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(1)WHY PERFORMANCE. ORIENTED POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION MATTERS IN GOOD GOVERNANCE AND SUSrAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: I. between. Comparison. Japan and Nigeria. Sampson. Ebimaro. ABSTRACT Decentralization wave. and. with. adjustments. in developing. structural. is synonymous. ideas. wide-range. Three. powers.. decades. performance.While decentralized number. and. make. leaders.. work. to subsidiarity. their local governments these. prOblematizes. causes. shortcomings,. but. are. decorative. mere. and. on. units ridden remediesI. and丘scal. or. no. of such. of. and. to. in. a. not. states remain. mediocres. comparative. record. of federalism local people. to. seⅣices. with. With. little. features. Citizens. elusive.. espoused. autonomy. have. basic. writers. wider. canny. employed. population,. to the democratic也ird. development. and. based. have. constitutions. amenable. policy. decentralization. political. with. Unitary. too,. it yielded. 1980s. and. development,. to. for their local-rural. constitutionally. citizens, and ¶1e paper. systems. Britain with. seⅣices. are. of states也at. empowered. after, government. Japan and. Ir) the 1990s,. states.. of decelltralization. importance. the. on. In 1970s. governance.. good. self-seⅣing of Japan. study. and. Nigeria. Key. words:. Political. and. Functional. decentralization,. local government:. Mediocrity,. Performance, Non-performance,. council. managerial. Self-interest, rent-seeking,. system･. INTRODUCTION Making. government. or. state". in decentralization is. societies. governance. 1990s. same. shares. abysmal. and. good. For. it was. to. view.. not. a. However, Santiso. that it was. a. a. three-decade. local government. efBciency. to. strategy. not. society".. ignored. (2003: 297). "disappointing. evaluated. decade".. of hollowness.. wanting. In the. 2000s. and. states. of decentralization. "project Performance". of the size of their autonomy. 1). with. states.. speciflC. has. been. and. flSCal powers･. America. reference. elusive.. The. donor. Writers. since three. in Latin. good. the mix. into micro-. in particular,. of weak. in weak. of Africa. and. about. investing. the. and. implies. overly enthusiastic. 1990s. sub-national. "subsidiarity. decentralization. development. case. obligationfor to. of authority. "building. revolution. result. In the. and to be. declared,. in the. of decentralization. results. is afunction. be. ceding. enduring. "geo-governance";. used. (2005: 366). stable. and. an. remain. it･ Democratization. Perhaps,. 1997).. citizenship. synergy. 184-8). describe. a. to. yielded. Chesterman. of building. element. responsible. (OECD2001:. Bank. governance,. example,. concluded. in. governance". 2002, World. decentralization. (1976-2005), seems,. and. important. an. saw. agencies. proved. 1994,. (UNDP,. governance. Paquet. "distributed. have. challenges. for development.. governments strategic. democratic. ⅢeIICe. nation-states.. for quality1ifestyles and. work. in. decades in the. to Nigeria argument,. it.

(2) (470). 18. For. Oyugi. example,. debate",. (2000) in. cited the absence. privatization,. Nations. agreed. respectively. have. "local. units hardly. in Malawi,for. inputs. rail on. certainly. require. is it. nor. centre,. seeking,. so. but. applause,. Local. challenges. much. corruption. scarce. about. and. myopic. The. resources.. view. because. insidious. main. both. problem. about to. points. the philosophy. of. power. relations".. added.. Elsewhere. tax. and. maximizing. 1496). African. 2003:. 44). Such. local. research. leaders against of the. power. overwhelming. fact that mediocrity,. the. rent-. at the local levels in. governance. of public. devolution. be. of local government. much. to power-. and. 2003:. (Olowu. the. philosophy.. lead. "the. autonomy. Nyasulu. and. roles so. afrontal. their goals",. the centre. failures is not. far overshadows. designs. and. and. fundamentally. it did not. where. of也eir. to meet. on. as. However,. na山re. in result. the. government. situation. 1991. and. localities.. (kentengule. for ignoring. not. a. the. and. dependence. and丘scal. in. by也e. government. of 1961. delegation. that the UN. noted. development. to. the centre. failed to turn. control. disposed. centre. distorted. He. meetings. unsuccessful. needed血･om. held by the central. overwhelming. development. economic. they. foremost,. the. been. local government. tenaciously. governments. has. support. get也e. example,. are. capacities. process". good. the unending. governance;. deconcentration,. governance.. (UNCRD). as. between. to sub-states. states. competences血･om Again,. be regarded. would. and. Development. for good. of devolution,. the meanings. on. that decentralization is, first and. "decentralization. "Decentralization. decentralization. Regional. on. in decision-making. sharing. consensus. bedeviled. conferences. argument,. his editorial introduction. of general. all of wbicb. United. His. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). 横浜国際社会科学研究. Africa. An. argument. seems. government. central. the Westphalia. are. fiscal resourcefulness. the. ne. history. example,. true. federal. military. important. also. in Nigeria. (Mabogunje. 1985). Patterned. governance.. Thirty. (Smoke. of. than. more. development.. And. rural public. remain. but. plagued. factor. by. the. 200. poverty-stricken. corruption". of rebelliousness. and. ODA as. a. unitary. and much. (Todaro and disintegration. model,. system. of government. as. China.. Smith. 2003:. no. should. or. than be. also. Optimism. societyand. of preserving. about. have. was. natural. for the. of all-. third tier of. democracy. aⅢd. results in the local demarcations. into. of practical. federalism. strategies. in lndonesia,. has occurred. fear disintegration,. support. 1966.. experience. the. made. better. yielded. of decentralization. to. informed. of improved. instead. preparation. democratic. and. Indonesiawith. for. unityin. was. and. than. more. dimension,. national. sector. in terms. "Decentralization. 715). Both. lies in leaving. we. to contemporary. local government. experiments. support. control.. Rather. already spanned. to its plural. account. in Nigeria.. the UNDP's expansive. LatinAmerica. de血ed. federal. After. autonomy. leaders.. of development. ambit. sovereign. governments. More. local units,. lifestyles in therural. of local government,. far insufficiently. is operating. in spite Japan's. the. federal. and. public preferences.. of national. that has relevance. on. sanctitywhich. erosion,. independent.. government. wi也the. units ring hollow.. Asia,. distorted. into. against. allowed. response. pragmatic. elusive.While. worked. East. strategy. frustrating. people. goals. 10),remain it has. a. theAmerican. along. about,. 2003:. in the USA,. administration lslands. years. and. local. the. shortfalls. the military. which. powers. The. for national. misnomer. independent. of the decentralized. It was. the disillusioned. noted. the. a. steering. of local. to. susceptible. they丘nancially. are. in Africa, South. in 1976.. structure,. it from. governments. decentralization. major. of bringing. reason. development. and. results. first. is to check. of political andfiscal. in many. even. in relationship. independence.. absolute. is. accountability. So it is not. sub-national. degree. has. example,. entities, nei也er. of decentralization. The. place. state,for. if such. of local decentralization. took a. make the. because. wanes. and half decades.. Same. the. sovereign. cannot. results. decentralization. not. debating. engrossed. debating. operate. built around. level of government. subject to international. now. all, local governments. two. No. of local government. space. power-exercising. into the affairs of local government. to intrude. remain. and丘scal. over-flogged.. treaty(1648). impunityis. or. power. autonomy. about. economic. but. for its. faintly in China,. the most empowerment. dangerous of the.

