Ꮏᬺൻએ೨ߩࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ߪޔᚒ߇࿖ߢߪߔߞ߆ࠅㅢ⺑ߩ૏⟎

(1)

ࠣࡠࠬ࠲౓ᓎ★ߦ߅ߌࠆᐕ㦂⸥タߩା㗬ᕈ 3

ࠣࡠࠬ࠲౓ᓎ★ߦ߅ߌࠆᐕ㦂⸥タߩା㗬ᕈ

࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙⺰ߩᬌ⸽ߩߚ߼ߦ

☨ጊ⑲

ⷐᣦ

Ꮏᬺൻએ೨ߩࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ߪޔᚒ߇࿖ߢߪߔߞ߆ࠅㅢ⺑ߩ૏⟎

ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆޕߒ߆ߒࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߢߪᔅߕߒ߽⼏⺰ߩ૛࿾߇ή޿ߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ޕ ߘߩ৻࿃ߪߘߩผᢱ⊛ᩮ᜚ߢ޽ࠆᐕ㦂ઃ૑᳃บᏭߩᱷሽ߇ㄭ਎ᓟඨએ㒠ߦ㒢ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦ

޽ࠆޕᧄⓂߪޔᓥ᧪߽ߞ߬ࠄ⡯ᬺઃ૑᳃บᏭߣߒߡᛒࠊࠇߡ߈ߚㄭ਎೨ඨߩ޽ࠆ౓ᓎ★ࠍ ᐕ㦂ઃ૑᳃บᏭߣߒߡ೑↪ߢ߈ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߔߣߣ߽ߦޔㄭ਎೨ඨߦߪ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏

೙⺰ߪㆡ↪ਇ⢻ߢ޽ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ໂߔࠆޕ

ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼㧦ᢎ඙★ౠޔㄭ਎ޔ૑᳃บᏭޔᐕ㦂ޔ౓ᓎ★ޔᄺ౏ੱޔࠣࡠࠬ࠲Ꮊޔ࠻࡯࠾ޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ޔ

࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓޔ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻

ޕ

㧔㧝㧕ߪߓ߼ߦ

Ԙ ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙

࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ߣ޿߁⸒⪲ߪޔᎿᬺൻએ೨ߩࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ⧯⠪ߩޟㅢㆊ௾␞ޠߩࠃ߁ ߥ߽ߩߣߒߡᚒ߇࿖ߢߪߔߞ߆ࠅቯ⌕ߒߡ޿ࠆ

¹

ޕᄺ౏ੱߪޔ10 ઍᓟඨ߆ࠄ

20

ઍᓟඨ߹ߢ ߩ⧯⠪߇ᄢඨߢ޽ࠅޔߘߩᄙߊߪ⚿ᇕࠍᯏߦᄺ౏ੱࠍ߿߼ࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕㅢᏱᄺ౏ੱߢ

޽ࠆ㑆ߪޔ1 ᐕߏߣߦਥੱࠍᄌ߃ߥ߇ࠄォޘߣߒޔߘࠇࠍ

10

ᐕ߶ߤ➅ࠅ㄰ߔ㑆ߦᛛⴚ߿⾗

㊄ࠍ⫾Ⓧߒߚߩߜޔᣣ㓹޿ഭ௛⠪ߥߤߦߥߞߡ⚿ᇕߒߡ⁛┙ߔࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߎߩ࡜ࠗ

ࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ᐲߪޔ⷏᰷⊛ߥ⚿ᇕ೙ᐲ߿ߐࠄߦߪ୘ੱਥ⟵ߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢߩ᭽ޘߥ⷏᰷⊛

ߥ␠ળ⊛․ᓽߩ⺑᣿ේℂߣߒߡ߽↪޿ࠄࠇޔᚒ߇࿖ߢ߽ᐢߊ⍮ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆޕ ߎߩᄺ౏೙ᐲߪޔㄭ਎ߩᣣᧄߩᄺ౏ੱߐࠄߦߪ⧯⠪ߩ޽߹ࠅߦਇ⥄↱ߥࠗࡔ࡯ࠫߣኻᾖ⊛

ߢ޽ࠅޔᚒ߇࿖ߢᄢ߈ߥ㑐ᔃࠍ๭߱ߩ߽ᒰὼ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿

²

ޕ

ᧄⓂߪޔ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌⵬ഥ㊄ޟㄭ਎ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾓㌁ഭ௛⠪ኅᣖߩᒻᚑ--ᢎ඙★ౠಽᨆࠍၮ␆ߣߒߡ --ޠ㧔⎇ⓥ⺖㗴⇟ภ㧦21530341㧕ߩᚑᨐߩ৻ㇱߢ޽ࠆޕ

1 Ꮉർ[1990]52㗁ޕหᚲߢߪޔ⃻ઍᣣᧄߩޟቇ↢りಽޠߣ޿߁⥝๧ᷓ޿Ყ༙߇↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ߅ߘࠄߊ 20ᐕ૛ࠅߚߞߚ⃻࿷ߢߪޔࡃࡉ࡞ᦼ߹ߢߩᐕዋࡈ࡝࡯࠲ߦ߽଀߃ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕߎࠇߦኻߒߡޔ ᓟ಴ߩ࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓᄺ౏ੱߪࡃࡉ࡞፣უᓟߩᐕ㐳࡮㜞㦂ࡈ࡝࡯࠲ߦ଀߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠃ߁ޕ

2 ߎߩ೙ᐲࠍޟ⊒⷗ޠߒߚ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߪޔᣣᧄߣߩᲧセ߇ᄾᯏߦߥߞߚߣㅀߴߡ޿ࠆLaslett[1977]p.35ޕ

(2)

4 ^{⎇ⓥ⺰ฌ ͳ}

ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄߔߢߦ೎ߩᯏળߦㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ

³

ޔ⧷☨ߩ⎇ⓥผࠍᝄࠅ㄰ࠆߣߎߩ೙ᐲߩሽ

࿷ߪᔅߕߒ߽⼏⺰ߩ૛࿾߇ή޿߽ߩߣߺߥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߪ⸒߃ߥ޿ࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆޕߘ߽ߘ߽

ߎߩ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏ੱߣ޿߁⴫⃻߇৻⥸ൻߒߚߩߪޔ⠡⸶߽޽ࠆ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߩޡࠊࠇ ࠄᄬ޿ߒ਎⇇ޢߩ╙

3

ߦߎߩ⴫⃻߇⊓႐ߒߚ

1983

ᐕએ㒠ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ߇

⁴

ޔᒰೋࠃࠅߘ ߩผᢱ⊛ᩮ᜚ߦ㑐ߒߡ๟ㄝ߆ࠄ߽ᛕ್߇޽ߞߚࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆޕ․ߦޔ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߩࠤࡦࡉ࡝

࠶ࠫ࡮ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ߅ߌࠆ౒ห⎇ⓥ⠪ߣ߽޿߁ߴ߈࡝࠴ࡖ࡯࠼࡮࠙ࠜ࡯࡞ߩ৻ㅪߩ⎇ⓥߪ

⁵

ޔ

࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߩผᢱ⊛ᩮ᜚߇

17

਎♿ᓟඨએ㒠ߩㄭ਎ᓟඨએ㒠ߦ஍ߞߡ߅ࠅޔ

17

਎♿೨ඨ߹ߢ ߩㄭ਎೨ඨߦߪᅷᒰߒߥ޿ߎߣࠍ␜ໂߒߡ޿ߚߣߺࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ߽ߞߣ߽ߎߩ㑆ޔࠞ

࠽࠳಴りߩࠞࠬࡕ࡯࡞ߦࠃߞߡޔਛ਎એ᧪ߩ೙ᐲߣߒߡ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ࠍᛒ߁⎇ⓥ

߽಴⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆ

⁶

ޕߒ߆ߒޔ੹ᣣߢߪࠞࠬࡕ࡯࡞ߩผᢱ⊛ߥᩮ᜚ߪ޽߹ࠅߦ

18

਎♿ߦ஍ߞߡ

޿ࠆߣ޿߁ᛕ್߇ࠤࡦࡉ࡝࠶ࠫ࡮ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ๟ㄝ߆ࠄ߽಴ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ

⁷

ޕߘ߁ߒߚਛޔ࡜ࠬ࡟

࠶࠻⥄り߽ޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏ੱߛߌߢߥߊޔ⚿ᇕᐕ㦂ࠍ⿥߃ߚ㕖⧯ᐕᄺ౏ੱ޿ࠊࠁࠆ

࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓᄺ౏ੱߩሽ࿷߽⹺߼ߑࠆࠍᓧߥߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ

⁸

ޕ

ԙ ผᢱ⊛ᩮ᜚

ߒ߆ߒޔߎ߁ߒߚ⎇ⓥผࠍ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߦኻߔࠆᛕ್ߩᱧผߣߣࠄ߃ࠇ߫ޔ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߦߣ ߞߡߪ߿߿ᔃᄖߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߪޔᎿᬺൻએ೨ࠍޟࠊࠇࠄᄬ޿ߒ਎⇇ޠߣߒߡ৻᜝

ߒߡߣࠄ߃ࠆ೨ឭߦ┙ߞߡ߅ࠅޔೋ߼߆ࠄߘߩᤨᦼ඙ಽߥߤ໧㗴ߦߒߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߢ޽ࠈ ߁ߒޔߘ߽ߘ߽ㄭ਎೨ඨߩผᢱࠍᓐ߇↪޿ߥ߆ߞߚߩߪᓐߩㆬᛯߩ໧㗴ߢߪߥߊผᢱ⥄૕

߇ߥ޿ߣߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻߇ೋ߼ߡ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ࠍਥᒛߒߚ

ᤨߦᓐ߇ᩮ᜚ߣߒߚߩߪޔ ޟࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼⊛ᮡḰޠߣᓐ߇ࠃࠎߛ

6

ᢎ඙ߩ૑᳃บᏭߢ޽ߞߚ

9

ޕߎߩ

6

ᢎ඙ߩౝ

1

ᢎ඙ߛߌߒ߆ㄭ਎೨ඨߩ߽ߩ߇ߥ߆ߞߚߩߪ੐ታߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒߎࠇ ߪೋ߼߆ࠄ৻ߟߒ߆ߥ޿ߣߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ

ㅢᏱߎ߁ߒߚ⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡ

19

਎♿ߩㄭઍ⊛ߥ࿖൓⺞ᩏએ೨ߩ૑᳃บᏭߣߒߡ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ

߽ߩߪ㧝㧜㧜ᢎ඙޽ࠆ߇ޔߘߩ߁ߜ

50

ᢎ඙ߪㄭઍޔ

45

ᢎ඙ߪㄭ਎ᓟඨߦಽᏓߔࠆߩߦኻߒ ߡޔ

5

ᢎ඙ߛߌ߇ㄭ਎೨ඨߦዻߒ

¹⁰

ߒ߆߽ߘߩ߁ߜᐕ㦂߇್᣿ߔࠆ߽ߩߪ

1

ᢎ඙ߛߌߢ޽ࠆޕ ޟࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼⊛ᮡḰޠߦㄭ਎೨ඨ߇

1

ᢎ඙ߒ߆ߥ޿ߩߪޔ᳿ߒߡ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߩㆬᛯߩ⚿

ᨐߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

3 ޟㄭ਎ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߩ࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓ࡮ࠨ࡯ࡧࠔࡦ࠻--⎇ⓥผߩౣᬌ⸛ߣߘߩ⾗ᢱߦࠃࠆౣ᭴ᚑޠ 2012ᐕ㧢᦬㧝㧢ᣣޔᣈ㧦ᗲᇫᄢቇࠨ࠹࡜ࠗ࠻࡮ࠝࡈࠖࠬ᧲੩ޕ⎇ⓥળߩ㓙ߪ߽ߣࠃࠅߘߩḰ஻ߩㆊ⒟ߢޔ

ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⚻ᷣผߩߺߥࠄߕᣣᧄߥߤࠗࠡ࡝ࠬએᄖߩ⚻ᷣผߩኾ㐷ኅ߆ࠄ߽ᄙߊߩ⾆㊀ߥ␜ໂߣᢎ␜ࠍᓧ ߚޕ

4 Laslett[1983]p.16:Ꮉർઁ(౒⸶)24㗁ޕ

5 Wall[1977];[1978];[1983]:ਛ᧛(⸶);[1987]ߥߤޕ

6 Kussmaul[1981]ޕࠞࠬࡕ࡯࡞߇ޔᄺ౏ੱߩ․ᓽࠍឬߊ㓙ߩਥⷐผᢱߩ৻ߟߪቯ૑ᴺ዆໧⸥㍳ߢޔߎߩ

ผᢱߦ㑐ߒߡߪਛ㊁[2004]ߥߤෳᾖޕ

7 Whittle[2000]p.253ޕ

8 ☨ጊ[2013] 19㗁ޕ

9 Laslett[1977]p.26ޕ

10Laslett[1972]pp.130-1ޕ

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޿ߕࠇߦߖࠃ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻⥄りߦߣߞߡߪ↥ᬺ㕟๮ߦࠃߞߡ૗߇ᄌࠊߞߚ߆߇ਥⷐߥ㑐ᔃ ߢ޽ߞߚߣߔࠇ߫

¹¹

ޔߘߩ⋥೨ߪߣ߽߆ߊߘࠇએ೨ߩࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᄌൻߦߪߐߒߡ㑐ᔃ߇ߥ߆ ߞߚߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒᣣᧄߦ߅޿ߡߎߩ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ߣ޿߁⸒⪲ࠍߺࠆᤨޔ ߘࠇߪࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᲧセ⊛․ᓽߣߒߡߺࠆࠊߌߢ޽ࠅޔߘࠇ߇ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬผߩ․ቯߩᤨᦼߩ߽

ߩߢ޽ࠆ߆ุ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߪޔᲧセߩᗧ๧ߣᣇᴺߦኒធߦ߆߆ࠊߞߡߊࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ ߣߪ޿߃ޔ⃻࿷߹ߢߩࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ⎇ⓥผߢ್᣿ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙⺰

