stems. disappears. leaves. [+Ⅴ, +N],. bear. mismatch. can. as. AN. the mismatch. point. looks. Miyagawa. move,. to. which identify. AN. N? bears. Miyagawa's the. leads bin. [+/-Ⅴ]. feature. syntactic to. think. is whether. is in the. answer. that a. AN. given. negative.. [+Ⅴ], which is [+Ⅴ]? One word. may. N. This. is be-. lacks.. What. of the. test. that. be modified. by. such.

(4) 84. a. Yosbio. degree. as. word. N. Consider,. with. properly. shown. to be inadequate. to what. Miyagawa. a. as. is. us. (6a). but. (6b).. in. likely. strangely. that. to. enough,. Tbat a. be. would. situation. much. John. much. contrast. gradable'noun. but. of this. sion. an. and. like. point).. attorney. by Miyagawa's assigning. AN. Miyagawa's. doen. Of. degree. to. 'man'is. not. from. adjectives. to. will be. where. noted. [+A],. or. more. AN. no. degree. with honbe-. one's. of. problem.. Why. Degree. words. [+Ⅴ]?. to. all. how. express. conceptual. Miyagawa,. whereas to V.. this property. attribute. sentences. a. and. compatible. the. on. `syn-. to identify nature. naturally. be connected. word. modify. can. comment. suffers. is untenable. seen. clearly is involved.. we. when. notice. Consider,. for. in-. (1987) :. by Goodall. aliar. an. attorney.. naturally. an. attomey. we. do not. course. belong These. to. the. in semantic. explained with is not to. want same. such. degree. a. (cf.Bolinger say. category, suggest. considerations. terms. from. by as. word. (1972) is. that. an. Very. much. for the discusI. this contrast. which. that. saylng. that. expected. a. liar. result. his first argllment. for. is untenable.. second. based. on. tences. like the following. the. a. like. analysis.. [+Ⅴ]. test. to. be used. is `semantic'in. We. not.. liar is compatible. a. `non-gradable'word. a. also. be most. would. (. a. 'hon-. shoojiki. like otoko. is semantically. WOrd. or. This. English. is very. glVen. is attested. Johnisvery. This. N. cannot. the test. unlikely. claim. (7). *. a. be forced. the following. b.. is because. it is quite. used. stance,. a.. like. by this word.. this test. it is gradable. with. Miyagawa's. similar. This. jnst whether. the compatibility. most. typical. of modification. however,. says,. i.e. whether. in. as. man. should are. tells. words, is. AN. man'. like [+Ⅴ].. the test. ing. a. much. tactic'features. one. but. word. a. man. much. `very. est. for the target. Where. impossible. and. otoko. very. degree. this degree. Pair,. AN. with an. honest'. b. *zuibun. a. the followlng. honest. much. `very. that. is possible. which. shoojiki. very. Contrary. by. modified. Zuibun. a.. much',. for instance,. est'is. (6). 'very. zuibun. Endo. occurrence. for assigning. argument. the. with the AN. word. the. `seem'. -βoo. shoojihi 'honest'may. feature. syntactic Miyagawa occur. notes as. to. [+Ⅴ] in. that. the complement. is sen-. of.

(5) Lexical. 'seem'as. tic feature as. in. (8). (8a),. in. -soo. [+V], because. (8b). John-wa. a.. `John b.. a. Given. of. the. word. tity'. Here stance,. the. a. cian may. (9). b.. is ruled. not. of the semantic. like. the. the. as. appear. among. attributes. the prop-. the. semantics type. denote. of. feature; 'individual For. counterpart.. but. in. NP. an. the en-. in-. Bolinger. it is noted. where. -soo. `property'. of. discussed. are. see7n. an. the. subject John.. to the. English. Which. of. describes. (8a). this semantic. others,. complement. syntactic'. semantic. express. in the. following,. (1979). Kubota. the. class which. be made. a. instance,. because. out. expresses. does. can. For. which. as. appear l. identify. is attributable. honest. that. point. copular. may. word. to. evidence. subject.. a. not. like. that an. an. electri-. abornpoet.. seems. an. way. mentioned. Note a. liar. to. above,. that vs.. a.. John. b.. ??John. facts. electrician.. this contrast. explain that. the. verb. '(inherent) property',. expresses. fails to.. These. same. (1974) and. natural. authors. (10). a. man'clearly. sentences. seems. John. *. above:. `seem'is. (8b). phrase. member. may. as. of being. that. a. be used. its. or. whether. not:. most. that. to. or. a. bompoet. John. a.. expresses. 'a. the. consider. like. -βoo. likely. WOrd. again. however,. word. property. man'is. (1972), Faraci. The. The. like otoho 'a. da. 'seem'cannot. predicate. a. otoho. :. analysis,. -soo. idea that. word. not. syntac-. in this environment. occur. man'. this, it is very. a. man'may. the. COP. Miyagawa's. `seem'requlreS. NP. a. like [+/-Ⅴ].. that. otoho. bearing. COP. man-seem. seems. to. speaker's. but. [-Ⅴ]. otoko-soo. the complement. erty. it bears. 'a. honest'. -wa. `John. feature. whereas. N. honest-seem. John-TOP. Contrary. this fact to the AN's. attribute. the. seems. John. to. trying. 85. reconsidered. shoojiki-soo da. John-TOP. *. categories. the. exactly. an. seem. which. same. would requires. a. bompoet. contrast. obtains. be to say,. as. its complement. aS. expresses. by the. suggested. and. in the English. an. a. phrase. electrician. words. we. saw. attorney:. seemsaliar. seems. clearly. an. attorney.. suggest. whether. a. word. may. appear. as. the. complement. of. -soo.