(3) POLmCALDECENTRAuZATIONMATTERSINGOOD GOVERNANCEANDSUSTNNABLEDEVELOPMENT(Sampson Eb血肌) (471). wHYPERFORMANCE10m. In the. grassroots.. informs血･om units. responses. of federalism. constitutions)as of government, local. have as. well. worked. functional. a. formalpowers. is. criticisms. skepticismand based. on. the. facilities. well, qualitative. hierarchicaltieswiththe. of top. down,. bottom-up more. on. independent血･om. for and. competitive. ′mat meansthat. ofJapan's local units, often said to be. national. Oong. autonomy. from. of whichinvolves. -all. the centre.. the. central. (3.)L10Calized. or. in terms. decentralization,. implyfundamentalchangesinthe government. is capable. throughthe. application. various. settings.. national. process. solution. and. to. subsidies.. bythe The. of decision-making. and. between. political. voters. asinthe case. and. (4) citizen units. regularfunction. andinitiative. local. building. central. units. and services. often. challengesthatare. design. that. locally. an. and local. prior. approval. process･. In. tothem. by. not. necessarily. It meansthatthe. local. ratherthanru1e. dimensions. is amixin. of autonomy･. local. proJ'ects.. Local However,. of the need. for harmonywith. innovative. localgovernment. imitiated,. capable. sub-. deconcentration. powers,. of these. because. suggests. deliveryare. no. It does. enjoy highdegree. precisely. (2002: 3). UN-HABITAT. delivery.. operation. or. or. mandatesgiven. to local ofBcials.. specializations. government,. and. The. or. discretionary. of. decentralization. in the policy. participation. actwithinthe. of decision-making. national. (1.)Administrative. of services. powers. politicalautonomy. the other. system,. to local condition. Rather, absolute. decreasesthe. of government,. hand,involves. closer to the peoplewithsome. engineering. imply. not. mere. all levels. of decision-makingwithlittle. services. innovative. suspicion". authorities.. does. or. self-government,. of power. localized. responses. at. transfer. be approved. policy priorityand. refers. subordinate. judgmental1eadership. health,. projects must. is that whose adapting. of. In the. professionalsinthe sensitive. bringing. of. on. out. dubious. on. is not. Functionallocal. are. and. judged. (Kabul1998: 2) asinthe. authority. innovation. of carrying. citizens. parks. be. only. twoIWay. nowincreases. distinctions. some. constitutional. programme. deconcentration government. drew. decentralization,. Administrative. (2.)Devolution, administrative. 3). They. of state. emerged. Political decentralization. decentralization.. administrative. have. co-operations. 1996:. Wright. and. is providing. health,. and. criticisms.. where. it. (1994) consideration,. should. to as"a. is need. that there. and. that. such. article is. public agency. empowerment. participatory. development. and. 3). local units, and. other. of hierarchy,. one. 2). preferences". by the centre.. controlled. of political, economic Transnational. relationshipwith it is not. mere. localgovernment. localgovernment. andthe. as. governmentinthis. services public. here. used. In Bonnet. cibzens.. be referred. the centre. system. unitary. howtheir. safety, transportation,. public. whatmight. implies. over. to. government. between. resources. Horinzontallocalgovernment. nationalgovernments･. supply,. or. or. Functional. to "public. to "neoliberal1itigation". able to dispel serious. central government. (allunitary. federal. be localgovernmentwithout. of their citizens-whetherthe. housing.And丘nal1ythat. horizontal. Theglobalization. water. It could. services. responsiveness. collection,. with. is not. Functionallocal. due. changing. garbage. the centre.. of Nigeria. is. state. exist for the welfare. struggle. a. infinitesimal.. canny. governments. a. (USA/Nigeria).. delivers. and. are. satisfyingtheservicesare. and. about. it operates. power. local. in Indonesia. elusive. government. the centre.. powers. agencies. low{ost. or. are. decorative. to the people.. local. functional. throughgovernment. protection,. local. of disintegration. mattersintheminrelationshipswith. authority from. governance. of public. thatal1 government. recreational. fairlyminimum. of market. environmental. how. A and. that the sovereign. judgment. to correcttheflaws. hplies. has. that. one. mere. BritaiⅢ, results. (Britain/Japan) orthosewithconstitutional. for this essay. results. Theyare. hinCtional. system.While. and social liberation. economic. powers. producing. development. and sustainable. transferred. danger. political decentralization.Whether. localどOVernment?. administrativemitswith. not. Japan and. Nigeriawithconstitutional. governmentsfunctioninbringing is. federal. in. well. are. units. a. complete. governance. good. What. case. to. the. for politicaldecentralization,. the decentralized. mainfactthat. orfrivolous. features. of Nigeriawithformalbasis. case. 19. acceptable. of replicating. and. such. creative, challenges.

(4) (472). 20. wi血in. 横浜国際社会科学研究. processes. various Governance. subsequently. Bank. From. the. "what. municipal. (1) managerial. namely;. politics. I followed. a. models,. Structural. Ifocused. have. abused. the shortcomings. on. has. (SAP). strategies(Akiyama. of pro-poor. been. of democratic. ends. Programme. Adjustment. thefu1crums. within. the. are. preferences. local government. in this paper. and. sequence. and. (Berman. Mediocrity?". citizen. traded. excuses. and. of local managers,. by comparing. for than. rather. rent-seeking. attitude/corruptionof. of presenting. of data collection,. main. comparison. I synthesized. ,. between血e. them,. hollow. shortfalls, alld local. state. central,. ¶1uS,. chairmen.. in Nigeria. Japan, analytical. and. of suⅣey. analysis. service. the. three. on. the local government. of local government between. "Social. and. better municipalities. dubious血･iction. brief historical analysis. 2003). (Kabul 1998). with Japan's. bo仕om-up. West. and. in Chile". participation. (2) top-down,. mediocrity,. methodology. conclusion. by. in Nigeria. (3) mismanagement. governments. in the. development. is managerial. of local governments. performance. and. autonomy.. articles. decentralization,. failure to. offered But. and五nance. and. citizens'participation. approach. opportunities. autonomy. inadequate丘nance. that. in admitting. bottom-up. 64). The. inadequate. insists. World. calledfor. et al. 2003:. resources.. and. research. The. obligation.. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). results. then,. and. aIld recommendations.. BRIEF. ⅢISTORICAL. SETTINGS. OF. LOCAL. GOVERNMENTS. IN. NIGERIA. AND. JAPAN. NIGERIA ¶一e historical development. in Japan. different. same. only. 1945. twin. interest. to 2000s,. Nigeria. became. the Western. and Eastern. but vehemeIldy. thousands The. Tbe丘rst to suit也e. and. have. a. development. that existed. on. evolved. as. well. and. North. and. in Nigeria.. colonial. 1987:. 8). ,. far. was. purposes. to. more. and. emirate. of collecting was. such. after. underscored. interest. (acephalous). non-kingship. in Japan. (1957), Prior. In 1930s. For. public.. qualityof life, the. in the northern. administrative. a. by. motivated. paradigms. Different. established. is. Nigeria. of local government. intensityof such. (Gboyega. purpose. kingship. as. much. development,. economic. it was. as. of the rural. phases. East, West. in 1903, when. was. system. emirate. for. but not. took. phase the system. in 1951. place. values. a丘nal. blow. damaged. third epoch. to. 1952 to. was. weakened. project culminating propertyin. after the. civil. war,. respectively. their traditional. into local government. the. priceless was. and. less hospitable. was. But the implemetatations gave. regions, the. of three. 18thcenturies,. as. empowerment. The. the goals.. the. to. exposed. society, Japan. 17th and. contemporaⅣ. the evolutionary. were. heterogeneous. a. since. were. equality, efBciency,. phase. is. all, socio-economic. of local government. societies. liberal democratic. completed.. above. constitute. state. Nigeria. nation. overall national. that bo也countries. except. building. and. system. tax to. extended. respectively,. resisted.. second. because. of 1966. federal. areas. expenditures,. sty1ed. pluralism. of local government.. for recurrent. came. and. in 1960, four phases. dominated. The. and. concurrent,. for local autonomy. that democratic. and concluded. 1990s.. independence the creation. started. to local needs. of responding. cleavages.While. has. agitations. democracy,. -. 1970s-. vigorous血･om. Moslem. Yet. as. regarded. cultural. Japan. while. of accountability. In 1954,. as. in terms. and Wright (1998: 203-218) demonstrated. Koike. from. be. can. well. 19tb century.. purpose. universal. example,. a. as. society. And in the. of local administration. Nigeria. and. political histories. homogeneous started. development. and before the. in the East. and. societies. The. ignite participation.. independence Nigerian. civil. west, purposes. As. a. when. for reform. agitation. were. to install western-. public policy initiative, it was. in 1960. ′me first military war. (1967-1970) -. a. war. coup'de. 'etat. that killed. the East of Nigeria. when. developmental. administration. was. adopted. in the East. and.