ߪ․ቯߩᤨᦼએᄖߦᅷᒰߒߥ޿ߎߣߢߪߥߊޔ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽ߘࠇએᄖߩᤨᦼߦߪผᢱ߇ߥߊޔ චಽߦ್ᢿߢ߈ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠈ߁

¹²

ޕߒ߆ߒᧄᒰߦผᢱߪߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆ޕዊⓂߪޔ ߘߩሽ࿷ࠍᬌ⸛ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ⹜ߺߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߎߎߢᬌ⸛ኻ⽎ߣߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆผᢱߪޔ1608 ᐕߩࠣࡠࠬ࠲Ꮊߩ౓ᓎ★ߣ޿߁ผᢱߢޔ⧷

☨ߢߪ߽ߣࠃࠅࠊ߇࿖ߢ߽ࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔߘࠇߪ޽ߊ߹ߢ⡯ᬺ⸥タߩ

޽ࠆ૑᳃บᏭߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠅޔᐕ㦂⸥タߩ޽ࠆ૑᳃บᏭߣߒߡߢߪߥ߆ߞߚޕ એਅᧄⓂߢߪޔ߹ߕߘߩผᢱߩᒻᘒࠍ⷗ߚ߁߃ߢޔᐕ㦂⸥タߦ㑐ߒߡ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ⇼໧ὐࠍ ᬌ⸛ߒߚߩߜޔᓥ᧪⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚ⡯ᬺ⸥タߣᲧߒߡᐕ㦂⸥タ߇ߘߩା㗬ᕈߦ߅޿

ߡഠࠆ߽ߩߢߪή޿ߎߣࠍ␜ߔߎߣߦߒߚޕߘߩ߁߃ߢޔᦨᓟߦߘ߁ߒߚᐕ㦂⸥タߦၮߠ ߊߣ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙⺰ߦ߆ࠎߒߡߤߩ᭽ߥᬌ⸽⚿ᨐ߇੍ᗐߐࠇࠆ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ዷᦸ ߒߡߺࠆߎߣߦߒߚ޿ޕ

㧔㧞㧕 ผᢱߩᒻᘒߣା㗬ᕈ

๟⍮ߩࠃ߁ߦޟᏱ஻ァߩߥ޿⛘ኻ₺᡽ޠߢ޽ࠆㄭ਎ߩࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߢߪߒ߫ߒ߫᳃౓⺞ᩏ߇ⴕ ࠊࠇߚޕߘߩ⸥㍳߇౓ᓎ★ߣߒߡᱷߐࠇޔผᢱ㓸߽ᄙߊ಴ ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔߘߩᄢඨߪනߥ ࠆᆓฬ࡝ࠬ࠻ߦㆊ߉ߥ޿

¹³

ޕ⏕߆ߦ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ౓ᓎ★ߦߪ⡯ᬺ߇⸥タߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔߘࠇࠄ

11 ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߩᒰೋߩ㑐ᔃߪㄭ਎ߦ޽ߞߚ߇ޔߘࠇߪၮᧄ⊛ߦߪޔᎿᬺൻ߿↥ᬺ㕟๮ߦࠃߞߡᄬࠊࠇߒ਎

⇇ߣߒߡߢ޽ࠅ[ᢪ⮮,2002,72-3㗁]ޔޟᄬࠊࠇߒ਎⇇ޠ⥄૕ߩᄌൻߦߪ㑐ᔃ߇ߥ߆ߞߚߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ

12 ߽ߜࠈࠎޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ߩᬌ⸽ߪޔ૑᳃บᏭએᄖߢ߽น⢻ߢ޽ࠆޕ․ߦㄭᐕߩ࿾ၞผ⎇ⓥߢߪޔ ᄺ ౏ ੱ ⎇ ⓥ ߦ ὶ ὐ ࠍ ᒰ ߡ ߚ ߽ ߩ ߇ ᄙ ߊ ޔ ࠗ ࡦ ࠣ ࡜ ࡦ ࠼ ᧲ ㇱ ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ߪ ޔHassell- Smith[1989];

McIntosh[1991]; Poos[1991]; Whittle[2000]ߥߤ߇ޔࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ർㇱߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔGoldberg[2000]߿

Youngs[2008]ߥߤ߇ਥߥ߽ߩߣ⸒߃ޔ㜞ᯅ[2000]߿☨ጊ[2013]ߥߤߦ⚫੺߇޽ࠆޕߎ߁ߒߚ࿾ၞผߪޔ ᄺ౏ੱࠍ⁛⥄ߩ⠨ኤኻ⽎ߣߺߥߐߥ޿࡟ࠬ࠲ቇᵷߩਅߢߩ70ᐕઍߩ࿾ၞผ⎇ⓥߢߪ⠨߃ࠄࠇߕ[☨

ጊ,2008,╙3┨ෳᾖ]ޔ੹ᓟߎ߁ߒߚ⎇ⓥߦࠃߞߡㄭ਎ೋᦼߩᄺ౏ੱߩታᘒߩ⸃᣿߇ㅴ߻૛࿾߇޽ࠆߎߣߪ චಽ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߎ߁ߒߚㄭᐕߩᄺ౏ੱߩ࿾ၞผ⎇ⓥߢߪޔᢎળຬ⺞ᩏߩࠃ߁ߥၮᧄ⊛ߦ૑᳃บᏭ߇↪

޿ࠄࠇࠆࠤ࡯߽ࠬ޽ࠆ߇[McIntosh,1991]ޔㄘ႐ߩળ⸘★[Youngs,2008]ߥߤࠍ೑↪ߔࠆᚻᴺ߇↪޿ࠄࠇ ࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒߎࠇࠄߪޔၮᧄ⊛ߦߪ৻ߟߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆߩߢޔޟℂᔨဳ߆ࠄߩ଀ᄖ

⊛ߥਵ㔌ޠ[☨ጊ,2008,36,77㗁ෳᾖ]ߣ޿߁ࠤࡦࡉ࡝࠶ࠫ࡮ࠣ࡞̆ࡊߩᏱᅃฏߩਅߦߣߤ߹ࠆน⢻ᕈߪᱷ ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߘߩὐޔ྾ቄⵙ್ᚲ⸥㍳[Whittle,2000]߿ᢎ඙★ౠ[Shaw-Taylor,2011:☨ጊ(⸶)]ߥߤࠍ೑↪

ߔࠆᣇᴺ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇ᢎ඙★ౠߦࠃࠆᄺ౏ੱߩᬌ಴ߪ㔍ߒ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ

13 ਸ਼⦁ฬ★ߥߤߣᾖวߔࠇ߫᦭ലߥ⚿ᨐߪᓧࠄࠇޔࡃࡦࠢࠬߥߤߩ⒖᳃ߩ⎇ⓥߩผᢱߣߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ Banks[1957]ߥߤޕ

(4)

6 ^{⎇ⓥ⺰ฌ ͳ}

ߪ߅߅߻ߨ㕖Ᏹߦ⁜޿࿾ၞߦ㒢ࠄࠇߚ⺞ᩏ⸥㍳ߢ޽ߞߚ

¹⁴

ޕߘ߁ߒߚਛߢޔ

1608

ᐕߩࠣࡠࠬ

࠲Ꮊߩ౓ᓎ★ߪޔ଀ᄖ⊛ߦ߶߷৻Ꮊో૕ߩ⡯ᬺ⸥タߩ޽ࠆ૑᳃บᏭߢ޽ߞߚޕߘߩߚ߼ฎߊ ߪ࠻࡯࠾ߩฎౖ⊛⎇ⓥࠍߪߓ߼ߣߒߡޔౝᄖߩᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥߩผᢱߣߥߞߡ߈ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ

¹⁵

ޕ

ߒ߆ߒޔߎߩ౓ᓎ★ߦߪ⡯ᬺએᄖߦ߽ޔᒰὼ૕ᩰ࡮౓⒳ߥߤ߽⸥タߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ

¹⁶

ޔߒ߆߽

ᐕ㦂ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⸥タ߽޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔ⡯ᬺߣᲧߴߡޔߎࠇ߹ߢᐕ㦂ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⸥タߪ߶

ߣࠎߤ೑↪ߐࠇߡߎߥ߆ߞߚޕߘߩᱜ⏕ߥℂ↱ߪਇ᣿ߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔ߅ߘࠄߊ⡯ᬺߣᲧߴߡᐕ 㦂ߩ⸥タᒻᘒ߇޽޿߹޿ߥᒻᘒߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߽৻࿃ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ

Ԙ ౓ᓎ★ߩᒻᘒ

ߘߎߢޔ߹ߕା㗬ᕈߩᬌ⸛ߦ౉ࠆߦవ┙ߞߡޔผᢱߩᒻᘒߦߟ޿ߡ⧯ᐓ⚫੺ߒߡ߅߈ߚ޿ޕ ߎߎߢታ㓙ߦผᢱߣߒߡ೑↪ߒߚߩߪޔ1608 ᐕߩࡑ࠾ࡘࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࠻⥄૕ߢߪߥߊޔ1902 ᐕߦ಴ ߐࠇߚผᢱ㓸ߢ޽ࠆ

¹⁷

ޕ߆ߟߡߩᚒ߇࿖ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪ޿ߕࠇ߽਄⸥ߩ࠻࡯࠾ࠄߩ⎇ⓥ

ࠍ߽ߣߦಽᨆࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔ੹ᣣߢߪߎߩผᢱ㓸ߩ࡝ࡊ࡝ࡦ࠻ ߇ኈᤃߦᚻ ߦ౉ࠆޕߐࠄߦ੹࿁ታ㓙೑↪ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߪޔࠛࠢ࠮࡞ࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߦ౉ജߒߚ㔚ሶ ߢ޽ࠆ

¹⁸

ޕ

ㅢᏱޔ౓ᓎ★ߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪ߪᚑᐕ↵ሶߢ޽ࠅޔ16 ᱦએ਄

¹⁹

ߩ↵ሶ߇⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߢ޽ߞߚߣ

⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕኻ⽎࿾ၞߪޔታ㓙ߦߪࡉ࡝ࠬ࠻࡞ߥߤᎺౝߩߏߊ৻ㇱߪኻ⽎ᄖߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ

߽ߩߩ

²⁰

ၮᧄ⊛ߦోࠣࡠࠬ࠲Ꮊߢ޽ࠆޕߘ߁ߒߚᎺౝߪ

28

㇭ߣ

3

ᄢㇺᏒ㧔ࠣࡠࠬ࠲ޔ࠹ࡘ

࡯ࠢࠬࡃ࡝ޔࠨࠗ࡟ࡦࠪࠬ࠲㧕ߦ඙ಽߐࠇޔߐࠄߦ

440

᧛

²¹

㧔ㇺᏒߩ႐วߦߪⴝ඙㧕ߦ඙ಽ ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߘࠇࠄߩ࿾ၞౝߩᚑੱ↵ሶ

18,748

ੱࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆߣ޿߁ㄭ਎೨ඨߣߒߡߪᭂ

14 ߚߣ߃߫ޔ᧻᧛[2011]߿Mayhew[1991]߇ಽᨆߒߚ୘೎ߩ㇭߿Ꮢߩ౓ᓎ★ߥߤޕ

15 ⧷⺆࿤ߩ⎇ⓥߣߒߡߪޔฎౖ⊛⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆTawney & Tawney[1934]ࠍߪߓ߼ޔᚒ߇࿖ߢ߽ࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇ ߚPerry[1945]߿ㄭᐕߢߪ࿾ၞ౒ห૕ߩᄌൻࠍᛒߞߚRollinson[1992]߿ㄘᬺഭ௛ജߩ᭴ᚑࠍ⠨ኤߒߚ Muldrew[2011]߇ઍ⴫⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕᚒ߇࿖ߦ߅޿ߡߪޔ↰ਛ[1957]ߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆᲫ❱‛Ꮏᬺࠍਛ ᔃߣߔࠆ␠ળ⊛ಽᬺ⺰ߣၳᳯ[1962]ߥߤᨎ᜼ߦᥜ߇ߥ޿߶ߤᄙᢙߦߩ߷ࠆㄘ᳃ጀಽ⸃⺰ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ߇

޽ࠆޕ

16 ߎߩ౓ᓎ★ࠍ߽ߣߦߒߚ૕ᩰ࡮౓⒳ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߪ⧷☨ߢ߽߹߹ᢔ⷗ߐࠇࠆ߇ޔᚒ߇࿖ߢߪߔߢߦ↢ᵴ

᳓Ḱߥߤߣߩ㑐ㅪߢห᭽ߥผᢱߩ⎇ⓥ߇ㅴዷߒߡ޿ࠆ᭽ߢ޽ࠆޕᢪ⮮[2004]ෳᾖޕ

17 ේผᢱߪ㑛ⷩߩᯏળߪߥ߆ߞߚ߇ޔߘߩ৻ㇱߩ౮⌀ ߇1902ᐕߩผᢱ㓸ߦォタߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ(ᧄⓂߩઃ㍳

ෳᾖ)ޔߘߩㇱಽߦ㑐ߔࠆ㒢ࠅ߹ߞߚߊ1902ᐕߩผᢱ㓸ห᭽ߩ⴫ᒻᑼߩผᢱߢ޽ࠅޔߎߩผᢱ㓸ߪ߶߷ㅙ

⺆⊛ߥォ౮ߣߺࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ

18 ╩⠪ߪޔ1990ᐕઍߦ☨ጊ[1995]ߥߤߢⷫᣖ㑐ଥߩ⠨ኤࠍߔࠆߚ߼ߦޔߎߩผᢱߩ৻ㇱࠍ㔚ሶ ߦߒߚ ߎߣ߇޽ߞߚޕߐࠄߦߎߩߎߣࠍ2008ᐕ3᦬ߩEconomic History SocietyߩᄢળߢޔDr.Craig Muldrew ߣDr.Leigh Shaw-Taylor 㧔޿ߕࠇ߽University of Cambridge㧕ߦ⹤ߒߚߣߎࠈޔ2011ᐕ3᦬ߦޔMuldrew ߇૞ᚑߒߚ࠺࡯࠲ࡈࠔࠗ࡞߇Shaw-Taylorࠍ੺ߒߡㅍࠄࠇߡ߈ߚޕ╩⠪ߩ90ᐕઍߦ૞ᚑߒߚ ߦߥ߆ߞ ߚᆓฬߣ૕ᩰ࡮౓⒳ߣ޿߁ੑߟߩ㗄⋡ࠍ฽߻߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ߇ޔ⡯ᬺ෸߮ᄺ౏㑐ଥ࠺࡯࠲ߩᒻᘒ߇╩⠪ߩ