(6) 86. Yoshio. `seem'is to. identify. a. These. two. arguments. sion; these. N,. category,. is by. as. conclusion. does. not. How. can. like to. `honest'can. length. to. bear. (8b).. and. in the next. mar? sume. may. subsequent. these We. AN. degree. a. On. features,. discuss. the. we. go. N. as. nature. of. directly. into. An. argue,. like. much'as. in. N. a. anomalies. feature. its discussion,. mean-. like otoho. semantic. semantic. occur. may. the word. hand,. of. AN. this AN. yielding. prop-. feature. `very. zuibun and. this. [+Ⅴ,. like to. lacks.. the other. hence. how-. features. in (8a) because. -soo. same. the semantic. [+gradable]. 'seem'as. the. distributional. which. word. same. Note,. I would. have. fea-. of the. reaches. syntactic same. illu-. just. `syntactic. to. members. answer,. categories:. [+property].. Before. we. GP. must. at. clar-. of GP.2. how. the. is it specified? grammatical. The. include. semantic. will. status. wonder. Where the. feature. the. exactly. AN. that. is. categories.. of the. property'(GP),. like. predicate. section.. ify the theoretical 0ne. a. have. by such. components. the semantic. man'fails. (6b). call `gradable. its semantic. ing contains. of these. as. of these. the values. they. [+Ⅴ]. (1959), for instance,. their differences?. be modified. of. be treated. idea. the. respect. with. properties. share. that. feature. syntactic. to. are. Other. that. mean. to believe. us. the. Tokieda. AN. in the semantics. l would. leads. N. and. N and. express. we. the complement. like. AN. used. for attributing. motivations. indistinguishable. are. novel.. necessarily. (6a) because. à. AN. This. by bearing. discusslng. the fact that. shoojiki as. and. means. by. ours. be found. what. no. that. erties. can. N. N. categories. ANs.. from. be. cannot. propetry'and. Miyagawa's. exhaust. to. In fact, the idea that. tures'.. -Ⅴ]. [+Ⅴ]. feature. `(gradable). [+Ⅴ].. like. above. be distinguished. should. `semantics'of. the. `syntactic'feature. the syntactic. ever,. by. governed. Endo. How. of GP. component. semantic. is its s-selectional familiar. model. from. fits in the system. compatibility. Chomsky. of gramI will. checked?. and. Lasnik. item,. whatever. (1977). as-. and. :. works. (ll). Lexicon. D-structure. S-str也cture. / Phonetic. ii3. Form. Logical. (I)F). In this framework, properties. Form. (LF) the lexicon. associated. with. presents,. it.. for. Especially. each a. lexical. lexical. item,. as. Hale. `semantic' and. Keyser.