(5) WHYPERFORMANCE･ORIENTEDPOLⅢCALDECENTRALIZATION MATrERSINGOOD GOVERNANCEANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT (Sampson Ebimaro)(473). South. Eastern. Nigeria's. as. ideologicalfocus with. subventions. in. employees. government. and. remained. as. opportunityto. abuse. reconstruction. were. placed. Retreating in corruptioll. with. to earlier aS. a. coup. military Elected. project. governors. resources,. General. Babangida (rtd)seized. fact remained trial. that they. an. -. issue. Thefourth he. took. a. epoch. translate. into the intentions the. sooner. practiced. Babangida. in Nigeria. searchlights.. much. of state. in Thisday as. were. News:. 4 February, and. magnanimous. October. 2004;. 1,. l･Oads and. highly. minister,. led by. government. local 301. in contrast. with Local. it was,. an. (Farazmand. these. He. a. in 1983. to. appointed. also shoftllived,. when the. government,. military-led. politicianswithout. General. excuse. Babangida. had. structural was. and. took. as. and. 591in. ibid.:. 503). standards. and. ,. only. corruption. roles. of the. new. did not. result because became. but out. of the public. In fact, the administration. its be仕er sides, It. was. on. no. overtly. documentations. uncountable. 2004). as. inspectorate. independence. beehives,. has. the. of local. Political autonomy. the desired. of such. all removed. that the theory. such. than. 20 April, were. 1991.. further. yielded. corrupt. veⅣ. et al. in Vanguard:. above. in 1985. In 1988,. tbe血inistries. scrapping. changes one. to power. came. system. observed. not. government. double. were. corrupt. realities, because. the. was. a. Consequently,. constitution. was. many. by. in 1989. that it would. administration Gabriel. was. Babangida. government to 449. with. table. soaked. (oil-dependent). 1980s.. committees. elect local government. from. I agued. and. became. soon. 1985). local governments.. pride.. led military. as. such. have. which. the. suspended. the Aegean's. rights",. strengthened. of the creators.. impunityand. Babangida. pragmatic. increased. authorities. projects,feeder. in 1979. incarcerating. corruptio虫,. over. of states. over. civilru1e. projects,. oil crisis of early. Buhari/Idiagbon. of human. military. administration丘nished with. That. public. were. to. elites. HometownVoluntary. the mono-product. and. to clean. against. capacities. state-centered. communities,. Caretaker. sacked.. Althoughthe. democratically. were. 蛋.ranted local government. autonomy. (Musa. control. of flnanCial. left in the hands. were. and. of local. (militaryor civilian)or. to manage. government. in 1985.. to. few. government. of global. were. this attempt. a new. return. face. the. (DailySketch. started when. I.ocal governments the scope. well.as. media. effort to. in the. called "abuse. government. influence. government.. as. that the. pragmatic. overbearing. heavily. came. to over血rew血at. reason. power. democratic knowledge. chairmen. the affairs of local governments.And. as. with. water. governor. commissioner,. overthrew. oversee. Only. associations.. enthroned. and. Idiagbon. pipe. borne. ministry. expenses.. the newly. local government. and. as. such. centres. discipline. local government. of developmental. in collaboration. for example,. of vision and alternative. of plenty. Buhari/. health. by these. raised. public. discussions,. result of lack. led by. monies. on. very. in Nigeria,. functionaries,. such. in the midst. economy. on. the. of. and. transfer. the transition. partially when. and. of local government. of the states,. traces. Not. resources. complete. (2001: 503) observed,. this effort operated. tier of. the operation. of states. approval. encroachments. least,. to. promotion,. the. third. elected.. local. harmonization. complete. in Farazmand and. homes,. maternity. a. still under. Koehn. at. communities. constructed. be rewarded. could. schools,. in government. persons. were. then,. were,. was. in 1976.. a. creating. managing. It. ended.. 1999) and也e. democratically. designed. were. third tier of governance,. issues. Even. there. (ITVAs). In many. civic centres. Thougha. or. war. (Diamond by. of being. status. the. as. of local government. reform. major. participation. there. in 1974. place. political development. but also they. Thus. and. a. corresponding. jurisdiction, constraints,. And. of primary. graSSrOOt. Aliyu. the chance.. in 1979.. promote. sensitive. affairs. As the. under. Associations. as. well. effectively. a. pluralistic Nigeria.. was. and. alld with. took. which. there. local services,. the federation.. chie氏aincy. completed. tO. of providing. diverse. Consequently,. facilities in 1971/72. rebuild. revolution,. socio-economic. autonomy, meallt. throughout. of senior. to. respond. governments. hugely. a. administration. was. to. was. for the purpose. federalism. found. to civilru1e.. to. policy. democratic. wave. considerable. local. were. only. of administrative. third. to return. preparation. governance. part. the global. with. coincided. The. Nigeria. 21. a. cumulative.

(6) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (474). 22. of these. account. "Maradona".. were. to scored. a. 1993. and. general. Chief. Shonekan. became. 1996. increased. were. to. 774. local government. as. in也e. candidates. 1996. until 1998. these. national. four years. military. regimes. Centralization. in this. allowed. years. without. Ministers since. deep. were. self -. (Bennet. their political domain business. and. of on. not. 153).. (Ribadu politicking. phases. not. shops,. June. usual"汀hisday:. Many and or. 2004). Obasanjo. 15 August,. executive丘at. the election.. From. seⅣing. was. -. a. by "placing chairmen. from. corruption.. from. the centre.. fact that items barrow. for. scene. practice. on. television,. dubiously. were. people. transition. different. and. of the. of. president.. not. wheel. out. the interest. new. comes. trucks,. December. The. for the obvious. mediocrity. himself. of were. Count'selection. merely. to. for仙e. agenda. in 'Kangaroo. has been. Abacha. 1994. local govemments. revenue. dubious. it is. governments. an. of governance. hand. sewage,. local government. and 29,. from. in血e. (1999-2003). collect taxes. Babangida. as. as. and. government. objectivesof with Chief ObasaIJo as the. government. to 1996,. worse. local. the. but politics. of merit,. State governors. in Vanguard as. were. of local government could. it sufficiently. 1990. made. of也e. won. easily. of centralization. kiosks,. such. 12,. led by. centre. made. From. Abacha. done. were. in 1999. 90%. was. some. chairmen. than. of corruption.. re且ection. of the military,. agenda 1994:. a. as. success山1. oりune. appointed.Lecal. lobbied. who. (Farazmand ibid.:504). Obasanjo. areas new. as. politicians. in terms. such. and. students. of local government. having. in the past. though. Obasanjo-led. than. and. at the. to function.. situation. elected. governments,. Abubakir. more. collect taxes,. knowledge. appointed. that. labour. government. committees. ministers. exists, local governments. exist inrural. succession. 也eir choice". is not. to. them. hardly. etc. signboards. especially. decentralization. ThoughflSCal law. 1966,. sense. were. rather. Abusalami Olusegun. implies. caretaker. national. and themselves. of President since. and. This. died, local government. and. slumped. and. of play. of the outcome. power,. seized. these local governments. ministers. by General. completed. The丘rst. which. of也ese. Abacha. to. and. books.. chairmen. wi也local. in the丘eld. 2000). Activities. by Babangida. account. rule. SeⅣing. elections. politicians, ministers. to civil rule was. past. choice. when. again. rewarded. Regrettably,. have. stealthily. trickily. the annulment. 13, September,. Nigerians. OII. but. of courageous. interim illegitimate. an. regime. dubiously,. unstable.. suspended. to democratic. were. creation. necessary.. were. once. and. of transition. commencement. generally. imposed. activities. to. thefragi1e situation. on. in Nigeria. in 1996. to. power. felled. into the hands. leading. agenda. of the. player).Oppositions血･om. went. became. capitalized. local governments. beaut血1. a. (Post-Express. situation. government. local government. when. handing. scene. Abacha. for the interim if most. bis血･ontal. central government. once也e. was. Ee. cup.. leader. the. intentionally,. who. world. management. economic. the messy. In 1994, late general impossible. though. became. left the. He. to clean. paralyzed. doubtful. national. be. player. in 1986. allowed. Babangida,. nicknamed. soccer. national. was. kicks,. self-succession. election.. that. goal. to earn血･ee. as. for example,. press,. Argentina's. an. intimidated;. or. caged. hooligans,. Nigerian. was. so. unpredictably. the. (Maradona. his band. used. that. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). twenty. elected.. which. started. local administrators. looted. treasuries. public. he. this when. acknowledged. of. said,. in "It. 2003).. JAPAN The. evolution. local powers. subordinate governments. This. is not. formal. in. Japan. unexpected. division of power. Prior. cityor. of local government. to 1868,也e. communitymanage. to. had. the. in. given. that Japan. between. Steiner. deal with. their. operates. the center. entire Japan. is similar. power.. central. authorityto. Japan. existed. and as. their affairs under. to. Nigeria. (1965: 300-306),for. of control example. affairs, but the influence. own. unitary. constitution,. subordinate. units.. cities and. in terms. communities. the headship. of lords. a. and tendency. noted. of the centre. constitution也at. does. the control. of也e. under who. owe. that. allegiance. to. not. to. over-. thoughlocal remain. huge.. acknowledge. Sbogunate. the Shogunate.. Each In.

(7) WHYPERFORMANCE･ORIENTEDPOLmCALDECENTRAuZATIONMATrERSINGOOD GOVERNANCEANDSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (Sampson Ebimaro)(475). 23. Possible; Administered Local. by the. government. Treated over Wider areas N atio n ally & Internationally. Impossible; locally,. Treated Regionally. &. on. the spot. l. Figure. 1871,. a. most. distinctive. unified. The. prefectures. Meiji. a. or. most. postwar. government. to. a. prototype. throughout. of 1945. the. According. for the Allied. government". elections. Authorityover. police,fire. ibid.:. Wright practice and. was. kikan. the central. 49). It presupposes far from. inin. policy. or. In. a. short. Ishida. (SCAP). centre.. Local. and. ininjimu, impeded. time,frustration. or. the. had. lead protests. functions. such. the. generated and against. a. quite. were. the. was. other. be. well. of government,. the. main. reasons. objective of tame. in Japan. and. co-opts rather. Gun. yet the. is answerable. -. citizens than. and. called inin-jimu. commonly. in the 1970s. the "the. through. local governments,. in the face of shifting. as. to. were. of. dissolved. were. to local governments. granted. social contract" as. of the enforcement. of local government. head. The. government.. governors. and. for local. environment. central. from. apart. delegated. only. municipalities inefficiency. a. and. Germany. of local government. mayors. of local government "new. with. designated. powers. in charge. also delegated. that the executive. the work. but. government,. that. enabling. was. people,. sufFICiently. were. given. of 50,000. for each. central. of the. units. to. was. a. municipalities. believed. an. creating. ministries. chose. the. For. 52).. liberty. give. as. The. created.. population. Administrative. Japanese. (1989: 142). Krauss. minimum. government. by. that hitherto. agency. when. to. a. were. its uniformity.. villages. made. the. by. department. meaning. the citizens to the local governments. and implementation. an. thoughautonomy that. was. 1996:. trend. people. education. and. administrative. and. Powers. theorygiven. daitai. mere. in 1989,. to. that. All these. government.. the local people. that binds. jimu. the. the. of interior,. in Nigeria. case. of the. authoritarian. than. rather. have. interior.. of the because. Wright. O un and. from. behalf of the central. ministry. reversed. derives. prefectures. (Germany). the ministry. federation.. Command. Bismack. powers,. the. was. of the. 71 prefectures. and. city, it must. a. on. status. to these. established. cities, towns,. prefectures,. in the world. constitution. or. in Japan. relations. system. local government. member. state. government. representative. of the. exercise. as. centralization. local. of governors. was. was. government. regarded and. utterly dissolved. constitution. Supreme. umbrella. advanced. The. a. qualifyas. Appointment. -. strongest. to. intergovernmental. on. central. of Japanese. prefecture. centralized. modern. constitution. providing. local government. staff of such. a. aspect. location. geographical persons.. into. nation. Perspectives. mere. expectations. that is,. a. into physical abstract. to. of. contract. project decision.

