1 3 0
Note on t h e N a t u r a l Remanent M a g n e t i z a t i o n s o f D i r t ‑ I c e L a y e r s C o l l e c t e d from t h e B a r e I c e F i e l d
i n E a s t A n t a r c t i c a
Minoru FUNAKI*
東 南 極 大 陸 の 裸 氷 域 か ら 採 化 さ れ た 火 山 灰 を 含 む 氷 層 の 自 然 残 留 磁 気 船 木 賞 *
要旨:東南極サウスビクトリアランドのアランヒルズ,東クィーンモードランド のやまと山脈及びセールロンダーネ山脈の裸氷域表面から採集された 5 試料の火山 灰を含む氷 ( d ; r t ‑ i c e ) の持つ自然残留磁気 (NRM) の性質を調べた. これらの試料 は 1 . 3 8 ‑ 2 2 .t X 1 0 ‑ 7 A r r 、 2 / k g の磁化強度を持ち,交流消磁に対し少なくとも 50rnT まで安定であった. NRM は肉眼で認められる d i r t ‑ i c e 層にのみ認められ,いわゆ る普通の南極氷からは,意味ある磁気は測定されなかった. D i r t ‑ i c e 層内での NRM の方向は一定であったが,その強度は試料によって,また層内の場所によって異な った.方向の記録された試料の持つ NRM の方向は,採集地点の現在の地磁気方向 とほとんど同じであった. このことは, d i r t ‑ : c e 層中の磁性粒子が,太陽ふく射に よる粒子周辺の氷の融解により回転し, その NRM が現在の地磁気方位に再配列 した可能性を示している.
A b s t r a c t : N a t u r a l remanent m a g n e t i z a t i o n s (NRMs) o f 5 d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r s i n ‑ e l u d i n g t e p h r a c o l l e c t e d from t h e A l l a n H i l l s i n S o u t h e r n V i c t o r i a L a n d , t h e Yamato Mountains and t h e S0r Rondane Mountains i n E a s t e r n Queen Maud L a n d , E a s t A n t a r c t i c a , w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d . The N R Ms w i t h 1 . 3 8 t o 2 2 . 1 X 1 0 ‑ 7 Am2/kg i n i n t e n s i t y w e r e v e r y s t a b l e a g a i n s t AF d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n a t l e a s t up t o 5 0 mT. The m a g n e t i c l a y e r s c o n s i s t e d w i t h t h e d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r s r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e naked e y e , b u t m a g n e t i z a t i o n s i n t h e c l e a r ‑ i c e w e r e weak f o r any s i g n i f i c a n t m e a s u r e m e n t s . The u n i f o r m NRM d i r e c t i o n s were o b t a i n e d i n t h e d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r s w i t h upward d i r e c ‑ t i o n s . Those o f t h e o r i e n t e d 2 s a m p l e s ( A , E ) w e r e a l m o s t p a r a l l e l t o t h e p r e s e n t g e o m a g n e t i c f i e l d d i r e c t i o n i n s i t u . S o , a p o s s i b l e mechanism i s r e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e m a g n e t i c g r a i n s a d j u s t i n g t h e NRM d i r e c t i o n s t o t h e g e o m a g n e t i c f i e l d d i r e c ‑ t i o n due t o p a r t i a l m e l t i n g o f t h e i c e around t h e g r a i n s b y t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n .
1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n
Colored i c e ( d i r t ‑ i c e ) l a y e r s including tephra were f i r s t described i n i c e cores of the Ross I c e Shelf d r i l l e d a t L i t t l e America V by Gow ( l 9 6 3 ) . They were further reported from bear i c e f i e l d s and d r i l l e d i c e cores from Southern Victoria Land (KEYS e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 : NISHIO e t a l . , 1 9 8 4 ; KATSUSHIMA e t a l . , 1 9 8 4 ; KATSUSHIMA and NISHIO, 1 9 8 5 ) , Marie Byrd Land (Gow and WILLIAMSON 、 1 9 7 6 ; KYLE and JEZEK, 1 9 7 8 ) , Dome C (KYLE e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ) and Queen Maud Land (Nrsmo e t a l .
鴫1 9 8 4 ; KATSUSHIMA c t a l . ,
*国立極地研究所. N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f P o l a r R e s e a r c h , 91 0 , Kaga 1 ‑ c h o m e , I t a b a s h i ‑ k u , Tokyo 1 7 3 .