(7) Lexical. (1986:9) tO. 1ng. discusses,. loosely. can. What. GP. like. Predicates For. their complement. it takes. a. its complement. 'a. otoho. `seem'whicb. Let. us. the. sider. our. inadequacies. AN. V,. and. (12). a.. A. [+A,. First,. AN. and. There are. occur. alike, four. are. to. claimed. sets. have. See. checking.. to. Here. that. con-. I. will and. they lead. that. share him. because. [+Ⅴ]. 'seem'or. of. -soo. Miyagawa. of evidence. the complement. as. like. and. analysュs,. the feature. also. pair. attempt. means. which. a. checking.. is, unlike. conclusion. pattern. the. LF. of. see. in its LCS. our. and. representation. of this LF. to. and. compatible. is the latest serious counter. His. GP. of. spec-. predicate. selection;. pass. explicit mechanism. which. a. selection.) Thus. cannot. runs. For. semantic. of. of type. 'seem'will. -soo. semantic. component. (1991), which. AN. N, may. excluding. an. +N].. A and. of. component. of AN. that. features. this conclusion.. at. of his analysis.. analysis,. the syntactic. of. level of. discussion. semantic. Obkado. features. must. lexical. a. com-ponenet. be semantically. of this semantic. this semantic. consider. syntactic. present. the. for the discussion. next. some. show. lacks. req111reS. (1991). Endo. the. like. of GP.. type. the. for. entry. semantic. predicate. the semantic. for the implications. man'which. a. the concep-. select for the semantic. which. for. the palr. for. the. correspond-. to. COmparable the lexical. others,. the entry. is checked. (1979). Thus. features. with. compatibility. (1985). Chomsky. instance,. Structure'(LCS),. meanlng. among. be we11イormed,. (see Grimshaw. Conceptual. Jackendoff.. bear. must. complement. to. this semantic LF. by Ray. 87. reconsidered. be called its dictionary. Lhonest'contains,. shoojihi. in its LCS.. ify that. its `Lexical. developped. tual strllCtureS item. includes. categories. to. A,. l. appear':. -soo. (AN). sizuka-soo quiet-appear 'appear. b.. to be quiet'. (A). utukusi-soo. beautifuトappears 'appear c.. *. to be beautiful'. otoko-soo man-appear àppear. d.. tabe-soo. to be. a. man'. (Ⅴ). eat-appear. We. àppear. to. above. that. noted. the feature must,. notice. eat'. A and. [+gradable]. that. this. ISOO. AN As. behave for the. expresses. in this respect. alike. reason. that. entirely. allows. different. V. to. because. they. appear. with. semantics. from. can. -soo,. the. have we. other.

(8) 88. Yoshio. two. lexical. coocurrlng. V. With. which. roughly. group. A, AN. and. [+V]. second. A, AN. (14). a.. zuibun. natural. Okada. the modifier. that. almost.. Thus. an. the. is about. action. use. cannot. we. àppear'. soo. be. to. to. -soo. class. in support. advances 'very'.. zuibun. This. for. adverb. the. Of AN. statllS. is claimed. to. as. modify. N:. (AN). (A). utukusi beautiful. `very. beautiful'. zuibun. (N). otoko. man. Very (. I. man. Very. d.. a. meanlng. that. quiet'. very. *. as. fact. the. quiet. zuibun. c.. English. that. shizuka. `very. b.. to. V, excluding. and. very. aspect. together. around. from. seen. imperfect. corresponds. evidence. centers. only. V. be. can. expresses. made,. The. This. categories.. Endo. tabe. zuibun veryeat èat. It appears but. a. very. This. case.. first glance. that. look. properties. at. closer. is. zuibun. ject NP. teat. they. this point.. I. First. I cannot. see. Since. just. point. their predicative. (15). a.. Hanako-ga Hanako-NOM `Hanako. of these. is to. pieces. take. out. some. a. not. unclear. amount. why. V.. modify the. and. large amount'which. of evidence. this position. A, AN. that of. pretty-INFL. and. they a. have. category.. to. with. inadequacies. of. kirei-da.. is pretty'. large. together,. it is not. that. reveals. 'very'does. à. be grouped. is. this test. a. What. modifier. part. be. can. the. of obused. to. [+Ⅴ].. we. function. should. expressions. eat. It is also. that. AN. and. zuibun. of V.. this shows. show. A. as. tahusan. two. it is claimed why. well. of zuibun. the feature. advances. [+N].. as. much'means. modifier. have. the featllre. V. in the last example,. very. a. not. and. Ohkado皿eXt. gether.. the. elliptical form. an. that. show. at. is because,. taberu. 2uibun. much'. N may the. show N. and. that. A,. AN. AN,. we. need. in grouping occur. syntactic. A,. AN. in the predicative feature. N. and. [+N],. share discuss. not. N. and. to-. position. they. just.

