Processes for the Retrieval of Explicature

Pr oc e s s e s f or t he Re t r i e v a l of Expl i c a t ur e

Nor i ko Na ga i

　　Ca r s t on ( 2004a , 2004b) pr opos e s t ha t t he r e c o v e r y of e xpl i c a t ur e c ons i s t s of f our pr oc e s s e s : di s a mbi gua t i on, s a t ur a t i on, f r e e e nr i c hme nt , a nd ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on. Ho we v e r , r e c e nt s t udi e s on ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on ( Wi l s on a nd Ca r s t on 2007) a s we l l a s de ba t e s on s ubs e nt e nt i a l ut t e r a nc e s a nd una r t i c ul a t e d c ons t i t ue nt s ( St a i nt on 2006, Ludl o w 2005, a nd St a nl e y 2000) c ha l l e nge t hi s pr opos a l . Thi s pa pe r e x a mi ne s t he f our pr oc e s s e s a nd a r gue s t ha t f r e e e nr i c hme nt i s s ubs ume d t o ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on a nd s a t ur a t i on. Fur t he r , i t de mons t r a t e s t ha t di s a mbi gua t i on pr e c e de s t he ot he r t wo pr oc e s s e s .

1. I nt r oduc t i on

　　St udi e s wi t hi n t he f r a me wor k of r e l e v a nc e t he or y ha v e r e v e a l e d ho w t he e xpl i c a t e d c ont e nt s of ut t e r a nc e s a r e r e c o v e r e d. Mor e s pe c i f i c a l l y , no w we kno w t he r e t r i e v a l of e xpl i c a t ur e i n v ol v e s mor e pr a gma t i c i nf e r e nt i a l pr oc e s s e s t ha n pr e vi ous l y t hought . Tha t i s , di s a mbi gua t i on a nd r e f e r e nc e a s s i g n me n t s a r e n o t e n o u g h . Ca r s t o n ( 2004a a n d 2004b ) p r o p o s e s t h a t f o u r p r o c e s s e s , d i s a mb i g u a t i o n , s a t ur a t i on, f r e e e nr i c hme nt , a nd ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on a r e ne c e s s a r y t o r e c o v e r e xpl i c a t ur e s of ut t e r a nc e s . Ho we v e r , r e c e nt s t udi e s on ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on ( Wi l s on a nd Ca r s t on 2007, Ca r s t o n 2002a , 2002b , 2004b a mo n g o t h e r s ) a n d d e b a t e s o n s u b s e n t e n t i a l u t t e r a n c e s a n d u n a r t i c u l a t e d e l e me nt s ( El uga r do a nd St a i nt on 2005, Ludl o w 2005, Me r c ha nt 2004, St a nl e y 2000, St a i nt on 2006 a mong ot he r s ) c ha l l e nge Ca r s t on’ s pr opos a l .

　　We s t i l l do not kno w e x a c t l y ho w ma n y pr oc e s s e s a r e i n v ol v e d i n t he r e t r i e v a l of e xpl i c a t ur e . Nor do we kno w ho w t he y a r e i nt e r r e l a t e d. The pur pos e of t hi s pa pe r i s t o a ddr e s s t he s e i s s ue s . Fi r s t , I wi l l r e vi e w a nd e x a mi ne t he f our pr oc e s s e s of e xpl i c a t ur e pr opos e d by Ca r s t on ( 2004a a nd 2004b) a nd s ho w t ha t t he f r e e e nr i c hme nt pr oc e s s i s t o be s ubs ume d i nt o ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on a nd s a t ur a t i on. Cons e que nt l y , I c l a i m t ha t t he r e t r i e v a l of e xpl i c a t ur e c ons i s t s of t hr e e pr oc e s s e s . The n I wi l l de mons t r a t e ho w t he s e t hr e e pr oc e s s e s a r e i nt e r r e l a t e d. I wi l l s ho w t ha t t he di s a mbi gua t i on pr oc e s s pr e c e de s t he ot he r t wo pr oc e s s e s .

2. How many pr oc e s s e s ar e t he r e ? 2. 1. Di s ambi guat i on

　　Na t ur a l l a ngua ge s a r e a mbi guous i n na t ur e wi t h a wor d c or r e s pondi ng t o v a r i ous me a ni ngs . For i ns t a nc e , t he homon ymous wor d ‘ pi t c he r ’ i s ma t c he d wi t h t wo di s t i nc t i v e me a ni ngs , “ wa t e r j ug” a nd “ ba s e ba l l pl a ye r who t hr o ws t he ba l l t o t he ba t t e r . ” Phr a s e s c a n a l s o be a mbi guous .

『人文コミュニケーション学科論集』

7, pp. 107- 120. © 2009

( 1) Fe e di ng a ni ma l s c a n be da nge r ous .

Ex a mpl e ( 1) i s s t r uc t ur a l l y a mbi guous a nd yi e l ds t wo me a ni ngs . One i s t ha t “ a ni ma l s whi c h a r e f e e di ng c a n be da nge r ous ” a nd t he ot he r i s t ha t “ t o f e e d a ni ma l s c a n be da nge r ous . ”

　　Be c a us e of t he a mbi gui t y of t he huma n l a ngua ge , whe n we i nt e r pr e t ut t e r a nc e s whi c h c ont a i n homon ymous wor ds or s t r uc t ur a l l y a mbi guous phr a s e s we ha v e t o s e l e c t one me a ni ng f r om ot he r pos s i bl e a l t e r na t i v e s . He nc e , t he di s a mbi gua t i on pr oc e s s i s ne c e s s a r y t o obt a i n e xpl i c a t ur e .

2. 2. Sat ur at i on

　　Sa t ur a t i on i s a pr oc e s s whe r e i nde x i c a l s a r e gi v e n c onc r e t e v a l ue s . De pe ndi ng on t he t ype s of i nde x i c a l s , t hi s pr oc e s s i s di vi de d i nt o t wo t ype s . One i s t he s a t ur a t i on of o v e r t i nde x i c a l s s uc h a s pr onouns , de mons t r a t i v e s , a nd wor ds l i ke ‘ t oda y’ a nd ‘ t omor r o w’ . Obs e r v e t he i nde x i c a l s i n t he f ol l o wi ng e x a mpl e s :

( 2) a She i s a n e xc e l l e nt t e a c he r . b Tha t i s a ni c e ha t .

c J ohn wi l l do t he j ob t omor r o w.

Whe n t he he a r e r c ompr e he nds ( 2a ) , s / he ha s t o a s s i gn t he r e f e r e nt t o t he pr onoun, ‘ s he ’ . Li ke wi s e , wh e n t h e h e a r e r c o mp r e h e n d s ( 2c ) , s / h e h a s t o i d e n t i f y t h e e x a c t d a t e o f t h e i n d e x i c a l wo r d , ‘ t o mmo r o w’ , on t he ba s i s of t he da y of t he ut t e r a nc e . The c ompr e he ns i on of ut t e r a nc e s wi t h i nde x i c a l s de ma nds c onc r e t e v a l ue s .