(8) (476). 24. 横浜国際社会科学研究. Krauss:. -making. (Ishida and. account. for internally. ibid.;. local government. (as in Nigeria) is. but of national. development. economic This. government.. central. in Figure. exists, such. development,. even. The. developing. series. as. pollution,. and. 1970s.Althoughlocal government,. bave也e the. governments. administrative. Tnree. theoreticalframeworks. the performance From. Such. them. because. Even. in. an. a. where. classical. for the purpose. co-operate. of. and. Such. that. independent. are. and. of central. the powers. views血at in Japan. services. issues,. local government. Yet. held. widely. of government. criticisms. by. city in 1960s. local governments.. against也e. problems,. communities. central. in Yokohama. priorities. on. step. transform. partyto. heavy. was. policy. heavily. of local. by. country. become. Jun and Wright (ibid.: 69),this is. to. by opposition. of the. opportunities. expectations. According. opposition. weighs. development. of. far too less,. are. research. for to. hope. not. could. an. judge. of the. (Olowu. resources. emerged. on. and. account. 10)."Decentralization capacityand respective. resources. national. implies. the. 2002:. achievement. to. accommodate. lighten. 2003:. must. move血･om. local govemment. objectives of. 5) etc,. to manage. psuedo Such. The. to the. resources. varietyof Smith's. and. to "genuine. participation". equality; by their. in less. mere. a. and. effectively and as. condition. are. states. that. (UNU. to. argued. of fu岨11ing血e. in which. or. substantially. peculiar. for example,. in view. inputs. 2003:. their allocative. as are. be. but by their. less. with. the real must. efficiently. much. circumstances. participation". implies. existence,. society. to whom. grassroots. in weak. (2004: 716),. democratic. citizens. one,. government. representatives. time. burden,. theoretical. central a. of. life."The. crisis of governance. developmental. enormous. participation". judged. objectives. their. in response. "genuine. and. contemporaⅣ. just a. ties with也e. everyday. cost. not. of policy. H. participation. are. ingredients. proximate. remote血･om. and. the. which. not. relevance. remains. is not. services. essential. have. delivery,. (2001: 390). Todaro. localizationKirkpatrick. to. governments. 113, Williams. is expected. are. public. the. presents. of services. of inabilityof political elites. can. the stakeholders'theory,. globalization. for local government. important. out. government. Local. it pragmatizes. need. representatives. efficiency. removable.. Sako. theory,. of local government. the principle. that "the. of carrying. for elected. and. and. the democratic. are. also because. itself". I,ocal government. effectiveness. Efficiency. performance". but. synthesized. meaning. because. responsive,. accessible,. ,. backdrop. responsible",. democracy,. sense,. (1974). effective. a. this study. These. justiceand. common. Mills. provide. Firstly, it presents are. to. MODELS. theory.. of social. it appeals. the need. they. to high. innovative. local. complex. support. management. the principles. governance but. shared. illustration. the above. used. of another.. programmes.. launched. was. ANALYTICAL. only. a. -. local government. and. inevitably. by也e. reimbursed. to Nigeria.. compare. and. as. economic. major. local problems.. control. weighs highon. government. central. wi也even. for. responds. enacted. flnanCial. and. to deal. competence. basis. resolve. have. to. and. also that. local interest,. "glocalization". government. must. generating. local issues.. to. but regulated. independent. implies. Japan, projectsof. Jun and Wright. of government. income. initiative which. environment. In. referred. national. remembered. that. on. projectsto an. the. That. 37.8%. about. in the mapping.. as. or. systems. of innovative. "kakushin-jichitai"-. called. various. and. (1997: 295). only. government.. government.. is completely. levels. is oftenfondly. governments,. the central. and solve local problems.. of purpose. production. priorities for local. stones. uniformity. government. central. promoting. such. and. Nisbio. revenue,. generate. by local governments,. between. solving. the USA,. by. by the central. and. can. governments. Provided. level of government. no. as. Was. executed. Horier. problem. 1 to indicate也at. federalism. are. llational development. to. to respond. a仕empt. TYle rest. heavilyfunded. is what. of innovative. responsibility. 140). Althoughlocal. funds.. generated. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). their that. practical. the local public does.

(9) WHYPERFORMANCE･ORIENTEDPOLITICALDECENTRALIZATIONMATrERSIN GOOD GOVERNANCEANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT (Sampson Ebimaro)(477). not. feel. and. how. a. such. justiceand. second. was. war. men. Hobbes. of everyman. men. seeking. in the government. be. by. replaced that. granted. and. protect. hand. and. choice. in the. Regimes. synthesizes. the stakeholder's. "a. has. stake. or. insist, perhaps, of the. employees, the. expectations,. which. management. within failure, they. public. preferences.. not most. an. people. than. not. Manner". leadership. of public. selection.. only that and. consumers. value. themselves.. pay. et al. They levels･ For. ratio of input. contend. or. stakeholders'theory. as. a. argues. but much. how. minimizes. (PMT).. matter. does. that market. of fact, be. probity,. criticisms. they. the image. measure. with. ,. who He. to. much. to. the. principle. on. of. in meeting. more. less. or. but. seⅣices,. leaving. perhaps a. derive. public. Instead. public. voters,. that. paradigm from. them.. inpuトoutput relationships. good. good in. new. for quality which. り. of stakebolders'. led. with. ultimately. pay. and. evaluating. accountability,. economy. of. the benefits. From血e. is based. input-output. performance, as. outcomes public. management. seⅣices.. public. relationships. the. managers. at也e. That. public should. local level. legitimate cost-eHectiveness ensure insists that Rubenstein et al. (2003: 607). ejficiencyand respectively?. happy. on. shifting. anyone. of services. representation. and,. as. case,. on. have. It borders. not. precursor. but. thesis. of the median. identifies. more也at. that, "it is far easier to. examples,. to output. The. (2003) again,. for seⅣices,. for societyshould,. the demands. of constituency. are. at Workplace. interest. for shortfalls. only. are. citizens. by the corporation".. the丘rm.. are. for. 1ionsand. clarifleS this paradigm.. public. citizens'engagement. good. Boyne. of血e. can. Employment. in which. reforms. security.. to the. managers,. (2003: 20121). under. governments. Ethics. of pluralistic. al.. for example,. governance,. the. accommodates. responsible. theory. today. to a stakeholder. sense. and. management. the mandates. But. the main. is affected. choice"further. more. that members. management. and. money,. public. public. that meets. of the. out. et. foxes,. mere. remains. narrower. stakeholders. Boyne. and. whether. is the pe血rmance. network,. the national. spending,. setting. of performance.. information measure. local. paradigm. stewardship. implies. Fordist. a. of maximization. failure" is far. it is necessary. in. are. for Corporate. or. by trusting. that, to take. to responding. redesigned. affect. that rationally. accordingly.. judge. can. who. confldence.. government. submitted. ill-performing. he referred. ,. the. process. the interest of all citizens because. improvement. measurement. with. to. (1984). to. of "responsiveness. order. Freeman group. and. such. on. in whichthere. to provide. able. then. who. contract". Argument. or. too,. is based. state. in his article "Hazardous. Industry-. community. ongoing. dealt. responsiveness,. in the. The也ird. good. "In. and. an. insist that "government. "undifferentiated. safeguards The. be. thefu1crum. market. accountability. and也e is. corporation must. on. matter. (now citizens)are. is practicable.. what. today are. and. politicians. Hobbes'"social. limited. not. "security". being. is best understood. theory are. suppliers. from. individual. any. that the stockholder's. of inclusivity,. no. of stakeholders. to be. theory. far beyond. theory. Mining. Inferring. Or. stakeholders'investments. customers,. in. African. theory･. to. Eweje (2005: 163-183). administration. South. the firm. on. claim. access. in comfort. fearful people. the. assessed. governance. and. short. safetyand. of their governments;. natural. to lacking. "social contract". on. self-preservation. pitfalls of neoliberalism.. to politics and. Regulatory. critically. to push. in the hands. and policy reforms. of the public. expectations. have. can. that political governance. for the government. of providing. right of. of attempting. accountability. often returned. people. erStWhile. laws. regulatory. Locke. their. over. based. to them.Tile. obligations. one.. competent. to power,. which. is measured. participation. lived in pre-social. men. selfish and. government. to obey. to the. highest point. more. rational. live up. that. claimed. be responsible. the government. would. the. demanding. everyman,. to. more. men. was. polecats,. a. such. the notion. and. nasty, brutish,. so. securityevolved. cannot. of governance. visible results. (1991) ,. to. welfare. or. 5),. If a government. minimum. (1996: 223). safetyand. obligations including. view. in stakeholders'theory. in McLean. against. of Miller. 4). them.. is explained. model. "social contract".. level of basic. certain. follow血･om. what consequences The. citizeⅢs'In the theoretical. a. of "citizenship". but intrinsic value. of exclusion,. improve. results. level of. certain. sense. psychological. 25.