⋡⊛ߦวࠊߥ޿߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚߩߢਔ⠪ߩࡈࠔࠗ࡞ࠍ⚿วߒߡ৻ߟߩࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߦߒߚ߽ߩࠍ੹࿁૶↪ߒߡ

޿ࠆޕߥ߅ޔ࠺࡯࠲ߩ౉ജߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔ㚂ㇺᄢቇ᧲੩ᄢቇ㒮␠ળ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ߩᵩᢥᆢߐࠎߩഥജࠍᓧߚޕ એ਄⸥ߒߡᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍ⴫ߔࠆᰴ╙ߢ޽ࠆޕ

19 ࠻࡯࠾ߪ20ᱦએ਄ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⸃㉼ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ߇[Tawney & Tawney,1934,p.26]ޔߎߩ⸃㉼ߦߪ⇼໧ߩ

૛࿾߇޽ࠆߎߣߪߔߋᓟߢ␜ߔޕ

20 ᒰᤨᴺੱߣߒߡߪࠣࡠࠬ࠲Ꮊߣหᩰߢ޽ߞߚࡉ࡝ࠬ࠻࡞Ꮢߣߘߩ๟ㄝ߅ࠃ߮ᎺߩႺ⇇ㄭߊߩߏߊ৻ㇱ ߇଀ᄖ⊛ߦ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ᄖߣߥࠆߛߌߢ޽ߞߚޕ

21 ผᢱߪࡑ࠽ࠍ࿾ℂ⊛න૏ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔ࠻࡯࠾ߪ᧛⪭ߩઍ⴫⊛ߥࡑ࠽ฬߢ᧛ࠍઍ⴫ߐߖߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ ߒߡ߅ࠅޔߎߎߢ߽ߘࠇߦᓥ߁[Tawney & Tawney,1934,p.30]ޕߎߩὐߪޔ੹ᣣߢߪVCHߥߤߢ߽⏕⹺

ߢ߈ࠆޕ

(5)

߼ߡ⤘ᄢߥ૑᳃บᏭߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆޕ⺞ᩏ㗄⋡ߪၮᧄ⊛ߦᆓฬޔ⡯ᬺޔᐕ㦂ޔ૕ᩰ࡮౓

⒳ߩ

4

㗄⋡ߢޔ᧛ߏߣߦ৻ੱߕߟ

4

㗄⋡߇㗅ߦ⸥タߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߘߩ߶߆․⸥㗄⋡ߣߒߡޔ ᄺ౏ੱߥߤ਎Ꮺਥએᄖߩ႐วߪ਎Ꮺਥߩᆓฬޔ⡯ᬺߣ਎Ꮺਥߣߩ㑐ଥ(ᄺ౏ੱޔᕷሶߥߤ) ߇ޔ߹ߚァ੐⸠✵߇޽ࠆ⠪ߐࠄߦ৻ㇱߩ㇭ߢߪ⥃ᤨ⒢ᜂ⒢⠪ߪߘߩᣦ߇ઃ⸥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐ ว߽޽ࠆޕ

ߒߚ߇ߞߡޔߔߴߡߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪ߦ㑐ߒߡޔ4 㗄⋡ߩ࠺࡯࠲߇ᱷߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ߇ޔߎ ࠇࠄߩ㗄⋡ߪ࠺࡯࠲ߩᕈᩰ߆ࠄੑ⒳㘃ߦಽߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕᆓฬߣ⡯ᬺߦ㑐ߒߡߪ․ߦ

⺑᣿ߪᔅⷐߣߒߥ޿߇ޔᐕ㦂ߣ૕ᩰ࡮౓⒳ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ޿ߕࠇ߽⸥ภߢಽ㘃߇␜ߐࠇࠆߩߢ

⧯ᐓ⺑᣿߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆޕታ㓙ޔฦ㇭ߩ⸥タߩೋ߼ߦߪ߆ߥࠄߕએਅߩ⺑᣿߇ޔ޿ࠊ߫ࡑ࠾

ࡘࠕ࡞ߩ᭽ߦઃߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔታᣉⷐ㗔ߩࠃ߁ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ

߹ߕޔᐕ㦂ߦ㑐ߒߡߪᰴߩਃߟߩᢙሼ߇⸥ภߣߒߡ↪޿ࠄࠇ 㧔㧝㧕ߪޟ⚂

20

ᱦߩ⠪ޠࠍ␜ߔ

㧔㧞㧕ߪޟ⚂

40

ᱦߩ⠪ޠࠍ␜ߔ

㧔㧟㧕ߪޟ50 ᱦߣ

60

ᱦߩ㑆ߩ⠪ޠࠍ␜ߔ ߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ

²²

ޕ

ᰴߦޔ૕ᩰ࡮౓⒳ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧠ߟߩࠕ࡞ࡈࠔࡌ࠶࠻⸥ภ߇↪޿ࠄࠇ

p ߪޟ㐳りߢޔ᭶౓ߦㆡߔ⠪ޠࠍ␜ߔ

m ߪޟਛ⢛ߢޔࡑࠬࠤ࠶࠻㌂⠪ߦㆡߔ⠪ޠࠍ␜ߔ ca ߪޟዊᨩߢޔࠞ࡝ࡃ㌂⠪ߦㆡߔ⠪ޠࠍ␜ߔ py ߪޟ⯯ᒙߢޔవ㚟߆㔀ᓎߦㆡߔ⠪ޠࠍ␜ߔ

ߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ

ԙ ᐕ㦂⸥ㅀߩା㗬ᕈ

ߎ߁ߒߚผᢱߩᒻᘒࠍ೨ឭߣߔࠆߣ߈ޔᐕ㦂ߦ㑐ߒߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥା㗬ᕈߩᬌ⸛߇ᔅⷐߦߥ ࠆߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆ޕ

╙৻ߦ߹ߕᒰὼ໧ࠊࠇߥߊߡߪߥࠄߥ޿ߩߪޔ⺞ᩏߩ✂⟜ᕈߢ޽ࠆޕ೙ᐲ਄ߪኻ⽎࿾ၞ

ߩᚑੱ↵ሶోຬ߇⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߐࠇࠆߪߕߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔታ㓙ߦోຬ߇⺞ᩏߐࠇߚߣߪ㒢ࠄߕޔ

⺞ᩏṳࠇ߇޽ߞߚߣߔࠇ߫ߘߩᲧ₸޿ࠊࠁࠆ⣕ṳ₸߇㜞ߌࠇ߫ᒰὼା㗬ᕈߪ໧㗴ߦߥࠈ߁ޕ

╙ੑߪޔߔߢߦ࠻࡯࠾߇⡯ᬺߦ㑐ߒߡผᢱᛕ್ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆฦ㗄⋡ߩ⸥タ₸ߢ޽ࠆޕߚߣ߃ ታ㓙ߦ⺞ᩏࠍߐࠇߚ⠪ߢ޽ߞߡ߽ޔߘߩ⡯ᬺ߿ᐕ㦂ߥߤߩ⺞ᩏ㗄⋡ߩߔߴߡߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ߇

⸥タߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ޕ୘ޘߩ⺞ᩏ㗄⋡ߦ㑐ߒߡޔⵍ⺞ᩏ⠪ߩߤߩߊࠄ޿ߩഀวߦ 㑐ߒߡ⸥タ߇ᱷߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁㗄⋡⸥タ₸ߩ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆޕ╙ਃߦޔታ㓙ߩฬ⒓߇⸥タ ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⡯ᬺߥߤߩ㗄⋡ߣ⇣ߥࠅޔ਄⸥ߩࠃ߁ߥ⸥ภߢ⸥タߐࠇߡ޿ࠆᐕ㦂ߩ႐วߦߪޔ

⸥ภ߇⺞ᩏ⠪ߦࠃߞߡᕭᗧ⊛ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠅޔߘߩ৻⟵ᕈ߽໧ࠊࠇࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ

22 ߆ߞߎߪผᢱ㓸ߩ߽ߩߢޔේผᢱߦߪ߆ߞߎߪߥ޿ޕᧄⓂᧃየߩઃ㍳ෳᾖޕ

(6)

8 ^{⎇ⓥ⺰ฌ ͳ}

㧔㧟㧕ା㗬ᕈߩᬌ⸛

એਅਃߟߩା㗬ᕈࠍ㗅ᰴᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿ߊࠊߌߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔ߽ߣࠃࠅ⛘ኻ⊛ߥ޿ߒ᥉ㆉ⊛ߥၮḰ ߦᾖࠄߒߡା㗬ᕈࠍᬌ⸛ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪήߊޔ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽ᓥ᧪৻ቯߩା㗬ᕈ߇޽ࠆ ߣߒߡ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚ⡯ᬺߣᲧߒߡޔᐕ㦂ߦ㑐ߒߡା㗬ᕈߦ․ߦ໧㗴߇ߥ޿ߎߣࠍ

␜ߔߎߣࠍએਅߢߪ⹜ߺߚ޿ޕ

Ԙ ⺞ᩏߩ✂⟜ᕈ

╙৻ߩା㗬ᕈߩၮḰߢ޽ࠆ✂⟜ᕈߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔ⚿⺰⊛ߦ⸒߁ߣޔዋߥߊߣ߽⃻ᤨὐߢߪᬌ

⸛࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔߘߩᔅⷐ߽ߥ޿ߣ޿߃ࠆޕ

⏕߆ߦޔ✂⟜ᕈߩᜰᮡߢ޽ࠆ⣕ṳ₸ߪޔේℂ⊛ߦߪኻ⽎࿾ၞߩᚑੱ↵ሶੱญ߇ࠊ߆ࠇ߫ޔ

⸘▚น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ

²³

ޕ߹ߚޔߎߩ౓ᓎ⺞ᩏ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ

1608

ᐕߩ⋥೨ߩ

1603

ᐕߦߪߒ߫ߒ߫

ੱญផ⸘ߩၮ␆ߣߐࠇࠆ

1603

ᐕߩᢎળຬ⺞ᩏ߇޽ࠆ

²⁴

ޕߎߩਔ⠪ࠍ᧛⪭ߏߣߦኻᲧߔࠇ߫ޔ ߎߩ౓ᓎ⺞ᩏߩ⣕ṳ₸ߪኈᤃߦ್ࠆߪߕߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒታ㓙ߦߪߎߩੑߟߩ⺞ᩏߩ᧛⪭ߥ

޿ߒᢎ඙ߩ▸࿐߇ᔅߕߒ߽╓วߖߕޔߎߩᲧセߪ੐ታ਄࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ

²⁵

ޕߣߪ޿߃ߎߩ໧㗴 ߪᧄⓂߦ߅޿ߡߪޔߘࠇ߶ߤ㊀ⷐߢߪߥ޿ޕߥߗߥࠄޔߘ߁ߒߚ⣕ṳ⠪ߩᄙߊߪ૗ࠄ߆ߩ ᗧ๧ߢ౓ᓎਇㆡᩰ⠪ߢ޽ࠅޔหᤨߦ੐ታ਄ഭ௛ਇㆡᩰ⠪ߣ␠ળ⊛ߦ⷗ߥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⠪ߢ޽

ࠅޔ޽ߊ߹ߢഭ௛⢻ജߩ޽ࠆ⠪ߩᄺ౏ࠍ໧㗴ߣߔࠆ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙⺰ߩᬌ⸽ߦ߅޿

ߡߪޔߘ߁ߒߚ⣕ṳࠍ㊀ⷐⷞߔࠆᔅⷐߪߥ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕߐࠄߦߘ߁ߒߚ⣕ṳߩਛߦߪ౓

ᓎㆡᩰ⠪ߩ౓ᓎㅏࠇߩߚ߼ߩᗧ࿑⊛ߥ⣕ṳ߇޽ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠅޔߘࠇߪ㓏ጀ᭴ᚑߥߤߦ৻

ቯߩࡃࠗࠕࠬࠍ߆ߌࠆน⢻ᕈߪ޽ࠅᓧࠆ߇ޔߘߩ໧㗴ߪ޽ߊ߹ߢ⡯ᬺߣᐕ㦂౒ㅢߩ໧㗴ߢ

޽ࠅޔߘߩߎߣࠍᜬߞߡᐕ㦂ߛߌࠍ⠨ኤߒߥ޿ℂ↱ߦߪߥࠄߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕ

ԙ 㗄⋡ߩή⸥タ₸

ߚߣ߃⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߥߞߚ⠪ߦ㑐ߒߡ߽ޔ਄⸥ߩ㧠ߟߩ⺞ᩏ㗄⋡ߔߴߡߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ߇ᔅߕ⸥

タߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ޕߎߩ໧㗴ࠍ⡯ᬺߦ㑐ߒߡޔ࠻࡯࠾߇ขࠅ਄ߍߡ޿ࠆޕߎࠇߪ ߚߛߜߦ⸥タߩା㗬ᕈߘߩ߽ߩࠍ៊ߥ߁ߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿߇ޔ޽߹ࠅߦߘߩ㗄

⋡ߩή⸥タ߇ᄙ޿႐วߦߪޔ࠻࡯࠾߽␜ໂߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ৻ቯߩᗧ࿑⊛ߥᰳ⪭߇޽ߞߚ น⢻ᕈ߽⠨߃ߑࠆࠍᓧߥߊߥࠆޕ࠻࡯࠾ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔߎ߁ߒߚ㗄⋡ή⸥タߪޔ৻ᣇߢⵍ⺞ᩏ

23 ᦨㄭߩ⹜ߺߣߒߡߪޔWay[2012]ޕ

24 ☨ጊ[2008]85㗁ޕ

25 ᧄ᧪ޔ1603ᐕߩᢎળຬ⺞ᩏߩኻ⽎ߪޔ16ᱦએ਄ߩ↵ᅚߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄޔ߶߷หᐕ㦂ߩ↵ሶߛߌࠍኻ⽎ߣߔ ࠆ౓ᓎ★ߪߘߩ50㧑߶ߤߦߥࠆߪߕߢ޽ࠆޕࠣࡠࠬ࠲Ꮊߩᢎળຬ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߪPercival[1972]߆ࠄኈᤃߦ