　　The ot he r t ype i s t he s a t ur a t i on of c o v e r t i nde x i c a l s . Ca r s t on c a l l s c ons t i t ue nt s whi c h a r e not pr onounc e d b ut e x i s t i n l ogi c a l f or m c o v e r t i nde x i c a l s . For i ns t a nc e , i n t he e x a mpl e s be l o w t he c ons t i t ue nt s whi c h a r e t o be t he a ns we r s t o t he br a c ke t e d que s t i ons a r e not pr onounc e d. Ye t , whe n we i nt e r pr e t t he ut t e r a nc e s of t he s e s e nt e nc e s , we s uppl y c onc r e t e i t e ms whi c h c or r e s pond t o t he que s t i ons

.

1 I n a ddi t i on t o t he e x a mpl e s s ho wn i n ( 3) , Ca r s t on pr o vi de s t he f ol l o wi ng e x a mpl e a s a n i ns t a nc e of t he s a t ur a t i on.

( i ) I l i ke Sa l l y’ s s hoe s . [ s hoe s i n wha t r e l a t i on t o Sa l l y? ]

Whe n t he he a r e r c ompr e he nds t he ut t e r a nc e of e x a mpl e ( i ) , s / he mus t s pe c i f y t he s e ma nt i c r e l a t i on be t we e n

‘ Sa l l y’ a nd ‘ s hoe s ’ . And t hi s pr oc e s s s e e ms r a t he r di f f e r e nt f r om s uppl yi ng c onc r e t e v a l ue s t o o v e r a nd/ or

c o v e r t i nde x i c a l s . He nc e , i n t hi s s e c t i on I wi l l not i nc l ude t hi s t ype of e x a mpl e s i n t he s a t ur a t i on pr oc e s s .

The e x a c t pr oc e s s of t he c ompr e he ns i on of pos s e s s i v e phr a s e s wi l l be l e f t ope n f or t he f ut ur e r e s e a r c h.

( 3) a Pa r c e t a mol i s be t t e r . [ t ha n wha t ? ] b I t ’ s t he s a me . [ a s wha t ? ]

c He i s t oo young. [ f or wha t ? ]

d I t ’ s hot e nough. [ f or wha t ? ] ( Ca r s t on 2004b: ( 18) )

I n unde r s t a ndi ng ( 3a ) , f or i ns t a nc e , t he he a r e r mus t i de nt i f y wha t Pa r c e t a mol i s c ompa r e d wi t h e v e n t hough i t i s not a r t i c ul a t e d. Li ke wi s e i n ( 3b) t he he a r e r mus t r e c ogni z e wha t ‘ i t ’ i s t he s a me a s a nd i n ( 3c ) wha t ‘ he ’ i s t oo young f or . And i n ( 3d) t he he a r e r mus t i de nt i f y wha t ‘ i t ’ i s hot f or . 　　Sa t ur a t i on i s a ne c e s s a r y pr oc e s s t o ge t t he t r ut h- e v a l ua bl e pr opos i t i on. Wi t hout gi vi ng c onc r e t e v a l ue s t o i nde x i c a l s i t i s i mpos s i bl e t o ge t a t r ut h- c ondi t i ona l pr opos i t i on. 　 He nc e no one di s a gr e e s t ha t s a t ur a t i on i s a ne c e s s a r y pr oc e s s t o r e t r i e v e t he e xpl i c a t e d c ont e nt of a n ut t e r a nc e .

2. 3. Ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on

　　Ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on i s a pr oc e s s by whi c h ge ne r a l a nd c ont e xt - f r e e me a ni ngs a s s i gne d t o wor ds a r e a dj us t e d t o mor e s pe c i f i c a nd c ont e xt - de pe nde nt me a ni ngs . Adj us t me nt t a ke s pl a c e i n t wo wa ys : na r r o wi ng a nd br oa de ni ng t he a t omi c me a ni ng de not e d by a wor d.

　　Th e n e c e s s i t y o f t h i s p r o c e s s i s e x e mp l i f i e d b y t h e f o l l o wi n g e x a mp l e p r o v i d e d b y Ca r s t o n ( 2004b ) :

( 4) He wa s ups e t b ut he wa s n’ t ups e t 　 ( Ca r s t on 2004b ：( 55) )

Ex a mpl e ( 4) i s a c ont r a r y s t a t e me nt . On one ha nd, t he s pe a ke r a s s e r t s t ha t ‘ he wa s ups e t ’ a nd on t he ot he r s / he de ni e s i t . Ho we v e r , i n r e a l i t y , i t i s na t ur a l t o i nt e r pr e t t he t wo c a s e s of ‘ ups e t ’ i n t he e x a mpl e i n t wo di f f e r e nt wa ys . The f or me r ‘ ups e t ’ me a ns mor e ge ne r a l e mot i ona l s t a t e of be i ng ups e t whi l e t he l a t t e r me a ns mor e s pe c i f i c s t a t e of be i ng ups e t , f or i ns t a nc e , t o t he e xt e nt of ki l l i ng s ome one . The s e c a s e s of ‘ ups e t ’ e xpr e s s di f f e r e nt de gr e e s of t he s t a t e of be i ng ups e t .

　　Thi s e x a mpl e c l e a r l y s ho ws t ha t t he he a r e r a dj us t s t he me a ni ng a s s i gne d t o a wor d e a c h t i me whe n i t i s us e d i n a s pe c i f i c c ont e xt .

2. 4. Fr e e e nr i c hme nt

　　Fr e e e nr i c hme nt i s a pr oc e s s by whi c h c ons t i t ue nt s a r e pr a gma t i c a l l y s uppl i e d e v e n whe n

t he r e a r e no o v e r t or c o v e r t i nde x i c a l s i n t he l ogi c a l f or m. Tha t i s , l i ngui s t i c e l e me nt s us e d i n a n

ut t e r a nc e do not de ma nd t he f ul f i l l me nt of c ons t i t ue nt s b ut t he y a r e s uppl i e d f r e e l y on pr a gma t i c

gr ounds . The c r uc i a l di f f e r e nc e be t we e n t he f r e e e nr i c hme nt of una r t i c ul a t e d c ons t i t ue nt s a nd t he

s a t ur a t i on of c o v e r t i nde x i c a l s i s t ha t i n t he f or me r una r t i c ul a t e d c ons t i t ue nt s a r e not i n t he l ogi c a l

f or m, whi l e i n t he l a t t e r t he y a r e .