(10) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (478). 26. improve. thoughrecent. efforts to. organizational. performance, to. problematic. factors". factors. that varied. is necessary.. into consideration. the. on. of the client and. however,. suggested,. for such. support. and. coverage. havefocused. performance. but, the characteristic. They. outputs.. "uncontrollable. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). and. trust. public. 617), because. they. and. of. serve. con丘dence. would. provide. often do. committed. managers. include. expository,. be. may. that takes. measurement. performance. adjusted. measures. analyzing. in which. the environment. Besides,. al. 2003:. (Feiock et. or. construction. notgive. for failures.. excuses. METHODOLOGY Multi-level empirical. Using. methods.. a. policy management, to. 地at meanings. a. which. their opinions. on. local government. 774. size) were. used. insigniflCanCe the opinions Edo, the. tO. expressed. and analysis. The. remaining. to. asked. same. proved Niger,. to the. of. Lagos. based. questionnaire. (sample. the. number. Ogun,. to. state. for. seemed. Osun,. Kaduna. and. yet. Ondo, Kano.. In. of government. perception. Opinions. Abuja.. than. origin,rather. persons. of the federation,. Nasarawa,. on. in 221. deliberately eliminated. of the 36 states. ,. and. were. needs. 860 respondents. were. (FCT). way. gave. Four. covered.. But only. prOgreSSed血･om. We. a. questionnaires. of irretrievability. This. problem. federal capital territory. respond area. aS. local public. areas. 24 respondents. in such. both in Nigeria. out. serves. 28%. about. analysis. local governments. selected. 884 respondents.. and. and. done. was. collected也rough. in 774 local government. of people. in their local government. on. returned. questionnaire. all similar. In Japan,. including. municipal. government. of origin, in. higher number. than. rather. deliberately,. Japan, but. available. of their perception. for computation. Tokyo. only. (mainly graduates), pensioners, artisans one year (August 2004-July 2005) during ,. the work. synthesislOO%. is not. an. exhaustive. states. problems Deborah. on. the Nigerian does. of development West. others. cases. study. in the. The. countries.. collected. study data. as. well. in the two. of local government. public. duration as. the. was. rate. the. of equityin servants,. students a. spanned compilation. countries.. visited. in their local. Retrieval. for the purpose include. also, respondents. in both. distributed.. were. complete. performance. was. analysis. to. asked. government. of questionnaires. the investigator. which. or. City). Neither. period. of. of report･ data. was. accurate.. writers. government. cases.. were. respondents. provision. used. (Yokohama. prefectures. Abuja,. were. In both. comparative. MAIN Few. number. questions. and. in. as. of services. Same. 860. in both. I(anagawa. and. In Tokyo. prefecture.. the basis. on. in Chiba. governments. in Aichi. Nagoya. questionnaires. Yet,. information. Kogi, Kwara,. were. respondents. performance were. hence. respondents. Rivers,. only. and. historical. and. Carried. facilities that were. representing. Was. randomly. responses. local government,. of literature. review. In Nigeria. However,. of reporting. ¶一e SuⅣey. of respondents血･om. federation,. the opinions by. The. obseⅣatory development. of governance,. out inform. carried. oral responses.. completion,frivolous. represent. Delta,Anambra, FCT,. in each. in the computation improper. as. well. the. across. to questionnaire. spaces,. as. sample. in tbe丘eld. in the study.. used. local govemments.. areas. responded. blank. selected. questionnaires. in 35 of也e. seen. randomly. was. comments.. and. to concepts. These. au也orities. literature. ideas. existing. a仕ached. investigation.. of competent. of relevant. synthesis. duly. were. Japan, during. also. the writings. and buttress already. validate. in the. adopted. were. procedures. not. local government. weighhighon. in Nigeria. (2003: 8) noted. COMPARISON/CONTRASTS. system. would. the local government.. organised. that unassailable. by. Kennedy. percentage. School. agree For. that the heavy. example,. of Government,. of the eminent. in. a. arms. conference. the author. participants. of the central. and. diagnose. the. to. of the丘nal. in the conference. report. agreed.

(11) GOOD GOVERNANCEANDSUSTAINABLE WHYPERFORMANCE･ORIENTEDPOLⅡICALDECENTRALIZATIONMATrERSIN DEVELOPMENT (Sampson Ebimaro)(479). Figure. "over. that. corruption,. dubious. turn. should. inadequate. That. but Japan. Arguments. than. rather. overwhelming. makes. a. utilizes fewer. domineering has. Chairmen than. the. tremendous. Nigeria. government. and Ra也er,. in terms. I think. are. the. and to. seem. of local. sborぬ11s. autonomy. An. and丘nance.. inputs. above. is. of performance. fiscal inadequacies. of inadequate. results that. and. local governments. over. steering. of local. governments. of central. in Nigeria,. to achieve. resources. the inadequacies. on. influence. problems. local. to. inadequate丘nances.. or. contrastwith. major. that mediocrity,. detrimental. more. of povertystagnation. of central. development. in addition. were. corruption. centralization. in Japan. of local governmellt. is that who. over. I argued. led to. have. of contracts. awarding. However, and. the. dominance. far stagnates. efficient manager. than. the central government. shortcomings. themselves. uncompetitive. searchlight. that is over-centralized. on. the. overshadow leaders. in Nigeria. means,. and. of government. management. policy. by other. resources.. in doubt,. results.. development. our. leaders. government. levels. in Nigeria. governance. in Nigeria",. waste. and. various. and economic. We. not. among. of LocaJ. of oversight. mismallagement. suspicions. government. Problems. lack. of power,. centralization. patronage,. 2. 27. (Olowu. and. Sako. 2002) The. concepts. impact. negative many. writers. attention. Farazmand,. Olowu,. as. in public is,. corruption,. that. mediocrity. to the. "hiding. behind. responsibility" ,. officers. or. those are. managers. Berman. West. administration,. not. would. as. only. doing. Egood',. nearer. major. and they. their pe血rmance. according. only. from. 'better'and. scaling, the seⅣices level of bad. easily find own. a. have. They. are. Mediocre idea. or. who. impeⅣious. for their inabilityto perform.. expectations,. ra也er. 'best'. If. by local government. be仕er. than. and. public. policy.. or. to data. Mediocre. expectations. nor. place. current. The. what也ey that. Nigerian. do want,. or. term. It does. good.. si山ation. managers. local suggest. no. seek. because. objectivelyevaluates managers justify. public and. …. of public. Practices"･. public knows. little,. very. accountability,. bad. we. public. Mediocre. practices. contemporary. from. buck';. doing. and. situation that is neither. within "dodging. eye-service. interest, pyvviding. uslng. far undependable.. shortcomings.. excuses. to. of managerial. the. to. much. values. public. farthest. provided. (也e citizens)who. expose血eir. to也eir. and. describe. concepts. meanings. too. to. for combating. sycophants,. practical saylng. bane. in the organizations "passing. its. Although as. mediocrity. the. problem. or. However,. delivery.. services. mechanisms. involves. contemporary. commitment to. managerial. pleaser". thangiving. in seyving. modest is used. to. brought. mediocrity "people. to. public. insidious. lot of politicking,. a. commitment. it is farther. and. stakeholders. and. their characteristics.. with. it an. to. oversight. sufficiently. blame";. commitment. Grammar,. absolute. undermine. modest modest. so. language. their performance. are. it. "a. in. engage. on. literature.. management. alluded. centered. in pretence. gallery. They. this taxonomical. are. information血一om so. to. on. facilities. the. having. and. in English up. governments. doing. as. excellence,. measure. that. defined. such. "mediocrity",. to. plays. task-oriented.. not. and. achievlng. who. cancer. of managerial. rules"; "avoiding. the. insidious. it earlier made. images. them,也e. policy. have. West. and. in public. etc have. approaches. inability to diagnose to. an. Smoke. and. Berman. accountability.. fore, ≠e. new. for being. their. management,. According. sphere.. are. mediocrity". is fast receiving such. performance. public. "managerial. of. preferences,. Below.