I 中 i 極 ; ; t 料 . , V o l . 3 4 , N o . 2 , 1 3 0 ‑ 1 3 8 , 1 9 9 0
N a n k y o k u S h i r y 6 ( A n t a r c t i c R e c o r d ) 、 V o l .3 4 , N o . 2 、 1 3 0 ‑ 1 3 8 .1 9 9 0
NRM o f D i r t ‑ r c e L a y e r s 1 3 1
1 9 8 4 ; KATSUSHIMA and N I S H I O , 1 9 8 5 ) i n A n t a r c t i c a .
FuNAKI and NAGATA ( I 9 8 5 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e n a t u r a l remanent m a g n e t i z a t i o n (NRM) o f a d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r c o l l e c t e d from t h e A l l a n H i l l s i n S o u t h e r n V i c t o r i a L a n d . The NRM ( 2 . 5 X I o ‑ a A m り k g )was f a i r l y s t a b l e a g a i n s t AF d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n and showed a q u i t e u n i f o r m d i r e c t i o n i n t h e l a y e r toward t h e p r e s e n t g e o m a g n e t i c f i e l d d i r e c t i o n i n s i t u . Although t h e t i l t i n g c o r r e c t i o n was p e r f o r m e d r e f e r r i n g t o t h e s t r a t u m o f t h e d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r ( 1 1 ° ) , t h e d i r e c t i o n d i d n o t s h i f t away from t h e g e o m a g n e t i c f i e l d (GMF) d i r e c t i o n . S o , i t was d i f f i c u l t t o i d e n t i f y when and where t h e NRM was a c q u i r e d . However, t h e y p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e NRM d i r e c t i o n was u s e f u l f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f g l a c i a l movement and f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n o f t e p h r a i n d r i l l e d c o r e s w i t h o u t d e s t r o y i n g
t h e s a m p l e .
We o b t a i n e d n e w l y 4 d i r t ‑ i c e s a m p l e s from t h e A l l a n H i l l s , t h e Yamato Mountains and t h e S0r Rondane Mountains i n E a s t e r n Queen Maud L a n d . The f u n d a m e n t a l NRM c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r s a r e r e p o r t e d u s i n g t h e new and p r e v i o u s s a m p l e s i n t h i s p a p e r .
2 . S a m p l e s
A b l o c k o f t h e d i r t ‑ i c e s a m p l e was c o l l e c t e d by N I S H I O and ANNEXSTADE ( 1 9 8 0 ) from t h e A l l a n H i l l s ( 7 7 ° S , 1 6 0 ° E ) . The NRM was a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d by FuNAKI and NAGATA ( 1 9 8 5 ) . Two p i l l a r e d s a m p l e s (A and A ' ) e l o n g a t e d v e r t i c a l l y w e r e p r e p a r e d from t h e b l o c k . Sample A was c u t i n t o 1 8 s l i c e d s a m p l e s (Al t o A 1 8 , about l cm i n t h i c k n e s s ) 1 9 . 7 ‑ 2 2 . l g i n w e i g h t and s a m p l e A'was c u t i n t o c u b i c a l 5 s a m p l e s ( A ' I t o A ' 5 ) 3 2 . 4 ‑ 3 4 . 9 g i n w e i g h t . The d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r o f 8 cm i n t h i c k n e s s was sandwiched b e t w e e n A6 and A 1 4 s a m p l e s ( b e t w e e n 6 cm and 1 4 cm i n d e p t h from t h e s u r f a c e ) i n sample A.
The l a y e r was r e c o g n i z e d i n e v e r y s a m p l e from A ' l t o A'5 w i t h 8 cm i n t o t a l t h i c k n e s s . Sample B o f 1 2 cm i n t h i c k n e s s was c o l l e c t e d by t h e a u t h o r i n 1 9 7 9 from t h e A l l a n H i l l s n e a r t h e s a m p l i n g s i t e o f t h e sample A b u t from a d i f f e r e n t l a y e r . I t was c u t i n t o 1 3 s a m p l e s ( B l t o B 1 3 ) 1 2 . l t o 3 4 . 3 gin w e i g h t . The d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r was r e c o g ‑ n i z e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e whole sample by t h e naked e y e .