೑↪ߢ߈ࠆޕߒ߆ߒ╩⠪߇ਔ⺞ᩏࠍኻᲧߢ߈ߚ22ࠞ᧛ߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔ6.4㧑߆ࠄ62.5㧑ߣᄢ߈ߥ㐿߈߇޽ࠅޔ ߎࠇߪ․ቯߩ⣕ṳࠍ␜ߔߣ޿߁ࠃࠅޔ᧛⪭ߩႺ⇇ߩ⋧㆑ߢ޽ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞޿ߣ޿߁⚿⺰ߦ⥋ߞߚޕߐࠄ ߦޔߎ߁ߒߚ⋧㆑ߩᲧ₸ߩᄢ߈ߐߪޔߎߩ⋧㆑߇᧛⪭ߩႺ⇇ߩᓸᅱߥ⋧㆑ߢߪߥߊޔ᧛⪭න૏ߩ⋧㆑ޔ ߔߥࠊߜ౓ᓎ★ߩ᧛⪭ࠍ޿ߊߟ߆วࠊߖߚ߽ߩ߇ᢎળຬ⺞ᩏߩ᧛⪭ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠃ߁ޕ

(7)

⠪ߩ஥

ߎ

␜ߒߡ ߦ⋧㆑

೎ߣ ߥߎ

߹ߕ

߹ߢߢ

ᬺߣᐕ ߩሽ࿷

╙㧝࿑

ౖ᜚㧦

26 Ta

27 ࠻

೑↪

⏕ߦ ଏߒ

28 ࠻

࿑ߪ ߦ߽

࿁╵

޽ࠈ

29 ⋧

ࠨࡦ

஥ߩ࿁╵ᜎุ

߁ߒߚ೨ឭߦ ߡ޿ࠆޕ߹ߕ

㆑ߪ޽ࠆ߽ߩ ߒߡޔߎߩ ߣࠍᐕ㦂ߦ㑐 ߕޔᐕ㦂ߦ㑐 ߢ޽ࠅޔၮᧄ ᐕ㦂ߩή⸥タ

࿷߇ᗐቯߢ߈

࿑ ⡯ᬺߣ

㧦Smith[1902]

awney & Taw

࠻࡯࠾ߩ㓸⸘ߢ

↪ߒߚ㔚ሶ ߦ ߦߪ࠻࡯࠾߇ಽ ߒߥ޿ⵍ⺞ᩏ⠪

࠻࡯࠾ߪޔ⺞ᩏ ߪޔኤߔࠆߦޔ

߽߁ዋߒᄢ߈ߊ

╵ࠍ⸥タߒߥ߆ ࠈ߁ޕ

⋧㑐ଥᢙߩᬌቯ ࡦࡊ࡞ᢙߪ28㇭

ุߦࠃࠆ߇ޔ ߦ┙ߞߡޔ ߕޔో૕ߣߒ ߩߩ

²⁸

ޔᦨᄢ ࠃ߁ߥ⡯ᬺ⸥

㑐ߒߡ␜ߔߎ 㑐ߒߡ߽ޔᎺో

ᧄ⊛ߦ⸥タ⁁

タ₸ߪޔ╙

1

߈ࠆޕ

ߣᐕ㦂ߩ㇭೎

]ޕ

wney [1934]pp ߢߪޔ⡯ᬺή⸥

ߦࠃࠇ߫ߘࠇߙ ಽᨆኻ⽎ߣߒߚ

⠪ࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆ ᩏߔࠆᓎੱߪ㇭

㇭ߏߣߦ⇣ߥ ߊߥࠆߪߕߢ޽

߆ߞߚߣ޿߁੐

ቯߦࠃࠆߣޔᐕ㦂

㇭ߣ3ᄢㇺᏒߢ

ࠣࡠࠬ࠲౓ᓎ

ઁᣇ⺞ᩏߔ

࠻࡯࠾ߪ౓ᓎ ߒߡή⸥タ₸

ᄢߢ߽

30㧑

⸥タ߇⠨ኤኻ ߎߣߪ㊀ⷐߢ

ో૕ߩή⸥タ

⁁ᴫߪ⡯ᬺߣ

1

࿑ߢߺࠆࠃ

೎ή⸥タ₸

p.30-1ޕ

⸥タ⠪2247ੱߣ ߙࠇ1704ੱߣ1 ߚᢙ୯ߣߩ⋧㆑

ࠆߚ߼ߣᕁࠊࠇ

㇭න૏ߢ⇣ߥࠆ ߥࠆ⺞ᩏ⠪߇ᗧ

޽ࠆߩߢޔⵍ⺞

੐ᘒ߇޽ࠇ߫ޔ 㦂ή⸥タ₸ߣ⡯

ߢ31)ޕ

ᓎ★ߦ߅ߌࠆᐕ

ߔࠆᓎੱߩ஥

ᓎ★ߩ⡯ᬺ㗄

₸ߪ

10㧑߶

߶ߤߢ޽ࠆ ኻ⽎ߣߒߡߎ ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ

タ₸ߪ

10.7㧑

ߣᄌࠊࠄߥ޿

ࠃ߁ߦ৻ቯߩ

ߣⵍ⺞ᩏ⠪194 18748ੱߢޔή

㆑ߩේ࿃ߪޔ߅ ࠇࠆޕ ࠆߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ

ᗧ࿑⊛ߦ⸥タࠍ

⺞ᩏ⠪߇࿁╵ߒ ޔਥߣߒߡ⺞ᩏ

⡯ᬺή⸥タ₸

ᐕ㦂⸥タߩା㗬

஥ߩਇᵈᗧߥ 㗄⋡ߩή⸥タ

ߤߢ޽ࠆߎ ߎߣޕߎߩੑ

ߎࠇ߹ߢᛚ⹺

㧑ߢ޽ࠅޔ㇭

޿ߎߣ߇ᜰ៰ ߩ⋧㑐߇޽ࠅ

402ੱߢή⸥タ ή⸥タ₸ߪ9.1

߅ߘࠄߊ࠻࡯࠾

ࠆ[Tawney & T ࠍᰳ⪭ߐߖߡ޿

ߒߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊ ᩏ⠪ߩਇᵈᗧߦ ߪޔ᦭ᗧ᳓Ḱ1

㗬ᕈ

ߥߤ߽޽ࠅᓧ タ₸ߦ㑐ߒߡ

ߣ

²⁷

ޔᰴߦ㇭

ੑߟ߇᥉ㆉ⊛

⹺ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ

㇭ߏߣߩή⸥

៰ߢ߈ࠆޕ ߹

29

ޔ৻ቯ⒟ᐲ

タ₸ߪ11.6㧑ߦ 㧑ߦߥࠆޕ࠻࡯

࠾ࠄ߇ᱞེߩߺ Tawney ,1934

޿ߚࠄޔή⸥タ ࠊࠄߕޔ⺞ᩏ⠪

ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ 㧑ߢ᦭ᗧߢ޽

ᓧߚߣ޿߁

²⁶

ޕ ߡޔੑߟߩߎ

㇭ߏߣߩή⸥

⊛ၮḰߢ޽ࠆ ߚߣߔࠇ߫ޔ

⸥タ₸߽ᦨᄢ

߹ߚޔ㇭ߏߣ ᐲ߹ߢ౒ㅢߩ

ߦߥࠆޕ╩⠪߇ᧄ

࡯࠾ߩߣ޿߁ ߺࠍᚲ᦭ߒ౓ᓎ 4,p.31]ޕ࠻࡯

タ₸ߩ⋧㆑ߪ㇭

⠪ߢ޽ࠆᓎੱ

޽ߞߚߣ޿߁ ࠆ(⋧㑐ଥᢙ0

9

ޕ ߎߣࠍ

⸥タ₸

ࠆ߆ߪ ห᭽

ᄢ

30㧑

ߣߩ⡯

ߩේ࿃

ᧄⓂߢ ࠃࠅᱜ ᓎࠍឭ

࠾ߩᗧ

㇭ߏߣ ߇ߘߩ ߎߣߢ .561ޔ

(8)

10 ^{⎇ⓥ⺰ฌ ͳ}

ߐࠄߦޔ᧛ߏߣ߿ޔ⡯ᬺߏߣߦή⸥タ₸ࠍᲧセߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔ੹ᓟή⸥タߩ␠ળ⊛

ߥ⢛᥊ࠍࠃࠅᱜ⏕ߦ៰಴ߢ߈ࠆน⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠈ߁ ޕߒ߆ߒ⃻ᤨὐߢᲧセ⊛ኈᤃߦࠊ߆ࠆὐߪޔ

౓ᓎߣߩ㑐ଥߢ޽ࠆޕ╙㧝⴫ߪᐕ㦂ߩ㗄⋡ߣ૕ᩰ࡮౓⒳ߩ㗄⋡ߩኻᔕ㑐ଥࠍ⷗ߚ߽ߩߢ޽

ࠆޕߎࠇࠍ⷗ࠆߣਔ⠪ߦߪ޿ߊߟ߆ߩኻᔕ㑐ଥ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕ଀߃߫ޔᓸᅱߥኻᔕ 㑐ଥߣߒߡߪޔ૕ᩰߩ⦟޿᭶౓ߪᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕ߩ⠪ߦᲧߒߡᐕ㦂㧔㧞㧕ߩ⠪߇୚޿ࠆߎߣ߇

޽ࠆޕߎࠇߪනߥࠆ૕ᩰߢߪߥߊᐕ㦂߇౓⒳ߩㆬᛯߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ߚน⢻ᕈࠍ␜ߔ߽ߩ ߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔߘߩ㑐ଥߪⶄ㔀ߢ⋥ߜߦߪ್ࠄߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒޔᐕ㦂߇ή⸥タߩ⠪ߪ૕ᩰ࡮౓⒳

߇ή⸥タߩ⠪ߣ߶߷ቢోߦኻᔕߒߡ޿ࠆޕߔߥࠊߜޔᐕ㦂߇ή⸥タߣ޿߁ߎߣߪޔߚߣ߃ ℂ↱ߪᄙ᭽ߢ޽ߞߚߣߒߡ߽੐ታ਄౓ᓎߦㆡߐή޿⠪ࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦߥࠅޔၮᧄ⊛

ߦߪᣢㅀߩ᭽ߦഭ௛ߦ߽ਇㆡᩰ⠪ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ޔᧄⓂߢ໧㗴ߦߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥഭ௛น⢻ߥ ᄺ౏ੱߩᐕ㦂᭴ᚑࠍ⠨߃ࠆ႐วޔ㊀ⷐߢߥ޿ሽ࿷ߣߺߥߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁

³⁰

ޕ

╙㧝⴫ ૕ᩰ࡮౓⒳ߣᐕ㦂ߩኻᔕ㑐ଥ

ౖ᜚㧦╙㧝࿑ߣหߓޕ

Ԛ ⸥ภߩ৻⟵ᕈ

⡯ᬺߣߪ⇣ߥࠅᐕ㦂ߦ࿕᦭ߥ໧㗴ߣߒߡޔ⸥ภߩᗧ๧ߩ৻⟵ᕈߣ޿߁໧㗴߇໧ࠊࠇߥߊߡ ߪߥࠄߥ޿ޕ

߹ߕޔผᢱ⥄૕ߦઃߐࠇߚᐕ㦂⸥ภߦߟ޿ߡߩ਄⸥ߩ⺑᣿߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⸃㉼ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ ߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴߇޽ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ਄⸥ߩࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߩ⴫⃻߆ࠄ⥄ὼߦᗐቯߔࠆߣᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ ߥࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ߽ߣࠃࠅ෩ኒߥ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁߇ޔ 㧔㧟㧕ߪผᢱ⥄૕ߦ᣿⏕ߦㅀߴࠄ ࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧡㧜ᱦ߆ࠄ㧢㧜ᱦߢ޽ࠆߣߺߥߒߡޔᄢㆊߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ߽ߞߣ߽ޔߎࠇ ߪ౓ᓎ★ߥߩߢޔ 㧔㧟㧕ߪߘࠇ⥄૕޽߹ࠅ㊀ⷐߥኻ⽎ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ໧㗴ߪ㧔㧝㧕 ߣ㧔㧞㧕ߩ▸࿐ߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߕߎߩ⺞ᩏ߇㧝㧢ᱦએ਄ߩ↵ᕈࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢේೣߣߒ ߡ㧝㧢ᱦએ਄ߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪޔ୘೎ߩ㑆㆑޿ߥߤߪ଀ᄖߣߒߡޔ߶߷߹ߜ߇޿ߥ޿ޕߒߚ߇ ߞߡޔ 㧔㧝㧕߇㧝㧢ᱦ߆ࠄᆎ߹ࠆߣߺߥߔߎߣߦߔࠆޕߘߎߢ߻ߕ߆ߒ޿ߩߪ㧔㧝㧕ߣ㧔㧞㧕 ߩႺ⇇ߢ޽ࠆޕ 㧔㧞㧕ߩޟ㧠㧜ᱦߊࠄ޿ޠࠍᢥሼㅢࠅߘߩਔ஥ࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆߣߺߥߒ㧟㧜

30 ᐕ㦂ή⸥タߣ૕ᩰ࡮౓⒳ߩή⸥タ߇ኻᔕߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪޔᣢㅀߩ᭽ߦᐕ㦂ή⸥タߣ⡯ᬺή⸥タߪ⋧㑐 ߇޽ࠆࠊߌߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄޔ⡯ᬺή⸥タߣ૕ᩰ࡮౓⒳ߩή⸥タ߇ኻᔕߒߡ޿ࠆน⢻ᕈࠍ߽ᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߚ ߛߒታ㓙ߦߪޔᐕ㦂ߩ႐ว߶ߤ㜞޿ኻᔕ㑐ଥߪߥߊޔ⏕߆ߦ⡯ᬺή⸥タߩ㧞㧜㧑એ਄ߪᐕ㦂ή⸥タߢ޽