　　Unl i ke t he ot he r t hr e e pr oc e s s e s ne e de d f or t he r e t r i e v a l of t he e xpl i c i t c ont e nt of a n ut t e r a nc e , i t i s v e r y c ont r o v e r s i a l a s t o whe t he r t he f r e e e nr i c hme nt pr oc e s s i t s e l f i s a ne c e s s a r y pr oc e s s or not . Re c e nt s t udi e s on ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on ( Wi l s on a nd Ca r s t on 2007, Ca r s t on 2002a , 2002b, 2004b) s ugge s t t he pos s i bi l i t y t ha t s ome c a s e s of f r e e e nr i c hme nt c a n be s ubs ume d t o t he ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on pr oc e s s . Fur t he r mor e , de ba t e s on s ubs e nt e nt i a l ut t e r a nc e s ( Ludl o w 2005, St a i nt on 2006) a nd una r t i c ul a t e d e l e me nt s ( St a nl e y 2000, Ca r s t on 2002a , 2004b) ma ke t he f r e e e n r i c h me n t p r o c e s s q u i t e d u b i o u s . I wi l l ma k e a c l o s e e x a mi n a t i o n o f f o u r t y p e s o f f r e e e n r i c h me n t c a s e s di s c us s e d i n Ca r s t on ( 2004a a nd 2004b) a nd s ho w t ha t s ome c a s e s of f r e e e nr i c hme nt a r e s ubs ume d t o ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on a nd s ome ot he r s t o s a t ur a t i on.

2. 4. 1. Type 1

　　The f i r s t t ype of f r e e e nr i c hme nt a dds s uppl e me nt a l c ont e nt s t o t he ut t e r a nc e of t he s e nt e nc e t ha t onl y de pi c t s t r i vi a l t r ut h. Obs e r v e t he f ol l o wi ng e x a mpl e s :

( 5) a I t ’ l l t a ke t i me f or your kne e t o he a l .

b He ’ s a pe r s on wi t h a br a i n . ( Ca r s t on 2004b: ( 19a ) & ( 19d) )

Ex a mpl e ( 5a ) i ndi c a t e s t he ba na l t r ut h t ha t i t t a ke s s ome t i me t o ge t a kne e c ur e d a nd e x a mpl e ( 5b) e xpr e s s e s t he t r i vi a l t r ut h t ha t a huma n be i ng ha s a n or ga n c a l l e d t he br a i n. Ho we v e r , whe n t he he a r e r c ompr e he nds t he ut t e r a nc e s of t he s e e x a mpl e s , s / he e xpe c t s t he s pe a ke r t o c ommuni c a t e mor e t ha n j us t t he ba na l t r ut h a nd c ompr e he nds t he i r s pe c i f i c me a ni ngs . For i ns t a nc e , t he he a r e r u n d e r s t a n d s t h e u t t e r a n c e o f e x a mp l e ( 5a ) , me a n i n g t h a t i t t a k e s mu c h mo r e t i me t h a n u s u a l l y e x p e c t e d t o ge t a kne e he a l e d. Li ke wi s e i n ( 5b) t he he a r e r c ompr e he nds i t , me a ni ng t ha t he doe s not ha v e j us t a br a i n b ut a v e r y hi gh- f unc t i oni ng br a i n. The he a r e r ’ s t a s k t o r e c o v e r wha t t he s pe a ke r i nt e nds t o c on v e y by t he s e ut t e r a nc e s i s t o ge t mor e s pe c i f i c me a ni ngs t ha n wha t t he wor ds s i mpl y de not e . 　　Thi s t ype of f r e e e nr i c hme nt i s e x a c t l y t he s a me pr oc e s s a s l e x i c a l na r r o wi ng of ad hoc c on- c e pt c ons t r uc t i on. I n f a c t , i n t he i r r e c e nt s t udy Wi l s on a nd Ca r s t on ( 2007) s t a t e t ha t t he f ol l o wi ng e x a mpl e s , whi c h a r e s i mi l a r t o e x a mpl e s i n ( 5) a r e c a s e s of l e x i c a l na r r o wi ng of ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on:

( 6) a I ’ m not dr i nki ng t oni ght .

b Buyi ng a hous e i s e a s y i f you’ v e got mone y .

c Chur c hi l l wa s a ma n. ( Wi l s on a nd Ca r s t on 2007: ( 6) )

He nc e , t he e nr i c hme nt of ba na l t r ut h ut t e r a nc e s c a n be r e duc e d t o t he ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on.

2. 4. 2. Type 2

　　The s e c ond t ype of f r e e e nr i c hme nt i s s a i d t o be ne c e s s a r y whe n t he he a r e r e xpa nds or na r r o ws t he a t omi c me a ni ng of a wor d us e d i n a n ut t e r a nc e ( Ca r s t on 2004a a nd 2004b) . Thi s t ype di f f e r s f r om t he f i r s t i n t ha t t he l a t t e r i s c a l l e d f or whe n t he he a r e r c ompr e he nds ba na l t r ut h ut t e r a nc e s whi l e t he f or me r i s r e qui r e d t o s pe c i f y t he a t omi c me a ni ngs of wor ds i n ut t e r a nc e s . The bol df a c e wo r d o f e a c h e x a mp l e u s e d i n Ca r s t o n ( 2004b )

b e l o w n e e d s s o me e n r i c h me n t wh e n t h e h e a r e r c o mp r e - he nds t he m:

( 7) a J a c k a nd J i l l we nt up t he hi l l [ t oge t he r . ] b Sue got a Ph. D. a nd [ t he n] be c a me a l e c t ur e r .

c Ma r y l e f t Pa ul a nd [ a s a c ons e que nc e ] he be c a me c l i ni c a l l y de pr e s s e d.

d I ’ l l f i v e you ￡10 i f [ a nd onl y i f ] you mo w t he l a wn.

e J ohn ha s [ e x a c t l y] f our c hi l dr e n.

f The r e we r e [ a ppr ox i ma t e l y] 50 pe opl e i n t he que ue . 　 ( Ca r s t on 2004b: ( 20) )

Whe n t he he a r e r unde r s t a nds t he ut t e r a nc e s of e x a mpl e s i n ( 7a ) t hr ough ( 7c ) s / he s pe c i f i e s t he a t omi c me a ni ng of t he wor d, and i nt o v a r i ous c ont e xt de pe nde nt me a ni ngs s uc h a s t oge t he r i n ( 7a ) , t he n i n ( 7b) , and as a c ons e que nc e i n ( 7c ) . The wor d, i f i ndi c a t e s j us t a c ondi t i on b ut t he h e a r e r o f t h e u t t e r a n c e o f e x a mp l e ( 7d ) c o mp r e h e n d s i t mo r e r e s t r i c t i v e l y . S/ h e u n d e r s t a n d s i t , me a n i n g

“ i f a nd onl y i f . ” Fur t he r mor e , numbe r s a r e s ome t i me s i nt e r pr e t e d e x a c t l y , a s i n t he c a s e of f our i n ( 7e ) a nd a t ot he r t i me s a ppr ox i ma t e l y a s i n ( 7f ) . Type 2 e nr i c hme nt pr oc e s s i s r e qui r e d whe n t he he a r e r a dj us t s t he a t omi c me a ni ngs of wor ds i nt o t he c ont e xt . S/ he a dj us t s t he a t omi c me a ni ng of a wor d e i t he r by l oos e ni ng or r e s t r i c t i ng i t .