Sample C c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r was c o l l e c t e d by F . Nrsmo i n 1 9 8 2 from t h e Yamato Mountains ( 7 2 ° S , 3 5 ° E ) . A c u b i c a l sample ( C l ) o f 3 . 4 cm i n t h i c k n e s s ( 4 0 . 9 g ) was p r e p a r e d .
Sample D o f 1 6 . 5 cm i n t h i c k n e s s was c o l l e c t e d by Y . Fun1 i n 1 9 8 4 from t h e Yamato M o u n t a i n s . The sample was c u t i n t o 8 s a m p l e s (DI t o D8) 6 . 1 t o 1 2 . 6 g i n w e i g h t . The d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r was c l e a r l y r e c o g n i z e d from s u r f a c e (Dl) t o 1 4 . 5 cm (D7) i n t h i c k n e s s .
Sample E was c o l l e c t e d by N. AzuMA and S . FunT A i n 1 9 8 9 from t h e S0r Ron‑
dane Mountains ( 7 2 ° S , 2 3 ° E ) . Three p i l l a r e d s a m p l e s e l o n g a t e d v e r t i c a l l y were c u t i n t o 8 c u b i c a l s a m p l e s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( E l t o E 8 , E ' l t o E ' 8 and E"l t o E " 8 ) w i t h t h e i r w e i g h t 4 2 . 2 t o 5 8 . 6 g . The c l e a r l y d e f i n e d d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r o f 1 2 cm i n t h i c k n e s s w i t h t h e s t r i k e N20°W and d i p 11°W o f s t r a t u m was c o n t a i n e d b e t w e e n E4 ( E ' 4 , E " 4 ) and E6 ( E ' 6 , E " 6 ) , w h i l e E3 ( E ' 3 , E ' ' 3 ) i n c l u d e d i t p a r t i a l l y a t t h e bottom o f t h e s a m p l e .
The d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r i n sample A was c o l o r e d dark brown, w h i l e o t h e r s a m p l e s had
t h e l a y e r s o f s l i g h t y e l l o w i n c o l o r r e c o g n i z e d f a i n t l y by t h e naked e y e . Samples A
and E were r e c o r d e d w i t h t h e o r i e n t a t i o n s b u t o n l y upward d i r e c t i o n was d e f i n e d f o r
1 3 2 Minoru FUNAKI
s a m p l e s B and C . However, any d i r e c t i o n was n o t r e c o r d e d f o r s a m p l e D . T h e s e s a m p l e s h a v e n o t m e l t e d up t o t h e p r e s e n t a s i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e e x i s t i n g o f a i r b u b b l e s i n t h e s a m p l e s . The s a m p l i n g s i t e s w e r e s i t u a t e d a t a b o u t 1 8 0 0 t o 2 0 0 0 m a b o v e s e a l e v e l , where o n l y d r y snow c a n e x i s t a t s u c h e l e v a t i o n s e v e n i n t h e summer s e a s o n
(SHIMIZU e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) . The t e p h r a i n c l u d e d i n t h e d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r was 0 . 1 9 4 wt% f o r s a m p l e A and 0 . 0 0 2 1 wt% f o r s a m p l e B . That o f o t h e r s a m p l e s may b e q u a n t i t a t i v e l y
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F i g . I . AF d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n cunes p r o j e c t e d t o t h e Z ( i d e r v e l d d i a g r a m . A d j u s t e d i n c l i n a t i o n
and d e c l i n a t i o n f o r s a m p l e s ( A ) and ( E ) , a d j u s t e d i n c l i n a t i o n f o r t h e s a m p l e s ( B ) and
( C ) , d i r e c t i o n n o t a d j u s t e d t h e d i r e c t i o n f o r sample ( D ) .
NRM o f D i r t ‑ I c e L a y e r s 1 3 3
o f t h e same o r d e r a s s a m p l e 8 , i n f e r r e d from t h e i r c o l o r . The s u r f a c e o f s l i c e d o r c u b i c a l s a m p l e s w e r e washed by d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a f t e r c u t t i n g t h e s a m p l e s by a s a w .