(9) Lexical. b.. Hanako-ga. beautiful-INFL. `Hanako. is beautiful'. Hanako-ga. sensei-da.. Hanako-NOM. teacher-INFL. `Hanako. The. (16). is. second to. he claims. teacher'. a. concerns. point. A:. we. what. refer back. to. be used. Speaker. a.. B:. Speaker. A:. soo-INF.. Hanako-ga. B:. utukusi-i.. is beautiful'. Mieko-mo. `Mieko Speaker. a.. A:. soo-da. soo-INF.. is also beautiful'. Hanako-ga. sensei-da.. Hanako-NOM. Speaker. B:. is. Mieko-mo. I think,. This,. [+N],. because. typically. has.. [+Ⅴ]. AN. to. Finally tic pattern: dence and which. dose. not. the. word. These. Boo-da.. in. just. an. good. nothing. piece do. to. find it reasonable Ohkado's by. comparative. adverbial. a. of. to. find. no. think. AN. has. A and. claim. that. word. like totemo. construction. function. of. these. ;. the. existence. the referentiality. we. [+gradable]. for. evidence. with. that. reveal. of the feature a. teacher'. a. a. has. be modified. can. participate shows. soo. notice. for the existence can. is also. constitute. we. should. they. soo-INF.. considerations. although we. teacher'. a. Mieko-also `Mieko. (-N). teacher-INFL. a. `Hanako. b.. (-A). beautiful-INFL. Mieko-also. (18). and. is also pretty'. `Hanako Speaker. which. soo-da.. Hanako-NOM. b.. -soo-da,. N,. pretty-INFL. Mieko-mo. `Mieko a.. like. is pretty'. Mieko-also. (17). VP-anaphora. a. call. (-AN). kirei-da.. Hanako-ga. `Hanako Speaker. may. A, AN. to. Hanako-NOM. b.. 89. reconsidered. utukusi-i.. Hanako-NOM. c.. categories. they. a. exhibit. and. attribute. be. we. saw as. used. not. syntac-. similar. 'very'which can. [+N]. [+N].. like John-yoriTnO words. to. evidence. AN. that. of. as. an. adverd. 'than their. evi-. John',. exclusive.

(10) 90. Yosbio. of A. property. The. nagara. sura. or. AN;. and. in fact that. This. is emplrlCally. claim. by these. (19). miniku-ku-nai,. Hanako-wa Hanako-TOP. ･isnot. this we. by. AN. the. a. feature. matched. new. in. of system or. This. show. analysis a. projection. in. can. ku:. of its head. To. to. à. a. to. plays. predicate;. ends. characterisfor. needed otherwise. a. crucial. a. proper. mysterious. role is related. (1981). Stowell's. consider. for. variety if it is. these. the distributions. capture. when. in the. to Japanese.. unrelated GP. whether task. universal. some. distin-. are. necessary. reduction. the. see. solve. of departure,. or. examine. is. is independently. feature. point. is to. us. which notes:. and. of. instance,. SCs. by. to. stan-. analyz-. the italicized. SC. in. in (20b):. as. Mary. b. John. 〔APMary. considers. analysュs Of SC,. smart･. he argues,. by the main. verb.. (21). *John. considers. This. contrast. Thus. [A,[A Smart]]]. selects. (c-selects)AP. (20a). compare. [pp that. though. this analysis. as. in. sailor. (20),. for. when. [p･ [p off]. we. instance,. not. expand casts. its restricted. express. my. selection. sbip] by midnight]]. that the main. PP. of SCs. to. (21):. with. by saying. of the syntax. difficulties. it possible. makes. be explained. would. (1985),. a. before. features. contribution. us. enables. tries to. a･すohn considers. some. no. of GP. semantic As. syntactic. elsewhere.'. and. our. Stowell. as. is. is etymologically. which. where. same. motivated,. semantics. of SCs.. Kitagawa. INFL. as. me'. (1991:13). proliferation the. (SCs).. it faces. As. some. sae,. look. even. the task. grammar. constructions. (20a) is anlyzed (20). by. clauses. them. 1ng. of the. area. of GP,. Chomsky. small. English dard. feature. part. in English, first. the. asslgned. proposal, one. some. of. are. as. I will. problems The. to. because an. like. particle. mleru.. beautiful-INFL. is independently. exceeded. tics of GP, analysis. N. and. semantic. semantic make. by such. pretty. a. in hasiri-. as. adverb. resist. followed. sac. an. Propetry. that. guished. AN. and. however,. utukusi-ku. she looks. ugly,. as. inadequate,. when. ugly-INFしNEG. `Hanako. is A. makes. particles. be used. can. well,. Ohkado. fact be followed. Now. as. last point. TnO.. 2. Gradable. V,. Endo. as. and our. doubt. in. (21).. verb. consider. Attractive. its c-selectional data on. categorially-. and. persuasive. restriction. base. to. the. c-selectional. other. instances. may. be,. of SCs.. approach. of.