2 Ca r s t on ( 2004b) a l s o pr e s e nt s t he f ol l o wi ng e x a mpl e s a s c a s e s of t ype 2 f r e e e nr i c hme nt : ( i ) She t ook out he r gun, we nt i nt o t he ga r de n a nd ki l l e d he r f a t he r [ wi t h t he gun, i n t he ga r de n] . ( i i ) Loui s e ha s a l wa ys be e n a gr e a t l e c t ur e r [ s i nc e s he ’ s be e n a l e c t ur e r ]

Ca r s t on r e ga r ds t he ma nne r of ki l l i ng ( e . g. wi t h t he gun) i n ( i ) a s pos s i bl e c a ndi da t e s t o be s ubs ume d t o

ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on, b ut not t he pl a c e of ki l l i ng ( e . g. i n t he ga r de n) . I wi l l di s c us s t he t r e a t me nt

of r e c o v e r i ng una r t i c ul a t e d c ons t i t ue nt s i n 2. 4. 4. Ex a mpl e ( i i ) ne e ds t o s pe c i f y t he t i me s pa n i ndi c a t e d

by t he pr e s e nt pe r f e c t f or m of t he v e r b ‘ t o be ’ . The he a r e r ha s t o a s s i gn t he t e mpor a l r e f e r e nc e i n r e l a t i on

t o t he poi nt of ut t e r a nc e , f or i ns t a nc e , “ s i nc e s he ’ s be e n a l e c t ur e r ” . As Lyons ( 1995: 293) e mpha s i z e s

t ha t t e ns e “ i s a r e f e r e nt i a l ( a nd mor e s pe c i f i c a l l y de i c t i c ) c a t e gor y , ” t he a s s i gnme nt of a t e mpor a l r e f e r e nc e

s houl d be s a t ur a t i on pr oc e s s r a t he r t ha n f r e e e nr i c hme nt .

　　Thi s pr oc e s s of f r e e e nr i c hme nt i s i de nt i c a l t o t he pr oc e s s of ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on.

Al l of t he e x a mpl e s a bo v e i ndi c a t e t ha t t he a t omi c me a ni ng a s s i gne d t o e a c h of t he bol df a c e wor ds ne e ds t o be na r r o we d or br oa de ne d de pe ndi ng on t he di f f e r e nt c ont e xt ua l s i t ua t i ons . I n ( 7a ) t hr ough ( 7c ) , t he a t omi c me a ni ng of and , t ha t i s “ t o l i nk t wo or mor e i t e ms t o oc c ur t oge t he r ” i s na r r o we d.

The wor d, i f ’ i n ( 7d) i s na r r o we d do wn t o a mor e r e s t r i c t i v e c ondi t i on, “ i f a nd onl y i f ” . A numbe r , 50 i n ( 7e ) i s l o o s e n e d , me a n i n g “ a p p r o x i ma t e l y 50” . Ty p e 2 c a s e s o f f r e e e n r i c h me n t c a n b e s u b s u me d t o ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on. I n f a c t , Ca r s t on ( 2004b: 841) me nt i ons t he pos s i bi l i t y t ha t ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on s ubs ume s f r e e e nr i c hme nt . She r e ga r ds t he wor d i f i n ( 7d) a nd t he numbe r , f our i n ( 7e ) a s pos s i bl e c a ndi da t e s f or ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on, s t a t i ng t ha t “ s i mi l a r c omme nt s a ppl y t o t he s t r e ngt he ni ng of c e r t a i n e nc ode d s c a l a r c onc e pt s ( e . g. ‘ i f t o ‘ i f a nd onl y i f ’ , ‘ f our ’ t o

‘ e x a c t l y f our ’ ) . She a l s o s t a t e s “ c a s e s of na r r o wi ng t he ge ne r a l l e x i c a l c onc e pt do wn t o a mor e s p e c i f i c s u b t y p e ” a n d “ t h e l o o s e n i n g o f c e r t a i n e n c o d i n g s o f a v e r y p r e c i s e o r i d e a l i z e d s o r t ( e . g . ‘ h e x a g o- na l ’ t o ‘ r oughl y he x a gona l ’ , ‘ f l a t ’ t o ‘ mor e or l e s s f l a t ’ ) .

　　As we ha v e s e e n i n 2. 4. 1 a s we l l a s i n t hi s s ubs e c t i on, Ca r s t on he r s e l f i s i nc l i ne d t o r e ga r d Type 1 a nd 2 c a s e s of f r e e e nr i c hme nt a s ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on. The s i mi l a r i t y of t he l e x i c a l a dj us t me nt pr oc e s s e s e mpl oye d bot h i n ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on a nd Type 1 a nd 2 c a s e s of f r e e e nr i c hme nt l e a d t o t he uni f i c a t i on of t he s e pr oc e s s e s . Type 1 a nd 2 c a s e s of f r e e e nr i c hme nt a r e s ubj e c t t o be s ubs ume d t o ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on.

2. 4. 3. Type 3

　　The t hi r d t ype of f r e e e nr i c hme nt i n vol ve s s o- c a l l e d s ubs e nt e nt i a l ut t e r a nc e s gi ve n i n ( 8) .

( 8) a Mi c ha e l ’ s Da d. [ ut t e r e d whi l e i ndi c a t i ng t o t he a ddr e s s e e a ma n who ha s j us t c ome i nt o t he r oom]

b Onl y 22, 000 mi l e s . Li ke ne w. [ ut t e r e d by a us e d c a r s a l e s ma n]

( Ca r s t on2004b: ( 23) & ( 24) ) Whe n we unde r s t a nd t he s e s ubs e nt e nt i a l ut t e r a nc e s , we mus t s uppl y s ome c ont e nt t o t hos e s l ot s l e f t una r t i c ul a t e d. I n t he c a s e of ut t e r a nc e ( 8a ) , we ma y unde r s t a nd i t a s ( 9a ) . Li ke wi s e , ut t e r a nc e ( 8b) ma y be unde r s t ood a s ( 9b) :

( 9) a . Tha t i s Mi c ha e l ’ s Da d.

b . Thi s c a r r a n onl y 22, 000 mi l e s . I t i s l i ke ne w.