(12) (480). 28. 横浜国際社会科学研究. 3. Figure. difficult to convince. lt is very. bloodline to. life, and. public. democratic. into modern. they. good. Characteristics. exercises. governance. more. Local. physical projects. Onuoha. government the federal. government.. "Wp. are. substantial. amount. projects,inadequate lack. autonomy, states,. weak. experiences. Nigeria. as. inadequate. or. generated血･om. dubious. militates. the. against. government. exist and. behest. local government,. efficient channelfor. and. empowerment.. fulcrum. of local. at the. and. it with. missions. reasonable. of democracy,. of local. of central. is because. of commitments.. equityand. fairness. may. be. not. the. of government,. of central. This. 27. have. seen. government. crystal picture. is hardly. to the public. the resolve are. that hcal. enjoy血･om because. chairmen,. they. all these. lack. and. has. policies". as. mission. of mediocre. also not in the choices. seen. adverse. h･iction. of open. that. mismanagement. (2001: 144) the. as. with. of inadequate. problems problem. but unlike. of adequate. associated. be counted. fraught with cancerous. be. may. cannot. less; they. of也e. implementations. poor. mismanagement,. McCormick. Britain. where have. insisting. allocations也ey. corruption As. "In Britain, but. ,. planning,. it certainly. in Nigeria.. government,. and. but. operations…. they. of inadequate. in Japan. enjoy,. local governmeIltS. Japanese. reason. to. levels. government. government. expresses. for it".. countries,. wish. the. the implementation. ′nle sense. may. resource. conflict.While. governments. among. suspicions. core. they. as. off. (Nigerian Tribune. corruption. of local government. skills, corruption. developing. Local. the. near. to show. nothing. intergovernmental. other. Japan.. as. resources. assessment. comparative. central. state. and. come. to the inefficiency. of adequate. including. of participation. such. lack. from. Obasanjo. doing with their allocations". are. with the problems. saddled. and. they. any也ing也at. but having. are. President. that pays. than and recurrent expenditures projects,over-invoicing President 24 June, 2004), said Obasanjo in (The Guardian. what. attention. of money,. revenues,. of advanced. autonomy. paying. local governments. Worldwide, of. are. done. not. those. way'than. responsiveness.. in their. mediocrityis. abstract. leaders. have. in Nigeria. chairmen. style because. 'Machiavellian. state governments. and. quoting. ask local government. should. getting. to. committed. Manager their. the. of accountabilityand. February,. "monarchs. to change. political authorityin. the mentalityof. life-enhancing. of Mediocre. managers. mediocre. this difficultyin. changing 2001). They are. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). USA. regular. observed. or. generally. operates. it relates. to local. public managers.And of mediocre. Canada,. disputes. of local government. in his local. between. as. a. willing. development and follow within. managers,. the. except.

(13) WHYPERFORMANCE1ORIENTEDPOLmCALDECENTRAuZATIONMATTERSINGOOD GOVERNANCEANDSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (Sampson Ebimaro)(481). Concern. for positive. Competition. 29. Collaborating. outputs. ∴･∴‥こ､･ゝ:‥･:･‥J･. Concern. for negative. Avoidance. accommodation. OutcoⅡ1eS. Figure. that they little or case. are no. egocentric. "althoughJapan. natural. does. national. many. not. service,. other. per. overshadow on. emphasis. life, "highly. could. be. placed. harmony,. and. pragmatic are. people. of "responsible. public. transitioning. is poor. and. objectives (Child and that. limitation. puts. Meckling. 1976,. intergovernmental on. trust. and. operation. that. that. because. (1) an. the agents. the principal for doing. of the. central centre. must. his work. in. and. Barney can. must. act with. a. on. "mutual. sense. effectively. of flduciary. (4) he is employed. by. a. are. alone,. the level civil. auditorsare. is inelastic. do. president. no. nations,. know. not. from. A nation. and. in Nigerian. quoting. emanating. great. gas. integrityof. they. management.. no. practically. cancer. Lohor. because. opposition. is poor. when. are. yet也ey. should. poor. shift. or. and. serious who. status. Bardach trust". risks. Such. how. the eventual. Agent. must. not. ensure. noteswith. and. co-. confidence. "agency-professional". to society. use. is based. trust. of local government. (1998: 130) or. and. recognize. relationship. to. of autonomy. bears. responsibility(3) but principal (partially. mechanism. Oenson. agents. mechanisms. collaboration.. size. intelligibility. by those. of the. discussing. to. of performance.. entails. behaviour. their. arefu1filling. govemance. with. Decentralization. than也e. some. that the "agents". is concerned. inter-agency. as. rather. output. nearly. natural. is the main. correction. ensure. self-serving. 1986).. Debate. realize that his work. be monitored. and. also be regarded. to. of血e theory. Ouichi. and. stakeholders,. is based. and. has. degree. the. Josehine. China. Japan. poverty-stricken.. trust. main. take. or. notes,. in Japan, but. service. responsive,. mediocrity. 188). Russia are. not. accept. suffers from. appetite. juxtapositionwith. cannot. and. 23).The. local governments,. collaboration agent. neither. unquestionable 1985,. co-operation. between. interagency. means. Arrow. are. managers. do they. etc. journalism, official. which. abroad". ability of the "principals". with. 1998:. relations, which. by the. granted. the. on. public. money. Nigeria. has. of oil and. of Nigeria,. case. corruption,. public. its local populations. Faulkner. in the. and. highqualityand. do investigative. to tame丘nancial. 2003; (Stiglitz:. is concerned. theory. but. has. very. add. Nations';'comparative. Yet, Japan. export. in public. can. which. immense.. $330.. the. corruption. blowers. (c) Japan. Nigeria. citizens. "Japan. the. Rich. disparityis. country血･om. is certainly. in Nigeria. powerless. because. economies. ¶1e agency. government". I,ocal government. criticisms.. wealthy. to. to. opposed. Nations,. Jamaica,. and. outcomes. in their portfolios,. their wealth. as. still siphoning. 6),. and. its rural public. Singapore. active",. efbrt. Negative. and. article titled "poor. an. whistle. are. Obasanjo (Thisday: 15 July, 2005). Mediocre the meaning. a. There. governments. In spite of recent. unyielding"･. capita. responsiveness. consensus. local. (b). in 1999,. resources.". mineral. in. in population,. similar. government. accountable...and. public. are. Nigeria. whereas. Gbana,. Inputs. little achievements. very. about. (2003; 329-339) and. product. for Positive. concerns. propagandic. Nigeria. and. resources,. ignoring. and. (a) Netherlands. of;. gross. Respective. to life. Wellin. meaning. studies. $33,000. 4. if not. his specialized. which. well. performed. consequences. completely) who. ,. (2). of his action, technical. has little or. no. skills time. to.

(14) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (482). 30. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). ------------I. ニ工. _____⊥. ⊂:. Equal-Partner. (Aadaptedfrom Child J. and Faulkner (1998) Strategiesfor Oxford; Oxford Universitypress and Joint-ventures, Figure. 5. monitor. his work.. concern. for positive. Such. keiretsu. the keiretsu. can. collaboration. secure. offunds. head. trusts;. establishing or. and. corporate. by. workers. performance. goals There. is. is. synergy. relationship. no. equal. with. resources,. also. outAts. increasing. well. overall. regional. trust. and. of goods. chances. ibid.. The. environments.. leadership.. The. and. or. networks. of. on. services. the. the head. between. pre-agreed. of. depending. success,. 124). Intergovernmental. or. a. hierarchy. become. equated. strong. the. subsidiaries. corporate. wealth. Professionalism corporate. for global the. centre. goal. of keiretsu. competition and. the. the. of patent. and skills. and. and. sovereign. a. creating. of. space. to. the subsidiaries. with. ofjTunds or. enjoywide. the. with. relationships. subversion. their. relationship. to partnership. misuse. of. on. aptly be compared. shift from. opportunity for probable. between. the centre,. high, those. Intergovernmental. networks. (federalor unitary) can. guaranteeing. confidence. the motivating. and. rights, prevention. by. making. between. supply. resources. it stronger. becomes. held. of. in 5b above.. local governments. by the subsidiaries.. pro丘ts and. quality. role of the state. patent. of their business. for assuming. degrees. some. are. outputs. dominated. some. worldwide. the pitfalls that present. parallel. has. (head office)maintains. manages. are. of parent-subsidiary. resemblance. which. equal. that, the. as. such. there. impossibilities.. against. (Faulkner and Child. the parent. networks,. the. relationship. changing. such. variables for. Networks. effectiveness. that. con丘dence. possibilities. of regular. network. the. way. liberalized,. by avoid. an. has. local governments. and. to the peculiarities. for employment. weighing. of collaboration?. office. creating. accordance. ¶1e. be. so. be. and. positive. companies,. partner. may. There. corporate. The. company.. the equal. trust. Alliances,. Managinging. for organizational. collaboration. above).. for. for the purpose. government. In keiretsu. government.. 4. mechanism. powers. networks.. on. in that explications. strategies. the central. based. outcomes.While. that exist in Japanese. negotiating chosen. between. to. a. the satellites companies. respective. as. negative. management. It is different血･om. Whose. so. and. as. relationships. office and issues.. serves. in public. relations. is also. collaboration. Collaboration. and. held low. (See Figure. are. Compromise. of co-operation. outputs. outcomes. negative. Forms. Co-operation:. Network. palerell to. company. rights,misuse. of independence are. in. the prerequisites is to. network for the. advance. bene丘t. subsidiaries, and result. of all and. factors.. states. and. local governments. in Nigeria. in palticular. isfraughtwith.