(11) Lexical. Stowell's. (22). SC. b･. The. *. PP,. to. AP,. SCs. these. characterize. is found. answer. ently recalcitrant. complement. verb. (1982) and. Kitagawa's. and. sounds. (23). the. volving. (24). seeTn. previous. must. have. the semantic. the. turns. an. an. as. the. that. (s-selects)a `change. to. discussion. the. of. (1979),. Grimshaw. first. a. s-. of. `state. express. approximation is entirely. analysュs. to be inadequate. out. of. of correct.. it faces the fol-. when. affairs'but. one. only. of. seems. we. considered. of them,. be ruled in. Where lie in the. to. answer. both. that. predicition. of affairs, should. that. much. attorney.. incorrect. for the. is very. seems. an. much. an. section. the semantic. parallelism same. for. others,. selec-. satisflying. does. followlng. in the previous. this differin-. paradigm. section.. attorney.. Johnseemsaliar.. a.. have. The. semantic. opposed See. appar-. Johnisverymuchaliar.. a.. the. an. aliar.. Of state hint. Very. and. b.??John. In. A. among. case. consider. Mary. makes. requlrement. b.??John. (25). of. considered. from?. come. as. expresses.. plausible. the. necessarily. SCs. approach. seantic. ence. (22a). instance,. sounds. consideredMary. b･??John. a. we. :. perfect4. Kitagawa's. claim. where. John. a.. to impose. can. Kitagawa,. and. semantically-selects. in. affairs'as. for example,. approach,. consider. complement How to. distribution try. we. the. as. According. manner.. once. (1986a),. route]]. issues.. it is not. example,. them. Chomsky. Kitagawa's. this problem,. of. verb. (22b), for. in. its related. Although. The. `state. SCs. the. wbicb. lowlng. SCs.. on. the. (22b).. in. out. mysterious. disappear. (22a),. ruled. adequate the. in. as. appears,. is incorrectly. semantics: of SCs. expressing. Pesetsky selection. in the. [p, [｡ off]. island. [A･ [A dead] by tomorrow]]. patient. descriptively. a. behavior. tion by the main. state',. in. [p｡ that. says,. hand,. the other. on. counter-examples:. 〔APthat. Stowell. what. 91. reconsidered. pilot considers. considers. contrary. of consider. the. our. doctor. ;. the next. showing. Unfortunately,. a.. Here. analysis,. categories. attorney.. we. feature. feature between. phenomena:. that. noted. target. [+gradable]. [+property] (23). the. and. the semantics. ,. and. thus. (24)-(25) of GP.. the. of. the complement name. suggests. What. by. modification. we. of. of gradable then. that. need. is then. they the. seem. Very. much. needs. property, are. to. GP.. reflexes. of. s-selection. of.

(12) 92. Yosbio. the followlng. SOrt:. (26). consider. s-selects GP. This. s-selection. (23b), where checking tent. made. that. our. Japanese. AN,. proposed. tern. (27). COnSisting. GP,. is independently. which an. our we. b.??The. ]'ust. saw. prefers. tence. into non-SC. counterpart. tence. is obtained:. The. Culicover. to. (28). the house. a.. Though. b.. 〔AP. c.. [NP Genius]. a. compari喝the. the phrase. that to. allowed. (29). a.. *. b.. *. good. attorney.. is inherent. of SCs. by adding. ex-. of. SCs,. the. grounds.. the. of GP. is expensive, the. John. be preposed. have. in TA. if. the. same. pat-. is. an. he can't. grammaticalsen-. role is found to. buy. in what. move. illustrated. as. have. we. sen-. tomorrow.. operation. to. this. change. we a. crucial. though. ,. (28). by. decided. is. ,. in. sentences. TA. before. we. a. plays. (TA).. house. is. be dead. tO. 7nan. immediately. because. be to this sentence,. to. Attraction. position. Culicover,. are. (27b). though. may. by tomorrow.. liar/a. a. though. prefer,. dead. man. the semantics. tain constituent. of English. find exactly. we. the. to. consider:. the. calls Though. (1982). like. LF. distribution. the. the problems. out. the. pass. Thus. capture. solid cross-linguistic. verbs. Mafiaprefers. where. to. cannot. attomey.. to. rules. and. honest.. Mary. in. area. with. prefers. ungrammaticality. Another. other. Mary. Mafia. John. c.. to. on. an. GP,. thus. and. and. needed. answer. is verified. attention. one. of consider. appropriate. feature. Johnprefers. a.. The. for the pair. semantic. the. as. attomey. liar expresses. a. feature. lacks this semantic. provides. Turning. rules in (23a), where. successfully. an. Endo. a. cer-. below:. it. buy. to. decided. it.. tie his shoelaces.. is governed. (29). in. those. with. below,. by c-selection:. that. claims. only. AP. NP. and. in TA.. move. [vpRunning. down. the. John. stairs] though. was,. they. made. no. attempt. at. silence.. A. careful. reveals. [pp ln June] though. examination. that. this. of. is,. the concert. the. c-selectional. nature. approach. of. we. the is not. have. decided. preposed tenable,. to buy. elements since,. the ticket. in TA, contrary. now.. however, to. what.