　　Ca r s t on ( 2004a : 640) r e ga r ds t hi s t ype a s “ t he mos t c ompe l l i ng e vi de nc e f or a pr oc e s s of f r e e

e nr i c hme nt . ” Ho we v e r , t he s t a t us of s o- c a l l e d ‘ s ubs e nt e nt i a l ’ ut t e r a nc e s i s v e r y c ont r o v e r s i a l ( St a i nt on

2006, Me r c ha nt 2004, a nd Ludl o w 2005) . Ca r s t on, a dhe r i ng t o St a i nt on ( 1994, 1997) , c l a i ms t ha t t he s e ut t e r a nc e s a r e not s e nt e nt i a l a t a n y l e v e l of r e pr e s e nt a t i on, whi l e Ludl o w a r gue s t ha t t he y a r e s e nt e nt i a l a t s ome l e v e l of r e pr e s e nt a t i on ( pos s i bl y i n l ogi c a l f or m) . De pe ndi ng on t he e x a c t s t a t us of t he s e ut t e r a nc e s , t he pr oc e s s of r e c o v e r i ng t he m di f f e r s . I f t he ut t e r a nc e s i n que s t i on a r e non- s e nt e nt i a l a t a n y l e v e l of r e pr e s e nt a t i on, t he n t he r e t r i e v a l of e xpl i c a t ur e i s f r e e e nr i c hme nt . On t he ot he r ha nd, i f t he y a r e s e nt e nt i a l a nd una r t i c ul a t e d e l e me nt s a r e r e a l i z e d a s v a r i a bl e s a t s ome l e v e l of r e pr e s e nt a t i on, t he n t he r e t r i e v a l of e xpl i c a t ur e i s s a t ur a t i on.

　　Ludl o w pr e s e nt s a c on vi nc i ng a r gume nt t ha t non- s e nt e nt i a l ut t e r a nc e s mus t ha v e s e nt e nt i a l r e pr e s e nt a t i on. He s ho ws t ha t s o- c a l l e d ‘ non- s e nt e nt i a l ’ ut t e r a nc e s a r e t he out c ome of “ s e nt e nc e - l e v e l ope r a t i on” s uc h a s pa s s i v e s a nd qua nt i f i e r f l oa t i ng

. Cons i de r t he f ol l o wi ng e x a mpl e s t a ke n f r om Ludl o w:

( 10) a Hood s unk.

b Al l i n t he ga r de n.

Whe n t he he a r e r c ompr e he nds ut t e r a nc e ( 10a ) , s / he r e ga r ds i t s me a ni ng a s ( 11a ) . Li ke wi s e , whe n t he he a r e r c ompr e he nds ut t e r a nc e ( 10b) , s / he c ompr e he nds i t , me a ni ng t ha t s ome one , f or i ns t a nc e c hi l dr e n a r e a l l i n t he ga r de n a s i n ( 11b) :

( 11) a The Hood wa s s unk.

b The c hi l dr e n a r e a l l i n t he ga r de n.

No ma t t e r wha t c ont e xt s a r e pr o vi de d, t he he a r e r ne v e r c ompr e he nds e a c h of t he ut t e r a nc e s i n ( 10) , t o me a n a s ( 12a ) a nd ( 12b) r e s pe c t i v e l y:

( 12) a Sunk Hood. ( me a ni ng s unke n Hood) b I n a l l t he ga r de n.

　　The f a c t t ha t t he he a r e r c ompr e he nds ut t e r a nc e ( 10a ) a s ( 11a ) , not a s ( 12a ) i ndi c a t e s t ha t t he he a r e r mus t kno w t hi s phr a s e i s a por t i on of t he pr oduc t of t he pa s s i vi z a t i on. Tha t i s , ( 10a ) mus t ha v e s e nt e nt i a l r e pr e s e nt a t i on a nd pa s s i vi z a t i on a t s ome l e v e l a s i ndi c a t e d be l o w:

3 Ludl o w ( 2005: 98- 103) s ho ws s o- c a l l e d non- s e nt e nt i a l phr a s e s whi c h a r e t he out c ome of ot he r c l a us e -

l e v e l ope r a t i ons s uc h a s Aux i n v e r s i on a nd e l l i ps i s , i di om c hunks , wa nna c ont r a c t i on, a s we l l a s ba r e

pr e pos i t i ona l phr a s e s a nd ba r e NPs .

( 13) a [ e ] wa s s unk t he Hood.

b The Hood wa s s unk.

　　Si mi l a r l y , t he f a c t t ha t t he he a r e r c ompr e he nds ut t e r a nc e ( 10b) a s ( 11b) , not a s ( 12b) i ndi c a t e s t ha t s / he kno ws t he qua nt i f i e r ‘ a l l ’ doe s not modi f y ‘ t he ga r de n’ b ut t he une xpr e s s e d noun; f or i n- s t a nc e ‘ c hi l dr e n’ . Tha t i s , s / he kno ws t ha t ‘ a l l ’ i s f l oa t e d f r om NP , not PP . Thi s f a c t i s e xpl a i ne d by a s s umi ng t ha t ut t e r a nc e ( 10b) ha s a s e nt e nt i a l r e pr e s e nt a t i on l i ke ( 14a ) a nd t ha t i t goe s t hr ough a s ynt a c t i c ope r a t i on of qua nt i f i e r f l oa t i ng s ho wn i n ( 14b) :

( 14) a Al l t he c hi l dr e n a r e i n t he ga r de n.

b The c hi l dr e n a r e a l l i n t he ga r de n.

The wa y we c ompr e he nd s o c a l l e d s ubs e nt e nt i a l ut t e r a nc e s c l e a r l y i ndi c a t e s t ha t t he y mus t go t h r o u g h s y n t a c t i c o p e r a t i o n wi t h s e n t e n t i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a t s o me l e v e l . He n c e , Ty p e 3 f r e e e n r i c h me n t i s mos t l i ke l y t o be s ubs ume d t o s a t ur a t i on.

2. 4. 4. Type 4

　　The f our t h t ype i n v ol v e s una r t i c ul a t e d c ons t i t ue nt s i n ut t e r a nc e s s uc h a s t he f ol l o wi ng e x a mpl e s :

( 15) a I t ’ s s no wi ng. [ I N LOCATI ON X] ( Ca r s t on 2004a : ( 6d) b I t ’ s r a i ni ng. ( Pe r r y 1998: ( 6a ) )

The ut t e r a nc e s of s e nt e nc e s ( 15a ) a nd ( 15b) do not c ont a i n a n y e l e me nt s whi c h i ndi c a t e t he pl a c e of ‘ s no w’ nor t ha t of ‘ r a i n’ r e s pe c t i v e l y . Ho we v e r , t he e xpl i c i t c ont e nt s of t he s e ut t e r a nc e s c ont a i n t he pl a c e s of ‘ s no wi ng’ a nd ‘ r a i ni ng’ whi c h a r e us ua l l y whe r e t he s pe a ke r i s .