ࠆ߇ޔห᭽ߥᐕ㦂ή⸥タ₸ߪޔࠫࠚࡦ࠻࡝ߩ߶߆ᶏㆇ㑐ଥߩ⡯ᬺ㧔mariner, sailor㧕ߦ߽⷗ࠄࠇࠆޕ

૕ᩰ䊶౓⒳㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷䇭䇭㩷㩷ᐕ㦂䋨䋱䋩䋨䋲䋩䋨䋳䋩 ή⸥タ ✚⸘

^{ᐕ㦂ή⸥タ₸}

㫇䇭䋨᭶౓䋩㪈㪇㪈㪐㪉㪇㪇㪉㪉㪉㪉㪋㪏㪊㪉㪐㪈㪈㪅㪌㩼

㫄䇭䋨䊙䉴䉬䉾䊃㌂⠪䋩㪈㪌㪌㪎㪉㪍㪋㪏㪉㪌㪇㪌㪎㪋㪌㪈㪉㪈㪅㪊㩼㪺㪸䇭䋨䉦䊥䊋㌂⠪䋩㪋㪉㪈㪉㪉㪐㪇㪌㪉㪎㪌㪈㪇㪋㪎㪋㪐㪍㪈㪅㪋㩼

㫇㫐䇭䋨వ㚟䊶㔀ᓎ䋩㪊㪎㪎㪐㪉㪈㪉㪍㪊㪍㪈㪌㪍㪎㪇㪅㪋㩼

ή⸥タ㪋㪈㪋㪏㪈㪈㪈㪎㪏㪉㪈㪏㪏㪉㪐㪋㪅㪎㩼

✚⸘ 㪎㪉㪇㪍㪏㪌㪉㪋㪈㪇㪉㪈㪈㪐㪐㪎㪈㪏㪎㪋㪏㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇㩼

(9)

ઍߣ㧠㧜ઍߣߔࠆߣޔ 㧔㧝㧕ߪ㧝㧜ઍᓟඨߣ㧞㧜ઍߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠅޔᐕ㦂᏷ߣߒߡߪ㧔㧞㧕 ߩ߶߁߇⧯ᐓᐢ޿߇߶߷หߓߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆޕ

ߟ߹ࠅޔએਅߢߪ

㧔㧝㧕ࠍ㧝㧢ᱦ߆ࠄ㧞㧥ᱦޔ 㧔㧞㧕ࠍ㧟㧜ᱦ߆ࠄ㧠㧥ᱦޔ 㧔㧟㧕ࠍ㧡㧜ᱦ߆ࠄ㧡㧥ᱦ

ߣߔࠆߣ޿߁⸃㉼߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߽ߩߣ઒ቯߔࠆޕ

ߘߎߢᰴߦߎ߁ߒߚ⸃㉼߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿ߚߣ઒ቯߒߚ႐ว

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ޔታ㓙ߦߘࠇߦᓥߞߡㆇ↪ߐࠇ ߡ޿ߚ߆߇໧㗴ߣߥࠈ߁ޕߎߩᬌ⸛ߦ㓙ߒߡߪޔᢎ඙★ౠ߇೑↪ߢ߈ࠆߪߕߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪ

⋥ߜߦᕁ޿ߟߊޕߔߥࠊߜޔታ㓙ߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪ࠍᢎ඙★ౠߩߥ߆ߦ⷗಴ߒޔߘߩ಴↢(ᵞ␞)

⸥㍳߆ࠄߘߩᐕ㦂ࠍ⏕ቯߒ౓ᓎ★਄ߩᐕ㦂ߣᲧセߔࠇ߫ࠃ޿ߪߕߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒߎߩᣇᴺ ߦߪ⃻ታߦߪ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ࿎㔍߇޽ࠆޕ߹ߕޔᲧセน⢻ߥᢎ඙★ౠ߇߶ߣࠎߤሽ࿷ߒߥ޿ߣ

޿߁໧㗴߇޽ࠆޕᢎ඙★ౠߪޔ೙ᐲ਄ߪ

1537

ᐕ߆ࠄዉ౉ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔᧄ᧪ߥࠄ౓ᓎ★߇૞

ᚑߐࠇߚ

1608

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71

ᱦߩ⠪߹ߢᐕ㦂ߩ⏕⹺߇น⢻ߥߪߕߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒታ㓙ߦߪߎߩ

1537

ᐕߩዉ౉ߣ޿߁ߩߪ޽ߊ߹ߢᒰᤨߩࠢࡠࡓ࠙ࠚ࡞᡽ᮭߩᗧᕁߦㆊ߉ߕޔታ㓙ߦታᣉߐ ࠇࠆߎߣߪዋߥ߆ߞߚߎߣ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ

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1590

ᐕઍ߹ߢ߆ߥࠅᄙ޿ߣ޿߁ߩ߇ࠣࡠࠬ࠲Ꮊߢ߽ታᖱߢ޽ࠆޕߐࠄߦ߽߁৻ߟ ߦߪ଻ሽߩ໧㗴߇޽ࠅޔ߿ߪࠅ㧝㧢਎♿ߩᢎ඙★ౠߩᄙߊߪ᳓ኂ߿㥘ኂߥߤߚ߼଻ሽ⁁ᴫ ߇ᖡ޿ߣ޿߁໧㗴߇޽ࠆޕ

ታ㓙ߦ⃻࿷

1558

ᐕએ೨ޔߟ߹ࠅ౓ᓎ★ߩ

50

ᱦ߹ߢߩᐕ㦂߇⏕⹺ߢ߈ࠆᢎ඙ߪߘࠇ߶ߤ ᄙߊߪߥߊޔߒ߆߽ߘߩਛߢ଻ሽ⁁ᴫ߇⋧ኻ⊛ߦ⦟޿ߣߒߡᎺᢥᦠ㙚ߢ࠻࡜ࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࠻

ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆᢎ඙ߪ

7

ᢎ඙ߩߺߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆߽ߎߩ߁ߜ

3

ᢎ඙ߪޔᢎ඙★ౠߩᢎ඙ߣ౓ᓎ★

ߩ᧛⪭ߩන૏߇৻⥌ߒߥ޿ޕߘߩߚ߼Ყセᬌ⸛น⢻ߥᢎ඙ߪ

4

ᢎ඙ߩߺ

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ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆޕ ߘ߁ߒߚ㒢⇇ߩਅߢߪ޽ࠆ߇

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ޔᬌ⸛⚿ᨐߪޔᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕߇╙㧞࿑ޔᐕ㦂㧔㧞㧕߇╙

3

࿑ ߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆޕ

31 ㅢᏱߎ߁ߒߚ઒ቯࠍߒߚ႐วߦߪޔߘߩ઒ቯߦၮߠߊᐕ㦂೎ੱญ᭴ᚑࠍ⷗ߡޔߘࠇࠍ㧝㧥਎♿ߩ࿖൓⺞

ᩏߦၮߠߊᐕ㦂೎ੱญ᭴ᚑߣᲧセߔࠆߣ޿߁ᚻ⛯߈ࠍߣࠆ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ߇ޔߎߩ႐วߦߪ߽ߣ߽ߣჽ ৼߩੱญߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ߎߩᚻᴺߪ᦭ലߢߪߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ

32 ቟ర[1996]239-242㗁ޕㄭᐕߩೋᦼߩᢎ඙★ౠߩ⎇ⓥߣߒߡKitson[2009]߇޽ࠆޕ

33 ߎߩ4ᢎ඙ߦ㑐ߒߡ߽ޔᓸᅱߥႺ⇇ߩߕࠇߥߤߪ޽ࠅ߁ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁߇ޔઁߩ3ᢎ඙ߩ႐วߩ᭽ߥฬ⒓⥄

૕ߩਇ৻⥌ߪߥ޿ޕ

34 ߽ߣࠃࠅᢎ඙★ౠ߇ᱜ⏕߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߪ㒰ߊߣߒߡ߽ޔታ㓙ߩ૞ᬺߦ߅޿ߡߪޔ౓ᓎ★ߦ߅޿ߡ᧛ౝߦ หᆓหฬߩ⠪߇޿ࠆ႐ว߅ࠃ߮ᢎ඙★ౠߦ߅޿ߡⶄᢙ࿁หᆓหฬ⠪߇⊓႐ߔࠆࠤ࡯ࠬߪ޿ߕࠇ߽㓸⸘ߦ ߪ฽߼ߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ߹ߚޔ1608ᐕએ೨ߦᱫ੢(ၒ⫋)߇⏕⹺ߐࠇࠆ႐ว߽㓸⸘ߦߪ฽߼ߥ޿ޕᒰೋߎߩᱫ੢

ߣ޿߁ὐߪ⏕⹺ߩ࿎㔍ߐ߇੍ᗐߐࠇߚ߇᭎ߨ಴↢(ᵞ␞)ᓟ㧝ᐕએౝߩ಴᧪੐ߢ޽ߞߚޕߥ߅ᦨ⚳⊛ߦㆬᛯ ߒߚ㧠ᢎ඙ߢߪޔ޿ߕࠇ߽ᢎ඙★ౠߩᵞ␞ߣၒ⫋ߩ㐿ᆎߩᐕઍ߇߶߷ห৻ߢ޽ߞߚޕ

(10)

12

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ౖ᜚

Winch

߹ߕ ߦᢛℂ

਄⸥

⹺ߢ ߣߺ ࠄ㧢 ߩㆡ↪

㒢⇇߇ ߔߢ 㦂㧔 ߩℂ ᒰᤨ਄

ฬߛ ߇⿠

35 ⺀

ߔߋ ߌߢ

࿑ ౓ᓎ★ߢ

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ߕޔᐕ㦂㧔 ℂߢ߈ࠆޕ╙

ߩ઒ቯߔߥࠊ ߈ߚߣ޿߁ߎ ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ 㧜ઍߩ㧠ੱ߇

↪ߦᒰᤨᄢ߈ ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ ߦ㧡㧜ઍᓟඨ 㧝㧕ߩ㧠ੱ߇

↱ߢᢎ඙★ౠ

਄⸥ߩᐕ㦂઒

ߌߢ޽ࠆߣᕁ ߎࠅᓧࠆ੐ᘒ

⺀↢ᣣߩ໧㗴ߥ ߋᓟᲑߢㅀߴࠆ ߢߪߥ޿ޕ

ߢᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕

]߅ࠃ߮ GRO ughޕ

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ౠߦ⊓႐ߒߥ

઒ቯߣߪ⇣ߥ ᕁࠊࠇࠆޕߎ ᘒߛߣᕁࠊࠇ

ߥߤ߇޽ࠆߩߢ ࠆࠃ߁ߦޔߎߩ

ߣߐࠇߚ⠪

O,Parish Regi

ߡ╙㧞࿑ࠍᬌ ߜߦࠊ߆ࠆࠃ ᓟඨ߆ࠄ㧞㧜

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ੑߦޔ࿑ߢ⋡

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޽ߞߚߎߣࠍ ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ߅ ߁ᐕ㦂߆ࠄ౓

៞タߐࠇߡ޿

ߥ߆ߞߚߣ޿

ߥߞߡታ㓙ߦ ߎߩ㧥ฬߩ߶

ࠇࠆ߇ޔᧄⓂ

ߢ30ᱦ߹ߢ฽߼

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߃ࠇ߫ޔ਄⸥ߩ

⋡ߦߟߊߩߪ ࠃ߁ߦ⷗߃ࠆ ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ ߅ߘࠄߊޔᢎ

౓ᓎ★ߦታ㓙

޿ߚߦ߽߆߆

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߼ࠆߣޔ49ੱਛ

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ౠߦࠃࠆᐕ㦂

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㓙ߦߪ៞タߐ ߆ࠊࠄߕߎߩ

෻ᤋߒߚ߽ߩ ߣ౓ᓎ★ߢ 㧟㧜ઍ೨ඨߢ

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߆ࠄࠊ߆ࠆߎ 㧔㧝㧕ߣߐࠇ ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ ߁ߦᒰᤨㆡ↪