3 . AF D e m a g n e t i z a t i o n P r o p e r t i e s
R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c u b i c a l s a m p l e s h a v i n g t h e d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r w e r e d e m a g n e t i z e d by a l t e r n a t i n g m a g n e t i c f i e l d up t o 5 0 mT a t i n t e r v a l s o f 5 mT. They w e r e c o o l e d down t o a b o u t ‑50 ℃ by l i q u i d n i t r o g e n b e f o r e d e m a g n e t i z e d . A s i m p l i f i e d AF d e m a g n e t i ‑ z a t i o n method ( o n e a x i s d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n ) was a p p l i e d f o r 2 0 t o 3 0 s i n o r d e r t o s a v e t h e d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n t i m e . The NRMs w e r e m e a s u r e d w i t h a 3 ‑ a x i s c r y o g e n i c magnetome‑
t e r f o r l e s s t h a n I O s . S o , t h e s a m p l e s d i d n o t m e l t d u r i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e . The AF d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e s p r o j e c t e d t o t h e Z i j d e r v e l d diagram a r e shown i n F i g . I . The a b s c i s s a e o f t h e h o r i z o n t a l p r o j e c t i o n f o r s a m p l e s B and C c o u l d n o t b e a d j u s t e d due t o t h e l a c k o f i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e n o r t h d i r e c t i o n . The c o o r d i n a t e o f s a m p l e D was d e c i d e d by an o p t i o n a l p l a i n on a c c o u n t o f t h e l a c k o f d i r e c t i o n a l i n f o r ‑ m a t i o n . The NRM i n t e n s i t i e s o f t h e s e s a m p l e s r a n g e d from 0 . 9 3 t o 2 9 . 4 X J 0 ‑ 7 Am り kg a s d e n o t e d i n t h e r e s p e c t i v e f i g u r e s .
S a m p l e s A and E w e r e m a g n e t i z e d t o t h e upward d i r e c t i o n ( n o r m a l i n c l i n a t i o n ) w i t h an o n l y s i n g l e component o f t h e h a r d NRM up t o 5 0 mT. T h e i r NRMs w e r e d e c a y e d g r a d u a l l y toward t h e c e n t e r o r a x e s o f t h e c o o r d i n a t e s . S a m p l e s B and C w e r e a l s o m a g n e t i z e d t o upward d i r e c t i o n w i t h t h e s o f t and h a r d NRM c o m p o n e n t s . The s o f t component d e m a g n e t i z e d by I O mT o f s a m p l e D was g r a d u a l l y d e m a g n e t i z e d w i t h a s i n g l e component o f t h e h a r d NRM up t o 5 0 mT.
4 . NRM o f t h e D i r t ‑ I c e L a y e r s
Mean NRM i n t e n s i t y ( R ) , i n c l i n a t i o n ( / ) , d e c l i n a t i o n ( D ) , p r e c i s i o n ( K ) and c o n ‑ f i d e n c e o f 95% p r o b a b i l i t y ( a 9 5 ) b e f o r e and a f t e r AF d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n t o I O mT f o r s a m p l e s A, B and D , 3 5 mT f o r s a m p l e C and 20 mT f o r s a m p l e E a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e I , where t h e R v a l u e was o b t a i n e d from t h e s a m p l e s h a v i n g t h e t e p h r a t h r o u g h o u t t h e s a m p l e s . V a r i a t i o n p r o f i l e s o f t h e NRM i n t e n s i t y from t h e t o p t o bottom o f s a m p l e s A, B , D and E a r e i l l u t s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2 .
T a b l e / . N R M d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e d i r t ‑ i c e l a y e r s .
: Sampling s i t e N I R I D K a g o R* I * D* K* a 9 6 *
― ‑
A I A l l a n H i l l s 1 4 2 2 . I ‑68. 5°164. 0°246 2 . 6°22. 8 ‑65. 0°165. 0 ° I 3 4 7 2 . 1 ° B i A l l a n H i l l s I 1 3 I . 3 8 ‑85. 6 ( 3 2 0 . 7 ) 6 0 5 . 4 I . 3 2 ‑86. 5 ( 3 1 8 . 7 )
C Yamato M t s . I ,
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D Yamato M t s . 7 4 . 2 4 (‑7 9 . 5 ) ( 1 1 0 . 9 ) 60 7 . 8 ‑ I —
E : S o r Rondane M t s . i 1 2 1 7 . 0 8 ‑65. 2 3 4 2 . 4 7 9 4 . 9 , 6 . 5 4 , ‑66. 2 3 5 0 . 0 ! 7 8 5 . 0
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