　　The c r uc i a l poi nt a bout t he r e c o v e r y of t hi s t ype of ut t e r a nc e s i s whe t he r t he pl a c e e l e me nt i s i ndi c a t e d l i ngui s t i c a l l y or not . Ca r s t on ( 2004a : 639) s t a t e s t ha t “ t he r e i s no c ompe l l i ng r e a s on t o s uppos e t he r e i s a c o v e r t e l e me nt i n t he l ogi c a l f or m of t he ut t e r a nc e ” a nd he nc e c l a i ms t ha t t he r e c o v e r y of t he e xpl i c a t ur e of t he ut t e r a nc e s i n que s t i on i s t he pr oc e s s of f r e e e nr i c hme nt . On t he ot he r ha nd, Pe r r y ( 1998) a nd St a nl e y ( 2000) a s s ume t ha t t he s e una r t i c ul a t e d e l e me nt s a r e pr e - s e nt i n t he l ogi c a l f or m. For t he m, t he r e c o v e r y of una r t i c ul a t e d c ons t i t ue nt s i s s a t ur a t i on.

　　St a n l e y ( 2000) a r g u e s t h a t t h e r e mu s t b e a n u n a r t i c u l a t e d e l e me n t i n t h e l o g i c a l f o r m o f a n u t t e r a n c e

l i ke ( 15. b) . Obs e r v e t he f ol l o wi ng e x a mpl e :

( 16) Ev e r y t i me J ohn l i ght s a c i ga r e t t e , i t r a i ns . ( St a nl e y 2000: ( 13) )

Ex a mpl e 16 ha s t wo i nt e r pr e t a t i ons

:

( 17) a For e v e r y t i me t a t whi c h J ohn l i ght s a c i ga r e t t e , i t r a i ns a t t a t t he l oc a t i on l i n whi c h J ohn l i ght s a c i ga r e t t e a t t .

b For e v e r y t i me t a t whi c h J ohn l i ght s a c i ga r e t t e , i t r a i ns a t t a t t he l oc a t i on l whi c h i s s a l i e nt i n t he c ont e xt of ut t e r a nc e .

The c r uc i a l di f f e r e nc e be t we e n t he s e i nt e r pr e t a t i ons i s t ha t i n ( 17a ) t he pl a c e of ‘ r a i n’ i s bound by a uni v e r s a l ope r a t or , whi l e i n ( 17b) i t i s not . I n or de r t o obt a i n t he bound v a r i a bl e i nt e r pr e t a t i on ( 17a ) , t he l oc a t i on v a r i a bl e mus t be i n t he l ogi c a l f or m a nd bound by t he ope r a t or . Thi s c l e a r l y s ho ws t ha t e v e n whe n not hi ng i s a r t i c ul a t e d t o s ho w t he pl a c e of ‘ r a i n’ , i t mus t be e x i s t e nt i n t he l ogi c a l f or m. The f r e e e nr i c hme nt pr oc e s s doe s not a s s ume v a r i a bl e s i n t he l ogi c a l f or m a nd c a nnot e xpl a i n bound v a r i a bl e i nt e r pr e t a t i on.

　　Ca r s t on ( 2004b) a r gue s a ga i ns t St a nl e y a nd s ugge s t s t ha t pl a c e v a r i a bl e s c a n be i ns e r t e d pr a g- ma t i c a l l y r a t he r t ha n l i ngui s t i c a l l y . Tha t i s , pl a c e v a r i a bl e s a r e not l i ngui s t i c a l l y pr e s e nt i n t he l ogi c a l f or m b ut i ns e r t e d whe n t he y a r e r e qui r e d pr a gma t i c a l l y . Ho we v e r , t hi s i s j us t not r i ght . I f p r a g ma t i c me c h a n i s m a l l o ws v a r i a b l e s t o b e i n s e r t e d , i n c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s c a n b e a l l o we d . Co n s i d e r t he s i t ua t i on whe r e c hi l dr e n a r e wa l ki ng whi l e r a i n i s pour i ng do wn a nd s ome one s a ys :

( 18) dos ha - b ur i da ne do wnpour be i s n’ t i t

‘ I t i s a do wnpour , i s n’ t i t ? ’

I n t hi s s i t ua t i on, i t i s pr a gma t i c a l l y s a l i e nt t o i ns e r t a goa l v a r i a bl e t o wa r d whi c h t he r a i n i s pour i ng.

Ho we v e r , s uc h a n i nt e r pr e t a t i on i s not a l l o we d:

( 19) *( kodomo- t a c hi ni ) dos ha - b ur i da ne c hi l dr e n t o do wnpour be i s n’ t i t

‘ I t i s a do wnpour ont o c hi l dr e n, i s n’ t i t ? ’

Th i s p r o l i f i c p r a g ma t i c o p e r a t i o n wi l l y i e l d i mp o s s i b l e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . We d o n o t n e e d s u c h a p o we r f u l

4 The s e a r e f r om Ca r s t on ( 2004b: ( 30) a nd ( 31) wi t h i t a l i c s on t i me v a r i a bl e a nd l oc a t i on v a r i a bl e .

pr a gma t i c ope r a t i on.

　　Th e c o n f u s i o n o f t h e t r e a t me n t o f u n a r t i c u l a t e d e l e me n t s l i e s i n t h e f a i l u r e t o s e p a r a t e t wo d i s t i n c t i v e p r o c e s s e s f o r t h e r e c o v e r y o f u n a r t i c u l a t e d e l e me n t s . I t i n v o l v e s t h e d e t e c t i o n o f u n a r t i c u l a t e d e l e me n t s a nd t he f ul f i l l me nt of v a l ue s t o una r t i c ul a t e d s l ot s . I n or de r t o de t e c t una r t i c ul a t e d e l e me nt s , t he y mus t be a t s ome l e v e l of r e pr e s e nt a t i on, pos s i bl y i n l ogi c a l f or m. Ho we v e r , t hi s doe s not me a n a l l l ogi c a l l y pos s i bl e una r t i c ul a t e d v a r i a bl e s wi l l be de t e c t e d. Li ngui s t i c c ode s a nd/ or pr a gma t i c f a c t or s ma k e t he m ‘ s e ns i bl e ’ a nd de t e c t e d. Onc e una r t i c ul a t e d e l e me nt s a r e de t e c t e d, t he y a r e gi v e n c onc r e t e v a l ue s t hr ough pr a gma t i c me c ha ni s m.