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ߊޔߎߎߢߩ

⃻ࠇߚߎߩ㧠 ߐࠇߡ߅ࠄߕ ߩ㧠ੱ߇ઁ᧛

ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ ߢ⷗ߥߐࠇߚ ߢ୘ޘߩℂ↱

ࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏

߇ߎߩផቯ▸࿐

ࠗࠢ࡞೙ߩᬌ⸽

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ߎߣߪએਅߩ ࠇߚ⠪ߩᄢඨ ߣ߇ᢎ඙★ౠ

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᧛ߢ↢߹ࠇߚ ߘߎߢ╙ਃ

ߚ⠪ߪ㧟㧜ઍ

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࿐ߦ෼߹ࠆޕߚ

⸽ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ on and

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ਃߦޔ ઍߩ㧥 ߪߥ޿

ߦ⋥ធ

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Ris 30ઍ

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ߦޔ౓ᓎ★ߢ એਅߩ㧟ὐࠍ ߩࠃ߁ߦޔ㧟㧠ੱ޿ࠆ߇ޔ

࠻࡯࠾ߩផቯߩ Tawney,1934,p ߒߚߎߣࠍᗧ๧

ฦᢎ඙ߩᐕ㦂㧔 singtonᢎ඙2 ઍߩ⠪ߩᲧ₸߇ ᐕ㦂㧔㧞㧕ߣߐ

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⺞ᩏၮḰ߇᳿

ߩ໧㗴ߦ㒢ࠄ ߩᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕

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ߓޕ

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ߩᩮ᜚ߪᎺో૕

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ࠣࡠࠬ࠲౓ᓎ

Ბߢᐕ㦂㧔㧞㧜ઍ߇㧣ੱ޿

ࠬ࠲Ꮊߢߪ㧞 ߎߩ㧠ੱߪ㧠

᳿ߒߡ․ቯߩ ࠄߕ਄⸥ߩ⻉

㧕ߩᐔဋᐕ㦂

ߣߐࠇߚ⠪

㧕ߣߐࠇߚ⠪

ࠆޕ╙৻ߦޔ 㧠㧜ઍߢ޽ࠆ

㦂㧔㧝㧕ߩ㧡

૕ߩ⺞ᩏ⽿છ⠪

޽ߊ߹ߢࠬࡒࠬ

ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ 㦂ߪᰴߩㅢࠅޕ hcombe Borou

ߎߩ໧㗴ߪߔ 7ੱ߅ࠅޔߘߩ

ᓎ★ߦ߅ߌࠆᐕ

㧞㧕ߩห᭽ߥ੐

޿ࠆߎߣߪޔ 㧞㧜ᱦએ਄ߢ ᢎ඙ਛޔዊ ߩᢎ඙ߛߌߩ

⻉․ᓽߪ․ቯ 㦂ࠍᲧセߔࠆ

⠪ߩᢎ඙★ౠ

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㧡㧜ઍᓟඨએ

⠪ߢ޽ࠆࠬࡒࠬ

ࠬߩᗧ࿑ߦㆊ Charleton K ughᢎ඙25.0ᱦ ߔߋᓟᲑߢᛒ ߩ߁ߜ3,40ઍߪ

ᐕ㦂⸥タߩା㗬

੐ᘒߣ޽ࠊߖ ᣢㅀߩ࠻࡯

ߢ޽ࠆߣߔࠆ ߐߥ㧝ᢎ඙ࠍ ߩ߽ߩߢߪή ቯߩᢎ඙ߦ஍

ࠆߣ߶ߣࠎߤ

ౠߦࠃࠆᐕ㦂

╙㧟࿑ߦၮ 㧔㧞㧕ߣߐࠇ

඙★ౠߢ⏕⹺

એ਄ߩ⠪ߣห

ࠬ߇㧞㧜ઍએ਄

߉ߕታ㓙ߩ⺞ᩏ Kinges ᢎ඙29

ᱦޕCharleton ߁ޕ

ߪ19ੱ70.4㧑ࠍ 㗬ᕈ

ߖߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆ

࡯࠾ߩផቯޔ ࠆផቯ߇⺋ࠅ ࠍ㒰ߊઁߩ㧟 ή߆ߞߚߎߣ

஍ߞߡߺࠄࠇ ߤ⋧㆑߇ߥ޿

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ห᭽ߥ੐ᘒࠍ

਄ߣߒߡ޿ࠆὐ ᩏ⠪ߪᒰᤨߩ৻

9.4ᱦ, Dymock n Kingesߩᐔဋ

ࠍභ߼ࠆޕ

ࠆߎߣߦߒߚ

౓ᓎ★ߪ৻

ࠅߢ޽ߞߚߎ 㧟ᢎ඙ߦಽᏓ ߣ߽ᗐቯߢ߈ ࠇࠆ߽ߩߢߪ

޿ߎߣߦࠃߞ

᭽ߦᬌ⸛ߒߡ ඨߪޔ਄⸥ߩ

╙ੑߦޔ㧡㧜 ࠍ฽߻น⢻ᕈ

ὐߢ޽ࠆ߇[T

৻⥸⊛ߥ㧝㧢ᱦ keᢎ඙24.6ᱦޔ

ဋᐕ㦂߇㜞޿

13

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৻⥸ߦ ߎߣࠍ Ꮣߒߡ ߈ࠆޕ ή޿ޕ ߞߡ߽

ߡߺࠆ ߩᐕ㦂㧜ઍએ ᕈ߽޽

awney ᱦࠍㆡ ޔLittle

ߩߪޔ

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14 ^{⎇ⓥ⺰ฌ ͳ}

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ޕ╙ਃߦޔ਄⸥ߩᐕ㦂઒ቯߢߪᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕ߣ

౓ᓎ★ߢߐࠇࠆߪߕߩ㧞㧜ઍᓟඨߩ㧠ฬ߇ߎߩ߁ߜߦ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߎߩὐߪޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨ

ࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ߩᬌ⸽ߣ޿߁ὐߣ⋥ធ߆߆ࠊࠆߩߢޔ਄⸥ߩᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕ߩ╙྾ὐߣ޽ࠊߖߡ ᓟᲑߢߐࠄߦᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ╙྾ߦޔ਄⸥ߩᐕ㦂㧔㧞㧕ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㧟․ᓽߪ․ቯߩᢎ඙ߦ஍ߞߡ ߺࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߢߪή޿ޕߎߩὐޔ㧠ᢎ඙ߩᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕ߣห᭽ᐕ㦂㧔㧞㧕ߩᐔဋᐕ㦂ࠍᲧセ ߔࠆߣ߶ߣࠎߤ⋧㆑߇ߥ޿ߎߣߦࠃߞߡ⏕⹺ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߃ࠃ߁

⁴⁰

ޕ

એ਄߆ࠄޔᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕ߛߌߢߥߊᐕ㦂㧔㧞㧕ߦ㑐ߒߡ߽ޔၮᧄ⊛ߦ਄⸥ߩ઒ቯޔߔߥࠊ ߜᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕ߪ㧝㧜ઍᓟඨ߆ࠄ㧞㧜ઍޔᐕ㦂㧔㧞㧕ߪ㧟㧜ઍߣ㧠㧜ઍߣ޿߁઒ቯߩㅢࠅߩ ၮḰߢޔዋߥߊߣ߽⃻ᤨὐߦ߅޿ߡᢎ඙★ౠ߇೑↪น⢻ߥ㧠ᢎ඙ߦ߅޿ߡߪޔ౓ᓎ★ߩᩏ ቯ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣ߇⏕⹺ߢ߈ߚߣ޿߃ࠆޕ

એ਄ߢߺߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦޔ౓ᓎ★ߩᐕ㦂ߪ⡯ᬺߣᲧߒߡ․ߦା㗬ᕈߦ໧㗴߇޽ࠆߣߪ⸒߃ ߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦᕁ߃ࠆޕߒ߆ߒ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ߩᬌ⸽ߣ޿߁ὐߦ߅޿ߡߪޔߐࠄߦ⧯ᐓ ᬌ⸛߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆޕߣ޿߁ߩߪޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ߩᬌ⸽ߣ޿߁ߩߪޔᣢㅀߩ᭽ߦᄺ

౏ੱ߇ޔᒰᤨߩᐔဋ⚿ᇕᐕ㦂ߢ޽ࠆ㧞㧜ઍᓟඨࠍᯏߦᄺ౏ࠍ෰ࠆ௑ะ߇޽ࠆ߆ุ߆ࠍᬌ⸽

ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ߞߚޕߘߩߚ߼ߦߪޔ㧞㧜ઍᓟඨߩ⠪ߣ㧟㧜ઍ೨ඨߩ⠪ࠍߢ߈ࠆߛߌᱜ⏕ߦ

඙ಽߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ࠆߦޔ਄⸥ߩ౓ᓎ★ߩᐕ㦂ᩏቯߦ߅޿ߡߪޔߎߩὐߦ 㑐ߒߡ޽ࠅᓧߴ߈ߎߣߢ޽ࠅ߹ߚዋᢙߢߪ޽ࠆ߇ޔ਄⸥ߩ઒ቯߣ⇣ߥࠆ੐଀߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿

ߚޕߔߥࠊߜޔᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕ߩ৻ㇱߦߪޔ਄⸥ߩ઒ቯߣ⇣ߥࠅ㧟㧜ઍ೨ඨߩ⠪߇ޔ෻ኻߦᐕ 㦂㧔㧞㧕ߩ৻ㇱߦߪ਄⸥ߩ઒ቯߣ⇣ߥࠅ㧞㧜ઍᓟඨߩ⠪߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߚޕߎߩߎߣߪ᣿ࠄ ߆ߦ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ߩᬌ⸽⚿ᨐߦࡃࠗࠕࠬࠍਈ߃ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕߘߎߢޔ ߎࠇࠄ㧞ߟߩᗐቯᄖࠍ߿߿ᱜ⏕ߦᲧߴߡߺࠆߣߘߩታᢙߦ߅޿ߡ߽Ყ₸ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ޔ೨⠪

߇ᓟ⠪ࠍ਄࿁ߞߡ޿ࠆ

⁴¹

ޕߔߥࠊߜޔ㧟㧜ᱦ೨ᓟߩ⠪ࠍޔ౓ᓎ★ᩏቯ⠪ߪޔᐕ㦂ࠃࠅ㜞ߊ૏

⟎ߠߌࠆߎߣࠃࠅᐕ㦂ࠃࠅૐߊ૏⟎ߠߌࠆ௑ะ߇޽ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕߎߩὐ႐ว ߦࠃߞߡߪ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞೙ߩᬌ⸽⚿ᨐߦࡃࠗࠕࠬࠍ߆ߌࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⇐଻ߣߒ ߡ߅ߊ߇ޔታ㓙ߦߪᬌ⸽⚿ᨐߩ৻ㇱࠍᒝൻߔࠆᣇะߢࡃࠗࠕࠬ߇޽ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕౕ૕⊛

ߥࡃࠗࠕࠬߩᣇะߦߟ޿ߡߪޔએਅߩ⚿߮ߢᬌ⸽⚿ᨐࠍዷᦸߔࠆਛߢㅀߴࠆߎߣߦߔࠆޕ

39 㧠ฬߩ⡯ᬺߪޔ㧟ฬ߇ᣣ㓹޿ޔ㧝ฬ߇ᄺ౏ੱߢ޽ࠆޕ޿ߕࠇߦߖࠃޔߎࠇࠄ㧠ฬߪᒰ㕙ߩ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ

࡞ᄺ౏೙ߩᬌ⸽ߦߪ⋥ធ⊛ᓇ㗀ߪߥ޿ޕ

40 ฦᢎ඙ߩᐕ㦂㧔㧞㧕ߩᐔဋᐕ㦂ߪᰴߩㅢࠅޕCharleton Kinges ᢎ඙39.5ᱦ, Dymockeᢎ඙42.0ᱦޔLittle Rissingtonᢎ඙42.3ᱦޔWinchcombe Boroughᢎ඙43.3ᱦޕ

41 ᐕ㦂㧔㧝㧕ߩ㧟㧜ઍ߳ߩ⺋↪ߪޔ㧥ฬ20.5㧑ޕᐕ㦂㧔㧞㧕ߩ㧞㧜ઍ߳ߩ⺋↪ߪ㧠ฬ16.0㧑ߢ޽ࠆޕ

(13)

㧔㧠㧕⚿߮

એ਄߆ࠄޔ౓ᓎ★ߩᐕ㦂ߣ޿߁㗄⋡ߩ⸥タߦ㑐ߒߡޔᓥ᧪⠨ኤߐࠇߡ߈ߚ⡯ᬺߣ޿߁㗄⋡

ߣᲧߴߡ

⁴²

ޔ⧯ᐓߩ⇐଻߇޽ࠆߣߪ޿߃․ߦା㗬ᕈߦ໧㗴߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߪ⷗಴ߒᓧߥ߆ߞ ߚߣ⚿⺰ߢ߈ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ߽ߒߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆߣߔࠇ߫ޔᓥ᧪ᐕ㦂ઃߩ૑᳃บᏭߪ㧝଀ߒ߆ሽ

࿷ߒߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚㄭ਎೨ඨߦ߆ߥࠅᄢ߈ߥᐕ㦂ઃ૑᳃บᏭ߇೑↪น⢻ߦߥࠆߎߣ ࠍᗧ๧ߔࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁

⁴³

ޕ

ߘࠇߢߪߎߩᣂߚߥᐕ㦂ઃ૑᳃บᏭߦၮߠ޿ߡޔታ㓙ߦ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙⺰ࠍᬌ⸽

ߔࠆߣߤߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆ޕ߽ߣࠃࠅߘߩᬌ⸽⥄૕ࠍߎߎߢⴕ߁ߎߣߪ ਇน⢻ߢ޽ࠆߩߢޔᓥ᧪ߩㅢ⺑ߣߩኻᲧߢߘߩᬌ⸽ࠍㅢߓߡᓧࠄࠇࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ᬌ⸽⚿ᨐߛ ߌࠍ␜ߒߡ߅߈ߚ޿ޕ

߹ߕ⃻࿷ߩㅢ⺑ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆࠞࠬࡕ࡯࡞⺑ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔ⧯⠪㧔15̆24 ᱦ㧕ߩ

60㧑ߪᄺ౏ੱߢ

޽ߞߚߣ޿߁

⁴⁴

ޕߎࠇߢߪᄺ౏ੱ߇ޟㅢㆊ௾␞ޠߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⴫⃻߽޽ߥ߇ߜ⹶ᒛߣߪ⸒߃ ߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ߹ߚ⧯ᐓⷞὐࠍᄌ߃ޔ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔᄺ౏ੱߩ

80㧑ߪ⧯⠪㧔15̆29

ᱦ㧕ߢ޽ߞߚߣߐࠇ

⁴⁵

ޔᒰᤨߩ↵ሶᐔဋ⚿ᇕᐕ㦂

⁴⁶

ߩ

28.0

ᱦߊࠄ޿ࠍᯏߦᄙߊߩᄺ౏ੱߪߘ ߩ࿾૏ࠍ㔌ࠇޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߣߒߡߩᄺ౏೙߇ሽ࿷ߒߚߣ޿߁ޕ

ߒ߆ߒޔߎࠇࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪ޿ߕࠇ߽ᣢㅀߩ᭽ߦޔ㧝ᢎ඙ߩߺࠍ଀ᄖ⊛ߦㄭ਎೨ඨߣߒߡޔ

ઁߪߔߴߡㄭ਎ᓟඨߩ૑᳃บᏭߦၮߠߊ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ

⁴⁷

ޕߘߎߢޔᧄⓂߢᐕ㦂ߩା㗬ᕈࠍᬌ

⸛ߒߡ߈ߚㄭ਎೨ඨߩ౓ᓎ★ࠍ↪޿ࠇ߫㓐ಽ⇣ߥࠆ௝߇ឬߌࠆߎߣ߇੍ᗐߐࠇࠆޕታ㓙ߦ

ࠞࠬࡕ࡯࡞߿࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߩᢙ୯ߣኻᲧߔࠆߣᰴߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆޕ

߹ߕ㕖Ᏹߦ᳿ቯ⊛ߥߩߪޔࠞࠬࡕ࡯࡞߇㊀ⷞߒߚ⧯⠪ਛߩᄺ౏ੱߩᲧ₸ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⋧㆑ߢ