(13) Lexical. Culicover as. is shown. (30). PP. says,. may. sometimes. 93. reconsidered. in TA. participate. AP. and. sometimes. may. not. below:. [｡p Off. a.. categories. ture. the route] of it.. b.??〔APDead. by. that. island. would. though. that. patient. though. tomorrow]. be,. decided. to. be, the. doctor. we. would. take. a. pic-. will do. hisbest.. Moreover,. NPs. some. (31) a.??Attorney. This. b.. Liar. c.. Good. (31b) where. out. (30b). Interestingly,. range. tions. and. to. may. ask. this question,. above. disappears. to. attomey. ln. route. toTnOrrOW. focus. rules. in. (30a). and. liar express. GP,. but. rules. must. once. the. move. we. TA. on. the. grammatical of GP. semantics. of many. GP.. express. a. semantics,. important. could. fact that. the. note. not. has. a. in. constructions. linguistic. generaliza-. GP.. the proposed. this restriction. do. attomey. its GP. will miss. re-. restriction. the distributions we. of the semantic. GP. and. to. Capturing. without. how we. by. languages;. unrelated. correlations. One. dead. is reminiscent This. the. ojf. people.. tie his shoelaces.. now,. GP.. in TA:. laces.. by many. in (31c) (cf. (27c)). In this way. as. of applicability. etymologically. by. express. elements. good. loved. is, he cannot. us. be preposed. not. tie his shoe. once. to. must. where. add. we. is obtained. sentence. wide. be familiar. the preposed. if. was. John. would. (31a). and. is, he. of TA. may. is, be cannot. though. target. and. John. John. type. semantic. attorney. as. the. certain. though though. contrast,. striction;. a. of. To. be checked.. elements. back. an. in the. the ungrammaticality. preposed. find. into. the. answer. sentences. orlglnal. posi-. tion.. (32). [AP Dead. ??. a.. by. tomorrow]. thoughthat. patient. be, the doctor. would. will. do his best. b.. Though. that. patient. John. is. be. would. dead. by. tomorrow,. doctor. the. do. will. his. best. cf. Though. ＼. This after tion. contrast. suggests. syntactic that. jacency. as. movement. TA. allows. in. (33b):. an. that. attorney,. he cannot. the restriction takes. successive. place.. Note. movement. tie his shoelaces.. must. be imposed. further as. in. that. (33a). at. S-structure. Cbomsky's and. (1977). is sensitive. or. LF. at. observato. Sub-.

(14) 94. Yoshio. (33). Honest. a.. b.??Honest. The. us. NP-movement believe. to. TA. are. blind. TA. in the followlng. is, he does. as. S-structure. Subjacency (cf.. to. Mary. Wh-movement. at. (1986b),. not. and. in (33b). leads. because. LF-. LF. at. (1981)).. in the recent. Recast. derivation. syntactic. a. suggest. NP-movement. fact. the. like her.. not. to. opposed and. Chomsky. facts. these. like her.. not. in finite clauses,. is checked. in Chomsky. as. involves. is clause-bound. that. representations framework. TA. is, he does. the fact that. thoughJohnknows. fact in (33a) suggests. because. Mary. thinks. thoughJohn. Endo. of. manner:. CP. (34). /. ＼. SPEC. C'. /. ＼ IP. ＼. /. C. John. tbougb. In this. is called. qulreS. the. SHA.. Alternatively. semantic. ture. X. with. X, namely. and. to. presence. is ruled. palr. the following thus. and. though. some. that. of CP,. SHA. LF. at. has. though. phrase. relationship or. s-selects. is checked. possibility:. when. into the SPEC. moves. Thus. local. re-. through fea-. some. is incompatible takes. obligatorily. place. out.. lmplieations sum. up. thus. far,. have. we. `syntactic'features or. absence. matrices. (35) Ⅴ-[+Ⅴ,. motivated. for Japanese. AN. and. some. feature cross. N. indistinguishable. are. different. their apparently. and. by. that. GP,. whose. linguistic. behaviors. validity. facts.. Thus. has we. are. been have. with. re-. due to. the. shown. to. the follow-. lexical categories.. -N] -[-N]]. P-[-V,. -N] VN-[-Ⅴ,. N, AN,. seen. of the semantic. A-[+Ⅴ,. This. GP. with. (SHA).. this requlrement. and. pursue. bear. predicate. agreement. of GP. might. non-GP,. be independently 1ng. we. the mismatched. To. feature. its moved. and. SPEC-head. is compatible. that. 3. Some. spect. though. configuration,. throughwhat. is honest. paradigm. leaves. +N] us. one. important. question:. why. is Japanese. A. to. be.