(15) WHYPERFORMANCE-ORIENTED POLmCALDECENTRALIZATION MATrERSINGOOD GOVERNANCEAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (SunpsonEbimaro) (483). "dubious actors. an. personal. far. that. suspicions" in. organizational. galnS than. more. aS. increase. its security to. dangerously other. managerial. leaders. is to adopt. in each. person. interest has. Japan heterogeneous. municipalities,. decentralized. these. involved. national. in the United. based. on. adapted. 也rough. central. stance. by. central. government,. with. sustainable. have. people. Japan. no. virtually. (Farazmand Labour have. record ibid.:. effect. and. times. states. But here. is. a. have. the sub-national. are. governments. taken. is in the. airport. Japanwith. unitary. form. a. -. noformal. O un financial. has similarly of iI一nOVative. and. globalization. some. competitive list of the. exclusive. division. constitutional in results. turning. inward. government. Japan. internationalization. Otherwise,. airport.. to look. competition,. are. relations. to minimize. "glocalization". that. social welfare.. and. of the central. government. and. of getting policies. intergovernmental. (localgovernments). prefec山res. motive. tolerate. not. to. peculiar. the local government. central. called. that bedevils. the centre.While. transportation. the approval. localization,. to. Nagoya. the centre;. local public. it is also within. and. 507). Except. the. often lead remote. local. National. protests. of performance. and. 1990s. or. (Ishida and. governments'inadequacies. bad. rights to. of local leaders. of Nigerian. federal. state governors. government. Krauss and. Students. lead and. at. a. local. leaders and. such. grassroot. in. there. 171-190),. (NANS). the. government. central. corrupt. the. with. protest.While. ibid.;. policies. Often. (saboteurs). governance. of good. in accordance. even. result. and human. ill-performance. Association. against. local chairmen. fail to show. obligation. 1980s,. is a sinequanon. empowerment. managers. against. 1970s,. against. that the. and. democratic. of protests 1960s,. of local protest. (NLC) on. the. if each. dilemma",. local governments. suspicious. in Japanwill. co-operation. (1997: 295). off into povertyreduction. led series. generally. Congress any. in federal. adapted. the. differences. of programmes. mix. health,. challenges. by. responds. some. e.g. development.Where. in the prewar. that. measure. has. But. preferences.. romancewith. its federalism,. copied. measure. Nishio. and. examples,. in Japan. that pays. at their disposal,. resources. the US. of their. governance. make. But Japanese. deeply. or. government. projectrequires. strategic. The. of federalism.. Decentralization and. a. strategy. the units. features. canny. is. and. to. ill the "security. ethnic. strong. time. no. of education,. Nigeria such. policies. Horie. For. especially. between. the. and. in determining. have. issues. outcome. you. in Nigeria,. because. only. way. as. related. toglobal safety?. not. only. arena. are. why. relations. rational. of Nigeria.. case. autonomy. where. Where. which. airports. more. own. saddled with. said that the central. sensitive. fact,that. mediation.. certainly. government. on. collective. religious class. in the. as. The. gains.. on. poor. gains. dilemma.. 160). and competition,. collaborative. building. of powers. 10). In. strategy,. problem-solving. be. in such. are. is dangerous. the. such. the others. of intergovernmental. of personal. which. to take. suspiciously. for. to dangerously. action. itself)asks. to. personal. in the global. independent. secured. seⅣices. focuses. 1989:. enjoy. ofAmericafrom. many. deliver. linguistic,. national. to. local governments･. pressures血)m taken. while. co-operation. ibid.:. to. already. sharp. towns). objectives,especially. offund, But. Wright. and. Krauss. want. would. States. positive. sources. the. state. her sel丘sb personal. or. taking. among. struggles. to maximize. engaged. of "securitydilemma". is the nature. to. is immersed. cities and. and. his. seeks. in local affairs, it remain. contradicts Even. units. domains. their respective. networks,. been "plaguedwith. not. it.This. failed. suspicions. in intense. engage. that armament. of maximization. risk. Nigeria. society" (Ishidaand. brefectures,. have. keiretsu. the. who. as. suspicion. will also be compelled. (thathad. also doing. are. you. in Nigeria. one. in yourknowledge. is it not. level of government is at greater. involves. to others. threats. but also because. mediocrity,. result-oriented. for. by saying,. respond. dilemma. the first state. yourselves,. governments. public. suspicion". Security. also intensely. (2003: 16) explanation. objectives. ･. dubious. in the hierarchy. are. actors. other. I deflned. actor. each. Nye's. thereby posing. securing. ones. Local. because. themselves.When. secure. in which. process;. organizational. this "dubious. bottom-up･. top-downand. he could. as. much. captures. means. both. are. 31. are. in Nigeria. the. protests. Nigerian do not. levels. Again.

(16) are. protesters. intimidated. often. empowerment. hollow. rings. for personal. Thirdly, fairly meet. how. do. desired. bo也tangible. to. vision. intrinsic. a. legalframework. The. aspects. be sufficiently. those. et al. ibid.:. (Chesterman. strong. of birth. circumstances reasonably. is. obseⅣed,也ere the years loss of books. sense. of power. officials hiding are. publics. powerless. Suru1ere. the entire. think. or. or. the Japanese. I think they. circumstance,. in the world,. races. "social serving. contract';'from their. needs.. civilization that are. here. speaking. with. once. them,. English. But. sense. of pride. but because. they have. show. "subjects to Government made. Europe. (even. better. Nigeria. were. a. people. successfully. but corruption. because. they. from. security" -. is suf丘ciently. responsi′ble. and. in. the USA some. the national. cases). created. corrupt. public. local rural. enjoys electricityas. of. are. of pride.. it. This he. noted,. to. accountable. and. international. out. determination,. hotbed. such. that. contrast血.om to the reality of. public. and. and. are. services. technology. and. of social. industry. recorded. in contemporaIγ. case,. them,. a. exist in Asian. greedy. of nature". all in which. see. is certainly. to make. unique. like to. people. of the Japanese so. aptly captures. picture. do certainly. the "the state. insecurityto. or. those. and. gets conspicuously. this pride. all in. are. because. in. Japanese to. means. and. autborships,. oりapanese. moved. It. variables. absence. is unique. that. the recipient. not. and that也e. recorded. to interpret. above. in. and. economic. life. ingenuitywithout. language.. questionnaire,. same. OF. (丘ve)were. questions. StTRVEY. RESULTS. generally. put. to collect. to respondents. responses. in bo仙. and Japan.. ¶1e Opinions The丘rst. as. are. village. ibid.; 508). ¶1e. be important,. rejectedwhen if we. townor. citizens", from. ANALYSIS In the. to. seem. but it will be. risk, he added.. one. tribe. books. Few. of pride. not. no. single. (ibid.:10). less of the bene丘ts of basic seⅣices;. with. (1995: 284). Roskin. in Japan. thinking. stopped. local urban. powerlessness,frustration. pure-blooded. it does. and. governance,. interest is at serious. public. other. public. and. even. West. highly. is. accidental. citizens. In Nigeria,. variables. or. legitimacy. and. implemented. Nigerian. rule of etc･. does that mean?. be. cannot. organization.. (Farazmand. setting implies. demonstration. life in Japan. struggle. homes". in contrast.. original. sociological. in public. corruption. as. their. values,. I call emotive. that what. into tangible. state, for example,. maternity. Such. comes. of themselves. psychological. or. in Nigeria.. Japan local govemment and. of Oyo. dispensaries. no. local governments. most. without. its. when. agaln".What. certainly. variables. improving. in the countⅣsides. local government. hospital,. no. the rules, "People. up. in. social amenities. "Nigerians. good",. as. management. the others.While public.. it manifests. variables. sector. the tangible. to. "national. to wake. those. performing. therural. brings. She agrees. emotive. of也e. and. performance. Rather,. abstraction. comprises. disadvantages. They. "bunch. problem.. tangible life-supporting. the. constitutes. of. that government. rights,public. is good. for them. time. about. human. especially. of implementations.. implementation. behind. not,. main. ascertain. (emotive) aspects. and. what. that development. pride. but fall short. documents,. to enforce也e. are. 1997,. and. it will take. and. regimes. about. we. far less critical about. advantage. consensus. national. of military. and. who. no. do. contracts,. are. do. result of the involvement. a. is one. is not. government. citizens. Nigerians. How. to generate. 6). A. some. tangible items,. these. enjoy. implemented. 363) ; when. notgiving. are. intrinsic. for enforcing. 2000:. crhomas:. security". as. of local. in terms. policy. (Farazmand ibid.; 508), the struggle and. governance. good. The. (emotive) values.. must. is good?. government. judiciaryand. of "human. or. of mediocrity. officials at all levels of government. law, efBcient emotive. security. Public. of state. local government". democratic. result? Certainly,. and. account. transformtheir. that. ascertain. on. only because. not. by public. gains. we. by the police. in Nigeria. lack. who. of emptybrains competition. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). 横浜国際社会科学研究. (484). 32. question;. of respondents. in both. case. (Are丘nancial management,. studies award. and. on. comparative. of contracts. and. basis. were. procurements. interesting in terms. and. surprising･. of development.