3. Re l at i on among Di s ambi guat i on, Sat ur at i on, and Ad hoc Conc e pt Cons t r uc t i on

　　I n t he pr e vi ous s e c t i on we s a w t ha t di s a mbi gua t i on, t wo t ype s of s a t ur a t i on, a nd ad hoc c on- c e pt c ons t r uc t i on a r e ne c e s s a r y pr oc e s s e s t o r e c o v e r t he e xpl i c a t e d c ont e nt s of ut t e r a nc e s . Thi s s e c t i on e x a mi ne s t he r e l a t i on a mong t he s e pr oc e s s e s on t he ba s i s of obs e r v a t i on of mi s unde r s t a ndi ng da t a a nd s ho ws di s a mbi gua t i on pr e c e de s t he ot he r t wo pr oc e s s e s , na me l y s a t ur a t i on a nd ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on

.

3. 1. Di s ambi guat i on and s at ur at i on

　　As we ha v e s e e n i n 2. 2. t he s a t ur a t i on pr oc e s s c ons i s t s of t wo t ype s ; one i s t he s a t ur a t i on of o v e r t i n d e x i c a l s a n d t h e o t h e r i s t h e s a t u r a t i o n o f c o v e r t i n d e x i c a l s . Th e f o l l o wi n g d i a l o g u e d e mo n s t r a t e s t ha t di s a mbi gua t i on pr oc e s s pr e c e de s t he s a t ur a t i on of o v e r t i nde x i c a l s :

( 20) A1: Soko , yogor e t e r u- ne ( t he r e / bot t om) di r t y

‘ I t i s di r t y t he r e . / The bot t om i s di r t y . ’ B1: E? Doko?

wha t ? whe r e ? 　　‘ Whe r e ? ’

A2 : s o- j a - na kut e , kut s u- no s oko s o not s hoe s - GEN bot t om

‘ Tha t i s not wha t I me a n. The bot t om of t he s hoe s . ’

5 I n 2. 1. I ha v e s ho wn t ha t di s a mbi gua t i on c a n be s e e n a t t he wor d l e v e l a s we l l a s t he phr a s e l e v e l . Phr a s e

l e v e l a mbi gui t y i n v ol v e s ho w t o a t t a c h c ons t i t ue nt s t o a c e r t a i n phr a s e . I n t hi s s ubs e c t i on I onl y c ompa r e

wor d- l e v e l di s a mbi gua t i on wi t h t he ot he r pr oc e s s e s .

The homon ymous wor d ‘ s ok o’ i n ut t e r a nc e ( 20A1) c or r e s ponds t o t wo di s t i nc t i v e me a ni ngs : ‘ bot t om’

a nd a de mons t r a t i v e , ‘ t he r e ’ . I n t he a bo v e di a l ogue t he s pe a ke r of ( 20A1) i nt e nds t he f or me r a s t he me a ni ng of ‘ s oko’ , whi l e t he he a r e r i nt e r pr e t s i t a s t he l a t t e r . De pe ndi ng on whi c h me a ni ng i s s e l e c t e d, t he pr oc e e di ng pr oc e s s di f f e r s . The me a ni ng ‘ bot t om’ de ma nds t he i de nt i f i c a t i on of ‘ wha t bot t om’ , whi l e t he de mons t r a t i v e pr onoun ‘ t he r e ’ r e qui r e s t he a s s i gnme nt of a c onc r e t e pl a c e . The he a r e r s e l e c t s t he de mons t r a t i v e pr onoun, ‘ t he r e ’ b ut s / he i s una bl e t o i de nt i f y t he pl a c e ‘ s oko’ r e - f e r s t o. Cons e que nt l y , s / he a s ks wha t ‘ s oko’ r e f e r s t o a s ( 20B1) s ho ws . Ho we v e r , t he s pe a ke r of ( 20A1) i nt e nds “ bot t om” a s t he me a ni ng of ‘ s oko’ a nd he nc e s pe c i f i e s wha t s / he me a nt by pr o vi di ng wha t bot t om s / he wa s t a l ki ng a bout , a s ( 20A2) i ndi c a t e s . Thi s di a l ogue de mons t r a t e s c l e a r l y t ha t t he s e l e c t i on of t he me a ni ng de t e r mi ne s t he ne xt s t e p. Tha t i s , di s a mbi gua t i on c ome s f i r s t a nd f ol l o we d by t he s a t ur a t i on of o v e r t i nde x i c a l s .

　　Ne xt , e x a mi ne t he f ol l o wi ng di a l ogue whi c h i n v ol v e s di s a mbi gua t i on a nd t he ot he r t ype of s a t ur a t i on:

( 21) A1: Ne - e ne - e , s oo i e ba , a t t a - yo he y we l l s a w/ e x i s t e d ‘ You kno w, ( I ) f ound ( x) ’ ‘ You kno w, ( I ) s a w ( x) . ” B1: ma i ke r u j a kus onu?

Mi c ha l e J a c ks on

‘ Mi c ha e l J a c ks on? ’

A2: s ono a t t a j a na kut e , pur i nt o- ga a t t a t t e ha na s hi - da yo t ha t s a w not ha ndout - NOM e x i s t s t or y be

‘ I di d not me a n I me t s ome one b ut I f ound t he ha ndout . ’

The homon ymous wor d ‘ a t t a ’ i s ma ppe d t o t wo di f f e r e nt me a ni ngs ; one i s t he pa s t f or m of t he v e r b, ‘ a r u’ ( t o e x i s t ) a nd t he ot he r t he pa s t f or m of t he v e r b ‘ a u’ ( t o me e t ) . De pe ndi ng on whi c h me a ni ng i s c hos e n, t he de t e c t i on of una r t i c ul a t e d e l e me nt s a nd f ul f i l l me nt of t hos e pos i t i ons di f f e r . The v e r b, ‘ a r u’ s ubc a t e gor i z e s f or t wo a r gume nt s : s ubj e c t a nd l oc a t i v e a r gume nt s , whi l e t he v e r b

‘ a u’ s ubc a t e gor i z e s f or s ubj e c t a nd da t i v e a r gume nt s . I f t he he a r e r c hoos e s t he pa s t f or m of ‘ a r u’

a s t he me a ni ng of ‘ a t t a ’ , s / he pr e di c t s t wo ga ps a s i ndi c a t e d i n ( 22a ) a nd ma y f ul f i l l t he ga ps wi t h

t he c ons t i t ue nt s a s i ndi c a t e d i n ( 22b) :