(15) Lexical. Japanese. A does. tify [-N] that. [+Ⅴ, [- [-N]]?. as. represented. not. Miyagawa. (36). The. is, according of [-N]. characteristics. [一トN]]. of. in identifying. [-N] AN. and. well-know. semantic. a. test. certain. be made. with. Japanese. suffix. the. concerns. (1987),. Miyagawa. to. under. must. A, turning. toトトN]],. 95. reconsidered. answer. the specification. uses. attaches. a.. any. exhibit. thus. and. be claims. categories. A.. to iden-. The. test. which. -sa,. to N:. them. (-AN)-sa. odayaka. pleasant-suffix '. `pleasant-ness b.. *. otoko一(-N)-sa a. man-sllffix. (. I. a c.. man-ness. (-A)-sa. utukushi. beautiful-suffix '. `beautiful-ness. (-Ⅴ)-sa. d. *iki. go-suffix (. I. gOlng-ness. However,. this. Tsutsui state. (1981:383). semantic. and. a. English. and. N,. as. an. analytical. it is very. by of. likely that. (36b), With. sa.. (36b). one. strong. Stowell. and. (1981:22),. who. to. V,. which. do. that. of the s-selects. (36b). semantic as. the. and. compel1 for. Japanese. original. [+N]. expla-. claim. suggests. the feature case,. incompatible. are. Miyagawa. which. assign. sa. be viewed. as. attributes. not. they. cannot. Of evidence. (1977), claims. Jackendoff opposed. pleCe. the suffix. thisalternative. (36d). and. degree. ìndividual'in. thus. and. Makino. the. manner,. `man'denotes. 'action'in. an. As. restriction.. the `syntactic'featureトトN]]. [+N]. and. in. like otoko. noun. imposed. is at least. there. (1974) A. A. the unacceptability. feature. Chomsky. GP.. for positing. Rather, the. describes,. requirement. available,. ling evidence. has. a. like ihi 'go'denotes. verb. nation. `sa. adjective'.Thus. an. feature. the semantic. with. has. ISa. notes,. by. represented. the. A･. suffix. idea. is shared. A to. by. of-insertion ap-. plies:. (37). a.. fears. (-Ⅴ) heights.. b. John's. fear. John. is fearful. c.. The. John. same. seems. to. of heights. (-N). hold. (-A). of heights. for the Japanese. counterparts,. where. Japanese. N. and. A. do.

(16) 96. not. Yoshio. the accusative. asslgn. (38). a.. Mary-o. nagur-u(-Ⅴ). John-NOM. Mary-ACC. bit-Pres.. hit Mary'. John-no. Mary-no/*o. John-GEN. Mary-GEN/. `Jobn's. John-TOP. Mary-NOM/. them. signing. is fearful. -N]. N, AN,. VN-[-Ⅴ,. say. to English. as. features. of syntactic. differences. ones. 111timately. features. be captured. the following. gives. of Japanese. between. Japanese. to. (1970),. by. as-. combina-. the independently. are. categories do. we. and. English. and. of lexical categories. reduces. lexical. by Chomsky. proposed. differences. about. anything. combinations ent. of the syntactic. parallel. to. in turn. which. ,. N would. and. +N]. the combinations. have. [+N]. feature. of A. marking. lexical categories:. P=[-V,. completely. case. -N] +N]. A-[+Ⅴ,. Thus. fearfuトPres.. ACC. of Mary'. the syntactic. (39) Ⅴ-[+Ⅴ,. *. of accusative. for the Japanese. tions. kowa-i. Mary-ga. generalization. criticism. of Mary'. criticism. `John. hihan(-N) ACC. *. John-wa. c.. This. o:. John-ga. `John b.. case. Endo. far. as. as. Their. concerned.. not. the. appar-. of GP.. semantics. motivated. are. 4. Conclusion ln this paper that. showlng able. tures.. AN. sibility that of syntactic far. as. some. with. be best expressed. would in suffix. English. some. -sa. Japanese. and. features:. [+Ⅴ, +N]. from As. the combinations. English ,. and. this category to. repect. with. these. of syntactic. with. languages are. N. of. notion. viewpoints,. be identical. features. from. I have. constructions.. two. of Japanese. the values. by the semantic. case-theoretic could. identity. of the. problems. to distinguish. presented. indistinguishable. motivated of Japanese. the nature. as. are. differences. independently. cal. N. dealt. tests. some. and. The. l have. are. syntactic GP,. finally suggesting. respect. could. concerned′. not. to. possibly. AN, ten-. feais. which discussed. the posthe values be identi-.