޽ࠆޕࠞࠬࡕ࡯࡞ߪ⧯⠪ߩౝߩ

60㧑߇ᄺ౏ੱߢ޽ࠆߣߒߚ߇ޔ౓ᓎ★ߦࠃࠇ߫⧯⠪㧔16̆

29

ᱦ㧕ߩౝߩᄺ౏ੱߩᲧ₸ߪ

21.5㧑ߦㆊ߉ߕޔᄺ౏ߪ⏕߆ߦ⧯⠪ߩ৻ߟߩ㊀ⷐߥࠠࡖ࡝ࠕ

ߢ޽ࠆߣߪ⸒߃ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁߇ޔ೔ᐩ␠ળ⊛ߥޟㅢㆊ௾␞ޠߣߪ⸒߃ߥ߆ߞߚߎߣߪ㑆㆑޿

ߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ৻ᣇޔ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻߇㊀ⷞߒߚᄺ౏ੱߩౝߩ⧯⠪ߩᲧ₸ߪ౓ᓎ★ߢߪ

73.4㧑

ߦߥࠆ

⁴⁸

ޕߎߩᢙሼߪ޽߹ࠅ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߩ߽ߩߣ㆑ࠊߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦ߽⷗߃ࠆ߇ޔߎߩᢙ㧑ߩ⋧

42 ߽ߣࠃࠅ⡯ᬺߣᐕ㦂ߢߪା㗬ᕈߩᕈᩰ߇⇣ߥࠅਔ⠪ߩᲧセߦߪޔ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽৻ቯߩ㒢⇇߇޽ࠆޕߔߥࠊ ߜޔ⡯ᬺߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔᣣ㓹޿߇ㇺᏒߣㄘ᧛ߢ৻⟵⊛߆[Tawney & Tawney,1934,p.32]ߣ߆ޔࠫࠚࡦ࠻࡝

ࠍ৻⟵⊛ߦㄘᬺ⚻༡⠪ߣߺߥߒ߁ࠆ߆[Tawney & Tawney,1934,p.50]ߣ޿ߞߚ໧㗴߇฽߹ࠇࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽

ࠆޕ

43 ߽ߜࠈࠎޔߎߩ౓ᓎ★ߪᐢ▸ߥ࿾ၞࠍ฽߻ߣߪ޿߃ޔ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼⷏ㇱࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ޿ࠆߦ ㆊ߉ߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒޔ߹ߚߔߋᓟᲑߢ߽೎ߩⷺᐲ߆ࠄ⺰ߓࠆ߇ޔㄭᐕߩㄭ਎೨ඨߩᄺ౏ੱߩ࿾ၞผ⎇ⓥ߆ ࠄޔ޿ࠊ߫ࡒ࠶ࠪࡦࠣ࡝ࡦࠣߩ᭽ߥ߆ߚߜߢࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼⷏ㇱߩታᘒ߇ਇ᣿ߥ߹߹ᱷߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߔࠇ

߫ޔ⷏ㇱߩผᢱߢ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߎߣߩᗧ⟵ߪᄢ߈޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ

44 Kussmaul[1981]p.3ޕ

45 Laslett[1977]p.34ޕ

46 Wrigley and Schofield[1981]p.255ޕߚߛߒޔ㧝㧤਎♿ߦߥࠇ߫ߎߩᐕ㦂ߪ㧝ᱦߊࠄ޿ਅ߇ࠆޕ

47 ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߩ႐วߪޔ㧢ᢎ඙ਛ㧝ᢎ඙ߩߺ߇ㄭ਎೨ඨޕࠞࠬࡕ࡯࡞ߪ63ᢎ඙ߩ૑᳃บᏭࠍၮ␆ߣߒߡ

޿ࠆ߇ޔߘߩ߁ߜ૗ᢎ඙߇ᐕ㦂ઃ૑᳃บᏭ߆ߪਇ᣿ߢޔ޿ߕࠇߦߖࠃㄭ਎೨ඨߩᐕ㦂ઃ૑᳃บᏭߪ㧝ᢎ

඙ߩߺߢޔઁߩᐕ㦂ઃ૑᳃บᏭߪߔߴߡㄭ਎ᓟඨߩ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

48 ᐕ㦂⸥タߥߒ߅ࠃ߮50ઍߩᄺ౏ੱࠍ㒰ߊޕ

(14)

16 ^{⎇ⓥ⺰ฌ ͳ}

㆑ߪ߆ߥࠅ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆޕߥߗߥࠄ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߩᢙ୯ߢߪޔᄺ౏ੱߩ߁ߜ

60㧑߇⚿ᇕ߹ߢߢ

ᄺ౏ࠍ߿߼ޔ20㧑ߪ⚿ᇕᐕ㦂ᓟ߽ᄺ౏ࠍ⛯ߌࠆߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗ

ࠢ࡞ᄺ౏ੱ

3

ߦኻߒߡ࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓᄺ౏ੱߪ

1

ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠅޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞߇ᡰ㈩

⊛ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠈ߁ޕߎࠇߦኻߒߡ౓ᓎ★ߩᢙ୯ߩᗧ๧ߪޔ

46.8㧑ߩᄺ౏ੱ߇࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗ

ࠢ࡞ᄺ౏ੱߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒߡޔ26.6㧑ߩᄺ౏ੱ߇࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓᄺ౏ੱߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒޔ ਔ⠪ߩᲧ₸ߪ

2

ኻ

1

એਅߣߥࠅޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞߇ᄙᢙߢߪ޽ߞߡ߽ᡰ㈩⊛ߢ޽ߞߚߣߪ

⸒߃ߥߊߥࠆޕ

ߐࠄߦޔᣢㅀߩ౓ᓎ★ߩᐕ㦂ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⇐଻ὐޔ౓ᓎ★ߢߪ㧟㧜ઍ೨ᓟߩ⠪ߪታᐕ㦂ࠃࠅ ૐߊ૏⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆ௑ะ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߪޔߎࠇࠄߩ⚿ᨐߩ৻ㇱࠍ⵬ቢߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ ߔߥࠊߜޔ⧯⠪ߩౝߩᄺ౏ੱߩᲧ₸ߦ㑐ߒߡߪߎߩ⇐଻ὐߪਛ┙⊛ߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔᄺ౏

ੱߩౝߩ⧯⠪ߩᲧ₸ߣ޿߁ὐߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔୃᱜ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆޕߣ޿߁ߩߪޔ౓ᓎ★ߢߪ⧯

⠪ߣߺߥߐߡ޿ࠆ߇ታ㓙ߦߪ㧟㧜ઍߩ⠪ߩಽࠍୃᱜߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕᄺ౏ੱਛ ߩ⧯⠪ߩᲧ₸ߪㆊᄢ⹏ଔߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔߎࠇࠍୃᱜߔࠆߣᄺ౏ੱਛߩ⧯⠪ߩᲧ₸ߟ߹ࠅ࡜ࠗ

ࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏ੱߩᲧ₸ߪߐࠄߦᷫዋߒޔ࡜ࠬ࡟࠶࠻ߣߩ⋧㆑ߪࠃࠅ㞲᣿ߦߥࠆߎߣߦߥ ࠆ

⁴⁹

ޕ

ᦨᓟߦޔߎ߁ߒߚᬌ⸽⚿ᨐࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆߎߣߩᗧ๧ߦߟ޿ߡ․ߦㄭᐕߩ⎇ⓥേะߣߩ㑐ㅪ ߢ⧯ᐓ⵬⿷ࠍߒߡ߅߈ߚ޿ޕᣢㅀߩ᭽ߦޔࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥผߩᚑᨐߦࠃࠇ߫࡜ࠬ࡟

࠶࠻ࠄߩ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙⺰

⁵⁰

ߪޔㄭ਎ᓟඨߢߪᬌ⸽࡮ᡰᜬߒ߁ࠆ߇ޔ೨ඨߦ㑐ߒߡߪ ผᢱ⊛೙⚂ߢᬌ⸽࿎㔍ߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߃ࠃ߁ޕߚߛߒㄭᐕߢߪ

⁵¹

ޔㄭ਎೨ඨߢ߽ࠗࡦࠣ࡜

ࡦ࠼᧲ㇱߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙߇ᡰ㈩⊛ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇᆎ߼ߡ޿ࠆޕ ߎࠇߦኻߒߡർㇱߩ⎇ⓥߪㄭ਎೨ඨߢߪ࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓᄺ౏೙߇ᡰ㈩⊛ߢ޽ߞߚߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ ࠆᚑᨐࠍ಴ߒߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆޕߎ߁ߒߚ⁁ᴫߦ߅޿ߡޔᧄⓂ߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇߚ⷗ㅢߒߪޔ⎇ⓥ߇⋧

ኻ⊛ߦ┙ߜㆃࠇߡ޿ߚㄭ਎೨ඨߩ⷏ㇱߢ߽ޔ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ߪ⋧ኻ⊛ߦᄙᢙߢ޽ߞ ߡ߽ᡰ㈩⊛ߣ߹ߢߪ⸒߃ߕ࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓᄺ౏೙߽ᄢ߈ߥᲧ㊀ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽

ࠆ

⁵²

ޕ੹ߎߩ

3

࿾ၞޔർㇱ࡮⷏ㇱ࡮᧲ㇱߩ㑆ߦㄭ਎೨ඨߩㄘᬺߩ⊒ዷߩ࠲ࠗࡓ࡜ࠣࠍ⷗ࠆߎ

49 ห᭽ߥᣇะᕈࠍ߽ߟୃᱜน⢻ᕈߣߒߡޔ⚿ᇕᐕ㦂28.0ᱦࠍ⿥߃ࠆ⧯⠪ࠍޔߔߥࠊߜޕ28.0ᱦࠍ⿥߃30 ᱦᧂḩߩᄺ౏ੱࠍ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߢߪߥߊ࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓߦᄌᦝߔࠆߣ޿߁ୃᱜ߇޽ࠅ߁ࠆޕ

50 ߽ߜࠈࠎޔࠞࠬࡕ࡯࡞߇࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ᄺ౏೙ࠍ⸒߁႐วޔනߥࠆᐕ㦂ߩ໧㗴ߛߌߢߪߥߊޔߘߩᏒ႐

ේℂ⊛ᕈᩰ߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ⸒߁߹ߢ߽ߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒޔᐕ㦂ߪߘࠇ⥄૕ߣߒߡ㊀ⷐߥ․ᓽߢ޽ࠆߛ ߌߢߥߊޔታ㓙ߦߪᐕ㦂߇࡝ࠢ࡞࡯࠻ߩ㓙ߩᏒ႐⊛ߥᕈᩰߩ᦭ήߩᜰᮡߣ߽ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕ଀߃

߫ޔ㜞㦂ᄺ౏ੱߩᄙߊ߇ⷫᣖ߿࿾✼㑐ଥߦၮߠߊ࡝ࠢ࡞࡯࠻ߦࠃࠆߎߣߥߤߦߟ޿ߡߪޔ☨ጊ[2013]31 㗁ෳᾖޕ

51 㜞ᯅ[2000];☨ጊ[2013]ෳᾖޕ

52 ߎߩ2⒳㘃ߩᄺ౏ੱߩᲧ₸߆ࠄ߽ផ᷹ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦޔࠣࡠࠬ࠲Ꮊߩਛߦ߽࿾ၞᏅ߇޽ࠅޔRollinson[1992]

ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔ࡟ࠬ࠲ቇᵷߩ࿾ၞ㘃ဳߢޔ3㘃ဳߦ඙ಽߢ߈ࠆޕ࡟ࠬ࠲ቇᵷߪޔၮᧄ⊛ߦᄺ౏ੱࠍᛒߞߡߎߥ ߆ߞߚߣ޿߁⎇ⓥผࠍ⠨ᘦߔࠆߣ㊀ⷐߥ⎇ⓥ⺖㗴߇ᱷߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ߽޿߃ࠆޕߚߛߒޔᣢㅀߩ⎇ⓥળߢ ឭ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߦޔࠤࡦࡉ࡝࠶ࠫ࡮ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ૑᳃บᏭࠍ↪޿ࠆߣޔ㈼ㄘ࿾ၞߣᷙวㄘᬺ࿾ၞߩ⋧㆑ߣ޿

߁ߩߪޔᄺ౏ੱߩᐕ㦂᭴ᚑߩ⋧㆑ߢ޽ࠆߣߣ߽ߦᄺ౏ੱߩᕈᲧߩ⋧㆑ߣ߆߆ࠊߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߢ

޽ࠆޕߘߎߢޔߎߩ໧㗴ࠍචోߦᛒ߁ߚ߼ߦߪᅚሶߩᄺ౏ੱࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅޔ↵ሶߩߺࠍኻ⽎ߣ ߔࠆ౓ᓎ★߆ࠄߩ⠨ኤߦߪ࿎㔍੍߽᷹ߐࠇࠆޕ

(15)

ߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣߔࠇ߫

⁵³

ޔㄭ਎ߦ߅޿ߡ࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓ߆ࠄ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞߳ߣ޿߁ᄺ౏ੱߩဳ

ߩࠪࡈ࠻

⁵⁴

߇⷗ࠄࠇߚߎߣߦߥࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ޿ߕࠇߦߖࠃޔએ਄ߩ◲නߥᬌ⸽⚿ᨐߪ

⁵⁵

ޔዋ ߥߊߣ߽ㄭ਎೨ඨߩࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅޿ߡ࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓᄺ౏ੱߩሽ࿷߇᳿ߒߡർㇱߩߺߩ଀ᄖ ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ߅ࠅޔᣣᧄߩᄺ౏ੱࠍ࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓߣߒࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᄺ౏ੱࠍ࡜

ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߣߔࠆߣ޿߁ᚒޘߩᄙߊ߇㒱޿ࠅ߇ߜߥవ౉ⷰߦၮߠߊᲧセᨒ⚵ߺߩਛߢ୘