( 22) a （　e _{S UB} 　　　）（　e _{Lo c a t i v e} 　　）　a t t a 　　 e x i s t e d b ( pur i nnt o- ga ) ( ka ba n- no na ka - ni ) a t t a

ha ndout 　ba g- GEN i ns i de - i n e x i s t e d

On t he ot he r ha nd, i f t he he a r e r s e l e c t s t he pa s t f or m of ‘ a u’ a s t he me a ni ng of ‘ a t t a ’ , t he n s / he wi l l de t e c t ga ps a s s ho wn i n ( 23a ) a nd f ul f i l l t he m a s i ndi c a t e d by ( 23b) :

( 23) a （　e _{S UB} 　　　）（　　e _OBJ 　　）　 a t t a me t b ( wa t a s hi - ga ) ( Mi c ha e l J a c ks on) a t t a

I Mi c ha e l J a c ks on me t

Ex a mpl e s i n ( 22) a nd ( 23) s ho w t ha t de pe ndi ng on whi c h me a ni ng i s s e l e c t e d, t he de t e c t i on of un- a r t i c ul a t e d e l e me nt s di f f e r s a nd c ons e que nt l y , t he i r f ul f i l l me nt wi l l di f f e r . The di s a mbi gua t i on pr oc e s s f e e ds t he s a t ur a t i on of c o v e r t i nde x i c a l s .

3. 2. Di s ambi guat i on and ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on

　　Ho w a r e di s a mbi gua t i on a nd a d hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on pr oc e s s i nt e r r e l a t e d? Cons i de r t he f ol l o wi ng di a l ogue :

( 24) A1: Yos uke - no kur uma , mi t a - kot o- ga a r u?

Yous uke - Ge n c a r s e e t hi ng- NOM e x i s t ‘ Ha v e you s e e n Yos uke ’ s c a r ? ’

B1: ma da mi t e - na i ke do ( not ) ye t s e e - not t hough ‘ I ha v e not s e e n i t ye t . ’

A2: s or e ga - s a , s oz o i j oni t a ka i - n da yo we l l i ma gi na t i on mor e e xpe ns i v e be

‘ We l l , i t i s muc h mor e e xpe ns i v e / hi ghe r t ha n I i ma gi ne d. ’ B2: de mo c huko- da yo ne . s hi ns ha ni kur a be t a r a ya s ui - n j a na i b ut us e d c a r be i s n’ t i t ne w c a r t o c ompa r e i ne xpe ns i v e not

‘ But ( hi s c a r ) i s a us e d c a r , i s n’ t i t ? I t mus t be i ne xpe ns i v e c ompa r e d wi t h a ne w c a r ,

No? ’

A3: ne da n- j a - na kut e , s ha kou- ga pr i c e - NGE he i ght - NOM

‘ I t i s not t he pr i c e ( t ha t I a m t a l ki ng a bout ) , b ut t he he i ght ( of hi s c a r ) . ’

The wor d ‘ t a ka - i ’ us e d i n c on v e r s a t i on ( 24A2) i s ma ppe d t o a t l e a s t t wo s e pa r a t e me a ni ngs : ’ hi gh’

a nd ‘ e xpe ns i v e ’ . Whe n t he wor d, ‘ t a ka - i ’ i s ma ppe d t o t he me a ni ng, ‘ hi gh’ , t he de gr e e of he i ght i s s pe c i f i e d i nt o t ha t of a n a ut omobi l e ; 130 c e nt i me t e r s , f or i ns t a nc e . Whe n t he wor d, ‘ t a ka - i ’ i s ma ppe d t o t he me a ni ng ‘ e xpe ns i v e ’ , t he v a l ue of ‘ e xpe ns i v e ’ i s s pe c i f i e d a s t he pr i c e of a c a r ; 2 mi l l i on ye n, f or i ns t a nc e . Di s a mbi gua t i on t r i gge r s t he ne xt s t e p, t he na r r o wi ng of t he me a ni ng a s - s i gne d t o a l e x i c a l wor d, whi c h i s t he ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on pr oc e s s .

3. 3. Sat ur at i on and ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on

　　I n t he pr e vi ous t wo s e c t i ons we obs e r v e d t ha t t he pr oc e s s of di s a mbi gua t i on pr e c e de s s a t ur a t i on a nd ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on. Wha t i s t he r e l a t i on be t we e n t he s e t wo pr oc e s s e s ? Doe s one pr e - c e de t he ot he r pr oc e s s ? Or do t he y oc c ur i n pa r a l l e l ? To s ol v e t hi s que s t i on, obs e r v e c on v e r s a t i on ( 20) r e pe a t e d he r e a s ( 25) :

( 25) A1: Soko , yogor e t e r u- ne ( t he r e / bot t om) di r t y

‘ I t / t he bot t om i s di r t y . ’ B1: E? Doko?

Wha t whe r e

‘ Whe r e ? ’ A2 : kut s u- no s oko

s hoe s - GEN bot t om

‘ The bot t om of t he s hoe s . ’

Di s a mbi gua t i on of t he homon ymous wor d, ‘ s oko’ de t e r mi ne s t he s ubs e que nt pr oc e s s . The i nhe r e nt

me a n i n g o f a d e mo n s t r a t i v e p r o n o u n , ‘ s o k o ’ ( t h e r e ) d e ma n d s r e f e r e n c e a s s i g n me n t , wh i l e t h e r e l a t i o n a l

t e r m, ‘ s oko’ ( bot t om) de ma nds s pe c i f i c a t i on of bot t om i n r e l a t i on t o s ome ot he r e nt i t y . The f or me r

pr oc e s s i s s a t ur a t i on a nd t he l a t t e r t he ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on pr oc e s s . The s e l e c t e d me a ni ng

of t he i nhe r e nt l y a s s i gne d wor d me a ni ng t r i gge r s one of t he t wo pr oc e s s e s , not bot h. Thi s e x a mpl e

s ho ws t ha t s a t ur a t i on a nd ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on do not c o- oc c ur b ut e i t he r of t he t wo pr oc e s s e s

f ol l o ws di s a mbi gua t i on.

4. Conc l us i on

Thi s pa pe r s ho we d t ha t c ont r a r y t o Ca r s t on’ s c l a i m, onl y t hr e e pr oc e s s e s a r e ne c e s s a r y t o r e t r i e v e t he e xpl i c i t c ont e nt of a n ut t e r a nc e . The s e pr oc e s s e s i nc l ude di s a mbi gua t i on, s a t ur a t i on, a nd ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on. Thi s pa pe r a l s o c l a r i f i e d ho w t he s e t hr e e pr oc e s s e s a r e i nt e r r e l a t e d.

Mor e s pe c i f i c a l l y , I de mons t r a t e d t ha t t he di s a mbi gua t i on pr oc e s s pr e c e de s s a t ur a t i on a nd ad hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on. Fur t he r mor e , I s ho we d t ha t s a t ur a t i on a nd a d hoc c onc e pt c ons t r uc t i on t a ke pl a c e i n pa r a l l e l .

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