(17) Lexical. categories. 97. reconsidered. APPENDIX. One. of the most AN viewlng. from AN TW. well-known N as and. is always accompanied òf'in the prenominal. (i). a.. COP. `bonest b.. members by the copular. copular leted in. sono. aka. red `that red. b.. sono. deal. with this followed When. 7W. by. very. the English may. not. like. (See. would below:. (近) Na. (iia). with. leaves. TW,. genitive marker he calls `TW-deletion' Note that 'semantic'factors. For example,. what. notes. this. and the. na. that. a. is de-. occurrences. of. (1952). Tsukahara. dress. doresu. no. GEN. *. dress. red. in. as. by. 1. ma. (1990). Poser. be. now. the is not. for. discussion. the by. explained. of the that. saying. of this has the. semantics. the copular. na. prefix. ma.). realThese prop-. s-selectional. GP. genitive focussed. the. shoojihi. (1987). Miyagawa. the. dress'. the copular. 'red'GP. by. the noun a noun `red', when suggest, glosses above aha modifying `red', have the copular na this aha introduced realized, while when 'very is focused, have na the copular and its GP property may. s-selects. when. distinction?. na/TW. dress'. red-COP/. `that very. Thus. that. marker. doresu. *na/no *COP/GEN. makka-naノ*. that. erty. genitive. mind. environment. that. facts. fact. the. miⅢd'. our approach is realized as some. a.. aprefix ized.. related by the. is followed. kokoro. GEN. are. (iia),. grammarians to. position:. by some severely restricted the following observes paradigm:. As. lS. category. but N. na. Japanese. many. prevented same. person. no. ningen human. can. (也). has. of the. person'. `human's. na. that. shoojikinahito honest. How. facts. TW genitive 'honest'denotes. whereas. n乙ngen. suffix. in question.. ofnain. (血).. na. appears,. as. in. Thus. (iib), The. undeleted. GP and. `human'denotes. na/no. 'red'GP. aka's deleted,. being. no. an. whereas does. which same. thus. may. ìndividual. distinction. is focussed. can. this not. allow. is. true. be. followed. of. by. is not. na. the. the. realized when be introduced. paradigm. may entlty'NP be successfully. the. suffix not. made. be by. in. (. na. as. i. followed the. in. as. aha's. to. na. by. ma. prefix. and. ),. where. in. ( by. i. a), the. s-selection.

(18) 98. Yosbio. Endo. NOTES. *. The. essence. Circle. held. was. at. read University. meeting read at the regular September 29, 1990. Also,. was of this paper Tokyo University, at. General. Meeting. of Tsukuba, for helpful comments ple Cbene, Shosuke Haragucbi, Keiko. Stowell,. Yoko. Takano.. Yuji. Yukio. Miyagawa,. Hiroaki. thanks. of English. data. 1. The. following. abbreviations,. Kunitoshi. Betb. to. suggesting. :. Present. case-:marker. :. Past. :. Accusative. :. Topic. GEN. :. Genitive. case-marker. COP. :. Copular. case-marker. acting. as. and infor-. of this paper･. Tense. Tense. case一皿arker. (1977:31-50) for an attempt [+/-sub]'ect] and [+/-ob]'ect].. to. 2. See Jackendoff features. for. Tim. Takezawa. be used:. will. Past. TOP. Roger. Shimamura,. Rol上. improvement. others,. Grimsbaw,. Koichi. Robert. and. Pres. ACC. Jane Reiko. Takahashi,. HigglnS. stylistic. among. ltob, San°,. case-marker. Nominative. :. and. Takane Masaki. Nakau, Tada,. go. also. mants. NOM. Hirose,. Minoru. Sugioka, My. Morphology. different. slightly version Society held at English Linguistic of the Tsukuba ll, 1990. followlng to the November I am peosincerely grateful discussion Brend de this on an paper: of and earlier version. the lltb. Martin,. Tokyo. of the a. See. lexical. classify Stowell. categories (1981:28-33) for. by some. the. using. criticism. of this approach. 3. The. here. situation Stowell. AsTim. be. may. a. predicate:. (i ). Mary. is crucial put. Endo. 4. The account. no. here. and. subjective. Sentence. John･considered. what. complicated. than. points. a. (personal communication). which the followlng consider fier like good to a SC. See. more. he calls `subjective judgement', SC is easily construed as. what. we. little. Where. a. is the. good. fact. sentence. in. such. that. for this fact. and. would. put. like. verb. fir占tglance･. consider. expresses. in. an. construct. environment better･ sounds. the sentence is created. environment. at. by. putting. a. Thus modi-. attorney.. a. sentence. the SC. (27b), when. can. ]'udgement,. like. to force GP predicate modifier for discussion the this (1991) point. of to. out, we. when. it appears. in. a. (23b) reading. context, modal like to leave this problem. seems. dose. not. and. sound perfect when is read blue･ the out of. soulld better. for future research. to. I have. no.

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(20) 100. Yoshio. Stowell, Tokieda, Tsukahara, sboin.. T.. ,. M.,. 1981.. Origins. 1959. T. 1952.. of phrase Nihon-bunpoo "Atatakai'to. structure.. Endo. MIT. (koogo-hen.). <atatakada'.". (Doctoral diss.) Tokyo:. Iwanami.. Koogo. bunpoo. hooza3.. Tokyo:. Meiji-.

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