೎੐଀ࠍ⷗ࠆߎߣߪ߽ߪ߿⚻㛎⊛ߦߪᡰᜬߢ߈ߥ޿ߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߃ࠃ߁

⁵⁶

ޕ

53 ห᭽ߥ⼏⺰ߪޔ߆ߟߡࡃ࡯ࠢ࠽߇ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߣ࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄᄢ㒽ߩ⋥♽ኅᣖߩᲧセߦ㑐ߒߡዷ㐿ߒߡ޿ࠆ [Berkner,1972,pp.409-10]ޕᄺ౏ੱࠍᛒߞߚ߽ߩߢߪή޿߇ޔㄭ਎ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾓㌁ഭ௛⠪ൻߩㅴⴕߩ࿾ၞᏅ ߦߟ޿ߡߪShaw-Taylor, [2011]㧦☨ጊ䋨⸶䋩[2012]. VIII, VIIIෳᾖޕ

54 ౣ߮ޔࡈ࡝࡯࠲ߩᲧ༙ࠍ૶߃߫ޔࡃࡉ࡞ᦼ߹ߢߪᐕዋࡈ࡝࡯࠲߇ᐕ㐳ࡈ࡝࡯࠲ࠍ࿶ୟ⊛ߦ਄࿁ߞߡ޿ߚ ߇㧔7ኻ3㧕ࡃࡉ࡞፣უᓟޔㅒォߦะ߆߁ࠪࡈ࠻߇ᆎ߹ࠅᤓ੹ߢߪᓟ⠪ߩᣇ߇߿߿਄࿁ߞߡ޿ࠆޕߎࠇߦ 㜞㦂ࡈ࡝࡯࠲ࠍട߃ࠆߣ߆ߥࠅߩᢙߦ਄ࠆࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆޕ

55 એ਄ߩᬌ⸽ߪޔㄭ਎ߦ߅޿ߡ⧯⠪ਛߩᄺ౏ੱߩᲧ₸ߩᄢ߈ߥჇട߇޽ߞߚน⢻ᕈ߽␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔㄭ਎

೨ඨߩ᧲ㇱ߅ࠃ߮ർㇱߩ⁁ᴫ߇ਇ᣿ߩߚ߼ޔߎߩὐߦ㑐ߒߡߪ⼏⺰ࠍប߃ߚ޿ޕ

56 ߎ߁ߒߚవ౉ⷰߪޔࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅޿ߡ߽ᣣᧄߦ߅޿ߡ߽․ቯߩ␠ળ⊛⢛᥊ߩਅߢࠃࠅው㍈ߢ޽ߞߚߣᕁ ࠊࠇࠆ߇ᔅߕߒ߽ߘࠇߦߣߤ߹ࠆ߽ߩߢߪή޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ߽ߒߘ߁ߒߚవ౉ⷰ߆ࠄ⥄↱ߦᲧセࠍߔࠆߣ ߔࠇ߫ޔᣣᧄߦ߅޿ߡ߽ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅޿ߡ߽࡜ࠗࡈ࠲ࠗࡓ߆ࠄ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞߳ߩࠪࡈ࠻߇޽ߞߚߩ߆ޔ

޽ࠆ޿ߪㅒߩࠪࡈ࠻߿ߘࠇࠄߩ᧦ઙߥߤߦߟ޿ߡ߽Ყセ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦᕁ߃ࠆޕ

(16)

18 ^{⎇ⓥ⺰ฌ ͳ}

ઃ㍳

ᰴߩ㗁ߪޔ౓ᓎ★ߩේผᢱߩ৻ㇱߩࠦࡇߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔ1902 ᐕߩผᢱ㓸ߦ෼߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ߽

ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ৻⇟਄ߦઁ߆ࠄዋߒ㔌ࠇߚߣߎࠈߩ╙৻Ბ⋡ߦ

2

ⴕߦࠊߚߞߡ⸥タߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ ߩߪޔߎߩ᧛ߩઍ⴫⊛ࡑ࠽ฬߣ㗔ਥฬߢ޽ࠆޕߎߎߢߪࠪࠚࠕࡏ࡯ࡦߣ޿߁ࡑ࠽ฬߣࡋࡦ

࡝࡮࠳࠶࠻ࡦߣ޿߁ࠛࠬࠢ㧔ࡢࠗࠕ㧕ߩりಽߩ⠪߇ߘߩ㗔ਥߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇⸥タߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ ߘߎ߆ࠄᢙⴕਅߦ޽ࠆ╙

2

Ბ⋡㧔㧟ⴕ⋡㧕߆ࠄਅ߇ࠪࠚࠕࡏ࡯ࡦ࡮ࡑ࠽ߩ᭴ᚑຬߢ޽ࠆޕ ᣢㅀߩ࠻࡯࠾ߩ⸃㉼ߢߪ

⁵⁷

ߎߩผᢱߦ߅ߌࠆࡑ࠽ߣ޿߁ߩߪޔ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽ᒻᑼߦㆊ߉ߥ޿߽

ߩߢޔ੐ታ਄ࠪࠚࠕࡏ࡯ࡦ᧛ߩ᧛᳃ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆޕ

╙ੑᲑ⋡ߪࡋࡦ࡝࡮࠳࠶࠻ࡦߣ޿߁ᆓฬߦ⛯޿ߡޔ

2

ߣ޿߁ᐕ㦂ߣ㧼ߣ޿߁ㆡᩰ౓⒳߇⸥

タߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕㅢᏱߪޔߎߩᆓฬߣᐕ㦂ߩ㑆ߦ⡯ᬺ߇⸥タߐࠇࠆ߇ޔߎߩࡋࡦ࡝࡮࠳࠶࠻

ࡦߩࠃ߁ߥᄺ౏ੱߩ႐วߪޔㆡᩰ౓⒳ߩᓟߦߘߩਥੱߩᆓฬߣᄺ౏ੱߢ޽ࠆᣦ߇⸥タߐࠇ ࠆޕߚߛߒߎߩࡋࡦ࡝࡮࠳࠶࠻ࡦߩ႐วߪ߿߿଀ᄖ⊛ߢޔߘࠇએਅߩ⠪

14

ੱߣ৻᜝ߒߡਥ

ੱ߇਄⸥ߩ㗔ਥ࠙ࠗ࡝ࠕࡓ࡮࠳࠶࠻ࡦߣ޿߁ࠛࠬࠢࡢࠗࠕߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇⸥タߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ ߐࠄߦ଀ᄖ⊛ߥߩߪޔߘߩ

14

ੱ߇නߥࠆᄺ౏ੱߢߪߥߊޟࠫࠚࡦ࠻㧔࡞ࡑࡦ㧕߅ࠃ࡛߮㧙 ࡑࡦᄺ౏ੱޠߢ޽ࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߎࠇߪᄺ౏ੱߩฬ⒓ߣߒߡߪ⡞߈ߥࠇߥ޿߽ߩߢޔ᧛

ౝߦ޽߹ࠅߦ߽ᄺ౏ੱ߇ᄙ޿ߎߣߣ߽ߦ࠻࡯࠾ߩᵈ⋡ߔࠆߣߎࠈߣ߽ߥߞߡ޿ࠆ

⁵⁸

ޕߜߥߺ ߦޔᰴ㗁ߪࡑ࠾ࡘࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࠻ߩㅜਛߢಾࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔผᢱ㓸ߦࠃࠇ߫਄⸥ߩ

14

ੱߩᄺ౏ੱ

ߩਅ߆ࠄಾࠇߡ޿ࠆㇱಽ߹ߢߪ߿ߪࠅห᭽ߦ㗔ਥߩᄺ౏ੱ߇

11

ੱਗࠎߢ߅ࠅޔߎࠇߩฬ⒓ ߪޟࡂ࠭ࡃࡦ࠼ࡑࡦᄺ౏ੱޠߣ޿߁ޕߎߩฬ⒓߽޽߹ࠅ⷗ߥ޿߽ߩߢߪ޽ࠆ߇ޔታߪࠤࡦ ࡉ࡝࠶ࠫ࡮ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ໑৻ߩᐕ㦂ઃ૑᳃บᏭߢ޽ࠆࠗ࡯࡝ࡦࠣߩบᏭߦߪ߆ߥࠅ㘃ૃߩฬ

⒓߇⊓႐ߔࠆ

⁵⁹

ޕ

޿ߕࠇߦߖࠃߎߩ᧛ߪ߆ߥࠅ․ᱶߥᒻᘒࠍߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ⏕߆ߢ޽ࠆޕߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕޔ

1902

ᐕߩผᢱ㓸ߩ✬⠪ߪߥߗࡑ࠾ࡘࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࠻ߩߎߩ᧛ߩㇱಽࠍ଀␜ߣߒߡㆬࠎߛߩߢ޽

ࠈ߁߆ޕ߅ߘࠄߊޔ20 ਎♿ೋ㗡ߩߎߩ౓ᓎ★ߩࡑ࠾ࡘࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࠻ߩᚲ᦭⠪߇ޔࠪࠚࠕࡏ࡯

ࡦ෌

⁶⁰

ߔߥࠊߜ࠳࠶࠻ࡦኅߩᧃⵧߢ޽ߞߚߚ߼ߢߪߥ޿߆ߣផ᷹ߐࠇࠆޕ

ߥ߅ޔߎ߁ߒߚ․ᓽࠍ૬ߖᜬߟ᧛ߪޔࠣࡠࠬ࠲Ꮊౝߢ޿ߊߟ߆ሽ࿷ߔࠆޕߘߩᄺ౏ੱߩ

․ᱶߥฬ⒓ߩᗧ๧ߥߤߦߟ޿ߡߪ⛯Ⓜߦߘߩᬌ⸛ࠍ⼑ࠄߑࠆࠍᓧߥ޿߇ޔ೎ߩᯏળߦ⚫੺

ߒߚࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ർㇱߩᄺ౏ੱߩ࿾ၞผߥߤߩਛߦෳ⠨ߦߥࠆ߽ߩ߇޽ࠆߎߣߛߌઃߌട ߃ߡ߅߈ߚ޿

⁶¹

ޕ

57 Tawney & Tawney[1934]p.30ޕ

58 Tawney & Tawney[1934]pp.33,52ޕ

59 Allison[1963]pp.96-99.ዋߥߊߣ߽15଀ߺࠄࠇࠆޕ

60 Tawney & Tawney[1934]p.25ޕ

61 ☨ጊ[2013]; Youngs,[2008]ޕ

(17)

(18)

20 ^{⎇ⓥ⺰ฌ ͳ}

ᒁ↪ผᢱ࡮ᢥ₂࠲ࠗ࠻࡞৻ⷩ⴫

[A]ᧂೀⴕผᢱ

Gloucestershire Record Office[GRO]

Parish Registers of Charleton Kings, Dymock,LittleRissington and Winchcombe Borough(typescript) .

[B]ೀⴕผᢱ

Smith,J.(compiled),[1902].Men and Armour for Gloucestershire in1608,Philimore

[C]⎇ⓥᢥ₂

Allison,K.J.,[1963].‘An Elizabethan Village “Census”’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXXVI.

Banks,C.E., [1957].Topographical Dictionary of 2885 English Emigrants to New England, 1620-1650,Southern Book.

Berkner,L..K.,[1972].‘The Stem Family and the Developmental Cycle of the Peasant Household: an Eighteenth Century Austrian Example ’,American Historical Review ,LXXVII,2.

Goldberg,P.J.P., [2000]. ‘What was a Servant?', A. Curry and E. Matthew, (eds.), Concepts and Patterns of Service in the Later Middle Ages, Boydell Press.

Hassell-Smith,A.,[1989].‘Labourers in Late Sixteenth-Century England: a Case Study from North Norfolk[Part 1]’,Continuity and Change,IV,1.

ၳᳯ⧷৻㧔✬㧕[1962].ޡࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ㕟๮ߩ⎇ⓥޢ㕍ᧁᦠᐫޕ

Ꮉർ⒤[1990].ޡ᳃ⴐߩᄢ⧷Ꮲ࿖--ㄭ਎ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ␠ળߣࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⒖᳃--ޢጤᵄᦠᐫޕ

Kitson,P.M.,[2009].’Religious Change and the Timing of Baptism in England, 1538-1750',Historical Journal, Vol.52.No.2.

Kussmaul,A.,[1981].Servants in Husbandry in Early Modern England, Cambridge

U.P.

Laslett,P.,[1965;1971;1983].The World We Have Lost, Methuen :

Ꮉർ⒤㧘ᜰᤘඳ㧘ጊᧄ ᱜ㧔౒⸶㧕[1986]㧚 ޡࠊࠇࠄᄬ޿ߒ਎⇇ޢਃᎨᦠᚱޕ

Laslett,P.,[1972]. ‘Mean Household Size in England since the Sixteenth Century’ ,P.Laslett with R.Wall,(eds.),[1972].Household and Family in Past

(19)

Time, Cambridge U.P.

Laslett,P.,[1977].

̈Characteristics of the Western Family Considered over Timẻ

,Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations, Cambridge U.P.

McIntosh, M.K.,[1991]. A Community Transformed: the Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620, The Royal Manor of Havering, 1200-1500, Cambridge U.P.

᧻᧛ᐘ৻ [2011].ޡ16 ਎♿ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ㄘ᧛ߩ⾗ᧄਥ⟵⊒ዷ᭴ㅧޢᕁᢥ㑑ޕ

Mayhew,G.,[1991].‘Life-cycle Service and the Family Unit in Early Modern Rye’, Continuity and Change,VI,2.

Muldrew,C.,[2011].Food,Energy and the Creation of Industriousness Work and Material Culture in Agrarian England 1550-1780,Cambridge U.P.

ਛ㊁ᔘ[2004].ޟቯ૑ᴺ㑐ㅪ⾗ᢱߣ

18

਎♿ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬㄘ᧛␠ળ--߭ߣߟߩ⺰੎ࠍߡ߇߆ࠅߦ--ޠ ޡᣧⒷ↰␠ળ⑼ቇ✚ว⎇ⓥޢ╙

5

Ꮞ

1

ภޕ

Percival,A.,[1972].’Gloucestershire Village Populations', Local Population Studies, VIII.

Perry,R.,[1945]. ‘The Gloucestershire Woollen Industry', Transaction of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society,Vol.66.

Poos,L.R.,[1991]. A Rural Society after the Black Death,Essex 1350-1525,Cambridge U.P.

Rollinson,D.,[1992].The Local Origins of Modern Society,Gloucestershire 1500-1800,

Routledge.

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ᷣ⎇ⓥޢ੖੖Ꮞ㧟ภޕ

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