(17) WHYPERFORMANCE･ORIENTEDPOLⅢCAlJDECENTRALIZATION DEVELOPMENT (Sampson MATrERSINGOOD GOVERNANCEANDSUSTAINABLE Ebimaro)(485). Figure. 6. Responses. of Nigerians. projects objectively done Nigeria. very. showed. strong. huge. unexpected. government. in Nigeria,. Although9%. also said services fair. sufficiently. of. was. question. Generally. in也eir. showed也ese Participation. sense. palticipation. and. basic A. on. amenities. preponderance. provide. be. basic. significance. tO. jointlyagreed. are. welfare. of Nigerians. than Change. to. 3, they. needs. were. asked. to local people. (80%). thinks也at. the local citizens. Only. 12 % also what. many. agreed. as. terms. to "rate. Nigeriよnsthinks. could or. what. 20%. of what are. rate". the first by local. implication. the. on. some. positive. opinion. is worrisome,. think. of such. opportunity. that participation. agreed. low. is very to. 21%. or. to. and. 9%. of local publics expressed. as. they. project or. usually. a. Responses. probable. in也eir. country. that local government only. be regarded. the literature. has. Yet也ey. fair. Yet. shown.. l%. and. that. thus. such long. on也e. adequate. in the pie chart:. lack the capacity. is satisfactorily as. 9%. implications. or. to provide. grossly. 71%. decision-. Japanese). by the local people. ran. that. assumption. expect.. in Nigeria. 20%. to. compared. while. the. Again,. is. rate. sense. in local public. services. borne. a. out. make. satisfaction. into. at the. unsatisfactory,. it is still infinitesimal. the local governments'ability. local governments. that services. of. that the. to. to local people. (fair)imports. It deducts. in their areas"?. 6% agreed. are. conducts. expected. 31%. encouraging. but the costs. upon,. had. significance. you. add. in Nigeria,. respectively.. joint-decision-making in. and. to. participation. in Japan, but not. We. any. in Japan. expectation). Yet. "indi鮎rent",. and. make. would. were. is appreciable. our. and. "satisfaction. that services. participation. if we. that. not. four.. that. admit. admitted. (below. )). In question. services. local needs.Less. 69%. ascertained. local public. and. (71%). was. that services. Suggest. local management. of Unsatisfaction. rate. respondents. "fair". Even said. place at the grassroots. do take. throughtaxes.. run. Comparatively,. not. in. of local people.. expectations. be.While. agreed. governance:What extent. of local publics. that consultation have. and. empowerment. can. good. considerable. 9%. 39%. in question. in Nigeria. to "Unsatisfactory. participation. a. respondents. rate.. in Japan. responded. would. To. not. It. of these.. (satisfaction) and. in Japan. The. of democratic. aspect. of satisfactory. disenchantment making. an. of 29%. comments. that. Respondents. projects of local. and. tO. 3. question. conducted.. contracts. the. insigniflCanCe. to. 31%. could. are. to expectations.. contrary it was. l%, and. was. performance. is too. 39o/.IHowever,. combination. independent. country?. While. satisfactory･. showed. is. in your. grassroots. a. a. speaking,. but. governance?).. on. meeting. O% indifferent. opinions,. was. rate". are. Respondentson. affairs. unsatisfactory. rate. was. huge,. of indifferent. rate. of local government. performance. There. of. government. outrightly declared. who. substantially. levels. central. expressed. slightcontrasting. will be. "fair"･ ′me. are. analysis.. those. 29%, "unsatisfaction. only. governments. agreed. have. to "satisfaction". response. to. 0pinionsofJapanese. local government. that. "unsatisfactory".. projects in Japan. ways. of 84%. or. local. "fair", yet the percentage. are. are. Respondents. the. on. agreed. enoughcompared. implementation. 比ey. only. Figure7. states/prefectures. preponderance 6%. 3. question. discontent. While. a. local,. the. at. on. 33. to. responding. to. are. so. ratios. not. it is possible. for.

(18) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (486). 34. public. of丘cers who. know. too. that也ey. well. Community. to. responded. based. are. e放)rts than. what. phenomenon,. allegiance. and. government. thoughsuch. 1994:. (Bunnet. administration. to. obligations. societyon and. the Japanese. considered. as. followings;. "too. much. business-minded. "inadequate. inadequate"; inspite. of income. qualitatively. "downsizing. Japanese. (the. write. chairmen. rigging. fathers. election. they. governance': instances enhance. good. oneoption)? (a)Togive. the. major. indicated. are. the. support. of. other. governance. states. and. problem. are. Cities. are. local. Japanese. with. local areas血･ee. or. of the central. to丘nancial. as. comption. of responses in both. that "accountability and anti-corruption". as. we. have. of respondents. problem. revenue. at. l don't report"... most. in Nigeria. the. state. and. know. country,. how. "nleSe. of them. to. local. entered. and these. is dominated. by. "personal. national. to "inadequate血ance". levels. of. in both. (Question 5). To. local performance. in your. Osomo,. confrontation.Another. of local government",. pointed. confronting. local government. drive should. committed. provision. just. the ideals. Mrs.. it is themselves. so. administration to. Balogun,. forthem;. vote. local governments,. commitment. number. in your. Obasanjo). President. "me. gentleman),. did not. we. face-to-face. or. say to show. government. administration. more. I like my. Mr.. the. stated "local. vehemently. respected as. to. contrary. embezzlements". them. physical literate. because. flelds"; "No. teething. a. in their. said, "Local. efficient performance. anti-corruption. of services. and. cityconsumers. Yokohama. or. pointed. and. to punish. meaning. money. of godfathers. the most. the血･equency justi丘cation,. if it was. English. insigni丘cance. and. big. of the intentions. one. SEGEL''(meaning. boss). commission. our. stealing. local government. managed. was. professionals "competitions. with. delivery. Others. services. (questionnaire)","but. of local. as. the. heal也in. and. however,. to "Corruption. "Baba. expect. corruption) as. unrelated. only. and. we. crime. others. us".. affairs. Nigeria). or. (c) Professionally a. chiefs. large,. O)) Accountabilityand As. or. the. and. Oapan. paper. from. dominates By. your. this. respondents,. pointed. colloquial. on. with. Few. they. "the problem. education. and. what. in Tokyo. tax";. same. e.g.. areas. taxes. level. opinions. personnel". same. changing. listed, for examples,. of intelligent.. pay. of. at local govemment. in Japan. motivated. of. hand.. in their independent. provided. pay. seⅣices. Ⅵs-a-Vis. thieves,. on. Nigerian. to. problem. in Japan. of governments are. to. services. torural. respondents. ministers. instead. serve. failed professionals interests. or. etc.. have. have. we. amenities. and丘nancial. "Oga''(a. I cannot. so. government. by. economic. said. most. in Nigeria. Osuji" (sacked. respondent. but. restmcturing". problems. chairmen. Professor. write. of the. views. Ribadu. and. of Nigeria,. case. government. make. of local administration. problem. ln the. for examples. "It failed to attract population. subsidized";. the main. should. recruit "we. of citizens'unawareness. of amenities. highly. of. historical. an. and loyalty to public. the other. respondents. local. in their way As. concern. stagnating. on. seⅣices. is not. contentment.. consequence. difficult and. in也eir. coll丘dent. Protest. than. government';"lack. power";. to local areas,. a. to express. asked. central. human. and. is. agree也at. cannot. differentials;. compared. is that they. government;. or. finance services. superior,. governments. highly. and. dependence. on. "local governments. personnel'…. to communalism. local government,. respective. financial. more. thoughthey. even. satisfactory. life-styleis not in their. of political correctness. when. or. for them.. provide. I think,. generally. do. And. fair. are. public is simply. and seemingly. to one. do not. of Nigeria. in their. problems. hand. cormption. respondents. poor,血ose. are血1ndamentally. Omission,. one. to. inclined. more. Such. local. able. subsistence. seems. 5ト154).. politics of self-aggrandizement While. are. governments. con丘dence. that services. admit. ¶1e Nigerian. expectation.. life, but subsistency,. community. to. the question. below. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). need. we. (Choose. only. allocations. be increased. local government. leaders).. in question丘ve countries.. In. (356) should. did not a. also indicate也at. descending be checked.. order ¶1is. most. inadequate丘nance respondents. wasfo1lowed. is. in Nigeria. by "professionally.